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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mediterranean Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Black Sea deluge hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Comets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flood myth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vloedmite" title="Vloedmite – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vloedmite" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أسطورة الطوفان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسطورة الطوفان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluviu_universal" title="Diluviu universal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diluviu universal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufan_(mifologiya)" title="Tufan (mifologiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tufan (mifologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3)" title="মহাপ্লাবন (পুরাণ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাপ্লাবন (পুরাণ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Сусветны патоп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сусветны патоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Всемирен потоп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Всемирен потоп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B1vadenn_Veur" title="Liñvadenn Veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Liñvadenn Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluvi_universal" title="Diluvi universal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diluvi universal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilubyo" title="Dilubyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dilubyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potopa_sv%C4%9Bta" title="Potopa světa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Potopa světa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilyw_(mytholeg)" title="Dilyw (mytholeg) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dilyw (mytholeg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndflod" title="Syndflod – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syndflod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintflut" title="Sintflut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sintflut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeuputus" title="Veeuputus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veeuputus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Κατακλυσμός (μυθολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατακλυσμός (μυθολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluvio_universal" title="Diluvio universal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diluvio universal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutmonda_diluvo" title="Tutmonda diluvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tutmonda diluvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uholde_Handia" title="Uholde Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uholde Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="افسانه طوفان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افسانه طوفان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9luge" title="Déluge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déluge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluvi_univers%C3%A2l" title="Diluvi universâl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Diluvi universâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuil_(fionn-sgeul)" title="An Tuil (fionn-sgeul) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Tuil (fionn-sgeul)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluvio" title="Diluvio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Diluvio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%99%8D%EC%88%98_%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94" title="대홍수 신화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대홍수 신화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Մեծ ջրհեղեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ ջրհեղեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitos_air_bah" title="Mitos air bah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mitos air bah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluvio_universale" title="Diluvio universale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diluvio universale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מיתוסים של מבול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיתוסים של מבול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="წარღვნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წარღვნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofan_(m%C3%AEtoloj%C3%AE)" title="Tofan (mîtolojî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tofan (mîtolojî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaulio_tvanas" title="Pasaulio tvanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pasaulio tvanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96z%C3%B6nv%C3%ADz_(m%C3%ADtosz)" title="Özönvíz (mítosz) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Özönvíz (mítosz)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safodrano" title="Safodrano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Safodrano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondvloed" title="Zondvloed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zondvloed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="大洪水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大洪水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndflod" title="Syndflod – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syndflod" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndflod" title="Syndflod – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syndflod" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluvi_universal" title="Deluvi universal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Deluvi universal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potop" title="Potop – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Potop" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil%C3%BAvio" title="Dilúvio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dilúvio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potopul" title="Potopul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Potopul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diluvi" title="Diluvi – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Diluvi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Всемирный потоп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Всемирный потоп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miti_i_p%C3%ABrmbytjes" title="Miti i përmbytjes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Miti i përmbytjes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deluge_myth" title="Deluge myth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deluge myth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potopa_sveta" title="Potopa sveta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Potopa sveta" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Great Flood" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Great Flood (disambiguation)">Great Flood (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_I,_The_Deluge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_I%2C_The_Deluge.jpg/260px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_I%2C_The_Deluge.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_I%2C_The_Deluge.jpg/390px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_I%2C_The_Deluge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_I%2C_The_Deluge.jpg/520px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_I%2C_The_Deluge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="6219" /></a><figcaption>"The Deluge", frontispiece to <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>'s illustrated edition of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>flood myth</b> or a <b>deluge myth</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> in which a great <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a>, usually sent by a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> or deities, destroys <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>, often in an act of <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine retribution</a>. Parallels are often drawn between the flood waters of these <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myths</a> and the primeval <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">waters</a> which appear in certain <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myths</a>, as the flood waters are described as a measure for the <a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">cleansing</a> of humanity, in preparation for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rebirth" class="extiw" title="wikt:rebirth">rebirth</a>. Most flood myths also contain a <a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture hero</a>, who "represents the human craving for life".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">flood-myth motif</a> occurs in many cultures, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">manvantara</a>-sandhya</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrrha" title="Pyrrha">Pyrrha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</a> flood stories, and the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> flood story. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythologies">Mythologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mythologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One example of a flood myth is in the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>. Many scholars believe that this account was copied from the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language"> Akkadian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which dates to the 18th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh flood myth</a>, the highest god, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, decides to destroy the world with a flood because humans have become too noisy. The god <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Ea</a>, who had created humans out of clay and divine blood, secretly warns the hero <a href="/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a> of the impending flood and gives him detailed instructions for building a boat so that life may survive.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i> and <i>Atra-Hasis</i> are preceded by the similar <a href="/wiki/Eridu_Genesis" title="Eridu Genesis">Eridu Genesis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BCE</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the oldest surviving example of such a flood-myth narrative, known from tablets found in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> in the late 1890s and translated by assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Arno_Poebel" title="Arno Poebel">Arno Poebel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._George_Smith,_the_man_who_transliterated_and_read_the_so-called_the_Babylonian_Flood_Story_of_Tablet_XI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mr._George_Smith%2C_the_man_who_transliterated_and_read_the_so-called_the_Babylonian_Flood_Story_of_Tablet_XI.jpg/170px-Mr._George_Smith%2C_the_man_who_transliterated_and_read_the_so-called_the_Babylonian_Flood_Story_of_Tablet_XI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mr._George_Smith%2C_the_man_who_transliterated_and_read_the_so-called_the_Babylonian_Flood_Story_of_Tablet_XI.jpg/255px-Mr._George_Smith%2C_the_man_who_transliterated_and_read_the_so-called_the_Babylonian_Flood_Story_of_Tablet_XI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mr._George_Smith%2C_the_man_who_transliterated_and_read_the_so-called_the_Babylonian_Flood_Story_of_Tablet_XI.jpg/340px-Mr._George_Smith%2C_the_man_who_transliterated_and_read_the_so-called_the_Babylonian_Flood_Story_of_Tablet_XI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="4054" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)" title="George Smith (Assyriologist)">George Smith</a>, who discovered and translated the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Academic Yi Samuel Chen<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analyzed various texts from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic III Period</a> through to the Old Babylonian Period, and argues that the flood narrative was only added in texts written during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian Period">Old Babylonian Period</a>. With regard to the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a>, observations by experts have always indicated that the portion of the Sumerian King List talking about before the flood differs stylistically from the King List Proper. Essentially Old Babylonian copies tend to represent a tradition of before the flood apart from the actual King List, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Ur_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III">Ur III</a> copy of the King List and the duplicate from the Brockmon collection indicate that the King List Proper once existed independent of mention of the flood and the tradition of before the flood. Essentially, Chen gives evidence to prove that the section of before the flood and references to the flood in the Sumerian King List were all later additions added in during the Old Babylonian Period, as the Sumerian King List went through updates and edits. The flood as a watershed in early history of the world was probably a new historiographical concept emerging in the Mesopotamian literary traditions during the Old Babylonian Period, as evident by the fact that the flood motif did not show up in the Ur III copy and that earliest chronographical sources related to the flood show up in the Old Babylonian Period. Chen also concludes that the name of "<a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a>" as a flood hero and the idea of the flood hinted at by that name in the Old Babylonian Version of "<a href="/wiki/Instructions_of_Shuruppak" title="Instructions of Shuruppak">Instructions of Shuruppak</a>" are only developments during that Old Babylonian Period, when also the didactic text was updated with information from the burgeoning Antediluvian Tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">9th century BC</a>), the god <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, who had created man out of the dust of the ground,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">decides to flood the earth</a> because of the corrupted state of mankind. Yahweh then gives the protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, instructions to build <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">an ark</a> in order to preserve human and animal life. When the ark is completed, Noah, his family, and representatives of all the animals of the earth are called upon to enter the ark. When the destructive flood begins, all life outside of the ark perishes. After the waters recede, all those aboard the ark disembark and have Yahweh's promise that he will never judge the earth with a flood again. Yahweh causes a <a href="/wiki/Rainbows_in_mythology" title="Rainbows in mythology">rainbow</a> to form as the sign of this promise.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Satapatha_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satapatha Brahmana">Satapatha Brahmana</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th century BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> contain the story of a great flood, <i><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">manvantara</a>-sandhya</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein the <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a> <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> warns the first man, <a href="/wiki/Sraddhadeva_Manu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sraddhadeva Manu"> Manu</a>, of the impending flood, and also advises him to build a giant boat.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mazdaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdaism">Mazdaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a> tries to destroy the world with a drought, which <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> ends by shooting an arrow into a rock, from which a flood springs; one man survives in an ark with his cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norbert Oettinger<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argues that the story of <a href="/wiki/Jamshid#In_scripture" title="Jamshid">Yima and the <i>Vara</i></a> was originally a flood myth, and the harsh winter was added in due to the dry nature of Eastern Iran, as flood myths did not have as much of an effect as harsh winters. He has argued that the mention of melted water flowing in <a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad"> Videvdad</a> 2.24 is a remnant of the flood myth, and mentions that the Indian flood myths originally had their protagonist as Yama, but it was changed to Manu later.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i>, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 360 BCE</span>, <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_of_Locri" title="Timaeus of Locri">Timaeus</a> describes a flood myth similar to the earlier versions. In it, the <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Bronze race of humans</a> angers the high god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> with their constant warring. Zeus decides to punish humanity with a flood. The <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, who had created humans from clay, tells the secret plan to <a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a>, advising him to build an ark in order to be saved. After nine nights and days, the water starts receding and the ark lands on a mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, a North American <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> tribe, believe in a flood which altered the course of their history, perhaps occurring in the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River_Valley" title="Missouri River Valley">Missouri River Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floods in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> (c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago) are speculated to have inspired myths that survive to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato's allegory of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> is set over 9,000 years before his time, leading some scholars to suggest that a <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> society which lived close to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> could have been wiped out by the rising <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, an event which could have served as the basis for the story.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologist Bruce Masse stated that some of the narratives of a great flood discovered in many cultures around the world may be linked to an oceanic asteroid impact that occurred between Africa and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, around the time of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a>, that caused a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 175 myths he analyzed were a Hindu myth speaking of an alignment of the five planets at the time, and a Chinese story linking the flood to the end of the reign of Empress <a href="/wiki/Nu_Wa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nu Wa">Nu Wa</a>. Fourteen flood myths refer to a full <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Masse these indications point to the date May 10, 2807 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His hypothesis suggests that a <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> crashed into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> around 3000–2800 BCE, and created the 18-mile (29 km) undersea <a href="/wiki/Burckle_Crater" title="Burckle Crater">Burckle Crater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenambosy_Chevron" title="Fenambosy Chevron">Fenambosy Chevron</a>, and generated a giant tsunami that flooded coastal lands.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Sumerian_floods"></span> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, like other early sites of <a href="/wiki/River_valley_civilization" title="River valley civilization">riverine civilisation</a>, was flood-prone; and for those experiencing valley-wide inundations, flooding could destroy the whole of their known world.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the excavation report of the 1930s excavation at <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a> (modern Tell Fara, Iraq), the <a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a> layers at the site were separated by a 60-cm yellow layer of alluvial sand and clay, indicating a flood,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like that created by <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">river avulsion</a>, a process common in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a>. Similar layers have been recorded at other sites as well, all dating to different periods, which would be consistent with the nature of river avulsions.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shuruppak in Mesopotamian legend was the city of <a href="/wiki/Uta-napishtim" class="mw-redirect" title="Uta-napishtim">Uta-napishtim</a>, the king who built a boat to survive the coming flood. The alluvial layer dates from around 2900 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-HalloSimpson_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HalloSimpson-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png/220px-Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png/330px-Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png/440px-Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Earth's <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> rose dramatically in the millennia after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The geography of the Mesopotamian area changed considerably with the filling of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> after sea waters rose following the last glacial period. Global sea levels were about 120 m (390 ft) lower around 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> and rose until 8,000 BP when they reached current levels, which are now an average 40 m (130 ft) above the floor of the Gulf, which was a huge (800 km × 200 km, 500 mi × 120 mi) low-lying and fertile region in Mesopotamia, in which human habitation is thought to have been strong around the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Oasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Oasis">Gulf Oasis</a> for 100,000 years. A sudden increase in settlements above the present-day water level is recorded at around 7,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_Basin">Mediterranean Basin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mediterranean Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Mayor" title="Adrienne Mayor">Adrienne Mayor</a> theorizes that global flood stories may have been inspired by ancient observations of seashells and fish fossils in inland and mountain areas. The ancient Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans all documented the discovery of such remains in such locations; the Greeks hypothesized that Earth had been covered by water on several occasions, citing the seashells and fish fossils found on mountain tops as evidence of this idea.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speculation regarding the <a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a> myth has postulated a large tsunami in the Mediterranean Sea, caused by the <a href="/wiki/Thera_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera eruption">Thera eruption</a> (with an approximate geological date of 1630–1600 BCE), as the myth's historical basis. Although the tsunami hit the South <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, it did not affect cities in the mainland of Greece, such as <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, which continued to prosper, indicating that it had a local rather than a region-wide effect.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Black Sea deluge hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a> offers a controversial account of long-term flooding; the hypothesis argues for a catastrophic irruption of water about 5600 BCE from the Mediterranean Sea into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin. This has become the subject of considerable discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas_impact_hypothesis" title="Younger Dryas impact hypothesis">Younger Dryas impact hypothesis</a> offered another proposed natural explanation for flood myths. However, this idea was similarly controversial<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comets">Comets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Martin_-_The_Eve_of_the_Deluge_-_WGA14146.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting from 1840 depicting a comet causing the Great Flood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/John_Martin_-_The_Eve_of_the_Deluge_-_WGA14146.jpg/220px-John_Martin_-_The_Eve_of_the_Deluge_-_WGA14146.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/John_Martin_-_The_Eve_of_the_Deluge_-_WGA14146.jpg/330px-John_Martin_-_The_Eve_of_the_Deluge_-_WGA14146.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/John_Martin_-_The_Eve_of_the_Deluge_-_WGA14146.jpg/440px-John_Martin_-_The_Eve_of_the_Deluge_-_WGA14146.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption><i>The Eve of the Deluge</i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, 1840. Depicts a comet causing the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Great Flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known hypothesis about a comet that had a widespread effect on human populations can be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a>, who in 1694 suggested that <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">a worldwide flood</a> had been the result of a near-miss by a comet.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue was taken up in more detail by <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a>, a protégé of and popularizer of the theories of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, who argued in his book <i><a href="/wiki/A_New_Theory_of_the_Earth" title="A New Theory of the Earth">A New Theory of the Earth</a></i> (1696) that a comet encounter was the probable cause of the Biblical Flood of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> in 2342 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whiston also attributed the origins of the atmosphere and other significant changes in the Earth to the effects of comets.<sup id="cite_ref-Meehan1999_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meehan1999-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>'s book <i>Exposition Du Systême Du Monde</i> (<i>The System of the World</i>), first published in 1796, he stated:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he greater part of men and animals drowned in a universal deluge, or destroyed by the violence of the shock given to the terrestrial globe; whole species destroyed; all the monuments of human industry reversed: such are the disasters which a shock of a comet would produce.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A similar hypothesis was popularized by Minnesota congressman and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">pseudoarchaeology</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Ragnarok:_The_Age_of_Fire_and_Gravel" title="Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel">Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel</a></i> (1883), which followed his better-known book <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Antediluvian_World" title="Atlantis: The Antediluvian World">Atlantis: The Antediluvian World</a></i> (1882). In <i>Ragnarok</i>, Donnelly argued that an enormous comet struck the Earth around 6,000 BCE to 9,000 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> destroying an advanced civilization on the "lost continent" of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>. Donnelly, following others before him, attributed the Biblical Flood to this event, which he hypothesized had also resulted in catastrophic fires and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a>. Shortly after the publication of <i>Ragnarok</i>, one commenter noted, "Whiston ascertained that the deluge of Noah came from a comet's tail; but Donnelly has outdone Whiston, for he has shown that our planet has suffered not only from a cometary flood, but from cometary fire, and a cometary rain of stones."<sup id="cite_ref-Donnelly1883_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donnelly1883-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matsya_Avatar,_ca_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Matsya-avatara of Lord Vishnu pulls Manu's boat after having defeated the demon."><img alt="Matsya-avatara of Lord Vishnu pulls Manu's boat after having defeated the demon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Matsya_Avatar%2C_ca_1870.jpg/120px-Matsya_Avatar%2C_ca_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Matsya_Avatar%2C_ca_1870.jpg/180px-Matsya_Avatar%2C_ca_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Matsya_Avatar%2C_ca_1870.jpg/240px-Matsya_Avatar%2C_ca_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Matsya-<a href="/wiki/Avatara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatara">avatara</a> of Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> pulls <a href="/wiki/Sraddhadeva_Manu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sraddhadeva Manu">Manu</a>'s boat after having defeated the demon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manabozhointheflood.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nanabozho in Ojibwe flood story from an illustration by R. C. Armour, in his book North American Indian Fairy Tales, Folklore and Legends (1905)"><img alt="Nanabozho in Ojibwe flood story from an illustration by R. C. Armour, in his book North American Indian Fairy Tales, Folklore and Legends (1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manabozhointheflood.png/88px-Manabozhointheflood.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manabozhointheflood.png/132px-Manabozhointheflood.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manabozhointheflood.png/176px-Manabozhointheflood.png 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> flood story from an illustration by R. C. Armour, in his book <i>North American Indian Fairy Tales, Folklore and Legends</i> (1905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anoniem_-_De_zondvloed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Flood, by anonymous painter, The vom Rath bequest, Rijksmuseum"><img alt="The Great Flood, by anonymous painter, The vom Rath bequest, Rijksmuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Anoniem_-_De_zondvloed.jpg/95px-Anoniem_-_De_zondvloed.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Anoniem_-_De_zondvloed.jpg/143px-Anoniem_-_De_zondvloed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Anoniem_-_De_zondvloed.jpg/191px-Anoniem_-_De_zondvloed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Great Flood</i>, by anonymous painter, <i>The vom Rath bequest</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Danby_deluge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Deluge, by Francis Danby, 1840. Oil on canvas. Tate Gallery"><img alt="The Deluge, by Francis Danby, 1840. Oil on canvas. Tate Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Francis_Danby_deluge.jpg/120px-Francis_Danby_deluge.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Francis_Danby_deluge.jpg/180px-Francis_Danby_deluge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Francis_Danby_deluge.jpg/240px-Francis_Danby_deluge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Deluge</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Danby" title="Francis Danby">Francis Danby</a>, 1840. Oil on canvas. Tate Gallery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Noah's Ark from the Zubdat al-Tawarikh in the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts in Istanbul, dedicated to Sultan Murad III in 1583"><img alt="Noah's Ark from the Zubdat al-Tawarikh in the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts in Istanbul, dedicated to Sultan Murad III in 1583" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG/94px-Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG/141px-Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG/188px-Noah%27s_ark_and_the_deluge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Noah's Ark from the <i><a href="/wiki/Zubdat_al-Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubdat al-Tawarikh">Zubdat al-Tawarikh</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts">Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts</a> in Istanbul, dedicated to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> in 1583</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Bølling–Allerød warming">Bølling–Allerød warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">List of flood myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Atra-Hasis</i> flood myth contains some material that the <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh flood myth</a> does not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003xxx_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003xxx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_R._George" title="Andrew R. George">Andrew R. George</a> points out that the modern version of the <i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i> was compiled by <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-l%C4%93qi-unninni" title="Sîn-lēqi-unninni">Sîn-lēqi-unninni</a>, who lived sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003ii,_xxiv–v_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003ii,_xxiv–v-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i><a href="/wiki/Ragnarok:_The_Age_of_Fire_and_Gravel" title="Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel">Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel</a></i> (1883) <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Donnelly</a> suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">flood of Noah</a> "probably occurred somewhere from eight to eleven thousand years ago" (6,117 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> to 9,117 BCE);<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his previous book <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Antediluvian_World" title="Atlantis: The Antediluvian World">Atlantis: The Antediluvian World</a></i> (1882) Donnelly followed <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s timeline and gave a date of 9,600 BCE (11,550 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>) for the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2004" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA138"><i>Flood | The Oxford Companion to World Mythology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195156690" title="Special:BookSources/9780195156690"><bdi>9780195156690</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flood+%26%23124%3B+The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195156690&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQFtlva3HaYC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003xxx-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003xxx_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p. xxx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTigay2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_H._Tigay" title="Jeffrey H. Tigay">Tigay, Jeffrey H.</a> (2002) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC"><i>The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic</i></a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. 23, 218, 224, 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865165465" title="Special:BookSources/9780865165465"><bdi>9780865165465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic&rft.pages=23%2C+218%2C+224%2C+238&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780865165465&rft.aulast=Tigay&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcxjuHTH6I2sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003ii,_xxiv–v-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003ii,_xxiv–v_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, pp. ii, xxiv–v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2014" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Irving (2014). <i>The Ark Before Noah</i>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385537124" title="Special:BookSources/9780385537124"><bdi>9780385537124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ark+Before+Noah&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780385537124&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Pritchard" title="James B. Pritchard">Pritchard, James B.</a>, ed. (1969) [1955]. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_Eastern_Texts_Relating_to_the_Old_Testament" title="Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament"><i>Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 44. <q>a flood [will sweep] over the cult-centers; to destroy the seed of mankind; is the decision, the word of the assembly [of the gods].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Near+Eastern+Texts+Relating+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackCunninghamRobsonZólyomi2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(assyriologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremy Black (assyriologist)">Black, Jeremy A.</a>; Cunningham, Graham; <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Robson" title="Eleanor Robson">Robson, Eleanor</a>; Zólyomi, Gábor, eds. (2004). "The Flood story". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a1W2mTtGVV4C"><i>The Literature of Ancient Sumer</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2006). p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199296330" title="Special:BookSources/9780199296330"><bdi>9780199296330</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>The Sumerian story of the universal Flood [...] resembles the longer version preserved in the Babylonian poems <i>Atra-hasis</i> and the <i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Flood+story&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Ancient+Sumer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780199296330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da1W2mTtGVV4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, Jeremy, Cunningham, G. Robson, E. Zolyomi, G. <i>The Literature of Ancient Sumer</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926311-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926311-6">0-19-926311-6</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328215944/https://history.hku.hk/staff-y-chen.html">"Yi Samuel Chen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.hku.hk/staff-y-chen.html">the original</a> on 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yi+Samuel+Chen&rft.pub=University+of+Hong+Kong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.hku.hk%2Fstaff-y-chen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2013" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Yi Samuel (2013). <i>The Primeval Flood Catastrophe</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199676200.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199676200.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967620-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967620-0"><bdi>978-0-19-967620-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Primeval+Flood+Catastrophe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199676200.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967620-0&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yi+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1973" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Robert (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cIb7DvR5BsC&q=genesis"><i>Genesis 1–11</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521097604" title="Special:BookSources/9780521097604"><bdi>9780521097604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+1%E2%80%9311&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780521097604&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cIb7DvR5BsC%26q%3Dgenesis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2003" class="citation book cs1">Cotter, David W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lCVzr4cT9QC&q=great+flood"><i>Genesis</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Collegeville,_Minnesota" title="Collegeville, Minnesota">Collegeville, Minnesota</a>: Liturgical press. pp. 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814650406" title="Special:BookSources/0814650406"><bdi>0814650406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=49-51&rft.pub=Liturgical+press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0814650406&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lCVzr4cT9QC%26q%3Dgreat%2Bflood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggeling1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Eggeling" title="Julius Eggeling">Eggeling, Julius</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe12/sbe1234.htm"><i>Satapatha Brahmana, Part 1</i></a>. pp. 216–218 (1:8:1:1–6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satapatha+Brahmana%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=216-218+%281%3A8%3A1%3A1-6%29&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Eggeling&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fsbr%2Fsbe12%2Fsbe1234.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Witzel, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Erdosy1995.pdf">"Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In George Erdosy (ed.). <i>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia:Language, Material Culture, and Ethnicity</i>. Boston: De Gruyter. p. 136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Indian+history%3A+Linguistic+and+textual+parametres&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryans+of+Ancient+South+Asia%3ALanguage%2C+Material+Culture%2C+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2FErdosy1995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2010" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, S. V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7">"Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements"</a>. In Hull, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Osgood_Jr." title="Richard M. Osgood Jr.">Osgood, Richard M. Jr.</a>; Parisi, Jurgen; Warlimont, Hans (eds.). <i>Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units</i>. Springer Series in Materials Science: 122. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642007378" title="Special:BookSources/9783642007378"><bdi>9783642007378</bdi></a>. <q>Paraphrased: Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+1.2.4+Time+Measurements&rft.btitle=Units+of+Measurement%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future.+International+System+of+Units&rft.series=Springer+Series+in+Materials+Science%3A+122&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783642007378&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=S.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHiKycrLmEQC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthy2019" class="citation book cs1">Krishnamurthy, V. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HF2NDwAAQBAJ&q=%227th+manvantara%22+%2228th%22&pg=PT407">"Ch. 20: The Cosmic Flow of Time as per Scriptures"</a>. <i>Meet the Ancient Scriptures of Hinduism</i>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781684669387" title="Special:BookSources/9781684669387"><bdi>9781684669387</bdi></a>. <q>Each manvantara is preceded and followed by a period of 1,728,000 (= 4K) years when the entire earthly universe (bhu-loka) will submerge under water. The period of this deluge is known as manvantara-sandhya (sandhya meaning, twilight).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+20%3A+The+Cosmic+Flow+of+Time+as+per+Scriptures&rft.btitle=Meet+the+Ancient+Scriptures+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781684669387&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHF2NDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25227th%2Bmanvantara%2522%2B%252228th%2522%26pg%3DPT407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369611/Matsya">Matsya</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klostermaier, Klaus K.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C&q=the+great+flood+in+Hinduism&pg=PA97"><i>A Survey of Hinduism</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-7082-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_6-JbUiHB4C%26q%3Dthe%2Bgreat%2Bflood%2Bin%2BHinduism%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSehgal1999" class="citation book cs1">Sehgal, Sunil (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zWG64bgtf3sC&q=Noah%27s+Ark+in+Hinduism&pg=PA401"><i>Encyclopaedia of Hinduism: C–G, Volume 2</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. pp. 401–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7625-064-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7625-064-3"><bdi>81-7625-064-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hinduism%3A+C%E2%80%93G%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=401-402&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7625-064-3&rft.aulast=Sehgal&rft.aufirst=Sunil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWG64bgtf3sC%26q%3DNoah%2527s%2BArk%2Bin%2BHinduism%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Homer_W._Smith" title="Homer W. Smith">Smith, Homer W.</a> (1952). <i>Man and His Gods</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap" title="Grosset & Dunlap">Grosset & Dunlap</a>. pp. 128–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+His+Gods&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=128-29&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Homer+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOettinger2013" class="citation journal cs1">Oettinger, Norbert (2013). Jamison, S.W.; Melchert, H.C.; Vine, B. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6083055">"Before Noah: Possible Relics of the Flood-Myth in Proto-Indo-Iranian and Earlier"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 24th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference</i>. Bremen: 169–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+24th+Annual+UCLA+Indo-European+Conference&rft.atitle=Before+Noah%3A+Possible+Relics+of+the+Flood-Myth+in+Proto-Indo-Iranian+and+Earlier&rft.pages=169-183&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Oettinger&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6083055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato's Timaeus. Greek text: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.24grammata.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Platon-Timaios.pdf">http://www.24grammata.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Platon-Timaios.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024022417/http://www.24grammata.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Platon-Timaios.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeger1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Homer_Seger" title="John Homer Seger">Seger, John H.</a> (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.75643/page/n155/mode/2up"><i>Early Days Among the Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians</i></a>. pp. 147–148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Days+Among+the+Cheyenne+and+Arapahoe+Indians&rft.pages=147-148&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Seger&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.75643%2Fpage%2Fn155%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/biblical-type-floods-are-real-and-theyre-absolutely-enormous">"Biblical-Type Floods Are Real, and They're Absolutely Enormous"</a>. DiscoverMagazine.com. 2012-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biblical-Type+Floods+Are+Real%2C+and+They%27re+Absolutely+Enormous&rft.pub=DiscoverMagazine.com&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fplanet-earth%2Fbiblical-type-floods-are-real-and-theyre-absolutely-enormous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Legends of Atlantis". <i><a href="/wiki/Drain_the_Oceans" title="Drain the Oceans">Drain the Oceans</a></i>. Season 1. Episode 5. 2018. 42–45 minutes in. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(American_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (American TV channel)">National Geographic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drain+the+Oceans&rft.series=Season+1.+Episode+5&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Boyle2000" class="citation news cs1">Alan Boyle (Feb 24, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203130446/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3077868/">"Adding up the risks of cosmic impact"</a>. MSNBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msnbc.msn.com/id/3077868/">the original</a> on 2006-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Adding+up+the+risks+of+cosmic+impact&rft.date=2000-02-24&rft.au=Alan+Boyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F3077868%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Blakeslee2006" class="citation news cs1">Sandra Blakeslee (Nov 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/science/14WAVE.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Did an Asteroid Impact Cause an Ancient Tsunami?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Did+an+Asteroid+Impact+Cause+an+Ancient+Tsunami%3F&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft.au=Sandra+Blakeslee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F14%2Fscience%2F14WAVE.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Carney2007" class="citation journal cs1">Scott Carney (Nov 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209050517/https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/did-a-comet-cause-the-great-flood">"Did a Comet Cause the Great Flood?"</a>. <i>Discover</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/did-a-comet-cause-the-great-flood">the original</a> on 2023-02-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=Did+a+Comet+Cause+the+Great+Flood%3F&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.au=Scott+Carney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fplanet-earth%2Fdid-a-comet-cause-the-great-flood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/science/14WAVE.html">"Ancient Crash, Epic Wave"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 14 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ancient+Crash%2C+Epic+Wave&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F14%2Fscience%2F14WAVE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeloubet1880" class="citation book cs1">Peloubet, Francis Nathan (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TAXAAAAYAAJ"><i>Select Notes on the International Sabbath School Lessons</i></a>. Boston: W. A. Wilde and Company. p. 157<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>... the flood ... extended to all <i>the then known world</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Notes+on+the+International+Sabbath+School+Lessons&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=W.+A.+Wilde+and+Company&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Peloubet&rft.aufirst=Francis+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TAXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1931" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Erich (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/journal/9356/">"Excavations at Fara, 1931"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania's Museum Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: 193–217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania%27s+Museum+Journal&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Fara%2C+1931&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=193-217&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fjournal%2F9356%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorozova2005" class="citation journal cs1">Morozova, Galina S. 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Some cosiderations about the cause of the universal Deluge, laid before the Royal Society, on the 12th of December 1694"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>33</b> (383): 118–123. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1724RSPT...33..118H">1724RSPT...33..118H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2FRSTL.1724.0023">10.1098/RSTL.1724.0023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-0523">0261-0523</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108458886" class="extiw" title="d:Q108458886">Q108458886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=VII.+Some+cosiderations+about+the+cause+of+the+universal+Deluge%2C+laid+before+the+Royal+Society%2C+on+the+12th+of+December+1694&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=383&rft.pages=118-123&rft.date=1724-12-31&rft.issn=0261-0523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2FRSTL.1724.0023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1724RSPT...33..118H&rft.aulast=Halley&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1724.0023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Strauss_(journalist)" title="Mark Strauss (journalist)">Strauss M</a> (2016-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213012/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/comet-new-years-eve-newton-flood-bible-gravity-science">"Why Newton Believed a Comet Caused Noah's Flood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/comet-new-years-eve-newton-flood-bible-gravity-science">the original</a></span> on 2021-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-14</span></span>. <q>Working backward, Whiston noted that one such cosmic encounter occurred in 2342 B.C., which, at the time, was believed to be the date of the great Deluge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Why+Newton+Believed+a+Comet+Caused+Noah%27s+Flood&rft.date=2016-12-30&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fcomet-new-years-eve-newton-flood-bible-gravity-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meehan1999-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meehan1999_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan1999" class="citation web cs1">Meehan RL (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/~meehan/donnelly/whiston.html">"Whiston's Flood"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125011405/https://web.stanford.edu/~meehan/donnelly/whiston.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whiston%27s+Flood&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2F~meehan%2Fdonnelly%2Fwhiston.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2019" class="citation book cs1">May A (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iconbooks.com/ib-title/cosmic-impact/"><i>Cosmic impact: understanding the threat to Earth from asteroids and comets</i></a>. London: Icon Books, Limited. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78578-493-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78578-493-4"><bdi>978-1-78578-493-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1091996674">1091996674</a>. <q>In his book The System of the World, first published in 1796, Laplace speculated that cometary impacts might result in global extinctions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmic+impact%3A+understanding+the+threat+to+Earth+from+asteroids+and+comets&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Icon+Books%2C+Limited&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1091996674&rft.isbn=978-1-78578-493-4&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficonbooks.com%2Fib-title%2Fcosmic-impact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaplace1796" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace PS</a> (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expositiondusyst02lapl/page/61/mode/2up"><i>Exposition Du Systême Du Monde</i></a> (in French). Paris, France: <a href="/wiki/Cercle_social" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercle social">Cercle social</a>. pp. 61–62. <q>[U]ne grande partie des hommes et des animaux, noyée dans ce déluge universel, ou détruite par la violente secousse imprimée au globe terrestre; des espèces entières anéanties; tous les monumens de l'industrie humaine, renversés; tels sont les désastres que le choc d'une comète a dû produire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exposition+Du+Syst%C3%AAme+Du+Monde&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=Cercle+social&rft.date=1796&rft.aulast=Laplace&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpositiondusyst02lapl%2Fpage%2F61%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaplace1809" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace PS</a> (1809). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_f7Kv2iFUNJoC/page/n71/mode/2up"><i>The System of the World</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Pond" title="John Pond">Pond J</a>. p. 64. <q>[T]he greater part of men and animals drowned in a universal deluge, or destroyed by the violence of the shock given to the terrestrial globe; whole species destroyed; all the monuments of human industry reversed: such are the disasters which a shock of a comet would produce.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+System+of+the+World&rft.pages=64&rft.date=1809&rft.aulast=Laplace&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_f7Kv2iFUNJoC%2Fpage%2Fn71%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Donnelly IL</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ragnarokageoffir00donn/page/404/mode/2up"><i>Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel</i></a>. New York, D. Appleton and Company. p. 404. <q>The Deluge of Noah probably occurred somewhere from eight to eleven thousand years ago. Hence, about twenty thousand years probably intervened between the Drift and the Deluge. These were the 'myriads of years' referred to by Plato, during which mankind dwelt on the great plain of Atlantis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ragnarok%3A+The+Age+of+Fire+and+Gravel&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=New+York%2C+D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Ignatius+Loyola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fragnarokageoffir00donn%2Fpage%2F404%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Donnelly IL</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlantisantedil00donn/page/29/mode/2up"><i>Atlantis: The Antediluvian World</i></a>. p. 29. <q>Plato states that the Egyptians told Solon that the destruction of Atlantis occurred 9000 years before that date, to wit, about 9600 years before the Christian era.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantis%3A+The+Antediluvian+World&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Ignatius+Loyola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlantisantedil00donn%2Fpage%2F29%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donnelly1883-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donnelly1883_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchell1887" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Winchell" title="Alexander Winchell">Winchell A</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theforum04newy/page/105/mode/2up?view=theater">"Ignatius Donnelly's Comet"</a>. <i>The Forum</i>. <b>IV</b>: 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forum&rft.atitle=Ignatius+Donnelly%27s+Comet&rft.volume=IV&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Winchell&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheforum04newy%2Fpage%2F105%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deluge_(mythology)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deluge (mythology)">Deluge (mythology)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2003" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Epic of Gilgamesh</i>. Translated by Andrew R. George (reprinted ed.). London: Penguin Books. 2003 [1999]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044919-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044919-1"><bdi>0-14-044919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft.place=London&rft.edition=reprinted&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-14-044919-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bailey, Lloyd R. <i>Noah, the Person and the Story</i>, University of South Carolina Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-637-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-637-6">0-87249-637-6</a></li> <li>Best, Robert M. <i>Noah's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic, Sumerian Origins of the Flood Myth</i>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9667840-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9667840-1-4">0-9667840-1-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyne1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne" title="Thomas Kelly Cheyne">Cheyne, Thomas Kelly</a> (1878). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Deluge"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Deluge">"Deluge" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. VII (9th ed.). pp. 54–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deluge&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=54-57&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Cheyne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dundes, Alan (ed.) <i>The Flood Myth</i>, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05973-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05973-5">0-520-05973-5</a></li> <li>Faulkes, Anthony (trans.) <i>Edda</i> (Snorri Sturluson). <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a>, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3">0-460-87616-3</a></li> <li>Greenway, John (ed.), <i>The Primitive Reader</i>, Folkways, 1965. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Grey, G. <i>Polynesian Mythology</i>. Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, 1956. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Lambert, W. G. and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Millard" title="Alan Millard">Millard, A. R.</a>, <i>Atra-hasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood</i>, Eisenbrauns, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-039-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-039-6">1-57506-039-6</a></li> <li>Masse, W. B. "The Archaeology and Anthropology of Quaternary Period Cosmic Impact", in Bobrowsky, P., and Rickman, H. (eds.) <i>Comet/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society: An Interdisciplinary Approach</i> Berlin, Springer Press, 2007. pp. 25–70. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Reed, A. W. <i>Treasury of Maori Folklore</i> A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington, 1963. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Reedy, Anaru (trans.), <i>Nga Korero a Pita Kapiti: The Teachings of Pita Kapiti</i>. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, 1997. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Like many other <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">folk-tale</a> elements from around the world, the story of flood survival and human restart (motif A 1021.0.2 and associated elements) appears in <a href="/wiki/Stith_Thompson" title="Stith Thompson">Stith Thompson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">Motif-Index of Folk-Literature</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Quoted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindellSwahnTayanin1988" class="citation book cs1">Lindell, Kristina; Swahn, Jan-Öjvind; Tayanin, Damrong (1988). "The Flood: Three Northern Kammu Versions of the Story of Creation". In <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dundes" title="Alan Dundes">Dundes, Alan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E__dnnQwGDwC"><i>The Flood Myth</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520063532" title="Special:BookSources/9780520063532"><bdi>9780520063532</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>A 1021.0.2 [...] Escape from deluge in wooden cask (drum)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Flood%3A+Three+Northern+Kammu+Versions+of+the+Story+of+Creation&rft.btitle=The+Flood+Myth&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780520063532&rft.aulast=Lindell&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rft.au=Swahn%2C+Jan-%C3%96jvind&rft.au=Tayanin%2C+Damrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE__dnnQwGDwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlood+myth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&oldid=1258587413">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flood_myth&oldid=1258587413</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flood_myths" title="Category:Flood myths">Flood myths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catastrophism" title="Category:Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_mythology" title="Category:Comparative mythology">Comparative mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Megafloods" title="Category:Megafloods">Megafloods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_myths" title="Category:Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Category:Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from February 2021">Articles with incomplete citations from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_EB9" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 14:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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