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id="toc-Opposition_to_the_archaeological_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_archaeological_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Opposition to the archaeological establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_archaeological_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_archaeological_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_archaeological_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academic archaeological responses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_archaeological_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic archaeological responses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_archaeological_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conferences_and_anthologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences_and_anthologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Conferences and anthologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences_and_anthologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusive_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusive_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Inclusive attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusive_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_pseudoarchaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_pseudoarchaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical pseudoarchaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_pseudoarchaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalist_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nationalist motivations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nationalist_motivations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nationalist motivations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religious motivations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_motivations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious motivations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Egyptology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Egyptology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In Egyptology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Egyptology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Egyptology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Egyptology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyramids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pyramids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mummy_curses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mummy_curses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Mummy curses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mummy_curses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_contact_and_Mayan_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_contact_and_Mayan_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Pre-Columbian contact and Mayan connections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_contact_and_Mayan_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flood_theories_and_the_Great_Sphinx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood_theories_and_the_Great_Sphinx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Flood theories and the Great Sphinx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood_theories_and_the_Great_Sphinx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mayas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mayas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>The Mayas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Mayas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Mayas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Mayas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_Maya-related_pseudoarchaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_Maya-related_pseudoarchaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Examples of Maya-related pseudoarchaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_Maya-related_pseudoarchaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_notable_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_notable_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Other notable examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_notable_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other notable examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_notable_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pseudoarchaeology_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoarchaeology_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Pseudoarchaeology books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoarchaeology_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudoarchaeological_television_programs_and_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoarchaeological_television_programs_and_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Pseudoarchaeological television programs and series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoarchaeological_television_programs_and_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_sites_subject_to_pseudoarchaeological_speculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_sites_subject_to_pseudoarchaeological_speculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Archaeological sites subject to pseudoarchaeological speculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_sites_subject_to_pseudoarchaeological_speculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-So-called_out-of-place_artefacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#So-called_out-of-place_artefacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>So-called out-of-place artefacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-So-called_out-of-place_artefacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81" title="علم الآثار الزائف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الآثار الزائف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarqueologia" title="Pseudoarqueologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pseudoarqueologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarcheologie" title="Pseudoarcheologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pseudoarcheologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoark%C3%A6ologi" title="Pseudoarkæologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pseudoarkæologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarheoloogia" title="Pseudoarheoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pseudoarheoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ψευδοαρχαιολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψευδοαρχαιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarqueolog%C3%ADa" title="Pseudoarqueología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pseudoarqueología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasiarkeologia" title="Sasiarkeologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sasiarkeologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarch%C3%A9ologie" title="Pseudoarchéologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pseudoarchéologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0%EA%B3%A0%ED%95%99" title="유사고고학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유사고고학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologi_semu" title="Arkeologi semu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arkeologi semu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia_misteriosa" title="Archeologia misteriosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Archeologia misteriosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarcheologija" title="Pseudoarcheologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pseudoarcheologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarqueologia" title="Pseudoarqueologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pseudoarqueologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoarheologie" title="Pseudoarheologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pseudoarheologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Псевдоархеология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псевдоархеология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ව්‍යාජ පුරාවේදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාජ පුරාවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erich_von_Daniken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Erich_von_Daniken.jpg/105px-Erich_von_Daniken.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Erich_von_Daniken.jpg/158px-Erich_von_Daniken.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a> (right) are two of the most widely published proponents of pseudoarchaeological opinions.</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Pseudoarchaeology</b> (sometimes called <b>fringe</b> or <b>alternative archaeology</b>) consists of attempts to study, interpret, or teach about the subject-matter of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> while rejecting, ignoring, or misunderstanding the accepted <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">data-gathering and analytical methods</a> of the discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fagan720_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan720-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> interpretations involve the use of artifacts, sites or materials to construct scientifically insubstantial theories to strengthen the pseudoarchaeologists' claims. Methods include exaggeration of evidence, dramatic or romanticized conclusions, use of <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacious</a> arguments, and fabrication of evidence. </p><p>There is no unified pseudoarchaeological theory or method, but rather many different interpretations of the past which are jointly at odds with those developed by the scientific community as well as with each other. These include religious philosophies such as <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a>" that apply to the archaeology of historic periods such as those that would have included the supposed worldwide <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a>. Some pseudoarchaeological theories concern the idea that prehistoric and ancient human societies were aided in their development by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">intelligent extraterrestrial life</a>, an idea propagated by those such as Italian author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kolosimo" title="Peter Kolosimo">Peter Kolosimo</a>, French authors <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pauwels" title="Louis Pauwels">Louis Pauwels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bergier" title="Jacques Bergier">Jacques Bergier</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_of_the_Magicians" title="The Morning of the Magicians">The Morning of the Magicians</a></i> (1963), and Swiss author <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods%3F" title="Chariots of the Gods?">Chariots of the Gods?</a></i> (1968). Others instead argue there were human societies in the ancient period which were significantly technologically advanced, such as <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, and this idea has been propagated by some people such as <a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a> in his publication <i><a href="/wiki/Fingerprints_of_the_Gods" title="Fingerprints of the Gods">Fingerprints of the Gods</a></i> (1995). Pseudoarchaeology has also been manifest in <a href="/wiki/Mayanism" title="Mayanism">Mayanism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a>. </p><p>Many pseudoarchaeological theories are intimately linked with the <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">occult/Western esoteric</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many alternative archaeologies have been adopted by religious groups. Fringe archaeological ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Archaeocryptography" title="Archaeocryptography">archaeocryptography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyramidology" title="Pyramidology">pyramidology</a> have been endorsed by religions ranging from the <a href="/wiki/British_Israelites" class="mw-redirect" title="British Israelites">British Israelites</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophists</a>. Other alternative archaeologies include those that have been adopted by members of <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">contemporary pagan</a> belief systems. </p><p>Academic archaeologists have often criticised pseudoarchaeology, with one of the major critics, John R. Cole, characterising it as relying on "<a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a>, misuse of logic and evidence, misunderstanding of scientific method, and internal contradictions in their arguments".<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_1980._p._02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between alternative and academic archaeologies has been compared to the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> theories and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> by some archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan721_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan721-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various terms have been employed to refer to these non-academic interpretations of archaeology. During the 1980s, the term "cult archaeology" was used by some people such as John R. Cole (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and William H. Stiebing Jr. (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Fantastic archaeology" was used during the 1980s as the name of an undergraduate course at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> taught by Stephen Williams, who published a book with the same title.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2000s, the term "alternative archaeology" began to be instead applied by academics like Tim Sebastion (2001),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert J. Wallis (2003),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornelius Holtorf (2006),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gabriel Moshenka (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garrett F. Fagan and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Kenneth Feder</a> (2006) however claimed this term was only chosen because it "imparts a warmer, fuzzier feel" that "appeals to our higher ideals and progressive inclinations".<sup id="cite_ref-fagan720_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan720-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argued that the term "pseudoarchaeology" was much more appropriate,<sup id="cite_ref-fagan720_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan720-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a term also used by other prominent academic and professional archaeologists such as <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a> (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other academic archaeologists have chosen to use other terms to refer to these interpretations. <a href="/wiki/Glyn_Daniel" title="Glyn Daniel">Glyn Daniel</a>, the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>, used the derogative term "bullshit archaeology",<sup id="cite_ref-fagan720_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan720-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and similarly the academic William H. Stiebing Jr. noted that there were certain terms used for pseudoarchaeology that were heard "in the privacy of professional archaeologists' homes and offices but which cannot be mentioned in polite society".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pseudoarchaeology can be practised intentionally or unintentionally. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_forgery" title="Archaeological forgery">Archaeological frauds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxes</a> are considered <i>intentional pseudoarchaeology</i>. Genuine archaeological finds may be converted to pseudoarchaeology unintentionally by unscientific interpretation. (<i>cf.</i> <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>) </p><p>A type of pseudoarcheology of the Middle East has created a pseudo-history of Babylon, in contradiction to Judeo-Christian and Biblical history, resulting in the production of fraudulent cuneiform tablets, as clay tablets are difficult to date. "By 1904, during the early period of cuneiform tablet collecting, J. Edgar Banks, a Mesopotamian explorer and tablet dealer, estimated that nearly 80% of tablets offered for sale in Baghdad were fakes. In 2016, Syria's Director General for Antiquities and Museums reported that approximately 70% of seized artefacts in the country are fakes."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Especially in the past, but also in the present, pseudoarchaeology has been affected by racism, which can be suggested by attempts to attribute ancient sites and artefacts to ancient Egyptians, Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Lost Tribes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">extraterrestrial intelligence</a> rather than to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>. </p><p>Practitioners of pseudoarchaeology often criticise academic archaeologists and established scientific methods, claiming that conventional science has ignored critical evidence. <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a> may be invoked, in which "the Establishment" colludes in suppressing evidence. </p><p>Cornelius Holtorf states that countering the misleading "discoveries" of pseudoarchaeology creates a dilemma for archaeologists:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whether to attempt to disprove pseudoarchaeology by "crusading" methods<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or to concentrate on better public knowledge of the sciences involved. Holtorf suggested a third method<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involving identifying the social and cultural demands that both scientific archaeology and pseudoarchaeology address, and identifying the engagement of present people with the <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material remains</a> of the past (such as <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bender" title="Barbara Bender">Barbara Bender</a> explored for <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holtorf presents the search for truth as a process rather than a result and states that "even non-scientific research contributes to enriching our landscapes."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William H. Stiebing Jr. argued that despite their many differences, there were a set of common characteristics shared by almost all pseudoarchaeological interpretations. He believed that because of this, pseudoarchaeology could be categorised as a "single phenomenon". He then identified three main commonalities of pseudeoarchaeological theories: the unscientific nature of its method and evidence, its history of providing "simple, compact answers to complex, difficult issues", and its tendency to present itself as being persecuted by the archaeological establishment, accompanied by an ambivalent attitude towards the scientific ethos of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea that there are common characteristics of pseudoarchaeologies is shared by other academics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_scientific_method">Lack of scientific method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lack of scientific method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic critics have stated that pseudoarchaeologists typically neglect to use the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>. Instead of testing evidence to see what hypotheses it satisfies best, pseudoarchaeologists force the archaeological data to fit a "favored conclusion" that is often arrived at through hunches, intuition, or religious or nationalist dogma.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pseudoarchaeological groups have a variety of basic assumptions that are typically unscientific: the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> pseudoarchaeologists for instance used the cultural superiority of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> race as a basic assumption, whilst Christian <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a> pseudoarchaeologists conceive of the Earth as being less than 10,000 years old and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu fundamentalist">Hindu fundamentalist</a> pseudoarchaeologists believe that the species <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> is much older than the 200,000 years old it has been shown to be by archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, many of pseudoarchaeology's proponents claim that they gained their conclusions using scientific techniques and methods, even when it is demonstrable that they have not.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic archaeologist John R. Cole believed that most pseudoarchaeologists do not understand how scientific investigation works, and that they instead believe it to be a "simple, catastrophic right versus wrong battle" between contesting theories.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._03_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_1980._p._03-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was because of this failure to understand the scientific method, he argued, that pseudoarchaeological arguments were faulty. He then argued that most pseudoarchaeologists do not consider alternative explanations to that which they want to propagate, and that their "theories" were typically just "notions", not having sufficient evidence to allow them to be considered "theories" in the scientific, academic meaning of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commonly lacking scientific evidence, pseudoarchaeologists typically use other types of evidence for their arguments. For instance, they often use "generalized cultural comparisons", using various artefacts and monuments from one society, and emphasizing similarities with those of another society to conclude that both had a common source—typically an ancient lost civilisation like <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu_(lost_continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu (lost continent)">Mu</a>, or an extraterrestrial influence.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This takes the different artefacts or monuments entirely out of their original contexts, something which is anathema to academic archaeologists, for whom context is of the utmost importance.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan26_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan26-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of evidence used by a number of pseudoarchaeologists is the interpretation of various <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myths</a> as representing historical events, but in doing so these myths are often taken out of their cultural contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, pseudoarchaeologist <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">Immanuel Velikovsky</a> claimed that the myths of migrations and war gods in the Central American <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> civilisation represented a cosmic catastrophe that occurred during the 7th and 8th centuries BCE. This was criticised by academic archaeologist William H. Stiebing Jr., who noted that such myths only developed during the 12th to the 14th centuries CE, two millennia after Velikovsky claimed that the events had occurred, and that the Aztec society itself had not even developed by the 7th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_the_archaeological_establishment">Opposition to the archaeological establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposition to the archaeological establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #F0F0F0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>[Academics] have formed a massive and global network through universities, museums, institutes, societies and foundations. And this immense powerhouse and clearing-house of knowledge has presented their dogma of history to the general public totally unhindered and unchallenged from the outside. ... On a more sinister note: now this "church of science" has formed a network of watchdog organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">CSICOP</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptics_Society" title="The Skeptics Society">The Skeptical Society</a>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] (to name but a few) in order to act as the gatekeepers of the truth (as they see it), ready to come down like the proverbial ton of bricks on all those whom they perceive as "frauds", "charlatans", and "pseudo-scientists"—in short, heretics. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Pseudoarchaeologist Robert Bauval on his views of academia (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Pseudoarchaeologists typically present themselves as being disadvantaged with respect to the much larger archaeological establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_1980._p._02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fagan721_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan721-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often use language that disparages academics and dismisses them as being unadventurous, spending all their time in dusty libraries and refusing to challenge the orthodoxies of the establishment lest they lose their jobs. In some more extreme examples, pseudoarchaeologists have accused academic archaeologists of being members of a widespread <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy</a> to hide the truth about history from the public.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When academics challenge pseudoarchaeologists and criticise their theories, many pseudoarchaeologists claim it as further evidence that their own ideas are right, and that they are simply being harassed by members of this academic conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prominent English archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a> admitted that the archaeological establishment was often "set in its ways and resistant to radical new ideas" but that this was not the reason why pseudoarchaeological theories were rejected by academics.<sup id="cite_ref-Renfrew_2006._p._xii_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renfrew_2006._p._xii-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Garrett_G._Fagan" title="Garrett G. Fagan">Garrett G. Fagan</a> expanded on this, noting how in the academic archaeological community, "New evidence or arguments have to be thoroughly scrutinised to secure their validity ... and longstanding, well-entrenched positions will take considerable effort and particularly compelling data to overturn." Fagan noted that pseudoarchaeological theories simply do not have sufficient evidence to allow them to be accepted by professional archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-fagan26_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan26-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, many pseudoarchaeologists, whilst criticising the academic archaeological establishment, also attempt to get endorsements from people with academic credentials and affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, they quote historical, and in most cases dead academics to strengthen their arguments; for instance prominent pseudoarchaeologist <a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a>, in his seminal <i><a href="/wiki/Fingerprints_of_the_Gods" title="Fingerprints of the Gods">Fingerprints of the Gods</a></i> (1995), repeatedly notes that the eminent physicist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> once commented positively on the <a href="/wiki/Pole_shift_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole shift hypothesis">pole shift hypothesis</a>, a theory that has been abandoned by the academic community but which Hancock endorses. As Fagan noted however, the fact that Einstein was a physicist and not a geologist is not even mentioned by Hancock, nor is the fact that the present understanding of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> (which came to disprove earth crustal displacement) only became accepted generally after Einstein's death.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_archaeological_responses">Academic archaeological responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Academic archaeological responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pseudoarchaeological theories have come to be much criticised by academic and professional archaeologists. One of the first books to address these directly was by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wauchope_(archaeologist)" title="Robert Wauchope (archaeologist)">Robert Wauchope</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent academic archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a> stated his opinion that it was appalling that pseudoarchaeologists treated archaeological evidence in such a "frivolous and self-serving way", something he believed trivialised the "serious matter" of the study of human origins.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics like John R. Cole,<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._02_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_1980._p._02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Garrett_G._Fagan" title="Garrett G. Fagan">Garrett G. Fagan</a> and Kenneth L. Feder<sup id="cite_ref-fagan720_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan720-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have argued that pseudoarchaeological interpretations of the past were based upon sensationalism, self-contradiction, fallacious logic, manufactured or misinterpreted evidence, quotes taken out of context and incorrect information. Fagan and Feder characterised such interpretations of the past as being "anti-reason and anti-science" with some being "hyper-nationalistic, racist and hateful".<sup id="cite_ref-fagan720_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan720-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, many pseudoarchaeologists have dismissed academics as being closed-minded and not willing to consider theories other than their own.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._02_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_1980._p._02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many academic archaeologists have argued that the spread of alternative archaeological theories is a threat to the general public's understanding of the past. Fagan was particularly scathing of television shows that presented pseudoarchaeological theories to the general public, believing that they did so because of the difficulties in making academic archaeological ideas comprehensible and interesting to the average viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renfrew however believed that those television executives commissioning these documentaries knew that they were erroneous, and that they had allowed them to be made and broadcast simply for the hope of "short-term financial gain".<sup id="cite_ref-Renfrew_2006._p._xii_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renfrew_2006._p._xii-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fagan and Feder believed that it was not possible for academic archaeologists to successfully engage with pseudoarchaeologists, remarking that "you cannot reason with unreason". Speaking from their own experiences, they thought that attempted dialogues just became "slanging matches in which the expertise and motives of the critic become the main focus of attention."<sup id="cite_ref-fagan721_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagan721-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fagan has maintained this idea elsewhere, remarking that arguing with supporters of pseudoarchaeological theories was "pointless" because they denied logic. He noted that they included those "who openly admitted to not having read a word written by a trained Egyptologist" but who at the same time "were pronouncing how academic Egyptology was all wrong, even sinister."<sup id="cite_ref-Fagan_2006a._p._xvii_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan_2006a._p._xvii-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferences_and_anthologies">Conferences and anthologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conferences and anthologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the 1986 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a>, its organizers, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Kenneth Feder</a>, Luanne Hudson and Francis Harrold decided to hold a symposium to examine pseudoarchaeological beliefs from a variety of academic standpoints, including archaeology, physical anthropology, sociology, history and psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this symposium, an anthology was produced, entitled <i>Cult Archaeology & Creationism: Understanding Pseudoarchaeological Beliefs about the Past</i> (1987). </p><p>At the 2002 annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a>, a workshop was held on the topic of pseudoarchaeology. It subsequently resulted in the publication of an academic anthology, <i>Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public</i> (2006), which was edited by <a href="/wiki/Garrett_G._Fagan" title="Garrett G. Fagan">Garrett G. Fagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fagan_2006a._p._xvii_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan_2006a._p._xvii-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 and 24 April 2009, The <a href="/wiki/American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="American Schools of Oriental Research">American Schools of Oriental Research</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> Center for Jewish Studies, along with the Duke Department of Religion, the Duke Graduate Program in Religion, the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Trinity College of Arts and Sciences">Trinity College of Arts and Sciences</a> Committee on Faculty Research, and the <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin_Humanities_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hope Franklin Humanities Institute">John Hope Franklin Humanities Institute</a>, sponsored a conference entitled "Archaeology, Politics, and the Media," which addressed the abuse of archaeology in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> for political, religious, and ideological purposes. Emphasis was placed on the media's reporting of sensational and politically motivated archaeological claims and the academy's responsibility in responding to it.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inclusive_attitudes">Inclusive attitudes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inclusive attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic archaeologist Cornelius Holtorf believed however that critics of alternative archaeologies like Fagan were "opinionated and patronizing" towards alternative theories, and that purporting their opinions in such a manner was damaging to the public's perception of archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holtorf emphasized that there were similarities between academic and alternative archaeological interpretations, with the former being influenced by the latter. As evidence, he emphasized <a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">archaeoastronomy</a>, which was once considered as a component of fringe archaeological interpretations before being adopted by mainstream academics.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtorf_2005._p._547_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtorf_2005._p._547-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also noted that certain archaeological scholars, like <a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a> (1687–1765), <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a> (1863–1963) and <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a> (1921–1994) were formerly considered to be eminent by both academic and alternative archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtorf_2005._p._547_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtorf_2005._p._547-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He came to the conclusion that a constructive dialogue should be begun between academic and alternative archaeologists.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fagan and Feder have responded to Holtorf's statements in detail, asserting that such a dialogue is no more possible than is one between evolutionary biologists and creationists or between astronomers and astrologers: one is scientific, the other is anti-scientific.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 1980s, Kenneth Feder performed a survey of his archaeology students. On the 50-question survey, 10 questions had to do with archaeology and/or pseudoscience. Some of the claims were more rational; the world is 5 billion years old, and human beings came about through evolution. However, questions also included issues such as, <a href="/wiki/King_Tut" class="mw-redirect" title="King Tut">King Tut</a>'s tomb actually killed people upon discovery, and there is good evidence for the existence of Atlantis. As it resulted, some of the students Feder was teaching gave some credibility to the pseudoscience claims. 12% actually believed people on <a href="/wiki/Howard_Carter" title="Howard Carter">Howard Carter</a>'s expedition were killed by <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_pharaohs" title="Curse of the pharaohs">an ancient Egyptian curse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_pseudoarchaeology">Historical pseudoarchaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical pseudoarchaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the mid-2nd century, those exposed by <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>'s sarcastic essay <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Abonoteichus" title="Alexander of Abonoteichus">"Alexander the false prophet"</a> prepared an archaeological "find" in <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> to prepare a public for the supposed oracle they planned to establish at <a href="/wiki/Abonoteichus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abonoteichus">Abonoteichus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a> (Pearse, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]n the temple of Apollo, which is the most ancient in Chalcedon, they buried bronze tablets which said that very soon <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>, with his father Apollo, would move to <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> and take up his residence at Abonoteichus. The opportune discovery of these tablets caused this story to spread quickly to all <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> and Pontus, and to Abonoteichus sooner than anywhere else.</p></blockquote> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a> in 1291, at a time when <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">King Edward I</a> desired to emphasize his "Englishness", an alleged discovery was made: the supposed coffin of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, identified helpfully with an inscribed plaque. Arthur was reinterred at Glastonbury with a magnificent ceremonial attended by the king and queen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationalist_motivations">Nationalist motivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nationalist motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_archaeology" title="Nationalism and archaeology">Nationalism and archaeology</a></div> <p>Pseudoarchaeology can be motivated by <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a>, using cultural superiority of the ancient Aryan race as a basic assumption to establish the Germanic people as the descendants of the original Aryan 'master race') or a desire to prove a particular religious (<i>cf.</i> <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistorical</a>, political, or <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> theory. In many cases, an <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i> conclusion is established, and fieldwork is performed explicitly to corroborate the theory in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to archaeologist John Hoopes, writing for the magazine of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a>, "Pseudoarchaeology actively promotes myths that are routinely used in the service of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, racialized <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, and the dispossession and oppression of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Hoo19_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoo19-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologists distinguish their research from pseudoarchaeology by indicating differences of research methods, including recursive methods, falsifiable theories, peer review, and a generally systematic approach to collecting data. Though there is overwhelming evidence of cultural associations informing folk traditions about the past,<sup id="cite_ref-LOWENTHAL1985_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOWENTHAL1985-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> objective analysis of folk archaeology—in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> terms of their cultural contexts and the cultural desires to which they respond—have been comparatively few. However, in this vein, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> located the <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormons</a>' use of <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builder culture</a> within a larger cultural nexus<sup id="cite_ref-SILVERBERG1968_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SILVERBERG1968-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the voyage of <a href="/wiki/Madoc" title="Madoc">Madoc</a> and "Welsh Indians" was set in its changing and evolving sociohistorical contexts by Gwyn Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-GWYNWILLIAMS1987_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWYNWILLIAMS1987-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Runestone" title="Kensington Runestone">Kensington Runestone</a> of Minnesota used to allege Nordic <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> primacy of exploring the Americas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a>, and expeditions sent by the <a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a> to research the existence of an alleged <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> race. The research of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kiss" title="Edmund Kiss">Edmund Kiss</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> would be one example.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian pyramids">Bosnian pyramids</a> project, which has projected that several hills in Visoko, Bosnia are ancient <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramids</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piltdown_Man" title="Piltdown Man">Piltdown Man</a>.</li> <li>Jovan I. Deretić's <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbocentric</a> claims for the ancient history of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>.</li> <li>Romanian <a href="/wiki/Protochronism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protochronism">protochronism</a> also uses pseudoarchaeological interpretations; for more pieces of information, see the <a href="/wiki/T%C4%83rt%C4%83ria_tablets" title="Tărtăria tablets">Tărtăria tablets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rohonc_Codex" title="Rohonc Codex">Rohonc Codex</a>'s Daco-Romanian hypothesis, or the <a href="/wiki/Sinaia_lead_plates" title="Sinaia lead plates">Sinaia lead plates</a>.</li> <li>The theory that New Zealand was not settled by the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a>, but by a pre-Polynesian race of giants<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Claims of a <a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire" title="Tartarian Empire">Tartarian Empire</a> that colonized the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrist</a> claims that <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a> should be credited with creating the first civilizations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_motivations">Religious motivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religiously motivated pseudoarchaeological theories include the <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">young earth</a> theory of some Judeo-Christian fundamentalists. They argue that the Earth is 4,000–10,000 years old, with claims varying depending on the source. Some Hindu pseudoarchaeologists believe that the <i>Homo sapiens</i> species is much older than the 200,000 years it is generally believed to have existed. Archaeologist John R. Cole refers to such beliefs as "cult archaeology" and believes them to be pseudoarchaeological. He said that this "pseudoarchaeology" had "many of the attributes, causes, and effects of religion".<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._03_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_1980._p._03-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more specific example of religious pseudoarcheology is the claim of <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyatt" title="Ron Wyatt">Ron Wyatt</a> to have discovered <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_ark" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah's ark">Noah's ark</a>, the graves of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and his wife, the location of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a>, and numerous other important sites. However, he has not presented evidence sufficient to impress Bible scholars, scientists, and historians. The organization <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a> propagates many pseudoscientific notions as part of its <a href="/wiki/Creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist">creationist</a> ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_2">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a>, also known as "scientific creationism," but which is actually <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a>, as it pertains to <a href="/wiki/Anthropogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogeny">human origins</a>.</li> <li>Repeated <a href="/wiki/Searches_for_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Searches for Noah's Ark">claims of the discovery of Noah's Ark</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a> or neighbouring mountain ranges.</li> <li>Use of questionable artefacts such as the <a href="/wiki/Grave_Creek_Stone" title="Grave Creek Stone">Grave Creek Stone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Lunas_Decalogue_Stone" title="Los Lunas Decalogue Stone">Los Lunas Decalogue Stone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_relics" title="Michigan relics">Michigan relics</a> to represent proof of the presence of a pre-Columbian Semitic culture in America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> assertions about <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemuria_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuria (continent)">Lemuria</a>, and ancient <a href="/wiki/Root_race" title="Root race">root races</a> derived from the writings of authors such as 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Theosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophist">theosophist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occultist" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultist">occultist</a> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>.</li> <li>Denial of scientific dating techniques in favor of a <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_Creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Earth Creationism">young Earth</a> age.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Egyptology">In Egyptology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Egyptology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pseudoarchaeology can be found in relation to <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. Some of this includes <a href="/wiki/Pyramidology" title="Pyramidology">pyramidology</a>, a collection of pseudoscientific beliefs about <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramids</a> around the world that includes the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids in Egypt</a> and specifically the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramids">Pyramids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pyramids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One belief originally published by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Piazzi_Smyth" title="Charles Piazzi Smyth">Charles Piazzi Smyth</a> in 1864 is that the Great Pyramid was not built by humans for the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a>, but was so beautiful that it could it have been crafted only by the hand of God.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Smyth contributed to the idea of the Great Pyramid not being created originally by Khufu, this belief has been further propagated by <a href="/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin" title="Zecharia Sitchin">Zecharia Sitchin</a> in books such as <i>The Stairway to Heaven</i> (1983) and more recently by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_Creighton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott Creighton (page does not exist)">Scott Creighton</a> in <i>The Great Pyramid Hoax</i> (2017), both of which argue that <a href="/wiki/Howard_Vyse" title="Howard Vyse">Howard Vyse</a> (the discoverer of Khufu cartouches within the Great Pyramid) presented the earliest evidence that the Great Pyramid's builder<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) faked the markings of Khufu's name. However, Sitchin's research has been challenged as being <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguments against these theories often detail the discovery of external texts on papyri such as the <a href="/wiki/Diary_of_Merer" title="Diary of Merer">Diary of Merer</a> that detail the construction of the Great Pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory the Egyptian pyramids were not built as tombs of ancient pharaohs, but for other purposes, has resulted in a variety of alternative theories about their purpose and origins. One such pseudoarchaeological theory is from Scott Creighton, who argues that the pyramids were built as recovery vaults to survive a deluge (whether that be associated with <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">flood geology</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis Flood Narrative</a>). Another alternative theory for the purpose of the pyramids comes from known pseudoarchaeologist Graham Hancock, who argues that the pyramids originated from an early civilization that was destroyed by an asteroid that also began the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> period. A third common pseudoarchaeological theory about the Egyptian pyramids is that they were built by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">ancient aliens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief is sometimes explained for why the pyramids supposedly appear suddenly in history. However, this claim is challenged by Egyptologists who describe an evolution of pyramid designs from <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastaba</a> tombs, to the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser" title="Pyramid of Djoser">Step Pyramid of Djoser</a>, to the collapsed <a href="/wiki/Meidum_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Meidum Pyramid">Meidum Pyramid</a>, to Sneferefu's <a href="/wiki/Bent_Pyramid" title="Bent Pyramid">Bent Pyramid</a>, ending with Khufu's <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Pyramid">Great Pyramid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many alternative beliefs have been criticized as ignoring the knowledge, architectural and constructive capabilities of ancient Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mummy_curses">Mummy curses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mummy curses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another pseudoegyptological belief is that of the <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_pharaohs" title="Curse of the pharaohs">curse of the pharaohs</a>, which involves a belief of imprecations being directed against those who enter the tombs of mummies, and pharaohs.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These curses often include natural disaster or illness or death for those who have entered the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most influential iterations of this theory comes from the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">King Tutankhamun</a> by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Carter" title="Howard Carter">Howard Carter</a> in November 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several deaths of those present at the excavation have been attributed to a curse, including that of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Carnarvon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Carnarvon">Lord Carnarvon</a> who died as the result of an infected mosquito bite, <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> slightly more than four months after the excavation.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also claims that all lights in Cairo went out at the moment of Lord Carnavon's death. However, skeptics believe that reporters overlooked rational explanations and relied on supernatural legends.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, mummies discovered mostly from the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> period were to be paraded through Cairo during a transference for study. However, several events occurred, including a ship blocking the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> and accidents involving several members of the crew. Many claimed these were the results of a pharaoh's curse,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Zahi_Hawass" title="Zahi Hawass">Zahi Hawass</a> dismissed the claims as random tragedies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_contact_and_Mayan_connections">Pre-Columbian contact and Mayan connections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian contact and Mayan connections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some pseudoarchaeologists speculate that Egypt had contact with the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> before <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a> reached <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a> in 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of these arguments stem from the discovery of nicotine and cocaine traces found in various mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument is that plants producing these were not known to exist outside the Americas, although Duncan Edlin found that plants containing both <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> existed in Egypt and therefore could have been used by ancient Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another argument against possible contact is that there is a massive body of literature in the form of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphics</a> from ancient Egypt, however ancient Egyptian scholars never noted contacting the Americas in any of the texts that have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another argument in favor of contact between ancient Egyptians and Mayans is from claims of similarities of art, architecture and writing. These theories are explained by authors such as Graham Hancock in <i>Fingerprints of the Gods</i> (1995) and more recently by Richard Cassaro in <i>Mayan Masonry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These similarities commonly mention creation of pyramids, use of archways, and similarities in artwork of the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguments such as these claim an association between ancient Egypt and Maya through either a transatlantic outing that brought Egypt to the Mayas or through a shared origin in both civilizations (either in <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Voyages of the Pyramid Builders</i> (2003) by geologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Schoch">Robert Schoch</a> argues that both Egyptian and Maya pyramids result from a common lost civilization. However, ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Fagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrett Fagan">Garrett Fagan</a> criticized Schoch's theory on the grounds that it demonstrated ignorance of relevant facts and that it did not explain variations in appearance or how various civilizations' pyramids were built.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fagan also describes known research by several archaeologists about the development of various civilizations' pyramids that was not used or addressed by Schoch's theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flood_theories_and_the_Great_Sphinx">Flood theories and the Great Sphinx</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Flood theories and the Great Sphinx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Egypt-related pseudoarchaeology, there are a variety of <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood</a>-related theories, many of which relate to the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a> or other flood theories. Scott Creighton claims that knowledge of a coming deluge (which he refers to as "Thoth's Flood") generated the idea of building pyramids as recovery vaults from which civilization could rebuild.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another fringe theory relating to this is the <a href="/wiki/Sphinx_water_erosion_hypothesis" title="Sphinx water erosion hypothesis">Sphinx water erosion hypothesis</a>, which claims that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a>'s modern body appearance is caused by erosion due to flooding or rain.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory, which has been perpetuated by Robert Schoch who claims the Sphinx was built between 5000 and 7000 BCE, has been criticized by Zahi Hawass and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lehner" title="Mark Lehner">Mark Lehner</a> as ignoring Old Kingdom societal evidence about the Sphinx and being flawed in citing specifics about a possible erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently Egyptologists tend to date the Sphinx sometime about 2500 B.C., approximately the reign of the pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> for whom the Sphinx is commonly attributed.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Mayas">The Mayas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Mayas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mayanism" title="Mayanism">Mayanism</a></div> <p>Many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> have inspired pseudoarchaeological speculation. In Mexico, this history can bring more people which in turn brings more money for the area, which the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya peoples</a> usually do not receive. Many examples of pseudoarcheology pertaining to Maya civilization can be found in literature, art, and movies. Many of them have to do with the <a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya calendar</a>. These are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mayanism" title="Mayanism">Mayanism</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> beliefs about Mayas and Maya religion and/or spirituality. That said, Mayan culture has long been a subject of scientific archaeology. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that has furthered our knowledge of the past. Some of these include stone carvings in <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> that show the earliest stories of <a href="/wiki/Sihyaj_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil_II" title="Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II">Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II</a> and materials recovered from <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_Maya-related_pseudoarchaeology">Examples of Maya-related pseudoarchaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Examples of Maya-related pseudoarchaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A well-known example of Maya pseudoarcheology is the interpretation of the remains of <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a> and his burial. Pseudoarchaeologists have discussed much about the discovery of Pakal's sarcophagus lid and the answers they gained from studying it. Pseudoarchaeology author Maurice Cotterell writes about this in his book <i>The Supergods</i>. One of the main draws in this material for Cotterell and other pseudoarchaeologists is that the ancient Aztec and Maya people possessed knowledge beyond our imagination. From being able to “take off in spaceships”, to dealing with complex numbers and equations, these people possessed “godly intelligence”. Their biggest study and answer came from analyzing the Mayan calendar and finding correlations with the Sun and Earth. He states that “they (Sun, Earth, Mayan Calendar) come close together every 260 days, this agreed with his suspicion that the Mayan numbering system was connected with solar magnetic cycles”. There are no professionals that endorse his statements, and his conclusions are based on insufficient evidence. Cotterell's work is pseudoarcheology because it reports his own non-scientific interpretations, without any scientific <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> or critical analysis by professional archaeologists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Another example of pseudoarcheology concerning Maya civilization are some conclusions gained from studying the <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya calendar</a>. The Calendar Round seems to have been based on two overlapping annual cycles: a 260-day sacred year and a 365-day secular year that named 18 months with 20 days each. The Maya calendar also included what were termed Long Counts, these were created by priests at the time and a single cycle lasted 5,126 solar years. From the time this was created, the end of the solar years occurred on 21 December 2012. Ancient hieroglyphs from <a href="/wiki/Tortuguero_(Maya_site)" title="Tortuguero (Maya site)">Tortuguero</a> claimed that when this cycle ended, Bolon Yokte, the Mayan god of creation and war would arrive. Some pseudoarchaeologists assumed to mean that the world would end.</li> <li>The stone carvings in <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> that have been important to archaeologists attempting to recreate the past, have also been used by pseudoarchaeologists to fabricate false claims about the past.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality these carvings have been used to reconstruct the stories and history of more than thirty dynastic rulers. Some pseudoarchaeologists claim that these carvings are of ancient aliens or another form of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>. These claims are widely regarded as false by archeologists. When these claims were circulated during the early 1990s, the rate of tourism boomed. In cases like this, pseudoarcheological claims can often garner public attention more effectively than peer-reviewed archeology.</li> <li>Chichén Itzá in Mexico has long been an important archaeological site. Throughout the past few years there have been many wild claims by pseudoarchaeologists. The passageway beneath the Kulkulcan pyramid, a part of Chichén Itzá, was found and this is what many of the pseudoarchaeologists' claims concern. The claim is that this passageway was and still is a direct channel to the underworld. There are many possibilities for what this could have been used for, but there are not any facts to prove this statement. Many experts, including Guillermo de And, an underwater archaeologist who directed a few expeditions to uncover Mayan aqua life, believe that the passageway was a “secret <a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">cenote</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_notable_examples">Other notable examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The assertion that the <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a> were a long vanished non-Native American people thought to have come from Europe, the Middle East, or Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Hyperdiffusionism" title="Grafton Elliot Smith">hyperdiffusion</a> from Egypt being responsible for influencing most of the major ancient civilizations of the world in Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and particularly the ancient Native Americans. This includes <a href="/wiki/Olmec_alternative_origin_speculations" title="Olmec alternative origin speculations">Olmec alternative origin speculations</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_interest_of_Pedra_da_G%C3%A1vea" title="Archaeological interest of Pedra da Gávea">Archaeological interest of Pedra da Gávea</a>.</li> <li>The work of 19th- and early 20th-century authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Donnelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Donnelly">Ignatius Donnelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Le_Plongeon" title="Augustus Le Plongeon">Augustus Le Plongeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Churchward" title="James Churchward">James Churchward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Posnansky" title="Arthur Posnansky">Arthur Posnansky</a>.</li> <li>The work of contemporary authors such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_A._Tsoukalos" title="Giorgio A. Tsoukalos">Giorgio Tsoukalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Fell" title="Barry Fell">Barry Fell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zecharia_Sitchin" title="Zecharia Sitchin">Zecharia Sitchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bauval" title="Robert Bauval">Robert Bauval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Collin" title="Frank Collin">Frank Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cremo" title="Michael Cremo">Michael Cremo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">Immanuel Velikovsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" title="David Hatcher Childress">David Hatcher Childress</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" title="List of lost lands">Lost lands</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu_(lost_continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu (lost continent)">Mu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">Phantom island</a> <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemuria_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuria (continent)">Lemuria</a>, which are all contested by mainstream archaeologists and historians as lacking critical physical evidence and general historical credibility.</li> <li>Speculation by paranormal researchers that an abnormal human skull promoted as the "<a href="/wiki/Starchild_skull" title="Starchild skull">starchild skull</a>" was the product of extraterrestrial-human breeding or extraterrestrial genetic engineering, despite DNA evidence proving that the skull was that of an anatomically modern human infant, most likely suffering from <a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">hydrocephalus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudoarchaeology_books">Pseudoarchaeology books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pseudoarchaeology books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Antediluvian_World" title="Atlantis: The Antediluvian World">Atlantis: The Antediluvian World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_the_Gods%3F" title="Chariots of the Gods?">Chariots of the Gods?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingerprints_of_the_Gods" title="Fingerprints of the Gods">Fingerprints of the Gods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Archeology" title="Forbidden Archeology">Forbidden Archeology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Atlantis_to_the_Sphinx" title="From Atlantis to the Sphinx">From Atlantis to the Sphinx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magicians_of_the_Gods" title="Magicians of the Gods">Magicians of the Gods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morning_of_the_Magicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning of the Magicians">Morning of the Magicians</a></i></li> <li><i>The Saturn Myth</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sirius_Mystery" title="The Sirius Mystery">The Sirius Mystery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Space_Gods_Revealed" title="The Space Gods Revealed">The Space Gods Revealed</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudoarchaeological_television_programs_and_series">Pseudoarchaeological television programs and series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pseudoarchaeological television programs and series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aliens" title="Ancient Aliens">Ancient Aliens</a></i> (2010–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Apocalypse" title="Ancient Apocalypse">Ancient Apocalypse</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_Unearthed" title="America Unearthed">America Unearthed</a></i> (2012–2015, 2019–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of..._(TV_series)" title="In Search of... (TV series)">In Search of...</a></i> (1977–1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Lost_with_Megan_Fox" title="Legends of the Lost with Megan Fox">Legends of the Lost with Megan Fox</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Oak_Island" title="The Curse of Oak Island">The Curse of Oak Island</a></i> (2014–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Origins_of_Man" title="The Mysterious Origins of Man">The Mysterious Origins of Man</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_UnXplained" title="The UnXplained">The UnXplained</a></i> (2019–2021)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_sites_subject_to_pseudoarchaeological_speculation">Archaeological sites subject to pseudoarchaeological speculation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Archaeological sites subject to pseudoarchaeological speculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burrows_Cave" title="Burrows Cave">Burrows Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Early_Man_Site" title="Calico Early Man Site">Calico Early Man Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerutti_Mastodon_site" title="Cerutti Mastodon site">Cerutti Mastodon site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pyramids" title="Chinese pyramids">Chinese pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Padang" title="Gunung Padang">Gunung Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ciudad_Blanca" title="La Ciudad Blanca">La Ciudad Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Madol" title="Nan Madol">Nan Madol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Hammam" title="Tell el-Hammam">Tell el-Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puma_Punku" class="mw-redirect" title="Puma Punku">Puma Punku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasasaya" title="Kalasasaya">Kalasasaya</a> at Tiwanaku</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Sun" title="Gate of the Sun">Gate of the Sun</a></li> <li>The Semi-Subterranean Temple</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_Monument" title="Yonaguni Monument">Yonaguni Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorats_Karer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorats Karer">Zorats Karer</a> a.k.a. Armenian Stonehenge</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="So-called_out-of-place_artefacts">So-called out-of-place artefacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: So-called out-of-place artefacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Out-of-place_artefact" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-place artefact">Out-of-place artefact</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonokia" title="Babylonokia">Babylonokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Battery" title="Baghdad Battery">Baghdad Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">Dogū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A1_Stone" title="Ingá Stone">Ingá Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud_lens" title="Nimrud lens">Nimrud lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaistos_Disc" title="Phaistos Disc">Phaistos Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">Piri Reis map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_spheres_of_Costa_Rica" title="Stone spheres of Costa Rica">Stone spheres of Costa Rica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">Archaeology and the Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frauds,_Myths,_and_Mysteries" title="Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries">Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_archaeology" title="Psychic archaeology">Psychic archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hol05">Holtorf 2005</a>. p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fagan720-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fagan720_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fagan720_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fagan720_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fagan720_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fagan720_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fagan720_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FagFed06">Fagan and Feder 2006</a>. p. 720.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wil87">Williams 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Hoopes "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinedigeditions.com/publication/?i=634462&article_id=3531895&view=articleBrowser">The Mysterious Origins of Fringe</a>" <i>The SAA Archaeological Record</i> NOVEMBER 2019 - Volume 19 Number 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_1980._p._02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._02_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._02_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._02_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._02_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Col80">Cole 1980</a>. p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fagan721-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fagan721_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fagan721_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fagan721_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FagFed06">Fagan and Feder 2006</a>. p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Col80">Cole 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sti87">Stiebing Jr. 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wil91">Wiliams 1991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Seb01">Sebastion 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wal03">Wallis 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hol05">Holtorf 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mos08">Moshenka 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ren06">Renfrew 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sti87">Stiebing Jr 1987</a>. p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asor.org/anetoday/2018/06/Spot-Fake-Cueiform-Tablets/">"ANE Today – 201809 – How to Spot Fake Cuneiform Tablets"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANE+Today+%E2%80%93+201809+%E2%80%93+How+to+Spot+Fake+Cuneiform+Tablets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asor.org%2Fanetoday%2F2018%2F06%2FSpot-Fake-Cueiform-Tablets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltorf,_Cornelius2005" class="citation journal cs1">Holtorf, Cornelius (December 2005). "Beyond Crusades: How (Not) to Engage with Alternative Archaeologies". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 544–551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240500395813">10.1080/00438240500395813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18955023">18955023</a>Debates in "World Archaeology"</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Beyond+Crusades%3A+How+%28Not%29+to+Engage+with+Alternative+Archaeologies&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544-551&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438240500395813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18955023%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Holtorf%2C+Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We might want to remind ourselves of the truism that every past is the construct of a particular present-day context" p. 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender, <i>Stonehenge</i>, vol. 1 <i>Making Space (Materialising Culture) </i>, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holtorf 2005:548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sti87">Stiebing Jr. 1987</a> p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="#Col80">Cole 1980</a>. p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag06">Fagan and Feder 2006</a>. p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag06b">Fagan 2006b</a>. p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag06b">Fagan 2006b</a>. p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#FagFed06">Fagan and Feder 2006</a>. pp. 721–728.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Har87">Harrold and Eve 1987</a>. p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_1980._p._03-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._03_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole_1980._p._03_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Col80">Cole 1980</a>. p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Col80">Cole 1980</a>. pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fagan26-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fagan26_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fagan26_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag06b">Fagan 2006b</a>. p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sti87">Stiebing Jr. 1987</a> p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#Fag06b">Fagan 2006b</a>. p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag06b">Fagan 2006b</a>. pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag06b">Fagan 2006b</a>. p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renfrew_2006._p._xii-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renfrew_2006._p._xii_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renfrew_2006._p._xii_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ren06">Renfrew 2006</a>. p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag06b">Fagan 2006b</a>. p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag06b">Fagan 2006b</a>. p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Wau62">Wauchope 1962</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ren06">Renfrew 2006</a>. p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag03">Fagan 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fagan_2006a._p._xvii-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fagan_2006a._p._xvii_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fagan_2006a._p._xvii_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fag06a">Fagan 2006a</a>. p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Har87">Harrold and Eve 1987</a>. p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fds.duke.edu/db?attachment-110--0-view-790">"The Duke Symposium on Archaeology, Politics, and the Media: Re-visioning the Middle East"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>. 23–24 April 2009.</cite><span 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ASOR Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asorblog.org/?p=252">the original</a> on 13 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audio+of+Duke+Conference+on+Archaeology%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Media&rft.pub=ASOR+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasorblog.org%2F%3Fp%3D252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation podcast cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itunes.apple.com/itunes-u/center-for-jewish-studies/id420501356#ls=1">"Center for Jewish Studies – Archaeology, Politics, and the Media"</a> (Podcast). 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-46286-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-46286-6"><bdi>0-203-46286-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77007717">77007717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mummy%27s+Curse%3A+Mummymania+in+the+English-Speaking+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77007717&rft.isbn=0-203-46286-6&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Jasmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F77007717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Silverman, David (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-curse-of-the-curse-of-the-pharaohs/">"The Curse of the Curse of the Pharaohs"</a>. <i>Expedition Magazine</i>. 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"The Making of the Myth". <i>The Moundbuilders</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>. pp. 29–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-0839-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8214-0839-9"><bdi>0-8214-0839-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+the+Myth&rft.btitle=The+Moundbuilders&rft.pages=29-49&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8214-0839-9&rft.au=Silverberg%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner,_George_R.2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_R._Milner" title="George R. Milner">Milner, George R.</a> (2004). <i>The Moundbuilders:Ancient Peoples of Eastern North America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames and Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28468-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28468-7"><bdi>0-500-28468-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moundbuilders%3AAncient+Peoples+of+Eastern+North+America&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-500-28468-7&rft.au=Milner%2C+George+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baumann, Stefan (2018). Fakten und Fiktionen: Archäologie vs. Pseudowissenschaft. Sonderbände der Antiken Welt (in German). Darmstadt: Philipp von Zabern Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (WBG). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-5172-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-5172-0">978-3-8053-5172-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Col80" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, John R. (1980). "Cult Archaeology and Unscientific Method and Theory". <i>Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory</i>. <b>3</b>: 01–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Archaeological+Method+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Cult+Archaeology+and+Unscientific+Method+and+Theory&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=01-33&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fag03" class="citation journal cs1">Fagan, Garrett G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/0305/abstracts/tv.html">"Seductions of Pseudoarchaeology: Far Out Television"</a>. <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>56</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Seductions+of+Pseudoarchaeology%3A+Far+Out+Television&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Garrett+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F0305%2Fabstracts%2Ftv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FagFed06" class="citation journal cs1">Fagan, Garrett G.; Feder, Kenneth L. (2006). "Crusading against straw men: an alternative view of alternative archaeologies: response to Holtorf". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 718–729. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240600963528">10.1080/00438240600963528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162321776">162321776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Crusading+against+straw+men%3A+an+alternative+view+of+alternative+archaeologies%3A+response+to+Holtorf&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=718-729&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438240600963528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162321776%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Garrett+G.&rft.au=Feder%2C+Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fag06" class="citation book cs1">Garrett G. Fagan, ed. (2006). <i>Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public</i>. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4153-0593-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-4153-0593-4"><bdi>0-4153-0593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Fantasies%3A+How+Pseudoarchaeology+Misrepresents+the+Past+and+Misleads+the+Public&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-4153-0593-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fag06a" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Garrett G. (2006a). "Preface". In Garrett G. Fagan (ed.). <i>Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public</i>. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge. pp. xvii–xix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Fantasies%3A+How+Pseudoarchaeology+Misrepresents+the+Past+and+Misleads+the+Public&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK+and+New+York&rft.pages=xvii-xix&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Garrett+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fag06b" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Garrett G. (2006). "Diagnosing Pseudoarchaeology". In Garrett G. Fagan (ed.). <i>Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public</i>. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge. pp. 23–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diagnosing+Pseudoarchaeology&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Fantasies%3A+How+Pseudoarchaeology+Misrepresents+the+Past+and+Misleads+the+Public&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK+and+New+York&rft.pages=23-46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Garrett+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Seb01" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Feder, Kenneth</a> (1984). "Irrationality and Popular Archaeology". <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 525–541. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F280358">10.2307/280358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/280358">280358</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163298820">163298820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Irrationality+and+Popular+Archaeology&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=525-541&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163298820%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F280358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F280358&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Har87" class="citation book cs1">Harrold, Francis B.; Eve, Raymond A. (1987). "Preface". <i>Cult Archaeology & Creationism: Understanding Pseudoarchaeological Beliefs about the Past</i>. Iowa: University of Iowa Press. pp. ix–xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Cult+Archaeology+%26+Creationism%3A+Understanding+Pseudoarchaeological+Beliefs+about+the+Past&rft.place=Iowa&rft.pages=ix-xii&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Harrold&rft.aufirst=Francis+B.&rft.au=Eve%2C+Raymond+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hol05" class="citation journal cs1">Holtorf, Cornelius (2005). "Beyond crusades: how (not) to engage with alternative archaeologies". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 544–551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240500395813">10.1080/00438240500395813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18955023">18955023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Beyond+crusades%3A+how+%28not%29+to+engage+with+alternative+archaeologies&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544-551&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438240500395813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18955023%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holtorf&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mos08" class="citation journal cs1">Moshenka, Gabriel (2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Bible in Stone': Pyramids, Lost Tribes and Alternative Archaeologies". <i>Public Archaeology</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 5–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F175355307X243672">10.1179/175355307X243672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161141006">161141006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Archaeology&rft.atitle=%27The+Bible+in+Stone%27%3A+Pyramids%2C+Lost+Tribes+and+Alternative+Archaeologies&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-16&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F175355307X243672&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161141006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moshenka&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ren06" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Renfrew, Colin</a> (2006). "Foreword". In Garrett G. Fagan (ed.). <i>Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public</i>. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge. pp. xii–xvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Fantasies%3A+How+Pseudoarchaeology+Misrepresents+the+Past+and+Misleads+the+Public&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK+and+New+York&rft.pages=xii-xvi&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Seb01" class="citation book cs1">Sebastion, Tim (2001). "Alternative archaeology: has it happened?". <i>A Permeability of Boundaries?: New Approaches to the Archaeology of Art, Religion and Folklore</i>. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford. pp. 125–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alternative+archaeology%3A+has+it+happened%3F&rft.btitle=A+Permeability+of+Boundaries%3F%3A+New+Approaches+to+the+Archaeology+of+Art%2C+Religion+and+Folklore&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.pages=125-135&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sebastion&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sti87" class="citation book cs1">Stiebing, William H. Jr. (1987). "The Nature and Dangers of Cult Archaeology". <i>Cult Archaeology & Creationism: Understanding Pseudoarchaeological Beliefs about the Past</i>. Iowa: University of Iowa Press. pp. 01–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nature+and+Dangers+of+Cult+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Cult+Archaeology+%26+Creationism%3A+Understanding+Pseudoarchaeological+Beliefs+about+the+Past&rft.place=Iowa&rft.pages=01-10&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Stiebing&rft.aufirst=William+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wal03" class="citation book cs1">Wallis, Robert J. (2003). <i>Shamans/Neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamans%2FNeo-Shamans%3A+Ecstasy%2C+Alternative+Archaeologies+and+Contemporary+Pagans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wau62" class="citation book cs1">Wauchope, Robert. (1962). <i>Lost Tribes & Sunken Continents; Myth and Method in the Study of American Indians</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2268-7635-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-2268-7635-7"><bdi>0-2268-7635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Tribes+%26+Sunken+Continents%3B+Myth+and+Method+in+the+Study+of+American+Indians&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=0-2268-7635-7&rft.aulast=Wauchope&rft.aufirst=Robert.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wil87" class="citation book cs1">Williams, S. (1987). "Fantastic archaeology: What should we do about it?". <i>Cult Archaeology & Creationism: Understanding Pseudoarchaeological Beliefs about the Past</i>. Iowa: University of Iowa Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fantastic+archaeology%3A+What+should+we+do+about+it%3F&rft.btitle=Cult+Archaeology+%26+Creationism%3A+Understanding+Pseudoarchaeological+Beliefs+about+the+Past&rft.place=Iowa&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wil91" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stephen. (1991). <i>Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1312-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1312-2"><bdi>0-8122-1312-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantastic+Archaeology%3A+The+Wild+Side+of+North+American+Prehistory&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8122-1312-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Car18" class="citation book cs1">Card, Jeb J. (2018). <i>Spooky Archaeology: Myth and the Science of the Past</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5965-0"><bdi>978-0-8263-5965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spooky+Archaeology%3A+Myth+and+the+Science+of+the+Past&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-5965-0&rft.aulast=Card&rft.aufirst=Jeb+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Robert Todd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepdic.com/pseudohs.html">"Pseudohistory"</a>. <i>The Skeptic's Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Pseudohistory&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Robert+Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Fpseudohs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Caz79" class="citation book cs1">Cazeau, Charles J. (1979). <i>Exploring the Unknown: Great Mysteries Reexamined</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3064-0210-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-3064-0210-6"><bdi>0-3064-0210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Unknown%3A+Great+Mysteries+Reexamined&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-3064-0210-6&rft.aulast=Cazeau&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dan77" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel, R. (1977). "The forgotten milestones and blind alleys of the past". <i>Royal Anthropological Society News</i>. <b>33</b>: 03–06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Anthropological+Society+News&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+milestones+and+blind+alleys+of+the+past&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=03-06&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Feder, Kenneth L. (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031220014112/http://www.worldagesarchive.com/Reference_Links/Combating_Pseudoarchaeology.htm">"Archaeological Institute hosts workshop session on Combating Pseudoarchaeology"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldagesarchive.com/Reference_Links/Combating_Pseudoarchaeology.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Institute+hosts+workshop+session+on+Combating+Pseudoarchaeology&rft.date=2002-05&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldagesarchive.com%2FReference_Links%2FCombating_Pseudoarchaeology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2010" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Kenneth L. (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to The Walam Olum</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313379185" title="Special:BookSources/9780313379185"><bdi>9780313379185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Dubious+Archaeology%3A+From+Atlantis+to+The+Walam+Olum&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313379185&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fed10" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Feder, Kenneth.</a> (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/Frauds,_Myths,_and_Mysteries:_Science_and_Pseudoscience_in_Archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology">Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190096410" title="Special:BookSources/9780190096410"><bdi>9780190096410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+Myths%2C+and+Mysteries%3A+Science+and+Pseudoscience+in+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190096410&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fle06" class="citation book cs1">Flemming, Nic (2006). "The Attraction of Non-Rational Archaeological Hypotheses: The Individual and Sociological Factors". In Garrett G. Fagan (ed.). <i>Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public</i>. Abingdon, UK and New York: Routledge. pp. 47–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Attraction+of+Non-Rational+Archaeological+Hypotheses%3A+The+Individual+and+Sociological+Factors&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Fantasies%3A+How+Pseudoarchaeology+Misrepresents+the+Past+and+Misleads+the+Public&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK+and+New+York&rft.pages=47-70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Flemming&rft.aufirst=Nic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory" class="citation web cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629014931/http://isthmia.osu.edu/teg/hist306/lec31.htm">"Pseudoarchaeology"</a>. Archived from the original on 29 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pseudoarchaeology&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisthmia.osu.edu%2Fteg%2Fhist306%2Flec31.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Har95" class="citation book cs1">Harrold, Francis B. and Raymond A. Eve, ed. (1995). <i>Cult Archaeology and Creationism: Understanding Pseudoscientific Beliefs about the Past</i>. Ames: University of Iowa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8774-5513-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8774-5513-9"><bdi>0-8774-5513-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cult+Archaeology+and+Creationism%3A+Understanding+Pseudoscientific+Beliefs+about+the+Past&rft.place=Ames&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8774-5513-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro1905" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Robert (1905). <i>Archaeology and False Antiquities</i>. Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+False+Antiquities&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206232245/http://www.streetprophets.com/storyonly/2011/1/22/115816/281">"Pseudo-Archaeology"</a>. <i>Street Prophets</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.streetprophets.com/storyonly/2011/1/22/115816/281">the original</a> on 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Street+Prophets&rft.atitle=Pseudo-Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.streetprophets.com%2Fstoryonly%2F2011%2F1%2F22%2F115816%2F281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sab82" class="citation book cs1">Sabloff, Jeremy, ed. (1982). <i>Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology</i>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1395-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-1395-0"><bdi>0-7167-1395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+Myths%2C+and+Mysteries%3A+Science+and+Pseudoscience+in+Archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-7167-1395-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sha04" class="citation book cs1">Schadla-Hall, Tim (2004). "The Comforts of Unreason: The importance and relevance of alternative archaeology". In N. Merriman (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicarchaeolog00merr_661"><i>Public Archaeology</i></a></span>. London: Routledge Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicarchaeolog00merr_661/page/n269">255</a>–271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Comforts+of+Unreason%3A+The+importance+and+relevance+of+alternative+archaeology&rft.btitle=Public+Archaeology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=255-271&rft.pub=Routledge+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Schadla-Hall&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicarchaeolog00merr_661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040408021507/http://cgi.sfu.ca/~museum/landarch/index.cgi?pseudo">"The Territory of Pseudoarchaeology"</a>. <i>SFU museum of Archaeology and Ethnology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgi.sfu.ca/~museum/landarch/index.cgi?pseudo">the original</a> on 8 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SFU+museum+of+Archaeology+and+Ethnology&rft.atitle=The+Territory+of+Pseudoarchaeology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcgi.sfu.ca%2F~museum%2Flandarch%2Findex.cgi%3Fpseudo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2003" class="citation web cs1">West, John Anthony (1 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grahamhancock.com/open-letter-jaw/">"An Open Letter to the Editors of Archaeology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Open+Letter+to+the+Editors+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrahamhancock.com%2Fopen-letter-jaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Whi74" class="citation book cs1">White, Peter. (1974). <i>The Past is Human</i>. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2071-3067-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-2071-3067-1"><bdi>0-2071-3067-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Past+is+Human&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-2071-3067-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Peter.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermanFox" class="citation web cs1">Zimmerman, Larry J.; Fox, Richard A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031210204640/http://www.usd.edu/anth/cultarch/cultindex.html">"Fantastic Archaeology"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usd.edu/anth/cultarch/cultindex.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fantastic+Archaeology&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usd.edu%2Fanth%2Fcultarch%2Fcultindex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudoarchaeology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological%2FSkeptical+Resources%2C+Critiques+of+cult+archaeology%2C+Roman+Britain+links&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramtops.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archyfantasies.com/">"Archaeological Fantasies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Fantasies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchyfantasies.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2005/08/31/archaeology/">"Archaeology from the dark side"</a>. <i>Salon</i>. 31 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Archaeology+from+the+dark+side&rft.date=2005-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2005%2F08%2F31%2Farchaeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badarchaeology.com/">"Bad Archaeology: exposing frauds, misconceptions and distortions"</a>. <i>Bad Archaeology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bad+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Bad+Archaeology%3A+exposing+frauds%2C+misconceptions+and+distortions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badarchaeology.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hallofmaat.com/">"In the hall of Ma'at – weighing the evidence of alternative history"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+hall+of+Ma%27at+%E2%80%93+weighing+the+evidence+of+alternative+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hallofmaat.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog">"Jason Colavito blog"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jason+Colavito+blog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jasoncolavito.com%2Fblog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span> – Criticisms of cable network television programs that promote pseudoarchaeology</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109170008/http://neohumanism.org/p/ps/pseudoarchaeology.html">"Pseudoarchaeology"</a>. <i>Neohumanism</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neohumanism.org/p/ps/pseudoarchaeology.html">the original</a> on 9 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neohumanism&rft.atitle=Pseudoarchaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneohumanism.org%2Fp%2Fps%2Fpseudoarchaeology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahotcupofjoe.net/2016/12/seven-warning-signs-pseudoarchaeology/">"Seven Warning Signs of Pseudoarchaeology"</a>. <i>A hot cup of Joe</i>. 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+hot+cup+of+Joe&rft.atitle=Seven+Warning+Signs+of+Pseudoarchaeology&rft.date=2016-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahotcupofjoe.net%2F2016%2F12%2Fseven-warning-signs-pseudoarchaeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hallofmaat.com/topics/wsog/">"Wild side of geoarchaeology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+side+of+geoarchaeology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hallofmaat.com%2Ftopics%2Fwsog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudoarchaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Pitt Rivers">Augustus Pitt Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod" title="Dorothy Garrod">Dorothy Garrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Uhle" title="Max Uhle">Max Uhle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Method and theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_theory" title="Archaeological theory">Archaeological theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Philosophy of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_diving" title="Archaeological diving">Archaeological diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ethics" title="Archaeological ethics">Archaeological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(archaeology)" title="Survey (archaeology)">Survey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)" title="Geophysical survey (archaeology)">geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_survey" title="Electrical resistance survey">electrical resistance survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondage" title="Sondage">Sondage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_layer" title="Burnt layer">Burnt layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">Lithic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-excavation_analysis" title="Post-excavation analysis">Post-excavation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_archaeology" title="Subfields of archaeology">Sub-disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_archaeology" title="Prehistoric archaeology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_archaeology" title="Classical archaeology">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_archaeology" title="Medieval archaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-medieval_archaeology" title="Post-medieval archaeology">Post-Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_archaeology" title="Historical archaeology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_in_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian archaeology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Oceania" title="Archaeology in Oceania">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubiology" title="Nubiology">Nubian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_bioarchaeology" title="Medieval bioarchaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_bioarchaeology" title="Near Eastern bioarchaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceology" title="Calceology">Calceology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_archaeology" title="Digital archaeology">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogaming" title="Archaeogaming">Archaeogaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_archaeology" title="Virtual archaeology">Virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeology" title="Geoarchaeology">Geoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_archaeology" title="Conflict archaeology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_archaeology" title="Funerary archaeology">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_archaeology" title="Gender archaeology">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology" title="Indigenous archaeology">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_archaeology" title="Landscape archaeology">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_archaeology" title="Mortuary archaeology">Mortuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(archaeology)" title="Phenomenology (archaeology)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_archaeology" title="Queer archaeology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeological sites by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeologists" title="List of archaeologists">Archaeologists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitologists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeology_journals" title="List of archaeology journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology" title="Category:Archaeology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br />characterized as <br />pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br />pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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