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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modula-2</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. 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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0-2" title="Модула-2 – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Модула-2" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94-2" title="מודולה-2 – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מודולה-2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Modula-2 (programozási nyelv) – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Modula-2 (programozási nyelv)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%88%EB%9D%BC-2" title="모듈라-2 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모듈라-2" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Modula-2 программалоо тили – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Modula-2 программалоо тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0-2" title="Модула-2 – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модула-2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0-2" title="Модула-2 – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Модула-2" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Modula-2" data-language-autonym="中文" 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cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:beige; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Modula-2 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Programmeerparadigma" title="Programmeerparadigma">Paradigma</a> </th> <td colspan="2">imperatief programmeren, gestructureerd programmeren, Modulair programmeren, gedistribueerd programmeren </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verschenen </th> <td colspan="2">1978 </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Ontworpen door</span> </th> <td colspan="2">Niklaus Wirth </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Ontwikkeld door</span> </th> <td colspan="2">Niklaus Wirth </td></tr> <tr> <th>Huidige versie </th> <td colspan="2">1.6.879 <sup id="cite_ref-adwm2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adwm2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(januari 2022)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Typesysteem" title="Typesysteem">Typesysteem</a> </th> <td colspan="2">statisch typesysteem, sterke typering </td></tr> <tr> <th>Implementaties </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nongnu.org/gm2/index.html">GNU Modula-2</a> en andere </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Beïnvloed door</span> </th> <td colspan="2">Mesa, Pascal, Modula </td></tr> <tr> <th>Invloed op </th> <td colspan="2">Modula-3, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programmeertaal)" title="Oberon (programmeertaal)">Oberon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programmeertaal)" title="Ada (programmeertaal)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran-90</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programmeertaal)" title="Lua (programmeertaal)">Lua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Besturingssysteem" title="Besturingssysteem">Besturingssysteem</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> <sup id="cite_ref-adwm2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adwm2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Softwarelicentie" title="Softwarelicentie">Licentie</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> <sup id="cite_ref-adwm2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adwm2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bestandsextensie" title="Bestandsextensie">Bestandsextensies</a> </th> <td colspan="2">mod, m2, def, MOD, DEF, mi, md </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Website</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modula2.org/">Projectpagina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:beige; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Informatica" title="Portaal:Informatica">Informatica</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Modula-2</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Programmeertaal" title="Programmeertaal">programmeertaal</a> die in <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a> werd ontwikkeld aan het instituut ETH Zürich (<a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule</a> Zürich) door <a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a>. De naam verwijst naar een eerder ontwikkelde programmeertaal die gewoon <b>Modula</b> heette. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beschrijving">Beschrijving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula-2&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Beschrijving" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula-2&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Beschrijving"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modula-2 is een algemeen inzetbare procedurele taal, flexibel genoeg voor systeemontwikkeling, maar met veel bredere toepassingsmogelijkheden. De taal werd zo ontwikkeld dat ze aparte compilatie en het belangrijke concept gegevensabstractie op een heldere manier ondersteunt. De syntaxis is grotendeels gebaseerd op Wirths oudere en veel bekendere taal, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programmeertaal)" title="Pascal (programmeertaal)">Pascal</a>. Modula-2 moest een sterk verwante taal worden, waarin enkele Pascal-kenmerken ontbraken. Toevoegingen waren dan weer het belangrijke idee van de <i>module</i> en directe ondersteuning in de taal voor <a href="/wiki/Multitasking_(computer)" title="Multitasking (computer)">multitasking</a>. </p><p>De <i>module</i> kan in Modula-2 gebruikt worden om een groep verwante subprogramma's en gegevensstructuren in te kapselen. Het moduleontwerp was een bijzonder elegante manier om het kenmerk gegevensabstractie te implementeren. Programma's in Modula-2 bestaan uit modules die zelf uit twee delen bestaan: een <b>definitiemodule</b> (Engels: definition module) - het interfacegedeelte met enkel die delen van het subsysteem die zichtbaar zijn voor andere modules - en een <b>implementatiemodule</b> (Engels: implementation module), die de interne programmacode van de module bevat. De taal zorgt voor veel problemen bij beginnende studenten.<sup class="noprint nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding#Bron_gevraagd" title="Wikipedia:Bronvermelding"><span title="Voor deze uitspraak is sinds 03 september 2017 een bronvermelding gewenst. Motivering: Is dit zo? Is dit relevant?">[bron?]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De taal bevat voorzieningen voor (tot op zekere hoogte) parallelle processen in één processor en voor hardwaretoegang (absolute adressen, bitmanipulatie en <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwantschappen">Verwantschappen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula-2&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verwantschappen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula-2&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verwantschappen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoewel Modula-2 veruit de bekendste en meest gebruikte variant is, zijn er diverse talen die hier op een of andere manier aan verwant zijn: het originele, en grondig verschillende, Modula, Modula-2+, Modula-2*, Modula-3 (van <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> en <a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a>, met de toevoeging van <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection" title="Garbage collection">garbage collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programmeertaal)" title="Oberon (programmeertaal)">Oberon</a> (een later ontwerp van Wirth), en nog een aantal andere. Deze moeten niet beschouwd worden als "betere versies" of "vervangingen" van Modula-2; meestal gaat het om andere talen met een ander doel, en met hun eigen sterke en zwakke punten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula-2&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modula-2&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modula2.org/">Projectpagina</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-adwm2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-adwm2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adwm2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adwm2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Modula-2</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modula2.org/adwm2/">ADW Modula-2: History January 2022</a>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2023-04-15">15 april 2023</span>. “ADW Modula-2, © ADW Software” </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output 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