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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_the_Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_post-1991_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_post-1991_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use in post-1991 Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_post-1991_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>From Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_outside_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_outside_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>From outside Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_outside_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="الدب الروسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدب الروسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russischer_B%C3%A4r_(Nationalallegorie)" title="Russischer Bär (Nationalallegorie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russischer Bär (Nationalallegorie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oso_ruso" title="Oso ruso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oso ruso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خرس روسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرس روسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ours_russe" title="Ours russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ours russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99" title="הדוב הרוסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדוב הרוסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E7%86%8A" title="ロシアの熊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシアの熊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russiske_bj%C3%B8rnen" title="Den russiske bjørnen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den russiske bjørnen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyjski_nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA" title="Rosyjski niedźwiedź – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosyjski niedźwiedź" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urso_Russo" title="Urso Russo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urso Russo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Русский медведь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русский медведь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Руски медвјед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руски медвјед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_karhu" title="Venäjän karhu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän karhu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryska_bj%C3%B6rnen" title="Ryska björnen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryska björnen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_ay%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Rus ayısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rus ayısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Російський ведмідь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російський ведмідь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A5u_Nga" title="Gấu Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gấu Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%86%8A" title="俄罗斯熊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄罗斯熊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian national symbol</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the symbol. For the tennis player, see <a href="/wiki/Henry_Prusoff" title="Henry Prusoff">Henry Prusoff</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Russian_Bear" title="Special:EditPage/Russian Bear">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Russian+Bear%22">"Russian Bear"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Russian+Bear%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Russian+Bear%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Russian+Bear%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Russian+Bear%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Russian+Bear%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_house_of_cards,_Puck_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_house_of_cards%2C_Puck_cover.jpg/220px-A_house_of_cards%2C_Puck_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_house_of_cards%2C_Puck_cover.jpg/330px-A_house_of_cards%2C_Puck_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_house_of_cards%2C_Puck_cover.jpg/440px-A_house_of_cards%2C_Puck_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a>, 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Russian Bear</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Русский медведь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Russkiy medved'</i></span>) is a widespread <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">symbol</a> (generally of a <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_brown_bear" title="Eurasian brown bear">Eurasian brown bear</a>) for Russia, used in cartoons, articles, and dramatic plays since as early as the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relating alike to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and the present-day <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>. </p><p>The uses of the bear are mixed. It was often used by Westerners, in British <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricatures</a> and later also used in the United States, often not in a positive context. On occasion it was used to imply that Russia is "big, brutal and clumsy". However, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> have also used it to represent their country, where it has been used as a "<a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">symbol of national pride</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_Russian_coats_of_arms">Use in Russian coats of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use in Russian coats of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been a few examples of Russians depicting bears in coats of arms, mainly showing <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod Oblast</a> coat of arms and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Flag of Novgorod Oblast">flag</a> include two brown bears.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mari_El" title="Mari El">Republic of Marii El</a>'s coat of arms is a red bear with a sword and shield.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coats of arms of <a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Nenets Autonomous Okrug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka Autonomous Okrug</a> have <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a> have <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">black bears</a> in their coat of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the arms of <a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a>, a bear symbolizes how <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Christianity_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Christianity in Russia">Orthodox Christianity</a> took over from <a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">bear cults</a>. Despite the bear's symbolism inside Russia, the local coat of arms uses the bear to reflect the region and its history rather than Russia as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_the_use_in_the_West">Beginning of the use in the West</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginning of the use in the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of the Russian bear that pushes Russianness first appeared not in Russia but in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown when the Russian bear was first used in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest usages of the Russian bear was from <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a> in Act 3, Scene 4. Where Shakespeare referred to a "rugged Russian bear."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Maps">In Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a> from the 17th to the 20th centuries show Russia as inhabited and represented by bears.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a> started with small bears to represent Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small use of the Russian bear led one scholar to suggest that the West viewed Russia as "realms for <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wild animals</a>" by pointing out the comparison between the bears in Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">lions</a> in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time these bears started to represent the entire country.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, the bears became connected with the idea of Russia, rather than small animals on the map, especially through satirical maps.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_cartoons">In cartoons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In cartoons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian bear has also been depicted in <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoons</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> publication <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest uses of the bear's connection to Russia was in the late 18th century, when a British cartoon put <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>'s head on a body of a bear ridden by Russian General <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Potemkin" title="Grigory Potemkin">Grigory Potemkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> also had bears used to represent Russia alongside other animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Lion of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, Russia was portrayed as a bear multiple times, especially in <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> cartoons showing a bear holding a turkey representing the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> which is given the subtitle "<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in danger?"<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representation of the Russian bear continued in cartoons throughout the 19th century and the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> cartoons referred to Russia using a bear to represent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">the empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cartoons, however, did not always represent Russia through war or expansion but also used the bear to describe internal problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the bear is shown as injured from war or internal problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially after the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> in Poland, a Russian bear is portrayed fighting a woman who represents the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_the_Soviet_era">Use in the Soviet era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use in the Soviet era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bear image was, however, on various occasions (especially in the 20th century) also taken up by Russians themselves. Having the bear cub "<a href="/wiki/Misha" title="Misha">Misha</a>" as the <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascot</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> was evidently intended to counter the "big, brutal Russian Bear" image with a small, cuddly, and smiling bear cub. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s successful <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">campaign</a> to be re-elected President of the United States in <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>, he used the bear motif in the famous "<a href="/wiki/Bear_in_the_woods" title="Bear in the woods">Bear in the woods</a>" ad. It claimed that Reagan recognized the existence of a Soviet threat to the United States and the "<a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a>", while his opponent <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> denied its existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_post-1991_Russia">Use in post-1991 Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use in post-1991 Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there was some support in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Parliament">Russian Parliament</a> for having a bear as the new <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Russian coat of arms</a>, with the supporters pointing out, "Russia is anyway identified in the world with the Bear". Eventually, however, it was the Tsarist-era coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a> that was restored. </p><p>In Russia, associations with the image of the bear have received relatively mixed reactions. On one hand, Russians themselves appreciate the bear for its raw power and cunning, and bears are very often used as mascots or as a part of a design on a logo. On the other hand, the overuse of the image of the bear by foreigners visiting Russia prior to 20th century led to the image of bear being a sort of insider joke that postulates that "Russian streets are full of bears" as an example of factually-inaccurate information about Russia. </p><p>Later, the bear was taken up as the symbol of the <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> Party, which has dominated political life in Russia since the early 2000s. Coincidentally, the surname of <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>, the Russian president elected in 2008, is the possessive adjective of <i>медведь</i>, meaning "of the bears". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Russia">From Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: From Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_488322_Flag-bearers_of_states-participants_of_the_XXII_Summer_Olympic_Games.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Misha the teddy bear, the mascot of Moscow Olympics (1980)"><img alt="Misha the teddy bear, the mascot of Moscow Olympics (1980)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RIAN_archive_488322_Flag-bearers_of_states-participants_of_the_XXII_Summer_Olympic_Games.jpg/133px-RIAN_archive_488322_Flag-bearers_of_states-participants_of_the_XXII_Summer_Olympic_Games.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RIAN_archive_488322_Flag-bearers_of_states-participants_of_the_XXII_Summer_Olympic_Games.jpg/199px-RIAN_archive_488322_Flag-bearers_of_states-participants_of_the_XXII_Summer_Olympic_Games.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RIAN_archive_488322_Flag-bearers_of_states-participants_of_the_XXII_Summer_Olympic_Games.jpg/265px-RIAN_archive_488322_Flag-bearers_of_states-participants_of_the_XXII_Summer_Olympic_Games.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Misha" title="Misha">Misha</a> the teddy bear, the mascot of Moscow Olympics (1980)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RussianBear.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Banner depicting the Russian Bear unfurled by Russian football supporters (the inscription says "Forward, Russia!")."><img alt="Banner depicting the Russian Bear unfurled by Russian football supporters (the inscription says "Forward, Russia!")." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/RussianBear.JPG/200px-RussianBear.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/RussianBear.JPG/300px-RussianBear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/RussianBear.JPG/400px-RussianBear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banner depicting the Russian Bear unfurled by Russian football supporters (the inscription says "Forward, Russia!").</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Novgorod"><img alt="Coat of arms of Novgorod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/164px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/246px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/329px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two-headed-four-headed_bear.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The humorous image of four-pawed double-headed bear posing as double-headed eagle"><img alt="The humorous image of four-pawed double-headed bear posing as double-headed eagle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Two-headed-four-headed_bear.png/200px-Two-headed-four-headed_bear.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Two-headed-four-headed_bear.png/300px-Two-headed-four-headed_bear.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Two-headed-four-headed_bear.png/400px-Two-headed-four-headed_bear.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The humorous image of four-pawed double-headed bear posing as <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">double-headed eagle</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_outside_Russia">From outside Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: From outside Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 822px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261px; height: 261px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian_Libraries,_A_Russian_hug_for_the_young_emperor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British political cartoon concerning Napoleon's invasion of Russia 1804."><img alt="A brown bear with a crown picks up a man (Napoleon)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_A_Russian_hug_for_the_young_emperor.jpg/165px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_A_Russian_hug_for_the_young_emperor.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_A_Russian_hug_for_the_young_emperor.jpg/248px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_A_Russian_hug_for_the_young_emperor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_A_Russian_hug_for_the_young_emperor.jpg/330px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_A_Russian_hug_for_the_young_emperor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British political cartoon concerning <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Napoleon's invasion of Russia</a> 1804.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261px; height: 261px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_19th_century_web_alliance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Russian Bear (sitting, to the right) among the European powers courted by Bismarck to isolate France."><img alt="The Russian Bear (sitting, to the right) among the European powers courted by Bismarck to isolate France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Late_19th_century_web_alliance.jpg/231px-Late_19th_century_web_alliance.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Late_19th_century_web_alliance.jpg/347px-Late_19th_century_web_alliance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Late_19th_century_web_alliance.jpg/462px-Late_19th_century_web_alliance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Russian Bear (sitting, to the right) among the European powers courted by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Von_Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> to isolate France.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261px; height: 261px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_around_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A humoristic Japanese world map representing Russia as a big bear"><img alt="A humoristic Japanese world map representing Russia as a big bear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/World_around_1900.jpg/231px-World_around_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/World_around_1900.jpg/347px-World_around_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/World_around_1900.jpg/462px-World_around_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A humoristic Japanese world map representing Russia as a big bear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261px; height: 261px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:As_Between_Friends_(Punch_magazine,_13_December_1911).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cartoon from the English satirical magazine Punch, or The London Charivari. With the Russian Bear sitting on the tail of the Persian cat while the British Lion looks on, it represents a phase of The Great Game. The caption reads: "AS BETWEEN FRIENDS. British Lion (to Russian Bear). 'IF WE HADN'T SUCH A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING I MIGHT ALMOST BE TEMPTED TO ASK WHAT YOU'RE DOING THERE WITH OUR LITTLE PLAYFELLOW.'""><img alt="Cartoon from the English satirical magazine Punch, or The London Charivari. With the Russian Bear sitting on the tail of the Persian cat while the British Lion looks on, it represents a phase of The Great Game. The caption reads: "AS BETWEEN FRIENDS. British Lion (to Russian Bear). 'IF WE HADN'T SUCH A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING I MIGHT ALMOST BE TEMPTED TO ASK WHAT YOU'RE DOING THERE WITH OUR LITTLE PLAYFELLOW.'"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/As_Between_Friends_%28Punch_magazine%2C_13_December_1911%29.jpg/175px-As_Between_Friends_%28Punch_magazine%2C_13_December_1911%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/As_Between_Friends_%28Punch_magazine%2C_13_December_1911%29.jpg/263px-As_Between_Friends_%28Punch_magazine%2C_13_December_1911%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/As_Between_Friends_%28Punch_magazine%2C_13_December_1911%29.jpg/350px-As_Between_Friends_%28Punch_magazine%2C_13_December_1911%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cartoon from the English satirical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Charivari" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Charivari">The London Charivari</a></i>. With the Russian Bear sitting on the tail of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_cat" title="Persian cat">Persian cat</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">British Lion</a> looks on, it represents a phase of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">The Great Game</a>. The caption reads: "AS BETWEEN FRIENDS. British Lion (to Russian Bear). 'IF WE HADN'T SUCH A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING I MIGHT ALMOST BE TEMPTED TO ASK WHAT YOU'RE DOING THERE WITH OUR LITTLE PLAYFELLOW.'"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261px; height: 261px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%97%B6%E5%B1%80%E5%9B%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese view of THE SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST, 1905. Bear for Russia intruding from the north, bulldog for the United Kingdom in south China, frog for France in southeast Asia, and American eagle for the United States approaching from the Philippines."><img alt="Chinese view of THE SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST, 1905. Bear for Russia intruding from the north, bulldog for the United Kingdom in south China, frog for France in southeast Asia, and American eagle for the United States approaching from the Philippines." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E6%97%B6%E5%B1%80%E5%9B%BE.jpg/163px-%E6%97%B6%E5%B1%80%E5%9B%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E6%97%B6%E5%B1%80%E5%9B%BE.jpg/245px-%E6%97%B6%E5%B1%80%E5%9B%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E6%97%B6%E5%B1%80%E5%9B%BE.jpg/327px-%E6%97%B6%E5%B1%80%E5%9B%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="5532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese view of THE SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST, 1905. Bear for Russia intruding from the north, bulldog for the United Kingdom in south China, frog for France in southeast Asia, and American eagle for the United States approaching from the Philippines.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261px; height: 261px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WWI_German_Silver_Medal_East_Prussia_1914._Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The reverse of a World War I German Silver medallion liberation of East Prussia 1914 by Paul von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg. Referring to the Battle of Tannenberg. The naked General Hindenburg fighting the Russian Bear with his sword."><img alt="The reverse of a World War I German Silver medallion liberation of East Prussia 1914 by Paul von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg. Referring to the Battle of Tannenberg. The naked General Hindenburg fighting the Russian Bear with his sword." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/WWI_German_Silver_Medal_East_Prussia_1914._Reverse.jpg/231px-WWI_German_Silver_Medal_East_Prussia_1914._Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/WWI_German_Silver_Medal_East_Prussia_1914._Reverse.jpg/347px-WWI_German_Silver_Medal_East_Prussia_1914._Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/WWI_German_Silver_Medal_East_Prussia_1914._Reverse.jpg/462px-WWI_German_Silver_Medal_East_Prussia_1914._Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The reverse of a <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> German Silver medallion liberation of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> 1914 by <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg</a>. Referring to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a>. The naked General <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> fighting the Russian Bear with his sword.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear in heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_California" title="Flag of California">Flag of California</a> ("Bear Flag")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Ammer, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7VaDQAAQBAJ&dq=russian+bear+representation+16th+century&pg=PT75">It's Raining Cats and Dogs and Other Beastly Expressions</a></i> (BookBaby, 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPlatoffNorth_American_Vexillological_Association_/_Association_nord-américaine_de_vexillologie2012" class="citation journal cs1">Platoff, Anne M.; North American Vexillological Association / Association nord-américaine de vexillologie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdcnet.org/oom/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=&rft.imuse_id=raven_2012_0019_0099_0126&svc_id=info:www.pdcnet.org/collection">"The "Forward Russia" Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia"</a>. <i>Raven: A Journal of Vexillology</i>. <b>19</b>: 99–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fraven2012197">10.5840/raven2012197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-0043">1071-0043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raven%3A+A+Journal+of+Vexillology&rft.atitle=The+%22Forward+Russia%22+Flag%3A+Examining+the+Changing+Use+of+the+Bear+as+a+Symbol+of+Russia&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=99-126&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fraven2012197&rft.issn=1071-0043&rft.aulast=Platoff&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft.au=North+American+Vexillological+Association+%2F+Association+nord-am%C3%A9ricaine+de+vexillologie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Foom%2Fservice%3Furl_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26rft_val_fmt%3D%26rft.imuse_id%3Draven_2012_0019_0099_0126%26svc_id%3Dinfo%3Awww.pdcnet.org%2Fcollection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatoffNorth_American_Vexillological_Association_/_Association_nord-américaine_de_vexillologie2012" class="citation journal cs1">Platoff, Anne M.; North American Vexillological Association / Association nord-américaine de vexillologie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdcnet.org/oom/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=&rft.imuse_id=raven_2012_0019_0099_0126&svc_id=info:www.pdcnet.org/collection">"The "Forward Russia" Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia"</a>. <i>Raven: A Journal of Vexillology</i>. <b>19</b>: 102–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fraven2012197">10.5840/raven2012197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-0043">1071-0043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raven%3A+A+Journal+of+Vexillology&rft.atitle=The+%22Forward+Russia%22+Flag%3A+Examining+the+Changing+Use+of+the+Bear+as+a+Symbol+of+Russia&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=102-104&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fraven2012197&rft.issn=1071-0043&rft.aulast=Platoff&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft.au=North+American+Vexillological+Association+%2F+Association+nord-am%C3%A9ricaine+de+vexillologie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Foom%2Fservice%3Furl_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26rft_val_fmt%3D%26rft.imuse_id%3Draven_2012_0019_0099_0126%26svc_id%3Dinfo%3Awww.pdcnet.org%2Fcollection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatoffNorth_American_Vexillological_Association_/_Association_nord-américaine_de_vexillologie2012" class="citation journal cs1">Platoff, Anne M.; North American Vexillological Association / Association nord-américaine de vexillologie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdcnet.org/oom/service?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=&rft.imuse_id=raven_2012_0019_0099_0126&svc_id=info:www.pdcnet.org/collection">"The "Forward Russia" Flag: Examining the Changing Use of the Bear as a Symbol of Russia"</a>. <i>Raven: A Journal of Vexillology</i>. <b>19</b>: 104–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fraven2012197">10.5840/raven2012197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-0043">1071-0043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raven%3A+A+Journal+of+Vexillology&rft.atitle=The+%22Forward+Russia%22+Flag%3A+Examining+the+Changing+Use+of+the+Bear+as+a+Symbol+of+Russia&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=104-113&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fraven2012197&rft.issn=1071-0043&rft.aulast=Platoff&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft.au=North+American+Vexillological+Association+%2F+Association+nord-am%C3%A9ricaine+de+vexillologie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Foom%2Fservice%3Furl_ver%3DZ39.88-2004%26rft_val_fmt%3D%26rft.imuse_id%3Draven_2012_0019_0099_0126%26svc_id%3Dinfo%3Awww.pdcnet.org%2Fcollection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron2008" class="citation journal cs1">Barron, Roderick M. (2008-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/belgeo/11935">"Bringing the map to life: European satirical maps 1845–1945"</a>. <i>Belgeo. Revue belge de géographie</i> (3–4): 445–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbelgeo.11935">10.4000/belgeo.11935</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1377-2368">1377-2368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belgeo.+Revue+belge+de+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.atitle=Bringing+the+map+to+life%3A+European+satirical+maps+1845%E2%80%931945&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=445-464&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbelgeo.11935&rft.issn=1377-2368&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=Roderick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fbelgeo%2F11935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Bear" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Bear&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Russian bomber codenamed Bear, see <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95</a>.</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russian_Bear" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Russian Bear">Russian Bear</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossomakhinKhrustalev2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rossomakhin, A.; Khrustalev, D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cens.ivanovo.ac.ru/almanach/rossomahin-khrustalev-2008.htm">"Russia as a Bear: origins of the visualization (16th–18th centuries)"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo_State_University" title="Ivanovo State University">IvSU</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+as+a+Bear%3A+origins+of+the+visualization+%2816th%E2%80%9318th+centuries%29&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rossomakhin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Khrustalev%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcens.ivanovo.ac.ru%2Falmanach%2Frossomahin-khrustalev-2008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Bear" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossomakhinKhrustalev2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rossomakhin, A.; Khrustalev, D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723145900/http://www.nlobooks.ru/rus/nz-online/619/828/842/">"Russia as a Bear"</a>. <i>Neprikosnovennyy Zapas</i> (in Russian). <b>1</b> (57). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlobooks.ru/rus/nz-online/619/828/842/">the original</a> on 2011-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neprikosnovennyy+Zapas&rft.atitle=Russia+as+a+Bear&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=57&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rossomakhin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Khrustalev%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlobooks.ru%2Frus%2Fnz-online%2F619%2F828%2F842%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Bear" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_personifications" title="Template:National personifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_personifications" title="Template talk:National personifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_personifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National personifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_personifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Albania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Albania_(statue)" title="Mother Albania (statue)">Mother Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_the_Americas" title="Personification of the Americas">Personification of the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_representations_of_Argentina" title="Allegorical representations of Argentina">Effigies of Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Armenia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Armenia" title="Mother Armenia">Mother Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy_from_Manly" title="Little Boy from Manly">Little Boy from Manly</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Belgicus" title="Leo Belgicus">Leo Belgicus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah Thong and Neang Neak">Preah Thong and Neang Neak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Canuck" title="Johnny Canuck">Johnny Canuck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaso" title="Huaso">Huaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panda" class="mw-redirect" title="Panda">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Croatia" title="Mother Croatia">Mother Croatia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cechie" title="Čechie">Čechie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Va%C5%A1ek" title="Czech Vašek">Czech Vašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">Švejk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Holger Danske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Denmark" title="Mother Denmark">Mother Denmark</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish Maiden">Finnish Maiden</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartlis_Deda" title="Kartlis Deda">Kartvlis Deda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Michel" title="Deutscher Michel">Deutscher Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_(personification)" title="Hellas (personification)">Hellas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezili_Dantor" title="Ezili Dantor">Ezili Dantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Flon" title="Catherine Flon">Catherine Flon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Hungaria" title="Lady of Hungaria">Lady of Hungaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iceland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Mountain" title="Lady of the Mountain">Lady of the Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Elephant">Indian Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Ibu Pertiwi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia_(personification)" title="Hibernia (personification)">Hibernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ni_Houlihan" title="Kathleen Ni Houlihan">Kathleen Ni Houlihan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srulik" title="Srulik">Srulik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(personification)" title="Roma (personification)">Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanjiku" title="Wanjiku">Wanjiku</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungnyeo" title="Ungnyeo">Ungnyeo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Manas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lebanon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abed" title="Abu Abed">Abu Abed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malaysia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melita_(personification)" title="Melita (personification)">Melita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Maiden" title="Dutch Maiden">Dutch Maiden</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_man" title="Southern man">Southern man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(personification)" title="Zealandia (personification)">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ola_Nordmann" title="Ola Nordmann">Ola Nordmann</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_falcon" title="Shaheen falcon">Shaheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Māder-e Millat</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palestine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handala" title="Handala">Handala</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Motherland" title="Peruvian Motherland">Madre Patria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clara" title="María Clara">Maria Clara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Povinho" title="Zé Povinho">Zé Povinho</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Mother Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Serbia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Serbia" title="Mother Serbia">Mother Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Singapore <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_(personification)" title="Hispania (personification)">Hispania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Svea" title="Mother Svea">Mother Svea</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Siam Devadhiraj</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack Mamay">Cossack Mamay</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth#Dame_Wales" title="Joseph Morewood Staniforth">Dame Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan" title="Brother Jonathan">Brother Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Lady Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Justice" title="Lady Justice">Lady Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Yank" title="Billy Yank">Billy Yank</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Northern states</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Reb" title="Johnny Reb">Johnny Reb</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Southern states</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryballs" title="Countryballs">Countryballs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberty_symbols" title="Category:Liberty symbols">Other symbols of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russia_topics" title="Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russia_topics" title="Template talk:Russia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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