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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Keturah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="قطورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="কেতুরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেতুরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetur%C3%A0" title="Queturà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Queturà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketura_(biblick%C3%A1_postava)" title="Ketura (biblická postava) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ketura (biblická postava)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetura" title="Cetura – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cetura" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketura" title="Ketura – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ketura" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Χετούρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χετούρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetura" title="Cetura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cetura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketura" title="Ketura – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ketura" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketura" title="Ketura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ketura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="قطوره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطوره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketourah" title="Ketourah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ketourah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketura" title="Ketura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ketura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketur%C3%A0" title="Keturà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Keturà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="קטורה (דמות מקראית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטורה (דמות מקראית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket%C3%BAr%C3%A1" title="Ketúrá – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ketúrá" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketora" title="Ketora – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ketora" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keturah" title="Keturah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keturah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketura" title="Ketura – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ketura" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="КъатӀурат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КъатӀурат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hettura" title="Hettura – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hettura" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="قطورا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قطورا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketura" title="Ketura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ketura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetura" title="Quetura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quetura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetura" title="Chetura – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chetura" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хеттура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хеттура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keturah" title="Keturah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Keturah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95" title="قەتوورە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەتوورە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketura" title="Ketura – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ketura" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="கெற்றூரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெற்றூரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantura" title="Kantura – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kantura" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хеттура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хеттура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81" title="قطورہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قطورہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keturah" title="Keturah – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Keturah" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%9F%E6%8B%89" title="基土拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基土拉" 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From the 1630 <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header notheme">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zimran" title="Zimran">Zimran</a> (son)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jokshan" title="Jokshan">Jokshan</a> (son)<br /><a href="/wiki/Medan_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medan (son of Abraham)">Medan</a> (son)<br /><a href="/wiki/Midian_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian (son of Abraham)">Midian</a> (son)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ishbak" title="Ishbak">Ishbak</a> (son)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shuah" title="Shuah">Shuah</a> (son)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a> (grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dedan_(Bible)" title="Dedan (Bible)">Dedan</a> (grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ephah" title="Ephah">Ephah</a> (grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Epher" title="Epher">Epher</a> (grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a> (grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Abida" title="Abida">Abida</a> (grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Eldaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldaah">Eldaah</a> (grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Asshurim" class="mw-redirect" title="Asshurim">Asshurim</a> (great-grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Letushim" class="mw-redirect" title="Letushim">Letushim</a> (great-grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Leummim" class="mw-redirect" title="Leummim">Leummim</a> (great-grandson)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> (half sister-in-law)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nahor,_son_of_Terah" title="Nahor, son of Terah">Nahor</a> (brother-in-law)<br /><a href="/wiki/Haran" title="Haran">Haran</a> (brother-in-law)<br /><a href="/wiki/Terah" title="Terah">Terah</a> (father-in-law)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Keturah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">קְטוּרָה</span>, <i>Qəṭūrā</i>, possibly meaning "incense";<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قطورة</span>) was a wife<sup id="cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gen_25_1_4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubine</a><sup id="cite_ref-chron1_1_32_33_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron1_1_32_33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Biblical patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, Abraham married Keturah after the death of his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>. Abraham and Keturah had six sons.<sup id="cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gen_25_1_4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jewish tradition, she was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>. (Sumerians story say son of Shem, the priest lineage)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One modern commentator on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> has called Keturah "the most ignored significant person in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_85-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval Jewish commentator <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, and some previous rabbinical commentators, related a traditional belief that Keturah was the same person as <a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a>, although this idea cannot be found in the biblical text.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_85-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hagar was Sarah's Egyptian maidservant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keturah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.01,_p.156_-_Keturah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.01%2C_p.156_-_Keturah.jpg/220px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.01%2C_p.156_-_Keturah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.01%2C_p.156_-_Keturah.jpg/330px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.01%2C_p.156_-_Keturah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.01%2C_p.156_-_Keturah.jpg/440px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.01%2C_p.156_-_Keturah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="3484" /></a><figcaption>Keturah's wedding; her sons and grandsons</figcaption></figure> <p>Keturah is mentioned in two passages of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>: in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gen_25_1_4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">First Book of Chronicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chron1_1_32_33_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron1_1_32_33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, she is mentioned in <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> by the 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Jews">Romano-Jewish</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-josephus_antiquities_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus_antiquities-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a> on the Torah, the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a>, and various other writings of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish theologians and philosophers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_Talmud_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris_Talmud-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Feldman" title="Louis Feldman">Louis Feldman</a> has said "Josephus records evidence of the prolific non-Jewish polymath <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polyhistor" title="Alexander Polyhistor">Alexander Polyhistor</a>, who in turn cites the historian <a href="/wiki/Cleodemus_Malchus" title="Cleodemus Malchus">Cleodemus Malchus</a>, who states that two of the sons of Abraham by Keturah joined <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>' campaign in Africa, and that Heracles, without doubt the greatest Greek hero of them all, married the daughter of one of them."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Doctor of Anthropology Paula M. McNutt, it is generally recognized that there is nothing specific in the biblical traditions recorded in Genesis, including those regarding Abraham and his family, that can be definitively related to known history in or around <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> in the early second millennium B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-McNutt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNutt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Abraham">Relationship with Abraham</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keturah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship with Abraham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keturah is referred to in Genesis as "another wife" of Abraham<sup id="cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gen_25_1_4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%90%D6%B4%D7%A9%D6%B8%D6%BC%D7%81%D7%94" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:אִשָּׁה"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000003B-QINU`"'</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אִשָּה</span>‎</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">'išāh</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'woman, wife'<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In First Chronicles, she is called Abraham's "concubine"<sup id="cite_ref-chron1_1_32_33_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron1_1_32_33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:פילגש"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פִּילֶגֶשׁ</span>‎</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pilegeš</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'concubine'<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>According to one opinion in the midrashic work Genesis Rabbah, Keturah and Hagar are names for the same person, whom Abraham remarried after initially expelling.<sup id="cite_ref-br_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opinion was adopted and popularized by 11th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_85-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possible justifications for this opinion include the fact that Keturah is referred to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a01.htm#32">1 Chronicles 1:32</a> as Abraham's concubine (in the singular),<sup id="cite_ref-je_keturah_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je_keturah-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several other verses which suggest that the descendants of Hagar and Keturah lived in the same territory or formed a single ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this idea was rejected by another rabbi in Genesis Rabbah,<sup id="cite_ref-br_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by traditional commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Ibn Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_85-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> also supports the conclusion that Keturah and Hagar were two different people, by stating that Abraham waited until after Sarah's death before marrying Keturah.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to modern scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_Elliott_Friedman" title="Richard Elliott Friedman">Richard Elliott Friedman</a>, the identification of Keturah with Hagar has "no basis ... in the text".<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_85-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genesis Rabbah interprets the name Keturah in accordance with the opinion that she was identical to Hagar: the name was said to be related to the Aramaic <i>ketur</i> (knot) to imply that she was "bound" and did not have sexual relations with anyone else from the time she left Abraham until her return.<sup id="cite_ref-je_hagar_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je_hagar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Keturah was alternatively said to be derived from the <i>ketoret</i> (meaning "incense" in Hebrew). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants">Descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keturah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keturah bore Abraham six sons: <a href="/wiki/Zimran" title="Zimran">Zimran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jokshan" title="Jokshan">Jokshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medan (son of Abraham)">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midian_(son_of_Abraham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Midian (son of Abraham)">Midian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishbak" title="Ishbak">Ishbak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shuah" title="Shuah">Shuah</a>. Genesis and First Chronicles also list seven of her grandsons (Sheba, <a href="/wiki/Dedan_(Bible)" title="Dedan (Bible)">Dedan</a>, Ephah, <a href="/wiki/Epher" title="Epher">Epher</a>, Hanoch, Abida, and Eldaah).<sup id="cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gen_25_1_4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chron1_1_32_33_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron1_1_32_33-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genesis records that Abraham gave them gifts and sent them to the East, while making <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> son of Sarah his primary heir. Keturah's sons were said to have represented the Arab tribes who lived south and east of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2025:1–6&version=nrsv">Genesis 25:1–6</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Judean" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean">Judean</a> authors <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and Malchus, <a href="/wiki/Punic" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic">Punic</a> people were descended from Epher.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the African (Igbo) writer <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a>, the 18th-century English theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a> believed the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African people</a> were descended from Abraham and Keturah.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (February 2023)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí">Baháʼí</a> author John Able, Baháʼís consider their founder, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, to have been "descended doubly, from both Abraham and Sarah, and separately from Abraham and Keturah."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keturah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schloen, J. David. "Caravans, Kenites, and Casus Belli: Enmity and Alliance in the Song of Deborah." <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>, vol. 55, no. 1, 1993, pp. 18–38. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43721140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gen_25_1_4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gen_25_1_4_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0125.htm#1">Genesis 25:1–4</a> (1917 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Publication Society of America">Jewish Publication Society of America</a> translation). "And Abraham took another wife, and her name was Keturah...."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chron1_1_32_33-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chron1_1_32_33_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chron1_1_32_33_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chron1_1_32_33_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chron1_1_32_33_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a01.htm#32">1 Chronicles 1:32–33</a> (1917 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Publication Society of America">Jewish Publication Society of America</a> translation). "And the sons of Keturah, Abraham’s concubine...."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/keturah">https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/keturah</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2022)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_85-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_85_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2001" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Richard Elliott (2001). <i>Commentary on the Torah</i>. New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-062561-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-062561-9"><bdi>0-06-062561-9</bdi></a>. <q><b>Keturah.</b> The most ignored significant person in the Torah. Rashi follows an old rabbinic idea that she is Hagar. But there is no basis for this in the text, and other traditional commentators reject it (Ibn Ezra, Ramban, Rashbam).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Torah&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-06-062561-9&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.16.1?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Genesis 16:1"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Genesis+16%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FGenesis.16.1%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephus_antiquities-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-josephus_antiquities_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlavius_Josephus1930" class="citation book cs1">Flavius Josephus (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/L242JosephusVJewishAntiquities13/L242-Josephus%20V%20Jewish%20Antiquities%201-3#page/n139/mode/2up"><i>Josephus: Jewish Antiquities, Books I–IV</i></a>. Thackeray, H. St. J. (translator). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: William Heinemann Ltd. p. 117 (book 1, ch. 15, para. 238). <q>Abraham afterwards married Katura, by whom he had six sons....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%3A+Jewish+Antiquities%2C+Books+I%E2%80%93IV&rft.place=London&rft.pages=117+%28book+1%2C+ch.+15%2C+para.+238%29&rft.pub=William+Heinemann+Ltd.&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Flavius+Josephus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FL242JosephusVJewishAntiquities13%2FL242-Josephus%2520V%2520Jewish%2520Antiquities%25201-3%23page%2Fn139%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris_Talmud-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_Talmud_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_Maurice1901" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Maurice (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuI9Kr8wX2AC&pg=PA241"><i>The Talmud Midrashim and Kabbala</i></a>. M. Walter Dunne. p. 241. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185043/https://books.google.com/books?id=wuI9Kr8wX2AC&pg=PA241">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-03</span></span>. <q>Rashi supposes that Keturah was one and the same with Hagar—so the Midrash, the Targum Yerushalmi, and that of Jonathan.... but Aben Ezra and most of the commentators contend that Keturah and Hagar are two distinct persons....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Talmud+Midrashim+and+Kabbala&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=M.+Walter+Dunne&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Harris%2C+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwuI9Kr8wX2AC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1998" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Louis H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S349d-yRgCIC&pg=PA134"><i>Josephus's Interpretation of the Bible</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520208537" title="Special:BookSources/9780520208537"><bdi>9780520208537</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192454/https://books.google.com/books?id=S349d-yRgCIC&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%27s+Interpretation+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780520208537&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS349d-yRgCIC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNutt-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNutt_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNutt1999" class="citation book cs1">McNutt, Paula M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA41"><i>Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22265-9"><bdi>978-0-664-22265-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207165338/https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Society+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22265-9&rft.aulast=McNutt&rft.aufirst=Paula+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhd28MdGNyTYC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a>,</i> Hebrew word #376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i>, Hebrew word #6370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-br-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-br_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-br_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Bereishit_Rabbah.61.4?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Genesis Rabbah 61:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.alhatorah.org/Dual/Rashi/Bereshit/25.1#m7e3n7">Rashi, Genesis 25:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je_keturah-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-je_keturah_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingerAdler1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus, eds. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9293-keturah">"Keturah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York, New York: Funk & Wagnalls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123051342/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9293-keturah">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Keturah&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F9293-keturah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a05.htm#18">1 Chronicles 5:18–20</a> refers to "Hagrites" (descendants of Hagar?) who later lived in the same region that was known to be inhabited by the descendants of Keturah. Also, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0137.htm#1">Genesis 37</a> the "Medanites" (apparently descended from Keturah) and "Ishmaelites" (descended from Hagar) appear to be interchangeable. Also, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0708.htm#22">Judges 8:22–24</a> the "Midianites" (descended from Keturah") and "Ishmaelites" appear to be interchangeable. See <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Medan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaakov Medan">Yaakov Medan</a>, <i>Ki Karov Elecha: Breishit</i>, p.195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jubilees 19:11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingerAdler1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus, eds. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8944-jubilees-book-of">"Jubilees, Book of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York, New York: Funk & Wagnalls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223070306/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8944-jubilees-book-of">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jubilees%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F8944-jubilees-book-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je_hagar-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-je_hagar_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingerAdler1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus, eds. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7021-hagar">"Hagar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York, New York: Funk & Wagnalls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123052056/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7021-hagar">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagar&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F7021-hagar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1985" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Jacob (1985). <i>Genesis Rabbah: The Judaic Commentary to the Book of Genesis: A New American Translation</i>. Vol. 2. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. pp. 334–335 (section 61:4). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89130-933-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89130-933-0"><bdi>0-89130-933-0</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Abraham took another wife' ... R. Judah said, 'This refers to Hagar.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+Rabbah%3A+The+Judaic+Commentary+to+the+Book+of+Genesis%3A+A+New+American+Translation&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=334-335+%28section+61%3A4%29&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-89130-933-0&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrr1915" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Orr, James, ed. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/isb/k/keturah.html?hilite=Keturah">"Keturah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</a></i>. Chicago: Howard-Severance Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924145606/https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/isb/k/keturah.html?hilite=Keturah">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Keturah&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Howard-Severance+Co.&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fencyclopedias%2Fisb%2Fk%2Fketurah.html%3Fhilite%3DKeturah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuckenbruckGurtner2019" class="citation book cs1">Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (2019-12-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOG_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT145"><i>T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume Two</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66093-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66093-0"><bdi>978-0-567-66093-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130180341/https://books.google.com/books?id=BOG_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT145">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Encyclopedia+of+Second+Temple+Judaism+Volume+Two&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66093-0&rft.aulast=Stuckenbruck&rft.aufirst=Loren+T.&rft.au=Gurtner%2C+Daniel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOG_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEquiano,_Olaudah1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Equiano, Olaudah</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShuCXWuL7awC&q=keturah"><i>The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-243716-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-243716-6"><bdi>0-14-243716-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709194854/https://books.google.com/books?id=ShuCXWuL7awC&q=keturah">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interesting+Narrative+and+Other+Writings&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-14-243716-6&rft.au=Equiano%2C+Olaudah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShuCXWuL7awC%26q%3Dketurah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAble,_John2011" class="citation book cs1">Able, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723030142/https://books.google.com/books?id=WnhSbFFEq0cC&q=keturah"><i>Apocalypse Secrets: Baha'i Interpretation of the Book of Revelation</i></a>. McLean, Virginia: John Able Books Ltd. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9702847-5-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9702847-5-4"><bdi>978-0-9702847-5-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WnhSbFFEq0cC&q=keturah">the original</a> on 2015-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Secrets%3A+Baha%27i+Interpretation+of+the+Book+of+Revelation&rft.place=McLean%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=John+Able+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9702847-5-4&rft.au=Able%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnhSbFFEq0cC%26q%3Dketurah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeturah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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