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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscript_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscript_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Manuscript history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscript_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illuminated_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illuminated_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Illuminated manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illuminated_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passover_Seder_according_to_the_Haggadah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passover_Seder_according_to_the_Haggadah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Passover Seder according to the Haggadah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Passover_Seder_according_to_the_Haggadah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Passover Seder according to the Haggadah subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Passover_Seder_according_to_the_Haggadah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kadeish_(blessings_and_the_first_cup_of_wine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kadeish_(blessings_and_the_first_cup_of_wine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Kadeish</i> (blessings and the first cup of wine)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kadeish_(blessings_and_the_first_cup_of_wine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ur'chatz_(wash_hands)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ur'chatz_(wash_hands)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Ur'chatz</i> (wash hands)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ur'chatz_(wash_hands)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karpas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karpas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Karpas</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karpas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yachatz_(breaking_of_the_middle_matzah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yachatz_(breaking_of_the_middle_matzah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Yachatz</i> (breaking of the middle matzah)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yachatz_(breaking_of_the_middle_matzah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magid_(relating_the_Exodus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magid_(relating_the_Exodus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Magid</i> (relating the Exodus)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magid_(relating_the_Exodus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ha_Lachma_Anya_(invitation_to_the_Seder)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ha_Lachma_Anya_(invitation_to_the_Seder)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>Ha Lachma Anya</i> (invitation to the Seder)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ha_Lachma_Anya_(invitation_to_the_Seder)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ma_Nishtanah_(The_Four_Questions)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ma_Nishtanah_(The_Four_Questions)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span><i>Ma Nishtanah</i> (The Four Questions)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ma_Nishtanah_(The_Four_Questions)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Four_Sons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Four_Sons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>The Four Sons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Four_Sons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Go_and_learn"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Go_and_learn""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>"Go and learn"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Go_and_learn"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rachtzah_(ritual_washing_of_hands)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rachtzah_(ritual_washing_of_hands)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span><i>Rachtzah</i> (ritual washing of hands)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rachtzah_(ritual_washing_of_hands)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motzi_Matzah_(blessings_over_the_Matzah)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motzi_Matzah_(blessings_over_the_Matzah)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span><i>Motzi Matzah</i> (blessings over the Matzah)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motzi_Matzah_(blessings_over_the_Matzah)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maror_(bitter_herbs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maror_(bitter_herbs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span><i>Maror</i> (bitter herbs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maror_(bitter_herbs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koreich_(sandwich)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koreich_(sandwich)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span><i>Koreich</i> (sandwich)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koreich_(sandwich)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shulchan_Orech_(the_meal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shulchan_Orech_(the_meal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span><i>Shulchan Orech</i> (the meal)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shulchan_Orech_(the_meal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tzafun_(eating_of_the_afikoman)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tzafun_(eating_of_the_afikoman)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span><i>Tzafun</i> (eating of the <i>afikoman</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tzafun_(eating_of_the_afikoman)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bareich_(Grace_after_Meals)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bareich_(Grace_after_Meals)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span><i>Bareich</i> (Grace after Meals)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bareich_(Grace_after_Meals)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kos_Shlishi_(the_Third_Cup_of_Wine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kos_Shlishi_(the_Third_Cup_of_Wine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span><i>Kos Shlishi</i> (the Third Cup of Wine)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kos_Shlishi_(the_Third_Cup_of_Wine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kos_shel_Eliyahu_ha-Navi_(cup_of_Elijah_the_Prophet)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kos_shel_Eliyahu_ha-Navi_(cup_of_Elijah_the_Prophet)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span><i>Kos shel Eliyahu ha-Navi</i> (cup of Elijah the Prophet)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kos_shel_Eliyahu_ha-Navi_(cup_of_Elijah_the_Prophet)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hallel_(songs_of_praise)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hallel_(songs_of_praise)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span><i>Hallel</i> (songs of praise)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hallel_(songs_of_praise)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nirtzah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nirtzah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span><i>Nirtzah</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nirtzah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Haggadah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="هغادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هغادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagad%C3%A0" title="Hagadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hagadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggada" title="Haggada – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Haggada" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagada" title="Hagada – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hagada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggada_shel_Pesach" title="Haggada shel Pesach – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haggada shel Pesach" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggada" title="Haggada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haggada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagad%C3%A1" title="Hagadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hagadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagado" title="Hagado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hagado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="هگاده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هگاده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggada" title="Haggada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haggada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagad%C3%A1" title="Hagadá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hagadá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Haggadah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggadah_di_Pesach" title="Haggadah di Pesach – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Haggadah di Pesach" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%97" title="הגדה של פסח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגדה של פסח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agada" title="Agada – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Agada" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_rituum_paschalium" title="Liber rituum paschalium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber rituum paschalium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagg%C3%A1da" title="Haggáda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Haggáda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggada" title="Haggada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haggada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="ハッガーダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハッガーダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggad%C3%A1_sjel_pesah" title="Haggadá sjel pesah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Haggadá sjel pesah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggad%C3%A1_sjel_pesah" title="Haggadá sjel pesah – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Haggadá sjel pesah" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagad%C3%A1" title="Hagadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hagadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagada" title="Hagada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hagada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пасхальная Агада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пасхальная Агада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagada" title="Hagada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hagada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Хагада – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хагада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagada" title="Hagada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hagada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggada" title="Haggada – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haggada" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggada" title="Haggada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Haggada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agada" title="Agada – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Agada" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пасхальна агада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пасхальна агада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%97" title="הגדה של פסח – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הגדה של פסח" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%BE%E8%B6%8A%E7%AF%80%E5%98%85%E5%93%88%E5%8A%A0%E9%81%94" title="逾越節嘅哈加達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="逾越節嘅哈加達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%BE" title="哈加达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈加达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Passover Haggadah. For the genre in general, see <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Text that sets forth the order of the Passover Seder</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg/220px-Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg/330px-Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg/440px-Haggadah_15th_cent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Page from the illuminated Darmstadt Haggadah, Germany, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1420</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Haggadah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַגָּדָה</span>, "telling"; plural: <b>Haggadot</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> text that sets forth the order of the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a>. According to Jewish practice, reading the Haggadah at the Seder table is a fulfillment of the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> to each <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a> to tell their children the story from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> about <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> bringing the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">out of slavery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/With_a_strong_hand_and_an_outstretched_arm" title="With a strong hand and an outstretched arm">with a strong hand and an outstretched arm</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Jewish tradition, the Haggadah was compiled during the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> periods, although the exact date is unknown. It could not have been written earlier than the time of <a href="/wiki/Judah_bar_Ilai" title="Judah bar Ilai">Judah bar Ilai</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 170 CE</span>), who is the latest <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tanna</a> to be quoted therein. <a href="/wiki/Abba_Arika" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba Arika">Abba Arika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Nehardea" title="Samuel of Nehardea">Samuel of Nehardea</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230 CE</span>) argued on the compilation of the Haggadah,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence it had not been completed as of then. Based on a Talmudic statement, it was completed by the time of Rav Nachman.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a dispute, however, to which Rav Nachman the Talmud was referring: according to some commentators, this was <a href="/wiki/Rav_Nachman_bar_Yaakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Rav Nachman bar Yaakov">Rav Nachman bar Yaakov</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 280 CE</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others maintain this was <a href="/wiki/Rav_Nachman_bar_Yitzchak" title="Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak">Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak</a> (360 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Malbim" title="Malbim">Malbim</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a minority of commentators, believe that Abba Arika and Samuel were not arguing on its compilation, but rather on its interpretation, and hence it was completed before then. According to this explanation, the Haggadah was written during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a> (who was a student of Judah bar Ilia and the teacher of Abba Arika and Samuel) the compiler of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. The Malbim theorized that the Haggadah was written by Judah ha-Nasi himself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_of_Marian._Full_F15_from_Golden_Haggadah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dance_of_Marian._Full_F15_from_Golden_Haggadah.jpg/220px-Dance_of_Marian._Full_F15_from_Golden_Haggadah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dance_of_Marian._Full_F15_from_Golden_Haggadah.jpg/330px-Dance_of_Marian._Full_F15_from_Golden_Haggadah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Dance_of_Marian._Full_F15_from_Golden_Haggadah.jpg/440px-Dance_of_Marian._Full_F15_from_Golden_Haggadah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Page from the Golden Haggadah, probably Barcelona, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1320</span>. Upper right: the Dance of Miriam (Ex. 15:20), upper left: the master of the house distributing the matzot (unleavened bread) and the haroset (sweetmeat), lower right: cleaning of the house, lower left: slaughtering the Passover lamb and cleansing dishes (hagalat kelim).</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most ancient parts is the recital of the "Hallel", which, according to the Mishnah (Pesachim 5:7), was sung at the sacrifice in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, and of which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Hillel_and_Shammai" title="Houses of Hillel and Shammai">school of Shammai</a>, only the first chapter shall be recited. After the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> a blessing for the Redemption is to be said. This blessing, according to <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Tarfon" title="Rabbi Tarfon">Rabbi Tarfon</a>, runs as follows: "Praised art Thou, O Lord, King of the Universe, who hast redeemed us, and hast redeemed our fathers from Egypt."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another part of the oldest ritual, as is recorded in the Mishnah, is the conclusion of the "Hallel" (up to Psalms 118), and the closing benediction of the hymn "Birkat ha-Shir", which latter the <i><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></i> explain differently,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but which evidently was similar to the benediction thanking God, "who loves the songs of praise," used in the present ritual.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These blessings, and the narrations of Israel's history in Egypt, based on Deuteronomy 26:5–9 and on Joshua 24:2–4, with some introductory remarks, were added in the time of the early <i>Amoraim</i> in the third century CE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In post-Talmudic times, during the era of the <i><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></i>, selections from <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrashim</a> were added; most likely Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Amram_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amram Gaon">Amram Gaon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850</span>) was the originator of the present collection, as he was the redactor of the daily liturgy in the <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">siddur</a>. Of these <i>midrashim</i> one of the most important is that of the four children, representing four different attitudes towards why Jews should observe <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>. This division is taken from the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from a parallel passage in the <a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is slightly altered in the present ritual. Other rabbinic quotes from the <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadah</a> literature are added, as the story of <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Hurcanus" title="Eliezer ben Hurcanus">Eliezer ben Hurcanus</a>, who discussed the Exodus all night with four other rabbis, which tale is found in an altogether different form in the <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the main portions of the text of the Haggadah have remained mostly the same since their original compilation, there have been some additions after the last part of the text. Some of these additions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_song" title="Cumulative song">cumulative songs</a> "One little goat" (חד גדיא) and "Who Knows One?" (אחד מי יודע), which were added sometime in the fifteenth century, gained such acceptance that they became a standard to print at the back of the Haggadah.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The text of the Haggadah was never fixed in one, final form, as no rabbinic body existed which had authority over such matters. Instead, each local community developed its own text. A variety of traditional texts took on a standardized form by the end of the medieval era on the Ashkenazi (Eastern European) and Sephardi (Spanish, North African, and Middle Eastern) communities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> developed their own Haggadot which they use to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the era of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> the European Jewish community developed into groups that reacted in different ways to modifications of the Haggadah.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> accepted certain fixed texts as authoritative and normative, and prohibited any changes to the text.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> allowed for minor additions and deletions to the text, in accord with the same historical-legal parameters as occurred in previous generations. Rabbis within the Conservative Judaism, studying the liturgical history of the Haggadah and Siddur, conclude that there is a traditional dynamic of innovation, within a framework conserving the tradition. While innovations became less common in the last few centuries due to the introduction of the printing press and various social factors, Conservative Jews take pride in their community's resumption of the traditional of liturgical creativity within a halakhic framework.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> holds that there are no normative texts, and allowed individuals to create their own Haggadot. Reform Jews take pride in their community's resumption of liturgical creativity outside a halakhic framework.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscript_history">Manuscript history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manuscript history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest surviving complete manuscript of the Haggadah dates to the 10th century. It is part of a prayer book compiled by <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>. It is now believed that the Haggadah first became produced as an independent book in <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> form around 1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1135–1204) included the Haggadah in his code of Jewish law, the <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>. Existing manuscripts do not go back beyond the thirteenth century. When such a volume was compiled, it became customary to add poetical pieces. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rylands_Hagaddah_19v_-_20r.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rylands_Hagaddah_19v_-_20r.JPG/220px-Rylands_Hagaddah_19v_-_20r.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rylands_Hagaddah_19v_-_20r.JPG/330px-Rylands_Hagaddah_19v_-_20r.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rylands_Hagaddah_19v_-_20r.JPG/440px-Rylands_Hagaddah_19v_-_20r.JPG 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">Rylands Hagaddah</a>. Above, cooking the lamb and marking the door. Below, the Seder.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest surviving Haggadot produced as works in their own right are manuscripts from the 13th and 14th centuries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Haggadah" title="Golden Haggadah">Golden Haggadah</a> (probably Barcelona <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1320</span>, now <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Haggadah" title="Sarajevo Haggadah">Sarajevo Haggadah</a> (late fourteenth century). Other significant medieval illustrated haggadot are the <a href="/wiki/Birds%27_Head_Haggadah" title="Birds' Head Haggadah">Birds' Head Haggadah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Haggadah" title="Washington Haggadah">Washington Haggadah</a>. </p><p>It is believed that the first printed Haggadot were produced in 1482, in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara, Spain</a>; however, this is mostly conjecture, as there is no printer's <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a>. The oldest confirmed printed Haggadah was printed in <a href="/wiki/Soncino,_Lombardy" title="Soncino, Lombardy">Soncino, Lombardy</a> in 1486 by the <a href="/wiki/Soncino_family_(printers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soncino family (printers)">Soncino family</a>. </p><p>Although the Jewish printing community was quick to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> as a means of producing texts, the general adoption rate of printed Haggadot was slow. By the end of the sixteenth century, only twenty-five editions had been printed. This number increased to thirty-seven during the seventeenth century, and 234 during the eighteenth century. It is not until the nineteenth century, when 1,269 separate editions were produced, that a significant shift is seen toward printed Haggadot as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>. From 1900 to 1960 alone, over 1,100 Haggadot were printed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not uncommon, particularly in America, for haggadot to be produced by corporate entities, such as coffee maker Maxwell House – see <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_House_Haggadah" title="Maxwell House Haggadah">Maxwell House Haggadah</a> – serving as texts for the celebration of Passover, but also as marketing tools and ways of showing that certain foods are kosher.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illuminated_manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Illuminated manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BH_Exodus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BH_Exodus.jpg/600px-BH_Exodus.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BH_Exodus.jpg/900px-BH_Exodus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BH_Exodus.jpg/1200px-BH_Exodus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus from Egypt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Birds%27_Head_Haggadah" title="Birds' Head Haggadah">Birds' Head Haggadah</a>: bird-headed Jews bake matzos for the journey and leave Egypt with their possessions (left-hand page); a blank-faced Pharaoh and Egyptian soldiers pursue the Jewish nation (right-hand page)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest Ashkenazi illuminated Haggada is known as the <a href="/wiki/Birds%27_Head_Haggadah" title="Birds' Head Haggadah">Birds' Head Haggadah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made in Germany around the 1320s and now in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rylands_Haggadah" title="Rylands Haggadah">Rylands Haggadah</a> (Rylands Hebrew MS. 6) is one of the finest Haggadot in the world. It was written and illuminated in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the 14th century and is an example of the cross-fertilisation between Jewish and non-Jewish artists within the medium of manuscript illumination. In spring and summer 2012 it was exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York, in the exhibition 'The Rylands Haggadah: Medieval Jewish Art in Context'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Library's 14th century Barcelona Haggadah (BL Add. MS 14761) is one of the most richly pictorial of all Jewish texts. Meant to accompany the Passover eve service and festive meal, it was also a status symbol for its owner in 14th-century Spain. Nearly all its folios are filled with miniatures depicting Passover rituals, Biblical and Midrashic episodes, and symbolic foods. A facsimile edition was published by Facsimile Editions of London in 1992. </p><p>Published in 1526, the <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> Haggadah is known for its attention to detail in lettering and for introducing many of the themes still found in modern texts. Although illustrations had often been a part of the Haggadah, it was not until the Prague Haggadah that they were used extensively in printed text. The Haggadah features over sixty <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> illustrations picturing "scenes and symbols of the Passover ritual; ... biblical and rabbinic elements that actually appear in the Haggadah text; and scenes and figures from biblical or other sources that play no role in the Haggadah itself, but have either past or future redemptive associations".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other illuminated Haggadot include the <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Haggadah" title="Sarajevo Haggadah">Sarajevo Haggadah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Haggadah" title="Washington Haggadah">Washington Haggadah</a>, and the 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Szyk_Haggadah" title="Szyk Haggadah">Szyk Haggadah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passover_Seder_according_to_the_Haggadah">Passover Seder according to the Haggadah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Passover Seder according to the Haggadah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kadeish_(blessings_and_the_first_cup_of_wine)"><span id="Kadeish_.28blessings_and_the_first_cup_of_wine.29"></span><i>Kadeish</i> (blessings and the first cup of wine)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kadeish (blessings and the first cup of wine)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kadeish</i> is the Hebrew imperative form of <i><a href="/wiki/Kiddush" title="Kiddush">Kiddush</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <i>Kiddush</i> is a blessing similar to that which is recited on all of the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrimage festivals">pilgrimage festivals</a>, but also refers to <a href="/wiki/Matzot" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzot">matzot</a> and the exodus from Egypt. Acting in a way that shows freedom and majesty, many Jews have the custom of filling each other's cups at the Seder table. The Kiddush is traditionally said by the father of the house, but all Seder participants participate by reciting the Kiddush and drinking at least a majority of a cup of wine. On Shabbat, it is preceded by a reading from the Book of Genesis recounting God's rest on the seventh day of creation and includes an extended doxology on the blessings of Shabbat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ur'chatz_(wash_hands)"><span id="Ur.27chatz_.28wash_hands.29"></span><i>Ur'chatz</i> (wash hands)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ur'chatz (wash hands)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partakers wash their hands in preparation for eating wet fruit and vegetables, which happens in the next stage. Technically, according to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, whenever one partakes of fruit or vegetables dipped in liquid, one must wash one's hands, if the fruit or vegetable remains wet.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this situation does not often arise at other times of the year because either one will dry fruits and vegetables before eating them, or one has already washed one's hands, because one must also wash one's hands before eating bread. </p><p>According to most traditions, no blessing is recited at this point in the Seder, unlike the blessing recited over the washing of the hands before eating bread. However, followers of <a href="/wiki/Rambam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambam">Rambam</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Gaon_of_Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaon of Vilna">Gaon of Vilna</a> do recite a blessing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karpas"><i>Karpas</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Karpas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Karpas" title="Karpas">Karpas</a></div> <p>Each participant dips a sprig of parsley or similar leafy green into either <i>salt water</i> (Ashkenazi custom said to serve as a reminder of the tears shed by their enslaved ancestors), <i>vinegar</i> (Sephardi custom) or <i><a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">charoset</a></i> (older Sephardi custom; still common among <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yachatz_(breaking_of_the_middle_matzah)"><span id="Yachatz_.28breaking_of_the_middle_matzah.29"></span><i>Yachatz</i> (breaking of the middle matzah)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yachatz (breaking of the middle matzah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three <a href="/wiki/Matzot" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzot">matzot</a> are stacked on the seder table; at this stage, the middle matzah of the three is broken in half.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the custom of the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> and others, only two matzot are used, and the top one is broken.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger piece is hidden, to be used later as the <i><a href="/wiki/Afikoman" title="Afikoman">afikoman</a></i>, the "dessert" after the meal. The smaller piece is returned to its place between the other two matzot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magid_(relating_the_Exodus)"><span id="Magid_.28relating_the_Exodus.29"></span><i>Magid</i> (relating the Exodus)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Magid (relating the Exodus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of Passover, and the change from slavery to freedom is told.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point in the Seder, Sefardic Jews (North African) have a custom of raising the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Passover Seder Plate">Seder plate</a> over the heads of all those present while chanting: <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a> sing "Bivhilu yatzanu mimitzrayim, halahma anya b'nei horin" (In haste we went out of Egypt [with our] bread of affliction, [now we are] free people), Algerian Jews sing "Ethmol 'ayinu abadim, hayom benei 'horin, hayom kan, leshana habaa bear'a deYisrael bene 'horin" (Yesterday we were slaves, today we are free, today we are here -in exile-, next year we will be in Israel free". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ha_Lachma_Anya_(invitation_to_the_Seder)"><span id="Ha_Lachma_Anya_.28invitation_to_the_Seder.29"></span><i>Ha Lachma Anya</i> (invitation to the Seder)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ha Lachma Anya (invitation to the Seder)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ha_Lachma_Anya" title="Ha Lachma Anya">Ha Lachma Anya</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_Ascalon_Pal-Bell_Seder_Plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maurice_Ascalon_Pal-Bell_Seder_Plate.jpg/250px-Maurice_Ascalon_Pal-Bell_Seder_Plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maurice_Ascalon_Pal-Bell_Seder_Plate.jpg/375px-Maurice_Ascalon_Pal-Bell_Seder_Plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Maurice_Ascalon_Pal-Bell_Seder_Plate.jpg/500px-Maurice_Ascalon_Pal-Bell_Seder_Plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>A bronze matzo plate designed by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ascalon" title="Maurice Ascalon">Maurice Ascalon</a>, inscribed with the opening words of <i>Ha Lachma Anya</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The matzot are uncovered, and referred to as the "bread of affliction". Participants declare in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> an invitation to all who are hungry or needy to join in the Seder. <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> requires that this invitation be repeated in the native language of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ma_Nishtanah_(The_Four_Questions)"><span id="Ma_Nishtanah_.28The_Four_Questions.29"></span><i>Ma Nishtanah</i> (The Four Questions)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ma Nishtanah (The Four Questions)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ma_Nishtana" title="Ma Nishtana">Ma Nishtana</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> details questions one is obligated to ask on the night of the Seder. It is customary for the youngest child present to recite the four questions.<sup id="cite_ref-jewfaq_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewfaq-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some customs hold that the other participants recite them quietly to themselves as well. In some families, this means that the requirement remains on an adult "child" until a grandchild of the family receives sufficient Jewish education to take on the responsibility. If a person has no children capable of asking, the responsibility falls to the spouse, or another participant.<sup id="cite_ref-pesachim116_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pesachim116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need to ask is so great that even if a person is alone at the seder he is obligated to ask himself and to answer his own questions.<sup id="cite_ref-pesachim116_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pesachim116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Why is this night different from all other nights? </p> <ol><li>Why is it that on all other nights during the year we eat either leavened bread or matza, but on this night we eat only matza?</li> <li>Why is it that on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables, but on this night we eat bitter herbs?</li> <li>Why is it that on all other nights we do not dip [our food] even once, but on this night we dip them twice?</li> <li>Why is it that on all other nights we dine either sitting upright or reclining, but on this night we all recline?</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Four_Sons">The Four Sons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Four Sons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Sons" title="The Four Sons">The Four Sons</a></div> <p>The traditional Haggadah speaks of "four sons—one who is wise, one who is wicked, one who is simple, and one who does not know to ask".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number four derives from the four passages in the Torah where one is commanded to explain the Exodus to one's son.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazak_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazak-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these sons phrases his question about the seder in a different way. The Haggadah recommends answering each son according to his question, using one of the three verses in the Torah that refer to this exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wise son asks "<i>What are the statutes, the testimonies, and the laws that God has commanded you to do?</i>" One explanation for why this very detailed-oriented question is categorized as wise, is that the wise son is trying to learn how to carry out the seder, rather than asking for someone else's understanding of its meaning. He is answered fully: <i>You should reply to him with [all] the laws of pesach: one may not eat any dessert after the paschal sacrifice.</i> </p><p>The wicked son, who asks, "<i>What is this service to you?</i>", is characterized by the Haggadah as isolating himself from the Jewish people, standing by objectively and watching their behavior rather than participating. Therefore, he is rebuked by the explanation that "<i>It is because God acted for <b>my</b> sake when <b>I</b> left Egypt.</i>" (This implies that the Seder is not for the wicked son because the wicked son would not have deserved to be freed from Egyptian slavery.) Where the four sons are illustrated in the Haggadah, this son has frequently been depicted as carrying weapons or wearing stylish contemporary fashions. </p><p>The simple son, who asks, "<i>What is this?</i>" is answered with "<i>With a strong hand the Almighty led us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage.</i>" </p><p>And the one who does not know to ask is told, "<i>It is because of what the Almighty did for me when I left Egypt.</i>" </p><p>Some modern Haggadot mention "children" instead of "sons", and some have added a fifth child. The fifth child can represent the children of the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Shoah</a> who did not survive to ask a question<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or represent <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> who have drifted so far from Jewish life that they do not participate in a Seder.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Go_and_learn""><span id=".22Go_and_learn.22"></span>"Go and learn"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Go and learn""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four verses in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> (26:5–8) are then expounded, with an elaborate, traditional commentary. ("5. And thou shalt speak and say before the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> thy God: 'A wandering Aramean was my parent, and they went down into Egypt, and sojourned there, few in number; and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous. 6. And the Egyptians dealt ill with us, and afflicted us, and laid upon us hard bondage. 7. And we cried unto the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, the God of our parents, and the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> heard our voice, and saw our affliction, and our toil, and our oppression. 8 And the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> brought us forth out of Egypt <a href="/wiki/With_a_strong_hand_and_an_outstretched_arm" title="With a strong hand and an outstretched arm">with a strong hand and an outstretched arm</a>, and with great terribleness, and with <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_wonders" title="Signs and wonders">signs, and with wonders</a>.") </p><p>The Haggadah explores the meaning of those verses, and embellishes the story. This telling describes the slavery of the Jewish people and their miraculous salvation by God. This culminates in an enumeration of the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Ten Plagues</a>: </p> <ol><li><i>Dam</i> (blood) – All the water was changed to blood</li> <li><i>Tzefardeyah</i> (frogs) – An infestation of frogs sprang up in Egypt</li> <li><i>Kinim</i> (lice) – The <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> were afflicted by <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a></li> <li><i>Arov</i> (wild animals) – An infestation of wild animals (some say flies) sprang up in Egypt</li> <li><i>Dever</i> (pestilence) – A plague killed off the Egyptian livestock</li> <li><i>Sh'chin</i> (boils) – An epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">boils</a> afflicted the Egyptians</li> <li><i>Barad</i> (hail) – Hail rained from the sky</li> <li><i>Arbeh</i> (locusts) – Locusts swarmed over Egypt</li> <li><i>Choshech</i> (darkness) – Egypt was covered in darkness</li> <li><i>Makkat Bechorot</i> (killing of the first-born) – All the first-born sons of the Egyptians were slain by God</li></ol> <p>With the recital of the Ten Plagues, each participant removes a drop of wine from his or her cup using a fingertip. Although this night is one of salvation, the sages explain that one cannot be completely joyous when some of God's creatures had to suffer. A <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> for the plagues is also introduced: "D'tzach Adash B'achav", while similarly spilling a drop of wine for each word. </p><p>At this part in the Seder, songs of praise are sung, including the song <i><a href="/wiki/Dayenu" title="Dayenu">Dayenu</a></i>, which proclaims that had God performed any single one of the many deeds performed for the Jewish people, it would have been enough to obligate us to give thanks. After this is a declaration (mandated by Rabban Gamliel) of the reasons of the commandments concerning the <a href="/wiki/Korban_Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Korban Pesach">Paschal lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matzah</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Maror" title="Maror">maror</a></i>, with scriptural sources. Then follows a short prayer, and the recital of the first two psalms of <a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a> (which will be concluded after the meal). A long blessing is recited, and the second cup of wine is drunk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rachtzah_(ritual_washing_of_hands)"><span id="Rachtzah_.28ritual_washing_of_hands.29"></span><i>Rachtzah</i> (ritual washing of hands)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rachtzah (ritual washing of hands)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ritual hand-washing is repeated, this time with all customs including a blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motzi_Matzah_(blessings_over_the_Matzah)"><span id="Motzi_Matzah_.28blessings_over_the_Matzah.29"></span><i>Motzi Matzah</i> (blessings over the Matzah)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Motzi Matzah (blessings over the Matzah)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two blessings are recited.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First one recites the standard blessing before eating bread, which includes the words "who brings forth" (motzi in Hebrew).<sup id="cite_ref-FamilyHaggadah_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamilyHaggadah-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then one recites the blessing regarding the commandment to eat Matzah. An olive-size piece (some say two) is then eaten while reclining. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maror_(bitter_herbs)"><span id="Maror_.28bitter_herbs.29"></span><i>Maror</i> (bitter herbs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maror (bitter herbs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blessing for the eating of the <i>maror</i> (bitter herbs) is recited and then it is dipped into the <i><a href="/wiki/Charoset" title="Charoset">charoset</a></i> and eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FamilyHaggadah_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamilyHaggadah-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koreich_(sandwich)"><span id="Koreich_.28sandwich.29"></span><i>Koreich</i> (sandwich)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Koreich (sandwich)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>maror</i> is placed between two small pieces of matzo, similarly to how the contents of a sandwich are placed between two slices of bread, and eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This follows the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel</a>, who did the same at his Seder table 2,000 years ago (except that in Hillel's day the Paschal sacrifice, matzo, and <i>maror</i> were eaten together.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shulchan_Orech_(the_meal)"><span id="Shulchan_Orech_.28the_meal.29"></span><i>Shulchan Orech</i> (the meal)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Shulchan Orech (the meal)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Seder_table_setting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_Seder_table_setting.jpg/300px-A_Seder_table_setting.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_Seder_table_setting.jpg/450px-A_Seder_table_setting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_Seder_table_setting.jpg/600px-A_Seder_table_setting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>A Seder table setting</figcaption></figure> <p>The festive meal is eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally it begins with the charred egg on the Seder plate.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tzafun_(eating_of_the_afikoman)"><span id="Tzafun_.28eating_of_the_afikoman.29"></span><i>Tzafun</i> (eating of the <i>afikoman</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tzafun (eating of the afikoman)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afikoman" title="Afikoman">Afikoman</a></div> <p>The <i>afikoman</i>, which was hidden earlier in the Seder, is traditionally the last morsel of food eaten by participants in the Seder.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each participant receives an at least olive-sized portion of matzo to be eaten as <i>afikoman</i>. After the consumption of the <i>afikoman</i>, traditionally, no other food may be eaten for the rest of the night. Additionally, no intoxicating beverages may be consumed, with the exception of the remaining two cups of wine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bareich_(Grace_after_Meals)"><span id="Bareich_.28Grace_after_Meals.29"></span><i>Bareich</i> (Grace after Meals)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bareich (Grace after Meals)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recital of <a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kos_Shlishi_(the_Third_Cup_of_Wine)"><span id="Kos_Shlishi_.28the_Third_Cup_of_Wine.29"></span><i>Kos Shlishi</i> (the Third Cup of Wine)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kos Shlishi (the Third Cup of Wine)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The drinking of the Third Cup of Wine. </p><p>Note: The Third Cup is customarily poured before the <a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Grace after Meals</a> is recited because the Third Cup also serves as a <a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon#Cup_of_Blessing" title="Birkat Hamazon">Cup of Blessing</a> associated with the Grace after Meals on special occasions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kos_shel_Eliyahu_ha-Navi_(cup_of_Elijah_the_Prophet)"><span id="Kos_shel_Eliyahu_ha-Navi_.28cup_of_Elijah_the_Prophet.29"></span><i>Kos shel Eliyahu ha-Navi</i> (cup of <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> the Prophet)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kos shel Eliyahu ha-Navi (cup of Elijah the Prophet)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many traditions, the front door of the house is opened at this point. <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> 79:6–7 is recited in both Ashkenazi and Sephardi traditions, plus <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a> 3:66 among Ashkenazim. </p><p>Most Ashkenazim have the custom to fill a fifth cup at this point. This relates to a Talmudic discussion that concerns the number of cups that are supposed to be drunk. Given that the four cups are in reference to the four expressions of redemption in Exodus 6:6–7, some rabbis felt that it was important to include a fifth cup for the fifth expression of redemption in Exodus 6:8. All agreed that five cups should be poured but the question as to whether or not the fifth should be drunk, given that the fifth expression of redemption concerned being brought into the Land of Israel, which—by this stage—was no longer possessed of an autonomous Jewish community, remained insoluble. The rabbis determined that the matter should be left until Elijah comes (in reference to the notion that Elijah's arrival would precipitate the coming of the Messiah, at which time all halakhic questions will be resolved) and the fifth cup came to be known as the <i>Kos shel Eliyahu</i> ("Cup of Elijah"). Over time, people came to relate this cup to the notion that Elijah will visit each home on Seder night as a foreshadowing of his future arrival at the end of the days, when he will come to announce the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Moshiach" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshiach">Jewish Messiah</a>. </p><p>In the late 1980s, Jewish feminists introduced the idea of placing a "Cup of Miriam" filled with water (to represent the well that existed as long as <a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a>, Moses' sister, was alive in the desert) beside the Cup of Elijah. Many liberal Jews now include this ritual at their seders as a symbol of inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hallel_(songs_of_praise)"><span id="Hallel_.28songs_of_praise.29"></span><i>Hallel</i> (songs of praise)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hallel (songs of praise)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The entire order of Hallel which is usually recited in the synagogue on Jewish holidays is also recited at the Seder table, albeit sitting down.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first two psalms, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_113" title="Psalm 113">113</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_114" title="Psalm 114">114</a>, are recited before the meal. The remaining psalms <a href="/wiki/Psalm_115" title="Psalm 115">115</a>–<a href="/wiki/Psalm_118" title="Psalm 118">118</a>, are recited at this point (in the <i>Hallel</i> section, after <i>Bareich</i>). <a href="/wiki/Psalm_136" title="Psalm 136">Psalm 136</a> (the Great Hallel) is then recited, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Nishmat" title="Nishmat">Nishmat</a></i>, a portion of the morning service for Shabbat and festivals. </p><p>There are a number of opinions concerning the paragraph <i>Yehalelukha</i> which normally follows Hallel, and <i><a href="/wiki/Yishtabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Yishtabakh">Yishtabakh</a></i>, which normally follows <i>Nishmat</i>. Most Ashkenazim recite <i>Yehalelukha</i> immediately following the Hallel proper, i.e. at the end of Psalm 118, except for the concluding words. After Nishmat, they recite <i>Yishtabakh</i> in its entirety. Sephardim recite <i>Yehalelukha</i> alone after Nishmat. The <a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">minhag</a> of the French Jews in the Middle Ages, as well as Italian Jews until fairly recently was to recite both blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterwards the Fourth Cup of Wine is drunk and a brief Grace for the "fruit of the vine" is said. In some Ashkenazic communities following in the tradition of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Meir_of_Rothenburg" title="Meir of Rothenburg">Meir of Rothenburg</a>, the fourth cup is not drunk until after the recitation of some of the piyyutim of Nirtzah.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nirtzah"><i>Nirtzah</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nirtzah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passover_songs" title="Passover songs">Passover songs</a></div> <p>The Seder concludes with a prayer that the night's service be accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hope for the Messiah is expressed: "<i><a href="/wiki/L%27Shana_Haba%27ah" title="L'Shana Haba'ah">L'Shana Haba'ah</a> b'Yerushalayim!</i> – Next year in Jerusalem!" Jews in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and especially those in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, recite instead "<i>L'shanah haba'ah b'Yerushalayim hab'nuyah!</i> – Next year in the rebuilt Jerusalem!" </p><p>Although the 15 orders of the Seder have been completed, the Haggadah concludes with additional songs which further recount the miracles that occurred on this night in Ancient Egypt as well as throughout history. Some songs express a prayer that the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Beit Hamikdash</a> will soon be rebuilt. The last song to be sung is <i><a href="/wiki/Chad_Gadya" title="Chad Gadya">Chad Gadya</a></i> ("One Kid [young goat]"). This seemingly childish song about different animals and people who attempted to punish others for their crimes and were in turn punished themselves, was interpreted by the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> of the retribution God will levy over the enemies of the Jewish people at the end of days. </p><p>Following the Seder, those who are still awake may recite the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, engage in Torah learning, or continue talking about the events of the Exodus until sleep overtakes them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus_Decoded" title="The Exodus Decoded">The Exodus Decoded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szyk_Haggadah" title="Szyk Haggadah">Szyk Haggadah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Pesachim.116a.11?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Pesachim 116a:11"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Pesachim+116a%3A11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FPesachim.116a.11%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Pesachim.116a.12?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Pesachim 116a:12"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Pesachim+116a%3A12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FPesachim.116a.12%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a> Bava Batra 46b, who states that every time the Talmud says Rav Nachman it is Rav Nachman bar Yaakov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubShaw1993" class="citation book cs1">Taub, Jonathan; Shaw, Yisroel (1993). <i>The Malbim Haggadah</i>. Targum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56871-007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56871-007-5"><bdi>978-1-56871-007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malbim+Haggadah&rft.pub=Targum+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56871-007-5&rft.aulast=Taub&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Yisroel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pesachim 116a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pesachim 34b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauterbach" class="citation cs2">Lauterbach, Jacob Z, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-mekhilta/">"The Mekhilta: Halakhic Midrash on Exodus"</a>, <i>My Jewish Learning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=The+Mekhilta%3A+Halakhic+Midrash+on+Exodus&rft.aulast=Lauterbach&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-mekhilta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarber2019" class="citation cs2">Farber, Zev (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-four-sons-how-the-midrash-developed">"The Four Sons: How the Midrash Developed"</a>, <i>www.thetorah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.thetorah.com&rft.atitle=The+Four+Sons%3A+How+the+Midrash+Developed&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Farber&rft.aufirst=Zev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-four-sons-how-the-midrash-developed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagadah Ḳaraimtsa ṿe-Rustsa = Povi͡estvovanīe na Paskhu po-karaimski i po-russki, Abraham Firkowitsch, Vilʹna : Tip. I. T͡Sīonsona, 1907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Passover Haggadah according to the custom of the Karaite Jews of Egypt / [Hagadah shel Pesaḥ : ke-minhag ha-Yehudim ha-Ḳaraʼim] = Passover haggadah : according to the custom of the Karaite Jews of Egypt, edited by Y. Yaron; translation by A. Qanai̤, Pleasanton, CA: Karaite Jews of America, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">זבח קרבן הפסח : הגדה של פסח, נוסח שומרוני (Samaritan Haggada & Pessah Passover / Zevaḥ ḳorban ha-Pesaḥ : Hagadah shel Pesaḥ, nusaḥ Shomroni = Samaritan Haggada & Pessah Passover), Avraham Nur Tsedaḳah, Tel Aviv, 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, Vivian B., "Observations on the Biblical Miniatures in Spanish Haggadot", p.167, in <i>Exodus in the Jewish Experience: Echoes and Reverberations</i>, Editors, Pamela Barmash, W. David Nelson, 2015, Lexington Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4985-0293-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4985-0293-8">1-4985-0293-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498502931" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498502931">978-1498502931</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jKYlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yerushalmi pp. 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2013" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Anne (23 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/the-assimilator/173621/101-years-of-the-maxwell-house-haggadah/">"101 Years of the Maxwell House Haggadah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">Forward.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward.com&rft.atitle=101+Years+of+the+Maxwell+House+Haggadah&rft.date=2013-03-23&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fthe-assimilator%2F173621%2F101-years-of-the-maxwell-house-haggadah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/jewish-art/#gf_55">"Letter to the Editor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Commentary Magazine">Commentary Magazine</a></i>. August 1969<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Editor&rft.date=1969-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticle%2Fjewish-art%2F%23gf_55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730070740/http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/htmls/picture.aspx?c0=13475&bsp=13460">"Birds' Head Haggadah, Germany, 1300"</a>. Jerusalem: The Israel Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/htmls/picture.aspx?c0=13475&bsp=13460">the original</a> on 30 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birds%27+Head+Haggadah%2C+Germany%2C+1300&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=The+Israel+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.imjnet.org.il%2Fhtmls%2Fpicture.aspx%3Fc0%3D13475%26bsp%3D13460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508172434/http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/name-172782-en.htm">"Rylands Haggadah in New York; John Rylands University Library"</a>. Library.manchester.ac.uk. 26 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/name-172782-en.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rylands+Haggadah+in+New+York%3B+John+Rylands+University+Library&rft.pub=Library.manchester.ac.uk&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.manchester.ac.uk%2Faboutus%2Fnews%2Fname-172782-en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504171443/http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/searchresources/guidetospecialcollections/atoz/hebrewmanuscripts/">"Hebrew manuscripts; the John Rylands Library"</a>. Library.manchester.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/searchresources/guidetospecialcollections/atoz/hebrewmanuscripts/">the original</a> on 4 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrew+manuscripts%3B+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.pub=Library.manchester.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.manchester.ac.uk%2Fsearchresources%2Fguidetospecialcollections%2Fatoz%2Fhebrewmanuscripts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yerushalmi p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maaseh Rav 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewfaq-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewfaq_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/seder.htm">"Judaism 101: Pesach Seder: How is This Night Different"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judaism+101%3A+Pesach+Seder%3A+How+is+This+Night+Different&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fseder.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pesachim116-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pesachim116_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pesachim116_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud Bavli, Pesachim, 116a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is very probable that already during the confrontation with the pharaoh the case of the four sons was presented: the wicked is by definition the Pharaoh since he does not want to accept neither God nor His word; the wise is clearly <a href="/wiki/Mosheh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosheh">Mosheh</a>, defined precisely also <i>Mosheh Rabbenu</i>, "Mosheh, our Master"; who must be initiated is <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>: it is said that Job's fault, precisely in the historical period of the Exodus, was that of having been silent during the rebellion of the Pharaoh against the two leaders of the Jewish people Mosheh and <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>. Thus Aaron: he is simple in that with facilitated investigative capacity...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bazak-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bazak_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazak" class="citation web cs1">Bazak, Rav Amnon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518205620/http://www.vbm-torah.org/pesach/pes68-ab.htm">"The Four Sons"</a>. <i>Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash</i>. David Silverberg (trans.). Alon Shvut, Israel: Yeshivat Har Etzion. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vbm-torah.org/pesach/pes68-ab.htm">the original</a> on 18 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Koschitzky+Virtual+Beit+Midrash&rft.atitle=The+Four+Sons&rft.aulast=Bazak&rft.aufirst=Rav+Amnon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vbm-torah.org%2Fpesach%2Fpes68-ab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yahadut.org/en/shabbat-and-festivals/the-seder/the-four-children/">"The Four Children - Jewish Tradition"</a>. <i>yahadut.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yahadut.org&rft.atitle=The+Four+Children+-+Jewish+Tradition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyahadut.org%2Fen%2Fshabbat-and-festivals%2Fthe-seder%2Fthe-four-children%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haggadot.com/clips/csjo-fifth-child">"CSJO: Fifth Child"</a>. Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSJO%3A+Fifth+Child&rft.pub=Congress+of+Secular+Jewish+Organizations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haggadot.com%2Fclips%2Fcsjo-fifth-child&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword_cdo/kid/12309/jewish/Fifth-Son-The.htm">"The Fifth Son"</a>. Chabad.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+Son&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fsearch%2Fkeyword_cdo%2Fkid%2F12309%2Fjewish%2FFifth-Son-The.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FamilyHaggadah-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FamilyHaggadah_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FamilyHaggadah_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchermanZlotowitz1994" class="citation book cs1">Scherman, Nosson; Zlotowitz, Meir, eds. (1994) [1981]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familyhaggadahha0000unse"><i>The Family Haggadah</i></a></span>. Mesorah Publications, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-178-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-178-8"><bdi>978-0-89906-178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Family+Haggadah&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89906-178-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamilyhaggadahha0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/howto/wizard.asp?AID=117122">"Chabad.org: 11. Shulchan Orech – set the table"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chabad.org%3A+11.+Shulchan+Orech+%E2%80%93+set+the+table&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Fhowto%2Fwizard.asp%3FAID%3D117122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenbergScolnic2006" class="citation book cs1">Eisenberg, Joyce; Scolnic, Ellen (2006). <i>Dictionary of Jewish Words</i>. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Jewish Publication Society. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Jewish+Words&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA%2C+USA&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft.au=Scolnic%2C+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/44325">Machzor Kimcha De-Avishuna</a> from 1540 according to the Italian rite. In modern Italian haggadot, the Ashkenazic practice has been adopted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=4909&st=&pgnum=75&hilite=">Rodelheim Haggadah</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercava.com/app">"Mercava"</a>. <i>Mercava</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercava&rft.atitle=Mercava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercava.com%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson#Scholarship_and_works" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Schneerson, Rabbi Menachem M</a>. (1946), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/15713">Haggadah for Passover with Collected Customs and Reasons</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Kehot_Publication_Society" title="Kehot Publication Society">Kehot Publication Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosson_Scherman" title="Nosson Scherman">Scherman, Rabbi Nosson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meir_Zlotowitz" title="Meir Zlotowitz">Zlotowitz, Rabbi Meir</a>, <i>Artscroll youth haggadah</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mesorah_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesorah Publications">Mesorah Publications</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89906-232-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89906-232-6">0-89906-232-6</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYerushalmi1974" class="citation book cs1">Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haggadahhistory00yeru"><i>Haggadah and History</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0046-1"><bdi>978-0-8276-0046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haggadah+and+History&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0046-1&rft.aulast=Yerushalmi&rft.aufirst=Yosef+Hayim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhaggadahhistory00yeru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishkin2010" class="citation book cs1">Mishkin, Edwin (2010). <i>A Haggadah For The Nonobservant</i>. Raleigh: lulu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-28494-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-28494-8"><bdi>978-0-557-28494-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Haggadah+For+The+Nonobservant&rft.place=Raleigh&rft.pub=lulu&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-557-28494-8&rft.aulast=Mishkin&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaggadah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggadah&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Passover_Haggadah/Kadesh" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Passover Haggadah/Kadesh">Passover Haggadah/Kadesh</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Haggadah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Haggadah">Haggadah</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Haggada" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Haggada">Haggada</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haggadot.com/">Haggadot.com: Let's Make Your Passover Haggadah Together</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-haggadah/">My Jewish Learning: The Haggadah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ph.yhb.org.il/en/category/pesah/15-the-hagada/">The Hagada – Peninei Halakha, HaRav Eliezer Melamed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/judaica/site/exhibits/children/index.html">Yale University Haggadah Exhibit</a> – <i>You Shall Tell Your Children</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nli.org.il/en/pesach_haggadot/">A Special Collection of Haggadot for Passover at the National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Pesach_Haggadah?lang=bi">Several English translations of the Haggadah</a>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Sefaria" title="Sefaria">Sefaria</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Passover" style="padding:3px"><table 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href="/wiki/White_House_Passover_Seder" title="White House Passover Seder">White House Passover Seder</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Plate" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate" title="Passover Seder plate">Plate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Beitzah" title="Passover Seder plate">Beitzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Charoset" title="Passover Seder plate">Charoset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Karpas" title="Passover Seder plate">Karpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Maror_and_Chazeret" title="Passover Seder plate">Maror and Chazeret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder_plate#Zeroah" title="Passover Seder plate">Zeroah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haggadah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Passover_songs" title="Passover songs">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adir_Hu" title="Adir Hu">Adir Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Gadya" title="Chad Gadya">Chad Gadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayenu" title="Dayenu">Dayenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echad_Mi_Yodea" title="Echad Mi Yodea">Echad Mi Yodea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Shana_Haba%27ah" title="L'Shana Haba'ah">L'Shana Haba'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehi_Sheamda" title="Vehi Sheamda">Vehi Sheamda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Illustrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Haggadah" title="Amsterdam Haggadah">Amsterdam Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds%27_Head_Haggadah" title="Birds' Head Haggadah">Birds' Head Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_House_Haggadah" title="Maxwell House Haggadah">Maxwell House Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Haggadah" title="Sarajevo Haggadah">Sarajevo Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szyk_Haggadah" title="Szyk Haggadah">Szyk Haggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Haggadah" title="Washington Haggadah">Washington Haggadah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Foods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">Matzah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chremslach" title="Chremslach">Chremslach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_ball" title="Matzah ball">Matzah ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_brei" title="Matzah brei">Matzah brei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzo_lasagna" title="Matzo lasagna">Matzo lasagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_meal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matzah meal">Matzah meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzah_pizza" title="Matzah pizza">Matzah pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzoquiles" title="Matzoquiles">Matzoquiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streit%27s" title="Streit's">Streit's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manischewitz" title="Manischewitz">Manischewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etablissements_Ren%C3%A9_Neymann" title="Etablissements René Neymann">René Neymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Matzos" title="Yehuda Matzos">Yehuda Matzos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakusen%27s" title="Rakusen's">Rakusen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osem_(company)" title="Osem (company)">Osem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Main courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisket_(Jewish_dish)" title="Brisket (Jewish dish)">Brisket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_kugel" title="Potato kugel">Potato kugel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Desserts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kichel" title="Kichel">Egg kichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flourless_chocolate_cake" title="Flourless chocolate cake">Flourless chocolate cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadji_bada" title="Hadji bada">Hadji bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaroon" title="Macaroon">Macaroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marunchinos" title="Marunchinos">Marunchinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meringue" title="Meringue">Meringue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedikat_Chametz" title="Bedikat Chametz">Bedikat Chametz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_of_Passover_on_Shabbat" title="Eve of Passover on Shabbat">Eve of Passover on Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover_sacrifice" title="Passover sacrifice">Passover sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isru_Chag" class="mw-redirect" title="Isru Chag">Isru Chag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Laws/customs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chametz" title="Chametz">Chametz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dough_offering#The_Mitzvah_in_modern_practice" title="Dough offering">Challah from Shmurah Matzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitniyot" title="Kitniyot">Kitniyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebrochts" title="Gebrochts">Gebrochts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_Torah_readings#Passover" title="Yom Tov Torah readings">Torah readings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_dew" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer for dew">Prayer for dew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623354#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623354#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4205105-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haggadah"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084774">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Passover Haggadah"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2001014679">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haggadot"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058256">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15687407r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15687407r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hagada"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120635&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000072171&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690362005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007286788105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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