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Then I present a case study o f one type of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_949146" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">that have been proposed to address two alleged failures o f traditional policy analysis: that it is antidemocratic and that its positivist framework creates a mistaken view of the analytic task. Then I present a case study o f one type of PPA that has received little research attention, organization-stakeholder policy analysis. I n the case, I describe how the Georgia Division of Rehabilitation Services used an 11-member policy analysis team, all employees ofthe organization, to analyze its order of selection policy and present advice to its executive committee. Following the case description, I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this type of PPA and suggest that it should be viewed as a "method of the second type" that may be well suited for addressing some messy or illstructured policy issues.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/949146" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a7bc372645f6bc2f588e218c31eb94d8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51152436,"asset_id":949146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152436/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_949146 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="949146"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 949146, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_949146", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=949146]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_949146").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_949146").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="949146"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30151" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis">Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30151" type="text/json">{"id":30151,"name":"Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96047" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study">Case Study</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="96047" type="text/json">{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="125673" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Services">Social Services</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="125673" type="text/json">{"id":125673,"name":"Social Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Services","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=949146]'), work: {"id":949146,"title":"Participatory policy analysis in a social service agency: A case study","created_at":"2011-09-25T08:48:20.719-07:00","owner_id":786323,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/949146/Participatory_policy_analysis_in_a_social_service_agency_A_case_study","slug":"Participatory_policy_analysis_in_a_social_service_agency_A_case_study","dom_id":"work_949146","summary":"that have been proposed to address two alleged failures o f traditional policy analysis: that it is antidemocratic and that its positivist framework creates a mistaken view of the analytic task. Then I present a case study o f one type of PPA that has received little research attention, organization-stakeholder policy analysis. I n the case, I describe how the Georgia Division of Rehabilitation Services used an 11-member policy analysis team, all employees ofthe organization, to analyze its order of selection policy and present advice to its executive committee. Following the case description, I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this type of PPA and suggest that it should be viewed as a \"method of the second type\" that may be well suited for addressing some messy or illstructured policy issues.","publication":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51152436,"asset_id":949146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51152436/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51152436/332523720170102-16173-1cr9w1r-libre.pdf?1483375885=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DParticipatory_policy_analysis_in_a_socia.pdf\u0026Expires=1740193330\u0026Signature=UgKEm3SRiTD-F4vXHeDNY8THuAprsunjlblcL3U1a3rym7Ah4DqdtkWOtp0XCecE~43ws6L2~8RNbEy8QlHPPsKu6aMetNz6eyHeP~YBD7h63AHpKVQ8mxAb5grj4oBwDjIKWYqDCW8AFNynb6ikwPylBeloAxxCPCpAvqatwQltjz2RBwJFFGZ28aQsHUxtHK8y0g2QlLYowtZXAxj5u-IuQI3jyXjZ3vu7rKDXJUL35tEo16MpUjznMaz1nWzzrwuBxVflNcbW2JVrk35hi~M~~Jx6TTHsmrFHQY~uAhtSx2VjVZw9k7xj4TPxMapn1rFbgTmWo4q8xQoMogwugg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152436/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/51152436/mini_magick20190126-25477-1m8uop4.png?1548514095"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":51152436,"asset_id":949146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51152436/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51152436/332523720170102-16173-1cr9w1r-libre.pdf?1483375885=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DParticipatory_policy_analysis_in_a_socia.pdf\u0026Expires=1740193330\u0026Signature=UgKEm3SRiTD-F4vXHeDNY8THuAprsunjlblcL3U1a3rym7Ah4DqdtkWOtp0XCecE~43ws6L2~8RNbEy8QlHPPsKu6aMetNz6eyHeP~YBD7h63AHpKVQ8mxAb5grj4oBwDjIKWYqDCW8AFNynb6ikwPylBeloAxxCPCpAvqatwQltjz2RBwJFFGZ28aQsHUxtHK8y0g2QlLYowtZXAxj5u-IuQI3jyXjZ3vu7rKDXJUL35tEo16MpUjznMaz1nWzzrwuBxVflNcbW2JVrk35hi~M~~Jx6TTHsmrFHQY~uAhtSx2VjVZw9k7xj4TPxMapn1rFbgTmWo4q8xQoMogwugg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152436/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIwOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/51152436/mini_magick20190126-25477-1m8uop4.png?1548514095"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":26,"ordered_authors":[{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":30151,"name":"Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis","nofollow":true},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study","nofollow":true},{"id":125673,"name":"Social Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Services","nofollow":true},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy"},{"id":960391,"name":"Policy Analysis and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_and_Management"}],"publication_year":1993,"publication_year_with_fallback":1993,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":213,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_949147" data-work_id="949147" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/949147/The_transition_from_traditional_to_postpositivist_policy_analysis_A_role_for_Q_methodology">The transition from traditional to postpositivist policy analysis: A role for Q‐methodology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper suggests that a gap exists between policy theorists who are formulating postpositivist models of analysis and the beliefs of practitioners whose labor is guided by the traditional hand of positivism. The tension between... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_949147" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper suggests that a gap exists between policy theorists who are formulating postpositivist models of analysis and the beliefs of practitioners whose labor is guided by the traditional hand of positivism. The tension between postpositivist theory and traditional practice has created a dialectic that contributes to both, but the postpositivist theory is not likely, for reasons discussed in the paper, to spark a revolution in practice. The paper maintains that members of the discipline's intellectual infrastructure can assist the evolution to a policy analysis paradigm that includes elements of postpositivism by introducing incremental changes in practice that reinforce it. For this purpose, one important incremental change is the introduction of Q-methodology as a common tool for policy analysis. The use of Q-methodology-a method for the study of subjectivity-would help subvert the assumptions of dominant objectivism that underlie the R-methods typically learned and used by traditional analysts and could influence analysts to adopt a postpositivist perspective of their work.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/949147" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cef010a61cdb71e1344332cdd68bf8e1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51152429,"asset_id":949147,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152429/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_949147 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="949147"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 949147, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_949147", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=949147]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_949147").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_949147").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="949147"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29841" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_Analysis">Public Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29841" type="text/json">{"id":29841,"name":"Public Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_Analysis","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30151" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis">Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30151" type="text/json">{"id":30151,"name":"Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380315" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy">Public Administration and Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="380315" type="text/json">{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=949147]'), work: {"id":949147,"title":"The transition from traditional to postpositivist policy analysis: A role for Q‐methodology","created_at":"2011-09-25T08:48:20.798-07:00","owner_id":786323,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/949147/The_transition_from_traditional_to_postpositivist_policy_analysis_A_role_for_Q_methodology","slug":"The_transition_from_traditional_to_postpositivist_policy_analysis_A_role_for_Q_methodology","dom_id":"work_949147","summary":"This paper suggests that a gap exists between policy theorists who are formulating postpositivist models of analysis and the beliefs of practitioners whose labor is guided by the traditional hand of positivism. The tension between postpositivist theory and traditional practice has created a dialectic that contributes to both, but the postpositivist theory is not likely, for reasons discussed in the paper, to spark a revolution in practice. The paper maintains that members of the discipline's intellectual infrastructure can assist the evolution to a policy analysis paradigm that includes elements of postpositivism by introducing incremental changes in practice that reinforce it. For this purpose, one important incremental change is the introduction of Q-methodology as a common tool for policy analysis. The use of Q-methodology-a method for the study of subjectivity-would help subvert the assumptions of dominant objectivism that underlie the R-methods typically learned and used by traditional analysts and could influence analysts to adopt a postpositivist perspective of their work.","publication":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51152429,"asset_id":949147,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51152429/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51152429/_28sici_291520-6688_28199922_2918_3A3_3C389_3A_3Aaid-pam4_3E3.0.co_3B2-s20170102-16170-1oruvj3-libre.pdf?1483375877=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_transition_from_traditional_to_postp.pdf\u0026Expires=1740348809\u0026Signature=Xviu~h1yhWc~61HQE6s5m2EPhGFNh8A3gw3zqIY3XUSyfv74nZm7quCVOR7-bzmSaBBsXOuEfbhzhw9qBDbmdBZsCFy3epTtZICD-CG2hOANuJmV1WzFGfom3dVgH5J9XaHHJpIzuZVkudr3fiCBv4AtAcxkGNj-o6Y8AC3gdeqSiZhZRbLxO3MXYFWWZqL-OZCEAHysSjq0Bb28sk7hhZghgvtbCM8c3baUU4Mx1Ckvk55G3MHFD8d2VNYPPUXVcDrb4VtIH32rAaaD9LZziALIuZ8SNf~5QnILCmzem2mGYs5dsKBO57yZGxlVm6CKAMCXB29fIKdEoTiArTK10w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152429/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/51152429/mini_magick20190126-882-1iw4gw8.png?1548513971"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":51152429,"asset_id":949147,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51152429/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51152429/_28sici_291520-6688_28199922_2918_3A3_3C389_3A_3Aaid-pam4_3E3.0.co_3B2-s20170102-16170-1oruvj3-libre.pdf?1483375877=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_transition_from_traditional_to_postp.pdf\u0026Expires=1740348810\u0026Signature=L9rS7VANapouc7UafDmTcSGQaV23gawGgZFD3AlW8iC313SPpS7gEvKMf6LLXiTFh7gsm5UlEn0KUyPodNtkyXWHZpndp9mKzwXbng2erdS0VqStEHRPlclL9HjGkLyv4lfD42nkdw3d2URU0FrpmHRq9I9DMQ3G-3tuAtKrH1IogDUHSQMbWH69hV6d3Lp27tApDaeIxf-7nOOJFEtvUQCkNqKmkO8gJrBnCF6OQsp5MDtb-m7WLh3WPwYJopBpbUrgQAhF987hIObDDn9Ffe6rfxdcWjhaQe6aL~7-P4cxZzRDgcwDw~mwToI9HfszI~ito1-ctzT6XzuUgnEcKQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152429/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/51152429/mini_magick20190126-882-1iw4gw8.png?1548513971"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":22,"ordered_authors":[{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":29841,"name":"Public Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_Analysis","nofollow":true},{"id":30151,"name":"Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis","nofollow":true},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy","nofollow":true},{"id":960391,"name":"Policy Analysis and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_and_Management"}],"publication_year":1999,"publication_year_with_fallback":1999,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":93,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_949148" data-work_id="949148" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/949148/Policy_analysts_roles_and_value_orientations_An_empirical_investigation_using_Q_methodology">Policy analysts' roles and value orientations: An empirical investigation using Q methodology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">can be classified as falling into one of a small number of ideal types. These ideal-type models are based largely on analysts' views of their roles in an organization and their value orientations, including their relationships with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_949148" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">can be classified as falling into one of a small number of ideal types. These ideal-type models are based largely on analysts' views of their roles in an organization and their value orientations, including their relationships with clients, their perceptions of their responsibility to the public, and their acceptance of professional norms. To determine to what extent practicing policy analysts and researchers resemble the ideal types, we administered Q-sorts to 38 analysts and researchers in three states. I n our analysis o f the Q-sorts, we identified five types. Also, we found that the analysts and researchers hold in common many views of analytic roles and values. 0 Policy researchers often conduct research for organizations other than the one in which they work, or their research may be intended for no particular client, but to inform whomever is interested. Analysts are more likely to be members of the same organization as their clients. 0 Researchers are more likely than analysts to use sophisticated quantita-' Hank Jenkins-Smith [1982, p. 881 defines a policy analyst as "one who uses the systematic analysis of public issues to provide a client, a policymaker, with advice." * Weimer and Vining [1992, p. 41 succinctly differentiate policy analysts and policy researchers in a summary chart. Cook and Vaupel [1985] describe three "research styles," showing the differences in policy analysis, policy research, and applied social science research.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/949148" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="496be80877a6c69f1e69220c4e551fd8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51152439,"asset_id":949148,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152439/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_949148 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="949148"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 949148, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_949148", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=949148]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_949148").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_949148").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="949148"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30151" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis">Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30151" type="text/json">{"id":30151,"name":"Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="380315" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy">Public Administration and Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="380315" type="text/json">{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="960391" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_and_Management">Policy Analysis and Management</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="960391" type="text/json">{"id":960391,"name":"Policy Analysis and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_and_Management","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=949148]'), work: {"id":949148,"title":"Policy analysts' roles and value orientations: An empirical investigation using Q methodology","created_at":"2011-09-25T08:48:20.872-07:00","owner_id":786323,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/949148/Policy_analysts_roles_and_value_orientations_An_empirical_investigation_using_Q_methodology","slug":"Policy_analysts_roles_and_value_orientations_An_empirical_investigation_using_Q_methodology","dom_id":"work_949148","summary":"can be classified as falling into one of a small number of ideal types. These ideal-type models are based largely on analysts' views of their roles in an organization and their value orientations, including their relationships with clients, their perceptions of their responsibility to the public, and their acceptance of professional norms. To determine to what extent practicing policy analysts and researchers resemble the ideal types, we administered Q-sorts to 38 analysts and researchers in three states. I n our analysis o f the Q-sorts, we identified five types. Also, we found that the analysts and researchers hold in common many views of analytic roles and values. 0 Policy researchers often conduct research for organizations other than the one in which they work, or their research may be intended for no particular client, but to inform whomever is interested. Analysts are more likely to be members of the same organization as their clients. 0 Researchers are more likely than analysts to use sophisticated quantita-' Hank Jenkins-Smith [1982, p. 881 defines a policy analyst as \"one who uses the systematic analysis of public issues to provide a client, a policymaker, with advice.\" * Weimer and Vining [1992, p. 41 succinctly differentiate policy analysts and policy researchers in a summary chart. Cook and Vaupel [1985] describe three \"research styles,\" showing the differences in policy analysis, policy research, and applied social science research.","publication":"Journal of Policy Analysis and …","publication_with_fallback":"Journal of Policy Analysis and …","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51152439,"asset_id":949148,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51152439/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51152439/332549120170102-31173-12i5933-libre.pdf?1483375880=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPolicy_analysts_roles_and_value_orientat.pdf\u0026Expires=1740069240\u0026Signature=Cmzlhp6NlCkE4Kdiz1kf77gEsshsdCybXdikrTfnEwQxuqEElrTBWHYA4p8wKqGk-HI75W4eZftwCHt5LMmHthChm~qVxsP7XEz1BjbEPzljxq~cV7lMayyG5l~uM8~0xxYaPxNVQ0f0UWdoB7F3n8~uPGjAIXUY4cMLG9JvPCWOSb0jaAUnTkMUqQO6LxGVib6WUa4WnAN4iZSvROM8HRM~KHw271g0TEZjtakHbKQKS~HxrpqiFIDN9BlnSkWwfxSOl-1hvRb1Xfs4niDsdN~dAo5QYNDqUgOI2jb7vpCVth12RbDZwP-Dc2YRmVJFfHYXOGECN28xBMu2N2wGsQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152439/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/51152439/mini_magick20190126-16978-1ffj3ke.png?1548514006"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":51152439,"asset_id":949148,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51152439/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51152439/332549120170102-31173-12i5933-libre.pdf?1483375880=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPolicy_analysts_roles_and_value_orientat.pdf\u0026Expires=1740069240\u0026Signature=Cmzlhp6NlCkE4Kdiz1kf77gEsshsdCybXdikrTfnEwQxuqEElrTBWHYA4p8wKqGk-HI75W4eZftwCHt5LMmHthChm~qVxsP7XEz1BjbEPzljxq~cV7lMayyG5l~uM8~0xxYaPxNVQ0f0UWdoB7F3n8~uPGjAIXUY4cMLG9JvPCWOSb0jaAUnTkMUqQO6LxGVib6WUa4WnAN4iZSvROM8HRM~KHw271g0TEZjtakHbKQKS~HxrpqiFIDN9BlnSkWwfxSOl-1hvRb1Xfs4niDsdN~dAo5QYNDqUgOI2jb7vpCVth12RbDZwP-Dc2YRmVJFfHYXOGECN28xBMu2N2wGsQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152439/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/51152439/mini_magick20190126-16978-1ffj3ke.png?1548514006"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":29,"ordered_authors":[{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science","nofollow":true},{"id":30151,"name":"Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis","nofollow":true},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy","nofollow":true},{"id":960391,"name":"Policy Analysis and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_and_Management","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":1994,"publication_year_with_fallback":1994,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":2045,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_949150" 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responses</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">14% of the value of M R B subsidies diverts some of the program bent@ to sellers. Horizontal inequities are created because one group of moderateincome households use the subsidies to purchase more housing services than unsubsidized... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_949154" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">14% of the value of M R B subsidies diverts some of the program bent@ to sellers. Horizontal inequities are created because one group of moderateincome households use the subsidies to purchase more housing services than unsubsidized households with the same incomes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/949154" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b49245350840e282dd327ff65f38242" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51152433,"asset_id":949154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51152433/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_949154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="949154"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 949154, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_949154", }); 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u-mr2x" data-work-id="949174"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 949174; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=949174]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_949174").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_949174").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_949176" data-work_id="949176" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/949176/Using_Q_methodology_to_Resolve_Conflicts_and_Find_Solutions_to_Contentious_Policy_Issues">Using Q-methodology to Resolve Conflicts and Find Solutions to Contentious Policy Issues</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/949176" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00283309017ec00953b010522ccec04a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":5802420,"asset_id":949176,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/5802420/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_949176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="949176"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 949176, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_949176", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_949176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 949176; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_949176"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_949176 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="949176"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 949176; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=949176]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_949176").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_949176").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1101716" data-work_id="1101716" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1101716/Harold_Lasswell_Biographical_Sketch">Harold Lasswell: Biographical Sketch</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Harold D. Lasswell (1902-1978) was a renowned political scientist who was instrumental in the creation of three interdisciplinary fields: communications and public opinion, political psychology, and the policy sciences. An early... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1101716" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Harold D. Lasswell (1902-1978) was a renowned political scientist who was instrumental in the creation of three interdisciplinary fields: communications and public opinion, political psychology, and the policy sciences. An early behavioralist, he also believed that social scientists should be engaged in solving the most difficult issues facing society and in promoting “human dignity.”  Lasswell drew heavily on psychology (especially psychoanalysis) and sociology in his work. He conceived, with collaborators, the policy sciences in the 1940s.  In his subsequent work, he advocated a “policy sciences of democracy” that would seek to enhance “human dignity,” and he described the policy sciences as interdisciplinary, problem oriented, and contextual.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1101716" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="85de56315e81e3333b3219f80e2e7bd8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":6762652,"asset_id":1101716,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/6762652/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1101716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1101716"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1101716, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1101716", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1101716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1101716; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1101716"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1101716 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1101716"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1101716; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1101716]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1101716").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1101716").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1370493" data-work_id="1370493" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1370493/Viennas_Cafe_Louvre_in_the_1920s_and_1930s_Meeting_Place_of_Foreign_Correspondents">Vienna's Cafe Louvre in the 1920s and 1930s: Meeting Place of Foreign Correspondents</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper is about Cafe Louvre in Vienna (18??-1940) that was a meeting place for foreign journalists during the 1920s and 1930s. The Stammtisch at Cafe Louvre was presided over by Robert Best, United Press correspondent, who spent most... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1370493" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper is about Cafe Louvre in Vienna (18??-1940) that was a meeting place for foreign journalists during the 1920s and 1930s. The Stammtisch at Cafe Louvre was presided over by Robert Best, United Press correspondent, who spent most of his days and nights there. Around the table were an assortment of American and British journalists, joined by locals who passed on news tips, journalists from other countries, visiting journalists traveling through Vienna, refugees knowledgeable about Central European and Balkan countries, intellectuals, artists, and spies. The cafe, and the people who joined Best's table, were essential elements of the job of covering the vast territory of Central Europe and the Balkans during the inter-war period. Journalists who at times were part of the Cafe Louvre Circle included John Gunther, William Shirer, M.W. Fodor, and Friedrich Scheu.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1370493" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9a12749abeea1b571fca094e01d99ed4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":8540358,"asset_id":1370493,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/8540358/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1370493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1370493"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1370493, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1370493", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1370493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1370493; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1370493"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1370493 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1370493"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1370493; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1370493]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1370493").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1370493").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1475353" data-work_id="1475353" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1475353/Lasswells_Unseasonable_Gift_Symbols_Psychologically_Complex_Human_Beings_and_Policy_Analysis">Lasswell's Unseasonable Gift: Symbols, Psychologically Complex Human Beings, and Policy Analysis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper discusses the role of symbols in politics and governance, an important topic first addressed by Harold Lasswell in his early books WORLD POLITICS AND PERSONAL INSECURITY and POLITICS: WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN, AND HOW. The paper... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1475353" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper discusses the role of symbols in politics and governance, an important topic first addressed by Harold Lasswell in his early books WORLD POLITICS AND PERSONAL INSECURITY and POLITICS: WHO GETS WHAT, WHEN, AND HOW. The paper examines how symbols and symbolic actions were used to reassure and reduce the anxiety of the American people following the 9-11 attacks. It also addresses the issue of how policy analysts should understand the importance and dangers of symbols and symbolic actions in their work.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1475353" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb9230c70a5ef4aa5892bf770bee5d09" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":11531039,"asset_id":1475353,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/11531039/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1475353 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1475353"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1475353, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1475353", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1475353 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1475353; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1475353"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1475353 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1475353"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1475353; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1475353]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1475353").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1475353").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32536003" data-work_id="32536003" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32536003/The_Crazy_Day_in_1871_When_Little_Rocks_City_Council_Voted_701_Times_to_Elect_Its_President">The Crazy Day in 1871 When Little Rock's City Council Voted 701 Times to Elect Its President</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper is about an episode in Little Rock history in which the city council, divided into reform Republicans (brindletails) and regular Republicans (minstrels) voted 701 times in one day on who should be the council president. One of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32536003" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper is about an episode in Little Rock history in which the city council, divided into reform Republicans (brindletails) and regular Republicans (minstrels) voted 701 times in one day on who should be the council president. One of the candidates, Frederick Kramer, a German immigrant, was later elected mayor for four terms (once as the Republican's candidate and three times as the candidate of the Democratic party).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32536003" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d22b44fbd3c4a74fc272b1f3411ecd5d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52717990,"asset_id":32536003,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52717990/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32536003 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32536003"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32536003, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32536003", }); 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Hartman and the Brindle-tails Usurp Little Rock’s 1870 Election, To No Avail</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In November 1870, aldermen Frederick Kramer of the first ward and Asa Richmond of the third ward ran for re-election to the Little Rock city council. Both were supported by the regular republicans (the “minstrels”), a faction headed by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34412120" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In November 1870, aldermen Frederick Kramer of the first ward and Asa Richmond of the third ward ran for re-election to the Little Rock city council. Both were supported by the regular republicans (the “minstrels”), a faction headed by Gov. Powell Clayton, but were opposed by the anti-Clayton reform republicans (the “brindle-tails”) who viewed them as barriers to controlling the council. One brindle-tail leader, Little Rock Mayor A. K. Hartman, especially wanted Kramer, a fellow Prussian and an implacable foe, off the council. To that end, Hartman helped carry out a brindle-tail plot to usurp the ward 1 polling place, replacing the regular election judges and ballot box with their own. The plot’s results were not what Hartman or the other brindle-tails expected.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34412120" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5bb8d001fae4692d4e027b1a4043bc29" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54292054,"asset_id":34412120,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54292054/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34412120 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34412120"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34412120, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34412120", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34412120 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34412120; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34412120"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34412120 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34412120"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34412120; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34412120]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34412120").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34412120").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34412120"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43410" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arkansas_History">Arkansas History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43410" type="text/json">{"id":43410,"name":"Arkansas History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arkansas_History","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34412120]'), work: {"id":34412120,"title":"Mayor A.K. Hartman and the Brindle-tails Usurp Little Rock’s 1870 Election, To No Avail","created_at":"2017-08-30T09:50:03.699-07:00","owner_id":786323,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34412120/Mayor_A_K_Hartman_and_the_Brindle_tails_Usurp_Little_Rock_s_1870_Election_To_No_Avail","slug":"Mayor_A_K_Hartman_and_the_Brindle_tails_Usurp_Little_Rock_s_1870_Election_To_No_Avail","dom_id":"work_34412120","summary":"In November 1870, aldermen Frederick Kramer of the first ward and Asa Richmond of the third ward ran for re-election to the Little Rock city council. Both were supported by the regular republicans (the “minstrels”), a faction headed by Gov. Powell Clayton, but were opposed by the anti-Clayton reform republicans (the “brindle-tails”) who viewed them as barriers to controlling the council. One brindle-tail leader, Little Rock Mayor A. K. Hartman, especially wanted Kramer, a fellow Prussian and an implacable foe, off the council. To that end, Hartman helped carry out a brindle-tail plot to usurp the ward 1 polling place, replacing the regular election judges and ballot box with their own. The plot’s results were not what Hartman or the other brindle-tails 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u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main goal of this project was to improve the performance of the village government through the effective implementation of sound training policies and programs. The main activities included identifying problems in employee training... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70772315" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main goal of this project was to improve the performance of the village government through the effective implementation of sound training policies and programs. The main activities included identifying problems in employee training and development that stop the village government from offering employee training, develop policy recommendations to overcome the problems that have been identified, and helping the village government to consider and implement a training policy. To carry out the project, the project team: 1. Conducted a survey of village government employees on their past training opportunities and their desire for additional training. 2. Carried out a two-day training program that aimed at teaching basic policy analysis while assisting village government employees to address the question of their training needs and desires. 3. Drafted a village policy on training for consideration by village leaders. 4. Consulted with village leaders to assist them to adapt a policy t...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70772315" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32c5c0f2b284dff0f02f1d72900c1aa2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80380738,"asset_id":70772315,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111282772/Evidence_on_the_Efficiency_and_Distribution_of_Mortgage_Revenue_Bond_Subsidies_The_Effects_of_Behavioral_Responses_to_the_Subsidies">Evidence on the Efficiency and Distribution of Mortgage Revenue Bond Subsidies: The Effects of Behavioral Responses to the Subsidies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/111282772" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="29107cc9829ec83eb3fd37544805a2af" rel="nofollow" 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115141118/Little_Rocks_City_Council_Votes_701_Time_to_Elect_Its_President_in_1871">Little Rock's City Council Votes 701 Time to Elect Its President in 1871</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A struggle for control of the Little Rock city council resulted in the eight-member body reaching an impasse when trying to elect the president of the council, a position that had taken on importance after the suspension of the city's... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_115141118" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A struggle for control of the Little Rock city council resulted in the eight-member body reaching an impasse when trying to elect the president of the council, a position that had taken on importance after the suspension of the city's mayor. The split was between the Radical Republicans, known as the minstrels, and the Liberal Republicans called the brindletails. The split ended after 701 votes that ended in a tie, thanks to a deft move by Frederick Kramer, who aligned with the minstrels, He was able to use a technicality to gain the position of president of the council.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/115141118" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="54005098374ec0ef4e8f3246e84ac1ed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":111636222,"asset_id":115141118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111636222/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_115141118 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="115141118"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 115141118, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_115141118", }); 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The split was between the Radical Republicans, known as the minstrels, and the Liberal Republicans called the brindletails. The split ended after 701 votes that ended in a tie, thanks to a deft move by Frederick Kramer, who aligned with the minstrels, He was able to use a technicality to gain the position of president of the council. 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Most of these Asch immigrants came from three large, well-educated families,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_115195840" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">From 1848 to 1861, at least twenty-eight German speakers living in Asch, Bohemia, emigrated to Little Rock, Arkansas, and three more arrived after the Civil War. Most of these Asch immigrants came from three large, well-educated families, and their arrival boosted the number of Germans in the city by over twenty percent. This paper discusses who the immigrants were, why they immigrated, and how they adjusted to new lives in a small Southern city in which only a small fraction of the population was born outside the United States. This paper won the Arkansas Historical Association's award for the "Best Family History" published in 2020 in a county or local historical journal.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/115195840" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9c09cac0793f2cd6d49852e0ee8376c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":111674412,"asset_id":115195840,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111674412/download_file?st=MTc0MDM0NTIxMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="786323" href="https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning">Dan Durning</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="786323" type="text/json">{"id":786323,"first_name":"Dan","last_name":"Durning","domain_name":"uga","page_name":"DanDurning","display_name":"Dan Durning","profile_url":"https://uga.academia.edu/DanDurning","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/786323/266882/315382/s65_dan.durning.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_115195840 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="115195840"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 115195840, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_115195840", }); 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Most of these Asch immigrants came from three large, well-educated families, and their arrival boosted the number of Germans in the city by over twenty percent. This paper discusses who the immigrants were, why they immigrated, and how they adjusted to new lives in a small Southern city in which only a small fraction of the population was born outside the United States. This paper won the Arkansas Historical Association's award for the \"Best Family History\" published in 2020 in a county or local historical journal. 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