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<span>Biblical narrative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biblical narrative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biblical_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Calling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gathering_an_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gathering_an_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gathering an army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gathering_an_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Night_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Night_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Night attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Night_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Subsequent events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbinic_commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinic_commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rabbinic commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinic_commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Textual history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Christian reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_phrase_"putting_out_a_fleece"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_phrase_"putting_out_a_fleece""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Origin of the phrase "putting out a fleece"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_phrase_"putting_out_a_fleece"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Military references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Archaeological evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="جدعون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جدعون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8" title="গিডিওন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গিডিওন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гедеон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гедеон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gede%C3%B3" title="Gedeó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gedeó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gede%C3%B3n_(biblick%C3%A1_postava)" title="Gedeón (biblická postava) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gedeón (biblická postava)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_(Richter)" title="Gideon (Richter) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gideon (Richter)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gideon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Γεδεών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεδεών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gede%C3%B3n" title="Gedeón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gedeón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gideon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="جدعون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدعون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on" title="Gédéon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gédéon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%93%9C%EC%98%A8" title="기드온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기드온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gideon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gideon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeone" title="Gedeone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gedeone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A9" title="גדעון בן יואש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גדעון בן יואש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideoni" title="Gideoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gideoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeon" title="Gedeon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gedeon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideonas" title="Gideonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gideonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gide%C3%B4na" title="Gideôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gideôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="جدعون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جدعون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_(Bijbel)" title="Gideon (Bijbel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gideon (Bijbel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ギデオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギデオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gideon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="جدعون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جدعون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedeon_(posta%C4%87_biblijna)" title="Gedeon (postać biblijna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gedeon (postać biblijna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gide%C3%A3o" title="Gideão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gideão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghedeon" title="Ghedeon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ghedeon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гедеон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гедеон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Гидеон (Библија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гидеон (Библија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_(Raamattu)" title="Gideon (Raamattu) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gideon (Raamattu)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gideon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_(hukom)" title="Gideon (hukom) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gideon (hukom)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="กิเดโอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กิเดโอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гедеон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гедеон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="جدعون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جدعون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Character in the biblical Book of Judges</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gideon (Bible)" redirects here. For the Bible distributing organization, see <a href="/wiki/The_Gideons_International" title="The Gideons International">The Gideons International</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gideon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gideon (disambiguation)">Gideon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gideon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="Hebrew"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גִּדְעוֹן</span>‎</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maerten_van_Heemskerck_-_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_et_le_miracle_de_la_Toison,_MBA_1747_(b)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maerten_van_Heemskerck_-_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_et_le_miracle_de_la_Toison%2C_MBA_1747_%28b%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Maerten_van_Heemskerck_-_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_et_le_miracle_de_la_Toison%2C_MBA_1747_%28b%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maerten_van_Heemskerck_-_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_et_le_miracle_de_la_Toison%2C_MBA_1747_%28b%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Maerten_van_Heemskerck_-_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_et_le_miracle_de_la_Toison%2C_MBA_1747_%28b%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Maerten_van_Heemskerck_-_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_et_le_miracle_de_la_Toison%2C_MBA_1747_%28b%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Maerten_van_Heemskerck_-_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_et_le_miracle_de_la_Toison%2C_MBA_1747_%28b%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="937" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gideon as depicted in the painting <i><a href="/wiki/Gideon_and_the_Fleece" class="mw-redirect" title="Gideon and the Fleece">Gideon and the Fleece</a></i> (1550) by <a href="/wiki/Maerten_van_Heemskerck" class="mw-redirect" title="Maerten van Heemskerck">Maerten van Heemskerck</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abimelech_(Judges)" title="Abimelech (Judges)">Abimelech</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joash_the_Abiezrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Joash the Abiezrite">Joash</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#add8e6;"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible_judges" title="Hebrew Bible judges">Judges in the Hebrew Bible</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שופטים</span>‎</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:90%;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i>Italics</i> indicate individuals not explicitly described as judges</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#add8e6;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#add8e6;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#add8e6;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Othniel" title="Othniel">Othniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud" title="Ehud">Ehud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamgar" title="Shamgar">Shamgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gideon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abimelech_(Judges)" title="Abimelech (Judges)">Abimelech</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tola_(biblical_figure)" title="Tola (biblical figure)">Tola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair" title="Jair">Jair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jephthah" title="Jephthah">Jephthah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibzan" title="Ibzan">Ibzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_(Judges)" title="Elon (Judges)">Elon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdon_(Judges)" title="Abdon (Judges)">Abdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#add8e6;"> <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">First Book of Samuel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eli_(biblical_figure)" title="Eli (biblical figure)">Eli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li>Joel</li> <li>Abijah</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judges" title="Template:Judges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judges" title="Template talk:Judges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gideon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גִּדְעוֹן</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gīdʿōn</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gīḏəʿōn</i></span></i>) also named <b>Jerubbaal</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Jerubbesheth</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1901_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1901-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">military leader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">judge</a> and prophet whose calling and victory over the <a href="/wiki/Midianites" class="mw-redirect" title="Midianites">Midianites</a> are recounted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0706.htm#1">Judges 6–8</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the Christian <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. </p><p>Gideon was the son of <a href="/wiki/Joash_the_Abiezrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Joash the Abiezrite">Joash</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Abiezrite" title="Abiezrite">Abiezrite</a> clan in the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">tribe of Manasseh</a> and lived in <a href="/wiki/Ophrah" title="Ophrah">Ephra (Ophrah)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigot1909_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigot1909-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, he won a decisive victory over a Midianite army despite a vast numerical disadvantage, leading a troop of 300 men.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists in southern Israel have found a 3,100-year-old fragment of a jug with five letters written in ink that appear to represent the name Jerubbaal, or Yeruba'al.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollstonGarfinkelKeimerDavis2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollstonGarfinkelKeimerDavis2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a> derives the name "Jerubbaal" from "Baal will contend", in accordance with the folk etymology, given in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Judges%206:32&version=nrsv">Judges 6:32</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StrongH3378_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrongH3378-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mud_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mud-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester Grabbe</a> (2007), "[Judges] 6.32 gives a nonsensical etymology of his name; it means something like 'Let Baal be great.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200799_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200799-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, where Strong gave the meaning "<a href="/wiki/Hewer" title="Hewer">hewer</a>" to the name Gideon,<sup id="cite_ref-StrongH1438_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrongH1438-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblical scholar Simon John DeVries (1975) suggests the etymology "driver".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries197579_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries197579-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "besheth" part of the name "Jerubbesheth" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b11.htm#21">2 Samuel 11:21</a>) means "shame". This a pious editorialization of "Baal", as is also found in the names of Saul's son <a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a> and grandson <a href="/wiki/Mephibosheth" title="Mephibosheth">Mephibosheth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mandelkern1937_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandelkern1937-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maarten_van_Heemskerck_024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Maarten_van_Heemskerck_024.jpg/170px-Maarten_van_Heemskerck_024.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="620" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Maarten_van_Heemskerck_024.jpg/255px-Maarten_van_Heemskerck_024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Maarten_van_Heemskerck_024.jpg/340px-Maarten_van_Heemskerck_024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption>Gideon thanking God for the Miracle of the Dew, painting by Maarten van Heemskerck (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourg" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>As is the pattern throughout the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> again turned away from <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> after 40 years of peace brought by <a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a>'s victory over <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>; as punishment, the <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midianites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalekites</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> peoples harried Israel for seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calling">Calling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Calling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>God chose Gideon, a young man from the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">tribe of Manasseh</a>, to free the people of Israel and to condemn their <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord#Hebrew_Bible" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a>, or "the Lord's angelic messenger"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came "in the character ... of a traveller who sat down in the shade [of the terebinth tree] to enjoy a little refreshment and repose"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entered into conversation with Gideon. The narrative has echoes of the meeting between <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and the visitors who came to him in the <a href="/wiki/Terebinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Terebinth">terebinths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mamre" title="Mamre">Mamre</a> and promised Abraham and <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a>, in their old age, that they would have a son (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0118.htm#1">Genesis 18:1–15</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The angel greeted Gideon: "The Lord is with you, you mighty man of valor!"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gideon requested proof of God's will by three miracles: firstly a sign from the angel, in which the angel appeared to Gideon and caused fire to shoot up out of a rock,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then two signs involving a <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">fleece</a>, performed on consecutive nights and the exact opposite of each other. First Gideon woke up to his fleece covered in dew, but the surrounding ground dry; then the next morning, his fleece was dry but the surrounding ground covered in dew.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On God's instruction, Gideon destroyed the town's altar to <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> and the symbol of the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> beside it, receiving the byname of <i>Jerubbaal</i> from his father: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Therefore on that day he (Joash) called him Jerubbaal, saying, Let Baal plead against him, because he hath thrown down his altar.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gathering_an_army">Gathering an army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gathering an army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gideon then sent out messengers to gather men from the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Asher" title="Tribe of Asher">Asher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Zebulun" title="Tribe of Zebulun">Zebulun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Naphtali" title="Tribe of Naphtali">Naphtali</a>, as well as his own tribe of Manasseh, in order to meet an armed force of Midian and Amalek that had crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. Gideon's force encamped at <a href="/wiki/En_Harod" title="En Harod">En Harod</a>, while the Midianites camped near the "Hill of Moreh".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God informed Gideon that the men he had gathered were too many: with so many men, the Israelites might claim the victory as their own, rather than crediting God. God first instructed Gideon to send home those men who were afraid. Gideon invited any man who wanted to leave, to do so; 22,000 men returned home and 10,000 remained. God then told Gideon that this number was still too many, and instructed Gideon to bring the men to the water to drink. God commanded Gideon to separate those who had bowed down on their knees to drink like dogs, and those who lapped the water from their hands. Only the 300 men who had lapped the water from their cupped hands were allowed to remain.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Night_attack">Night attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Night attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_075.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_075.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_075.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_075.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_075.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_075.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_075.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><i>Gideon's Call</i>, 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the night, God instructed Gideon to approach the Midianite camp. There, Gideon overheard a Midianite man tell a friend of a dream in which "a loaf of <a href="/wiki/Barley_bread" title="Barley bread">barley bread</a> tumbled into the camp of Midian",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing their tent or camp to collapse. This was interpreted as meaning that God had given the Midianites over to Gideon. Gideon returned to the Israelite camp and gave each of his men a <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a> and a clay jar with a torch hidden inside. Divided into three companies, Gideon and his 300 men marched on the enemy camp. He instructed them to blow the trumpet, give a battle cry and light torches, simulating an attack by a large force. As they did so, the Midianite army fled.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gideon sent messengers ahead into Israel calling for the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Ephraim" title="Tribe of Ephraim">Ephraimites</a> to pursue the retreating Midianites and two of their leaders, <a href="/wiki/Oreb_and_Zeeb" title="Oreb and Zeeb">Oreb and Zeeb</a>. Gideon and the three hundred pursued <a href="/wiki/Zebah_and_Zalmunna" title="Zebah and Zalmunna">Zebah and Zalmunna</a>, the two Midianite kings. When he had asked for provisions in his pursuit, the men of <a href="/wiki/Sukkot_(place)" title="Sukkot (place)">Succoth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peniel_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peniel (biblical)">Peniel</a> refused and taunted Gideon. After capturing the two kings, Gideon punished the men of Succoth, and pulled down the tower of Peniel killing all the men there. Gideon invited his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Jether" title="Jether">Jether</a>, to slay Zebah and Zalmunna, but being still young at the time, he did not have the confidence to carry out his father's request, so Zebah and Zalmunna called on Gideon to perform the deed himself. Gideon then killed Zebah and Zalmunna as justice for the death of his brothers (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0708.htm#19">Judges 8:19–21</a>). The place where Gideon slew Oreb after the defeat of the Midianites was called the <i>Rock of Oreb</i>. It was probably the place now called Orbo, on the east of Jordan, near <a href="/wiki/Bethshean" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethshean">Bethshean</a>. Zeeb was killed at "the wine press of Zeeb". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_events">Subsequent events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subsequent events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Israelites invited Gideon to become their king and to found a <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a>, but he refused, telling them that only God was their ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gideon went on to make an <i><a href="/wiki/Ephod" title="Ephod">ephod</a></i> out of the gold won in battle. This action eventually caused the whole of Israel to turn away from God yet again and the ruin of Gideon and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gideon had 70 sons from the many women he took as wives. He also had a <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechemite</a> concubine who bore him a son whom he named <a href="/wiki/Abimelech_(Judges)" title="Abimelech (Judges)">Abimelech</a>, which means "my father is king".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was peace in Israel for 40 years during the life of Gideon. As soon as Gideon died of old age, the Israelites again turned to worship the false god <a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baal Berith</a> and ignored the family of Gideon (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0708.htm#33">Judges 8:33</a>). Gideon was succeeded for a brief time as ruler of Shechem by his son Abimelech.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rabbinic_commentary">Rabbinic commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rabbinic commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legends_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Legends of the Jews">The Legends of the Jews</a></i>: "Elated by the victory over Sisera, Israel sang a hymn of praise, the song of Deborah, and God, to reward them for their pious sentiments, pardoned the transgression of the people. But they soon slipped back into the old ways, and the old troubles harassed them. Their back-sliding was due to the witchcraft of a Midianite priest named Aud. He made the sun shine at midnight, and so convinced the Israelites that the idols of Midian were mightier than God, and God chastised them by delivering them into the hands of the Midianites. They worshipped their own images reflected in the water, and they were stricken with dire poverty. They could not bring so much as a meal offering, the offering of the poor. On the eve of one Passover, Gideon uttered the complaint: "Where are all the wondrous works which God did for our fathers in this night, when he slew the first-born of the Egyptians, and Israel went forth from slavery with joyous hearts?" God appeared unto him, and said: "Thou who art courageous enough to champion Israel, thou art worthy that Israel should be saved for thy sake."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To explain why the men who brought water to their mouths with their hands were not chosen to fight, while the 300 who lapped the water directly or bowed down were chosen, some writers explain that lapping directly is disgraceful and similar to a dog, while bowing down resembles idolatry. Those who were faithful were allowed to depart.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>The Legends of the Jews</i>: "..In the high priest's breastplate, Joseph was represented among the twelve tribes by Ephraim alone, not by Manasseh, too. To wipe out this slight upon his own tribe, Gideon made an ephod bearing the name of Manasseh. He consecrated it to God, but after his death homage was paid to it as an idol. In those days the Israelites were so addicted to the worship of Beelzebub that they constantly carried small images of this god with them in their pockets, and every now and then they were in the habit of bringing the image forth and kissing it fervently. Of such idolaters were the vain and light fellows who helped Abimelech, the son of Gideon by his concubine from Shechem, to assassinate the other sons of his father. But God is just. As Abimelech murdered his brothers upon a stone, so Abimelech himself met his death through a millstone. It was proper, then, that Jotham, in his parable, should compare Abimelech to a thorn-bush, while he characterized his predecessors, Othniel, Deborah, and Gideon, as an olive-tree, or a fig-tree, or a vine. This Jotham, the youngest of the sons of Gideon, was more than a teller of parables. He knew then that long afterward the Samaritans would claim sanctity for Mount Gerizim, on account of the blessing pronounced from it upon the tribe. For this reason he chose Gerizim from which to hurl his curse upon Shechem and it inhabitants."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>"Tan B 1 103. The parable of Jotham is said to refer to the prominent judges: Othniel [=Olive tree], Deborah [=fig tree], Gideon [=vine], and Elimelech [=bramble]. Tan. also states that Abimelech reigned for three years, as a reward for the modesty of his father Gideon, who in a "tripartite" sentence refused the royal crown offered him by his people; see Jud. 8.23. Abimelech, in contrast to his father [Jud.8.27], was very greedy for riches, and his end therefore came speedily; Aggadat Bereshit 26, 54., see also ibid., 52-53 where Abimelech wickedness and greed was contrasted with the piety and liberality of his namesake Abimelech, the King of Getar. The ingratitude of the Israelites who permitted Abimelech to murder the children of their benefactor Gideon was counted unto them as though they had forsaken God; ingratitude is as grave a sin as idolatry; Yelammedenu in Yalkut II, 64."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzoldRadin1998201_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzoldRadin1998201-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_history">Textual history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Textual history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early twentieth century, the text of <a href="/wiki/Judges_6" title="Judges 6">Judges 6</a>–<a href="/wiki/Judges_8" title="Judges 8">8</a> was regarded by the "critical school" as a composite narrative, combining <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomic">Deuteronomic</a> sources, with further interpolations and editorial comments of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this approach, the D source or (D) material has an overwhelming presence in Judges 6–8. The earlier source material used is present. However, the message and theological view has the style of the Deuteronomistic school of Authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiditch200810_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiditch200810-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core (Jahwist) narrative consists of Gideon wishing to avenge the death of his brothers, gathering 300 men of his own clan and pursuing the Midianite chiefs Zebah and Zalmunna, slaying them and consecrating an idol (<i>ephod</i>) made from the spoils of war, which makes his city of Ophrah the seat of an oracle and giving Gideon himself the status of a rich chief with a large harem (Judges 8:4–10a, 11–21, 24–27a, 29–32).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, other scholars see the story as a single narrative, whose author made allusions to various Pentateuchal passages that he was familiar with.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story also contains consistent thematic elements which suggest a unified composition.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Emil G. Hirsch</a> alleged a historical nucleus in the narrative, reflecting the struggle of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">tribe of Manasseh</a> with hostile Bedouins across the Jordan, along with "reminiscences of tribal jealousies on the part of Ephraim" in the early period of Hebrew settlement, later conflated with the religious context of connecting Yahweh with the shrine at Ophrah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cooke" class="mw-redirect" title="G. A. Cooke">G. A. Cooke</a>, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Bible_for_Schools_and_Colleges" title="Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a> notes the discontinuity between Ephraimite anger towards Gideon shown in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0708.htm#1">Judges 8:1–3</a> and the proposition of kingship over [all] Israel, and therefore concludes that "these verses appear to come from a [secondary] source".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Yairah_Amit" title="Yairah Amit">Yairah Amit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Mark S. Smith</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_John_De_Vries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon John De Vries (page does not exist)">Simon John De Vries</a>, the use of both names "Gideon" and "Jerubbaal" reflects two originally independent sets of stories combined by an editor who wishes them to be seen as referring to a single character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200246_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200246-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries197579_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries197579-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmit1999102_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmit1999102-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Jerubbaal given to Gideon is originally a theophoric name meaning "Baal strives", but it was later given the interpretation of "let Baal strive against him" in order to avoid conflict with the more rigorous development of the religion of Yahweh in later centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-PurFra_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PurFra-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_reception">Christian reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christian reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unicorn_annunciation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Unicorn_annunciation.jpg/170px-Unicorn_annunciation.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Unicorn_annunciation.jpg/255px-Unicorn_annunciation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Unicorn_annunciation.jpg/340px-Unicorn_annunciation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gideon's fleece, as symbol of Mary, in a "Hunt of the Unicorn <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>" (ca. 1500) from a Netherlandish <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a>. For the complicated <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Conclusus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hortus Conclusus">Hortus Conclusus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, Gideon is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Hebrews_11" title="Hebrews 11">chapter 11</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> as an example of a man of faith, one of several "heroes of faith" mentioned there:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Time would fail me to tell of Gideon [and others] who through faith subdued kingdoms, worked righteousness, obtained promises, stopped the mouths of lions, quenched the violence of fire, escaped the edge of the sword, out of weakness were made strong, became valiant in battle, turned to flight the armies of the aliens.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gideon is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. He is also commemorated, together with the other righteous figures of the Old Testament, on the Sunday before Christmas (Fourth Sunday of <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>). He is commemorated as one of the <a href="/wiki/Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints">Saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> on July 30, and in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a> on September 26.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the Gideon narrative was employed in polemics against the Catholic clergy. <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_R%C3%BCte" title="Hans von Rüte">Hans von Rüte</a>'s <i>Gideon</i> (1540) compares the removal of saints' relics from churches to Gideon's destruction of Baal's altar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gideons_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Gideons International">Gideons International</a> is an American organization dedicated to Christian evangelism, founded in 1899, dedicated to the distribution of free Bibles. The organization's logo represents a two-handled pitcher and torch, symbolizing the implements used by Gideon to scare the Midianite army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Gideons_International" title="The Gideons International">The Gideons International</a>, an evangelical Christian organization known for distributing Bibles, takes its name from Gideon: </p> <blockquote><p>"Gideon was a man who was willing to do exactly what God wanted him to do, regardless of his own judgment as to the plans or results. Humility, faith, and obedience were his great elements of character. This is the standard that The Gideons International is trying to establish in all its members, each man to be ready to do God's will at any time, at any place, and in any way that the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> leads."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_phrase_"putting_out_a_fleece""><span id="Origin_of_the_phrase_.22putting_out_a_fleece.22"></span>Origin of the phrase "putting out a fleece"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Origin of the phrase "putting out a fleece""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the phrase "putting out a fleece" is a reference to the story of Gideon meaning to look for a sign from God before undertaking some action or carrying out some plan.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_references">Military references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much like the 300 Spartans <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">at Thermopylae</a>, Gideon has become symbolic of military success of a small elite force against overwhelming numerical odds. The 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Poem_of_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Poem of Almería">Poem of Almería</a></i> invokes "the strength of Samson and the sword of Gideon" in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> of <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ponce_Giraldo_de_Cabrera" title="Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera">Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera</a> (1147). <a href="/wiki/Benedikt_Gletting" title="Benedikt Gletting">Benedikt Gletting</a> (16th century) invokes the "Sword of Gideon" in a call for a pious and confident defense of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> against the threat of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gideon narrative was invoked by <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanter</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Strachan" title="Archibald Strachan">Archibald Strachan</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carbisdale" title="Battle of Carbisdale">Battle of Carbisdale</a> (1650). The <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Force" title="Gideon Force">Gideon Force</a> was a small British-led special force in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> during World War II. <a href="/wiki/El_Junquito_raid" title="El Junquito raid">El Junquito raid</a> code-named Operation Gideon in 2018 and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon_(2020)" title="Operation Gideon (2020)">Operation Gideon (2020)</a> were dissident military operations in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_evidence">Archaeological evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Archaeological evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A five-letter inscription appearing to represent the name Jerubbaal (another name used in the Hebrew Bible for Gideon) was discovered on a 3100-year old fragment of a jug in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Smithsonian Magazine, "the artifact's age lines up with the time period depicted in the Book of Judges."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_(name)" title="Gideon (name)">Gideon (name)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gideon_(play)" title="Gideon (play)">Gideon</a></i>, 1961 play</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideons_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Gideons International">Gideons International</a>, an evangelical Christian association whose primary activity is distributing free Bibles to hotels and motels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Talut</a>, analogous Quranic figure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_the_Ninth" title="Gideon the Ninth">Gideon the Ninth</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Locked_Tomb" title="The Locked Tomb">the Locked Tomb</a> Series by Tamsyn Miur</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_fleece" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden fleece">golden fleece</a> is another motif representing fleece in Western art</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְרֻבַּעַל</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yərubaʿal</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְרֻבֶּשֶׁת</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yərubešeṯ</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mud-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mud_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As to "Baal will contend" being an example of folk etymology, see <a href="#CITEREFMuddiman2007">Muddiman 2007</a>, p. 182 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PurFra-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PurFra_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"purposely framed to give the old name a bearing which would not be offensive to the later and more rigorous development of the religion of YHWH" (<a href="#CITEREFHirsch1906">Hirsch 1906</a>) </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheyne1901-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheyne1901_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheyne1901">Cheyne 1901</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigot1909-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigot1909_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGigot1909">Gigot 1909</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Judges%207">Judges 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERollstonGarfinkelKeimerDavis2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollstonGarfinkelKeimerDavis2021_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRollstonGarfinkelKeimerDavis2021">Rollston et al. 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StrongH3378-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StrongH3378_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H3378&t=KJV">H3378</a> "יְרֻבַּעַל Yᵉrubbaʻal,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline" title="Template:Typo help inline"><span title="Expert help is needed to correct the spelling of this word or mark it as OK. (June 2022)">check spelling</span></a></i>]</sup> yer-oob-bah'-al; from H7378 and H1168; Baal will contend; Jerubbaal, a symbolic name of Gideon:—Jerubbaal"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200799-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe200799_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2007">Grabbe 2007</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the verbal root rby or rbb in Noth 1928 in Rollston 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StrongH1438-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StrongH1438_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H1438&t=KJV">H1438</a> "Gidʻôwn, ghid-ohn'; from H1438 [גָּדַע gâdaʻ 'to hew, chop down']; feller (i.e. warrior); Gidon, an Israelite:—Gideon."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries197579-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries197579_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries197579_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVries1975">DeVries 1975</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandelkern1937-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mandelkern1937_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMandelkern" class="citation book cs1">Mandelkern, Solomon (ed.). <i>Heykhal ha-Ḳodesh/Veteris Testamenti Concordantiæ</i>. Schocken. p. 1474.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heykhal+ha-%E1%B8%B2odesh%2FVeteris+Testamenti+Concordanti%C3%A6&rft.pages=1474&rft.pub=Schocken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holman Bible Editorial Staff, <i>Holman Concise Bible Dictionary</i>, B&H Publishing Group, US, 2011, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0706.htm#11">Judges 6:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/judges/6.htm">Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary</a> on Judges 6, accessed 21 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0706.htm#12">Judges 6:12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0706.htm#11">Judges 6:11–22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0706.htm#36">Judges 6:36–40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0706.htm#32">Judges 6:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0707.htm#1">Judges 7:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0707.htm#4">Judges 7:4–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0707.htm#13">Judges 7:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0707.htm#17">Judges 7:17–22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0708.htm#22">Judges 8:22–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0708.htm#24">Judges 8:24–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0708.htm#31">Judges 8:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0709.htm#1">Judges 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2882" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:2882">Ginzberg's Legends of the Jews" pp. 92–96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/463965/jewish/Gideon-Jerubbaal.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123230811/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2882/2882.txt">Legends of the Jews pp.101-103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzoldRadin1998201-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzoldRadin1998201_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzoldRadin1998">Szold & Radin 1998</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirsch1906_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirsch1906">Hirsch 1906</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiditch200810-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiditch200810_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiditch2008">Niditch 2008</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Berman, <i>Inconsistency in the Torah: Ancient Literary Convention and the Limits of Source Criticism</i>, Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neriah Klein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herzog.ac.il/vtc/tvunot/mega53_klein.pdf">"To YHWH and to Gideon: A reading of the Gideon story"</a>, <i>Megadim</i> 53:91-121 (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/judges/8.htm">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a>, Judges 8, accessed 27 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200246-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200246_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2002">Smith 2002</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmit1999102-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmit1999102_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmit1999">Amit 1999</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/hebrews/11.htm">Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges</a> on Hebrews 11, accessed 16 January 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+11:32–34&version=nkjv">Hebrews 11:32–34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981206145802/http://www.gideons.org/history.html">"History"</a>. <i>Gideons International</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gideons.org/history.html">the original</a> on 1998-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gideons+International&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gideons.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook2020" class="citation news cs1">Holbrook, Patricia (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/religion/don-try-manipulate-god/7kHohvuX6m3ty27nRWqTmO/">"Don't try to manipulate God"</a>. <i>The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Don%27t+try+to+manipulate+God&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Flifestyles%2Freligion%2Fdon-try-manipulate-god%2F7kHohvuX6m3ty27nRWqTmO%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarzenbach1978" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarzenbach, Rudolf (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-117277">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"... Wol uff den hohen alpen fruch"? Ein Lied Benedikt Glettings als Quelle des "Vermahnlieds an die Eidgenossenschaft" von Hanns in der Gand"</a>. <i>Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde – Archives suisses des traditions populaires</i>. <b>74</b> (1–2): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5169%2Fseals-117277">10.5169/seals-117277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schweizerisches+Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Volkskunde+%E2%80%93+Archives+suisses+des+traditions+populaires&rft.atitle=%22...+Wol+uff+den+hohen+alpen+fruch%22%3F+Ein+Lied+Benedikt+Glettings+als+Quelle+des+%22Vermahnlieds+an+die+Eidgenossenschaft%22+von+Hanns+in+der+Gand&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5169%2Fseals-117277&rft.aulast=Schwarzenbach&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5169%2Fseals-117277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Borschel-Dan" class="citation web cs1">Amanda Borschel-Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/five-letter-inscription-inked-3100-years-ago-may-be-name-of-biblical-judge/">"Five-letter inscription inked 3,100 years ago may be name of biblical judge"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Five-letter+inscription+inked+3%2C100+years+ago+may+be+name+of+biblical+judge&rft.au=Amanda+Borschel-Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Ffive-letter-inscription-inked-3100-years-ago-may-be-name-of-biblical-judge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazineGershon" class="citation web cs1">Magazine, Smithsonian; Gershon, Livia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/3000-year-old-jug-holds-name-biblical-judge-180978159/">"This 3,100-Year-Old Inscription May Be Linked to a Biblical Judge"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=This+3%2C100-Year-Old+Inscription+May+Be+Linked+to+a+Biblical+Judge&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft.au=Gershon%2C+Livia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2F3000-year-old-jug-holds-name-biblical-judge-180978159%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gideon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmit1999" class="citation book cs1">Amit, Yaira (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sBGfkjBGzr8C&pg=PA102"><i>The Book of the Judges: The Art of Editing</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004108271" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004108271"><bdi>978-9004108271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Judges%3A+The+Art+of+Editing&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9004108271&rft.aulast=Amit&rft.aufirst=Yaira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsBGfkjBGzr8C%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyne1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne" title="Thomas Kelly Cheyne">Cheyne, Thomas Kelly</a> (1901) [1899]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib02cheyuoft">"Jerubbesheth"</a>. In Cheyne, T. K.; Black, J. Sutherland (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible</i>. Vol. 2, E–K. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerubbesheth&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Biblica%3A+A+Critical+Dictionary+of+the+Literary%2C+Political%2C+and+Religious+History%2C+the+Archaeology%2C+Geography%2C+and+Natural+History+of+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Cheyne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediabib02cheyuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVries1975" class="citation book cs1">DeVries, Simon John (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GfITLEZBQvsC&pg=PA79"><i>Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: Time and History in the Old Testament</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802826640" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802826640"><bdi>978-0802826640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yesterday%2C+Today%2C+and+Tomorrow%3A+Time+and+History+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0802826640&rft.aulast=DeVries&rft.aufirst=Simon+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfITLEZBQvsC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigot1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gigot, Francis (1909). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gideon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Gideon">"Gideon" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gideon&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Gigot&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Ginzberg, Louis (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZcITY1VnfsC"><i>The Legends of the Jews</i></a>. Vol. 4. Translated by Szold, Henrietta; Radin, Paul. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801858932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801858932"><bdi>978-0801858932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legends+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0801858932&rft.aulast=Ginzberg&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ZcITY1VnfsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2007" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7feBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99"><i>Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567110121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567110121"><bdi>978-0567110121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%3A+What+Do+We+Know+and+How+Do+We+Know+It%3F&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0567110121&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7feBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch1906" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil G.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6664-gideon">"Gideon"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Gideon&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6664-gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuddiman2007" class="citation book cs1">Muddiman, John, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWUTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182"><i>The Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199277186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199277186"><bdi>978-0199277186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199277186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWUTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiditch2008" class="citation book cs1">Niditch, Susan (2008). <i>Judges A Commentary</i>. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664238315" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664238315"><bdi>978-0664238315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judges+A+Commentary&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0664238315&rft.aulast=Niditch&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollstonGarfinkelKeimerDavis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rollston, Christopher; Garfinkel, Yosef; Keimer, Kyle H.; Davis, Gillan; Ganor, Saar (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jjar.huji.ac.il/publications/jerubba%E2%80%98al-inscription-khirbet-al-ra%E2%80%98ia-proto-canaanite-early-alphabetic">"The Jerubba'al Inscription from Khirbet al-Ra'i: A Proto-Canaanite (Early Alphabetic) Inscription"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Journal_of_Archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology">Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology</a></i>. <b>2</b>: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226551527">226551527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Jerubba%27al+Inscription+from+Khirbet+al-Ra%27i%3A+A+Proto-Canaanite+%28Early+Alphabetic%29+Inscription&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226551527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rollston&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Garfinkel%2C+Yosef&rft.au=Keimer%2C+Kyle+H.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Gillan&rft.au=Ganor%2C+Saar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjjar.huji.ac.il%2Fpublications%2Fjerubba%25E2%2580%2598al-inscription-khirbet-al-ra%25E2%2580%2598ia-proto-canaanite-early-alphabetic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Mark S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA46"><i>The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802839725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802839725"><bdi>978-0802839725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+God%3A+Yahweh+and+the+Other+Deities+in+Ancient+Israel&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0802839725&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yM3AuBh4AsC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzoldRadin1998" class="citation book cs1">Szold, Henrietta; Radin, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TF-3ibKcOjwC&q=Legends+of+the+jews+Gideon&pg=PA201"><i>The Legends of the Jews: From Moses to Esther</i></a> (Reprint ed.). JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801858956" title="Special:BookSources/9780801858956"><bdi>9780801858956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legends+of+the+Jews%3A+From+Moses+to+Esther&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780801858956&rft.aulast=Szold&rft.aufirst=Henrietta&rft.au=Radin%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTF-3ibKcOjwC%26q%3DLegends%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bjews%2BGideon%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGideon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Gideon of Manasseh</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Abieezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abieezer">Clan of Abieezer</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Manasseh" title="Tribe of Manasseh">Tribe of Manasseh</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barak" title="Barak">Barak</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">Judge of Israel</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abimelech_(Judges)" title="Abimelech (Judges)">Abimelech</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_/_Old_Testament" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Template:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Template talk:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible_/_Old_Testament" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Prophets_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Category:Prophets in the Hebrew Bible">Prophets in the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Patriarchal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></i><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Noah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)#Matriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Israelite prophets<br />in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Moses in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldad_and_Medad" title="Eldad and Medad">Eldad and Medad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phinehas" title="Phinehas">Phinehas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mentioned in the<br /><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former Prophets</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah" title="Deborah">Deborah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elkanah" title="Elkanah">Elkanah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_(biblical_figure)" title="Hannah (biblical figure)">Hannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail" title="Abigail">Abigail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(prophet)" title="Gad (prophet)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_(prophet)" title="Nathan (prophet)">Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeduthun" title="Jeduthun">Jeduthun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahijah_the_Shilonite" title="Ahijah the Shilonite">Ahijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)" title="Shemaiah (prophet)">Shemaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddo_(prophet)" title="Iddo (prophet)">Iddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanani" title="Hanani">Hanani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu_(prophet)" title="Jehu (prophet)">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micaiah" title="Micaiah">Micaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahaziel" title="Jahaziel">Jahaziel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer#Eliezer_the_prophet" title="Eliezer">Eliezer ben Dodavah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_ben_Jehoiada" title="Zechariah ben Jehoiada">Zechariah ben Jehoiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah" title="Huldah">Huldah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaiah_in_rabbinic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Daniel in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Jonah in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beor_(biblical_figure)" title="Beor (biblical figure)">Beor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Job in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoz" title="Amoz">Amoz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beeri" title="Beeri">Beeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agur" title="Agur">Agur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_(prophet)" title="Uriah (prophet)">Uriah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buzi" title="Buzi">Buzi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oded_(prophet)" title="Oded (prophet)">Oded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariah_(prophet)" title="Azariah (prophet)">Azariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate persons whose status as <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> is not universally accepted.</li> <li>‡ indicates persons whose status as prophets is exclusive to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extra-Quranic_prophets_of_Islam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extra-Quranic_prophets_of_Islam" title="Template:Extra-Quranic prophets of Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extra-Quranic_prophets_of_Islam" title="Template talk:Extra-Quranic prophets of Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extra-Quranic_prophets_of_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extra-Quranic prophets of Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extra-Quranic_prophets_of_Islam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extra-Quranic prophets of Islam</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcf5dc;">In <i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Stories of the Prophets</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ffffff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_Islam" title="Daniel in Islam">Daniel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcf5dc;">In Islamic tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eli_(biblical_figure)" title="Eli (biblical figure)">Eli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahijah" title="Ahijah">Ahijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmaya_(tanna)" title="Shmaya (tanna)">Shemaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddo_(prophet)" title="Iddo (prophet)">Iddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanani" title="Hanani">Hanani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu_(prophet)" title="Jehu (prophet)">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micaiah" title="Micaiah">Micaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer" title="Eliezer">Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_ben_Jehoiada" title="Zechariah ben Jehoiada">Zechariah ben Jehoiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_(prophet)" title="Uriah (prophet)">Uriah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berechiah" title="Berechiah">Berechiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Hanzalah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khaled_bin_Sinan" title="Khaled bin Sinan">Khaled bin Sinan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcf5dc;">In Quranic exegesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ffffff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Abel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of Ya-Sin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah, son of Berechiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#dcf5dc;;"><div><i>Italics</i> = While the figure has been revered by many Muslims as a saint, status as a prophet is not accepted by all.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bible_and_warfare" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Bible_and_warfare" title="Template:The Bible and warfare"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Bible_and_warfare" title="Template talk:The Bible and warfare"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Bible_and_warfare" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Bible and warfare"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Bible_and_warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">The Bible and warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_the_Hebrew_Bible#List_of_Hebrew_Bible_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare in the Hebrew Bible">Hebrew<br />Bible<br />battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah / Pentateuch</a> battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">Crossing the Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Refidim" title="Battle of Refidim">Battle of Refidim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf#Exclusion_of_the_Levites_and_mass_execution" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_31" title="Numbers 31">War against the Midianites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Jericho" title="Fall of Jericho">Fall of Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)#Biblical_narrative" title="Ai (Canaan)">Battle of Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor#Late_Bronze_Age" title="Tel Hazor">Battle of Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Waters_of_Merom" title="Battle of the Waters of Merom">Battle of the Waters of Merom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(biblical)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (biblical)">Battle of Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Biblical_narrative">Gideon's campaign (Well of Harod)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah%27s_Idol" title="Micah's Idol">Micah's Idol / Sack of Laish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levite%27s_concubine" title="Levite's concubine">Benjamite War / Battle of Gibeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aphek" title="Battle of Aphek">Battle of Aphek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mizpah" title="Battle of Mizpah">Battle of Mizpah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United monarchy</a> period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Michmash" title="Battle of Michmash">Battle of Michmash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> <i>or</i> <a href="/wiki/Elhanan,_son_of_Jaare-oregim" title="Elhanan, son of Jaare-oregim">Elhanan</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gilboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Gilboa">Battle of Mount Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Gibeon" title="Pool of Gibeon">Pool of Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jebus" title="Siege of Jebus">Siege of Jebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wood_of_Ephraim" title="Battle of the Wood of Ephraim">Battle of the Wood of Ephraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-perazim" title="Baal-perazim">Baal-perazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam%27s_Revolt" title="Jeroboam's Revolt">Jeroboam's Revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shishak" title="Shishak">Shishak's raid of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Zemaraim" title="Battle of Mount Zemaraim">Battle of Mount Zemaraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zephath" title="Battle of Zephath">Battle of Zephath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelite%E2%80%93Aramean_War" title="Israelite–Aramean War">Israelite–Aramean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Ephraimite_War" title="Syro-Ephraimite War">Syro-Ephraimite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_campaign_in_the_Levant" title="Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant">Sennacherib's campaign in Judah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish" title="Siege of Lachish">Siege of Lachish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">Assyrian siege of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(609_BC)" title="Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)">Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Exilic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> war (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/80px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/120px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/160px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible Portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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