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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "//www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="//www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title>Exodus 10:1 Then the LORD said to Moses, "Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials, that I may perform these miraculous signs of Mine among them,</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://biblehub.com/exodus/10-1.htm" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/new9.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><meta property="og:image" content="https://biblehub.com/visuals/17/02_Exo_10_01.jpg" /><meta property="og:title" content="Exodus 10:1 - The Eighth Plague: Locusts" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="Bible Hub" /><meta property="og:description" content="Then the LORD said to Moses, Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials, that I may perform these miraculous signs of Mine among them," /><script type="application/javascript" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/8a2459b64f9cac8122fc7f2eac4409c8555fac9383016db59c4c26e3d5b8b157"></script><script src='https://qd.admetricspro.com/js/biblehub/biblehub-layout-loader-revcatch.js'></script><script id='HyDgbd_1s' src='https://prebidads.revcatch.com/ads.js' type='text/javascript' async></script><script>(function(w,d,b,s,i){var cts=d.createElement(s);cts.async=true;cts.id='catchscript'; cts.dataset.appid=i;cts.src='https://app.protectsubrev.com/catch_rp.js?cb='+Math.random(); document.head.appendChild(cts); }) (window,document,'head','script','rc-anksrH');</script></head><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="/vmenus/exodus/10-1.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="/bmc/exodus/10-1.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="/">Bible</a> > <a href="/exodus/">Exodus</a> > <a href="/exodus/10.htm">Chapter 10</a> > Verse 1</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div><div id="ad1"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/ad1.htm" width="100%" height="48" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="/exodus/9-35.htm" title="Exodus 9:35">◄</a> Exodus 10:1 <a href="/exodus/10-2.htm" title="Exodus 10:2">►</a></div></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="topverse"> <a href="#audio" class="clickchap2" title="Context and Audio Bible"> Audio </a> <a href="#crossref" class="clickchap2" title="Cross References"> Cross </a> <a href="#study" class="clickchap2" title="Study Bible"> Study </a> <a href="#commentary" class="clickchap2" title="Commentary"> Comm </a> <a href="#lexicon" class="clickchap2" title="Lexicon"> Heb </a> </div><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><div class="vheadingv">Verse<a href="/bsb/exodus/10.htm" class="clickchap" style="color:#001320" title="Click any translation name for full chapter">  (Click for Chapter)</a></div><div id="par"><a href="/niv/exodus/10.htm">New International Version</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, &#8220Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials so that I may perform these signs of mine among them <a href="/nlt/exodus/10.htm">New Living Translation</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, “Return to Pharaoh and make your demands again. I have made him and his officials stubborn so I can display my miraculous signs among them. <a href="/esv/exodus/10.htm">English Standard Version</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, that I may show these signs of mine among them, <a href="/bsb/exodus/10.htm">Berean Standard Bible</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials, that I may perform these miraculous signs of Mine among them, <a href="/kjv/exodus/10.htm">King James Bible</a> And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs before him: <a href="/nkjv/exodus/10.htm">New King James Version</a> Now the LORD said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh; for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his servants, that I may show these signs of Mine before him, <a href="/nasb_/exodus/10.htm">New American Standard Bible</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, so that I may perform these signs of Mine among them, <a href="/nasb/exodus/10.htm">NASB 1995</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, &#8220Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, that I may perform these signs of Mine among them, <a href="/nasb77/exodus/10.htm">NASB 1977 </a> Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, that I may perform these signs of Mine among them, <a href="/lsb/exodus/10.htm">Legacy Standard Bible </a> Then Yahweh said to Moses, “Come to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants with firmness, that I may set these signs of Mine among them, <a href="/amp/exodus/10.htm">Amplified Bible</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants [making them determined and unresponsive], so that I may exhibit My signs [of divine power] among them, <a href="/csb/exodus/10.htm">Christian Standard Bible</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials so that I may do these miraculous signs of mine among them, <a href="/hcsb/exodus/10.htm">Holman Christian Standard Bible</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, &#8220Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials so that I may do these miraculous signs of Mine among them, <a href="/asv/exodus/10.htm">American Standard Version</a> And Jehovah said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I may show these my signs in the midst of them, <a href="/cev/exodus/10.htm">Contemporary English Version</a> The LORD said to Moses: Go back to the king. I have made him and his officials stubborn, so that I could work these miracles. <a href="/erv/exodus/10.htm">English Revised Version</a> And the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might shew these my signs in the midst of them: <a href="/gwt/exodus/10.htm">GOD'S WORD® Translation</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, "Go to Pharaoh. I have made him and his officials stubborn so that I can do these miraculous signs among them. <a href="/gnt/exodus/10.htm">Good News Translation</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, "Go and see the king. I have made him and his officials stubborn, in order that I may perform these miracles among them <a href="/isv/exodus/10.htm">International Standard Version</a> Then the LORD told Moses, "Go to Pharaoh, for I've hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials in order to perform these signs of mine among them, <a href="/msb/exodus/10.htm">Majority Standard Bible</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, ?Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials, that I may perform these miraculous signs of Mine among them, <a href="/net/exodus/10.htm">NET Bible</a> The LORD said to Moses, "Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, in order to display these signs of mine before him, <a href="/nheb/exodus/10.htm">New Heart English Bible</a> The LORD said to Moses, "Go in to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I may show these my signs in the midst of them, <a href="/wbt/exodus/10.htm">Webster's Bible Translation</a> And the LORD said to Moses, Go in to Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants; that I might show these my signs before him: <a href="/web/exodus/10.htm">World English Bible</a> Yahweh said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, that I may show these my signs among them; <div class="vheading2">Literal Translations</div><a href="/lsv/exodus/10.htm">Literal Standard Version</a> And YHWH says to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have declared his heart hard, and the heart of his servants, so that I set these signs of Mine in their midst, <a href="/ylt/exodus/10.htm">Young's Literal Translation</a> And Jehovah saith unto Moses, 'Go in unto Pharaoh, for I have declared hard his heart, and the heart of his servants, so that I set these My signs in their midst, <a href="/slt/exodus/10.htm">Smith's Literal Translation</a> And Jehovah will say to Moses, Go to Pharaoh: for I made his heart heavy, and the heart of his servants; for sake of my setting these my signs within him.<div class="vheading2">Catholic Translations</div><a href="/drb/exodus/10.htm">Douay-Rheims Bible</a> And the Lord said to Moses: Go in to Pharao; for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants: that I may work these my signs in him. <a href="/cpdv/exodus/10.htm">Catholic Public Domain Version</a> And the Lord said to Moses: “Enter to Pharaoh. For I have hardened his heart, and that of his servants, so that I may accomplish these, my signs, in him, <a href="/nabre/exodus/10.htm">New American Bible</a> Then the LORD said to Moses: Go to Pharaoh, for I have made him and his servants obstinate in order that I may perform these signs of mine among them <a href="/nrsvce/exodus/10.htm">New Revised Standard Version</a> Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh; for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his officials, in order that I may show these signs of mine among them,<div class="vheading2">Translations from Aramaic</div><a href="/lamsa/exodus/10.htm">Lamsa Bible</a> AND the LORD said to Moses, Go in to Pharaoh; for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his servants, that I may perform these signs among them, <a href="/hpbt/exodus/10.htm">Peshitta Holy Bible Translated</a> And LORD JEHOVAH said to Moshe: “Go to Pharaoh, because I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants so that I would do these signs among them:<div class="vheading2">OT Translations</div><a href="/jps/exodus/10.htm">JPS Tanakh 1917</a> And the LORD said unto Moses: 'Go in unto Pharaoh; for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might show these My signs in the midst of them; <a href="/sep/exodus/10.htm">Brenton Septuagint Translation</a> And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, Go in to Pharao: for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, that these signs may come upon them; in order <a href="/parallel/exodus/10-1.htm">Additional Translations ...</a></div></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><a name="audio" id="audio"></a><div class="vheadingv">Audio Bible</div><iframe width="100%" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kVae3PiKqhs?start=2273" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="vheadingv">Context</div><a href="/bsb/exodus/10.htm">The Eighth Plague: Locusts</a> 1<a href="/hebrew/3068.htm" title="3068: Yah·weh (N-proper-ms) -- The proper name of the God of Israel. From hayah; self-Existent or Eternal; Jehovah, Jewish national name of God.">Then the LORD</a> <a href="/hebrew/559.htm" title="559: way·yō·mer (Conj-w:: V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms) -- To utter, say. A primitive root; to say.">said</a> <a href="/hebrew/413.htm" title="413: ’el- (Prep) -- To, into, towards. ">to</a> <a href="/hebrew/4872.htm" title="4872: mō·šeh (N-proper-ms) -- A great Isr. leader, prophet and lawgiver. From mashah; drawing out, i.e. Rescued; Mosheh, the Israelite lawgiver.">Moses,</a> <a href="/hebrew/935.htm" title="935: bō (V-Qal-Imp-ms) -- To come in, come, go in, go. A primitive root; to go or come.">“Go</a> <a href="/hebrew/413.htm" title="413: ’el- (Prep) -- To, into, towards. ">to</a> <a href="/hebrew/6547.htm" title="6547: par·‘ōh (N-proper-ms) -- A title of Eg. kings. Of Egyptian derivation; Paroh, a general title of Egyptian kings.">Pharaoh,</a> <a href="/hebrew/3588.htm" title="3588: kî- (Conj) -- That, for, when. ">for</a> <a href="/hebrew/589.htm" title="589: ’ă·nî (Pro-1cs) -- I. Contracted from 'anokiy; I.">I</a> <a href="/hebrew/3513.htm" title="3513: hiḵ·baḏ·tî (V-Hifil-Perf-1cs) -- Or kabed; a primitive root; to be heavy, i.e. In a bad sense or in a good sense (in the same two senses).">have hardened</a> <a href="/hebrew/853.htm" title="853: ’eṯ- (DirObjM) -- Apparent contracted from 'owth in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self."></a> <a href="/hebrew/3820.htm" title="3820: lib·bōw (N-msc:: 3ms) -- A form of lebab; the heart; also used very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything.">his heart</a> <a href="/hebrew/853.htm" title="853: wə·’eṯ- (Conj-w:: DirObjM) -- Apparent contracted from 'owth in the demonstrative sense of entity; properly, self."></a> <a href="/hebrew/3820.htm" title="3820: lêḇ (N-msc) -- A form of lebab; the heart; also used very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything.">and the hearts</a> <a href="/hebrew/5650.htm" title="5650: ‘ă·ḇā·ḏāw (N-mpc:: 3ms) -- Slave, servant. From abad; a servant.">of his officials,</a> <a href="/hebrew/4616.htm" title="4616: lə·ma·‘an (Conj) -- From anah; properly, heed, i.e. Purpose; used only adverbially, on account of, teleologically, in order that.">that</a> <a href="/hebrew/7896.htm" title="7896: ši·ṯî (V-Qal-Inf:: 1cs) -- To put, set. A primitive root; to place.">I may perform</a> <a href="/hebrew/428.htm" title="428: ’êl·leh (Pro-cp) -- These. Prolonged from 'el; these or those.">these</a> <a href="/hebrew/226.htm" title="226: ’ō·ṯō·ṯay (N-cpc:: 1cs) -- A sign. Probably from 'uwth; a signal, as a flag, beacon, monument, omen, prodigy, evidence, etc.">miraculous signs of Mine</a> <a href="/hebrew/7130.htm" title="7130: bə·qir·bōw (Prep-b:: N-msc:: 3ms) -- Inward part, midst. From qarab; properly, the nearest part, i.e. The center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial.">among them,</a> 2and that you may tell your children and grandchildren how severely I dealt with the Egyptians when I performed miraculous signs among them, so that all of you may know that I am the LORD.”…<div class="cred"><a href="//berean.bible">Berean Standard Bible</a> · <a href="//berean.bible/downloads.htm">Download</a></div> <a name="crossref" id="crossref"></a><div class="vheading">Cross References</div><div id="crf"><a href="/romans/9-17.htm">Romans 9:17</a> For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.” <a href="/exodus/7-3.htm">Exodus 7:3-5</a> But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and though I will multiply My signs and wonders in the land of Egypt, / Pharaoh will not listen to you. Then I will lay My hand on Egypt, and by mighty acts of judgment I will bring the divisions of My people the Israelites out of the land of Egypt. / And the Egyptians will know that I am the LORD, when I stretch out My hand against Egypt and bring the Israelites out from among them.” <a href="/exodus/9-16.htm">Exodus 9:16</a> But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power to you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth. <a href="/deuteronomy/6-22.htm">Deuteronomy 6:22</a> Before our eyes the LORD inflicted great and devastating signs and wonders on Egypt, on Pharaoh, and on all his household. <a href="/psalms/78-43.htm">Psalm 78:43-51</a> when He performed His signs in Egypt and His wonders in the fields of Zoan. / He turned their rivers to blood, and from their streams they could not drink. / He sent swarms of flies that devoured them, and frogs that devastated them. ... <a href="/psalms/105-27.htm">Psalm 105:27-36</a> They performed His miraculous signs among them, and wonders in the land of Ham. / He sent darkness, and it became dark—yet they defied His words. / He turned their waters to blood and caused their fish to die. ... <a href="/acts/7-36.htm">Acts 7:36</a> He led them out and performed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt, at the Red Sea, and for forty years in the wilderness. <a href="/exodus/11-9.htm">Exodus 11:9-10</a> The LORD said to Moses, “Pharaoh will not listen to you, so that My wonders may be multiplied in the land of Egypt.” / Moses and Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh, but the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart so that he would not let the Israelites go out of his land. <a href="/exodus/14-4.htm">Exodus 14:4</a> And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart so that he will pursue them. But I will gain honor by means of Pharaoh and all his army, and the Egyptians will know that I am the LORD.” So this is what the Israelites did. <a href="/exodus/14-17.htm">Exodus 14:17-18</a> And I will harden the hearts of the Egyptians so that they will go in after them. Then I will gain honor by means of Pharaoh and all his army and chariots and horsemen. / The Egyptians will know that I am the LORD when I am honored through Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen.” <a href="/exodus/4-21.htm">Exodus 4:21</a> The LORD instructed Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders that I have put within your power. But I will harden his heart so that he will not let the people go. <a href="/exodus/8-15.htm">Exodus 8:15</a> When Pharaoh saw that there was relief, however, he hardened his heart and would not listen to Moses and Aaron, just as the LORD had said. <a href="/exodus/8-32.htm">Exodus 8:32</a> But Pharaoh hardened his heart this time as well, and he would not let the people go. <a href="/exodus/9-12.htm">Exodus 9:12</a> But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not listen to them, just as the LORD had said to Moses. <a href="/exodus/7-13.htm">Exodus 7:13</a> Still, Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he would not listen to them, just as the LORD had said.</div> <a name="tsk" id="tsk"><div class="vheading">Treasury of Scripture</div>And the LORD said to Moses, Go in to Pharaoh: for I have hardened his heart, and the heart of his servants, that I might show these my signs before him:I have hardened<a href="/exodus/4-21.htm">Exodus 4:21</a> And the LORD said unto Moses, When thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people go.<a href="/exodus/7-13.htm">Exodus 7:13,14</a> And he hardened Pharaoh's heart, that he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had said… <a href="/exodus/9-27.htm">Exodus 9:27,34,35</a> And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked… that I<a href="/exodus/3-20.htm">Exodus 3:20</a> And I will stretch out my hand, and smite Egypt with all my wonders which I will do in the midst thereof: and after that he will let you go.<a href="/exodus/7-4.htm">Exodus 7:4</a> But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments.<a href="/exodus/9-16.htm">Exodus 9:16</a> And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power; and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth.<div class="vheading">Jump to Previous</div><a href="/exodus/9-16.htm">Declared</a> <a href="/exodus/9-35.htm">Hard</a> <a href="/exodus/9-35.htm">Hardened</a> <a href="/exodus/9-35.htm">Heart</a> <a href="/exodus/9-34.htm">Hearts</a> <a href="/exodus/9-24.htm">Midst</a> <a href="/exodus/8-23.htm">Miraculous</a> <a href="/exodus/9-35.htm">Moses</a> <a href="/exodus/9-34.htm">Officials</a> <a href="/exodus/7-9.htm">Perform</a> <a href="/exodus/9-35.htm">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/exodus/9-34.htm">Servants</a> <a href="/exodus/9-16.htm">Show</a> <a href="/exodus/7-3.htm">Signs</a><div class="vheading2">Jump to Next</div><a href="/exodus/13-8.htm">Declared</a> <a href="/exodus/10-20.htm">Hard</a> <a href="/exodus/10-20.htm">Hardened</a> <a href="/exodus/10-20.htm">Heart</a> <a href="/exodus/14-17.htm">Hearts</a> <a href="/exodus/11-4.htm">Midst</a> <a href="/numbers/14-11.htm">Miraculous</a> <a href="/exodus/10-3.htm">Moses</a> <a href="/exodus/10-7.htm">Officials</a> <a href="/exodus/18-18.htm">Perform</a> <a href="/exodus/10-3.htm">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/exodus/10-6.htm">Servants</a> <a href="/exodus/13-8.htm">Show</a> <a href="/exodus/10-2.htm">Signs</a><div class="vheading2">Exodus 10</div>1. <a href="/exodus/10-1.htm">God threatens to send locusts</a> 7. <a href="/exodus/10-7.htm">Pharaoh, moved by his servants, inclines to let the Israelites go</a> 12. <a href="/exodus/10-12.htm">The plague of the locusts</a> 16. <a href="/exodus/10-16.htm">Pharaoh entreats Moses</a> 21. <a href="/exodus/10-21.htm">The plague of darkness</a> 24. <a href="/exodus/10-24.htm">Pharaoh again entreats Moses, but yet is hardened</a> </div></div><div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"> <script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; 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Moses is portrayed as a prophet and leader chosen by God to deliver the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. This divine communication underscores the authority and authenticity of Moses' mission. It also reflects the intimate relationship between God and Moses, as seen throughout the Pentateuch.Go to Pharaoh The command to "go to Pharaoh" is a continuation of Moses' mission to confront the Egyptian ruler and demand the release of the Israelites. Pharaoh, the title for the king of Egypt, was considered a god by his people, making this confrontation not just a political challenge but a spiritual one. This phrase sets the stage for the ongoing conflict between the God of Israel and the gods of Egypt, highlighting the theme of divine sovereignty.for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials The hardening of Pharaoh's heart is a complex theological concept. It demonstrates God's sovereignty over human will and serves to fulfill His purposes. This hardening is both a divine act and a response to Pharaoh's own stubbornness. The hardening of the officials' hearts indicates that the resistance to God's will is not limited to Pharaoh alone but extends to his entire administration, emphasizing the systemic nature of the opposition to God's plan.that I may perform these miraculous signs of Mine among them The purpose of the hardening is to allow God to display His power through miraculous signs, which are the plagues. These signs serve multiple purposes: they are judgments against the gods of Egypt, they demonstrate God's supremacy, and they are a means of revealing His power to both the Egyptians and the Israelites. The plagues are also prophetic, foreshadowing future judgments and deliverances, and they typify the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who performs signs and wonders to reveal God's kingdom.<div class="vheading2">Persons / Places / Events</div>1. <a href="/topical/t/the_lord.htm">The LORD (Yahweh)</a> The covenant-keeping God of Israel, who is orchestrating the events to demonstrate His power and sovereignty. 2. <a href="/topical/m/moses.htm">Moses</a> The chosen leader and prophet of Israel, tasked with confronting Pharaoh and leading the Israelites out of Egypt. 3. <a href="/topical/p/pharaoh.htm">Pharaoh</a> The ruler of Egypt, whose heart is hardened by God to fulfill His divine purposes. 4. <a href="/topical/e/egypt.htm">Egypt</a> The land where the Israelites are enslaved, and where God is performing signs and wonders to secure their release. 5. <a href="/topical/t/the_signs.htm">The Signs</a> Miraculous events orchestrated by God to demonstrate His power and to compel Pharaoh to release the Israelites.<div class="vheading2">Teaching Points</div><a href="/topical/g/god's_sovereignty.htm">God's Sovereignty</a> Recognize that God is in control of all events, even the hardening of hearts, to fulfill His divine purposes. <a href="/topical/p/purpose_of_hardening.htm">Purpose of Hardening</a> Understand that God may allow resistance to His will to display His power and bring about His greater plan. <a href="/topical/r/role_of_obedience.htm">Role of Obedience</a> Like Moses, we are called to obey God's commands, even when facing opposition or seemingly insurmountable challenges. <a href="/topical/s/signs_and_wonders.htm">Signs and Wonders</a> Reflect on how God uses miraculous events to reveal His character and intentions to both believers and non-believers. <a href="/topical/f/faith_in_adversity.htm">Faith in Adversity</a> Trust in God's plan and timing, even when circumstances seem difficult or when facing hardened hearts.<div class="vheading2">Lists and Questions</div><a href="/top10/lessons_from_exodus_10.htm">Top 10 Lessons from Exodus 10</a> <a href="/q/how_do_locusts_and_hail_plagues_align.htm">How does the destruction caused by the locusts (Exodus 10:15) align with the later plague of hail in Exodus 9, which supposedly ruined crops earlier? </a> <a href="/q/why_does_moses_threaten_pharaoh_repeatedly.htm">Why does Moses repeatedly request permission for worship yet continue threatening Pharaoh (Exodus 10:9–11) if God had already determined Pharaoh’s heart would be hardened?</a> <a href="/q/what_happens_in_exodus.htm">What events occur in the biblical book of Exodus?</a> <a href="/q/can_drought_hit_one_city,_spare_another.htm">Amos 4:7–8 – How could drought selectively strike one city while sparing another, and is there any scientific basis for this claim? </a><a name="commentary" id="commentary"></a><div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/ellicott/exodus/10.htm">Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers</a></div>X.THE EIGHTH PLAGUE.(1-4) The eighth plague, like the third and fourth, was one where insect life was called in to serve God's purposes, and chastise the presumption of His enemies. The nature of the visitation is uncontested and incontestable--it was a terrible invasion of locusts. Locusts are an occasional, though not a frequent, scourge in Egypt. They are not bred there, and necessarily arrive from some foreign country. When they descend, their ravages are as severe as elsewhere. "In the present day," says Mr. Stuart Poole, "locusts suddenly appear in the cultivated land, coming from the desert in a column of great length. They fly across the country, darkening the air with their compact ranks, which are undisturbed by the constant attacks of kites, crows, and vultures, and making a strange whizzing sound, like that of fire, or many distant wheels. Where they alight they devour every green thing, even stripping the trees of their leaves. Rewards are offered for their destruction; but no labour can seriously reduce their numbers" (Dict. of the Bible, vol. ii., p. 887). C. Niebuhr witnessed two invasions--in 1761 and 1762; Denon witnessed another about the year 1800; and Tischendorf saw one recently. They always enter Egypt either from the south or from the east, and necessarily come with a wind, since they cannot possibly fly any considerable distance without one. It is probable that at different times different varieties of the locust visit the country; but all varieties are almost equally destructive. After the loss of their cattle by murrain and hail, and the ruin of the flax and barley crops by the latter agency, nothing was wanting to complete the desolation of the country and the impoverishment of its inhabitants but the ruin of the wheat and doora crops, which the locusts speedily effected.(1) I have hardened . . . the heart of his servants.--They, too, had first hardened their own hearts (<a href="/exodus/9-34.htm" title="And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.">Exodus 9:34</a>), and so deserved a penal hardening. A certain amount of responsibility rested on them. Had they allowed the miracles to have their full natural effect upon their minds, they would have been convinced that resistance was useless, and would have impressed their views upon the Pharaoh. Even in the most absolute governments public opinion has weight, and the general sentiment of the Court almost always carries the sovereign with it.That I might shew these my signs.--There is nothing derogatory to the Divine Nature in a penal hardening being, as it were, utilised to increase the glory of God, and affect for good future generations of His people. The accumulation of plague upon plague, which the obduracy of Pharaoh and his subjects brought about, was of vast importance in presenting to Israel, and even to the surrounding nations, a manifestation of the tremendous power of God, calculated to impress them as nothing else would have done.<div class="vheading2"><a href="/commentaries/pulpit/exodus/10.htm">Pulpit Commentary</a></div>Verses 1-20. - THE EIGHTH PLAGUE. Notwithstanding his self-condemnation and acknowledgment of the righteousness of God in all the judgments that had been sent upon him (<a href="/exodus/9-27.htm">Exodus 9:27</a>), Pharaoh no sooner found that the seventh plague had ceased than he reverted to his old obstinacy. He both wilfully hardened his own heart (<a href="/exodus/9-34.htm">Exodus 9:34</a>); and God, by the unfailing operation of his moral laws, further blunted or hardened it (<a href="/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1</a>). Accordingly, it became necessary that his stubbornness should be punished by one other severe infliction. Locusts, God's "great army," as they are elsewhere called (<a href="/joel/2-25.htm">Joel 2:25</a>), were the instrument chosen, so that once more the judgment should seem to come from heaven, and that it should be exactly fitted to complete the destruction which the hail had left unaccomplished (ver. 5). Locusts, when they come in full force, are among the most terrible of all the judgments that can befall a country. "A fire devoureth before them; and behind them a flame burneth: the land is as the garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness" (<a href="/joel/2-3.htm">Joel 2:3</a>). They destroy every atom of foliage - crops, vegetables, shrubs, trees - even the bark of the fruit-trees suffers - the stems are injured, the smaller branches completely peeled and "made white" (<a href="/joel/1-7.htm">Joel 1:7</a>). When Moses threatened this infliction, his words produced at once a great effect. The officers of the court - "Pharaoh's servants," as they are called - for the first time endeavoured to exert an influence over the king - "Let the men go," they said; "knowest thou not yet that Egypt is destroyed?" (ver. 7). And the king so far yielded that - also for the first time - he let himself be influenced by the mere threat of a judgment. He would have let the Israelites depart, before the locusts came, if only they would have left their "little ones" behind them (vers. 8-11 ). Moses, however, could not consent to this limitation; and so the plague came in fall severity the locusts covered the whole face of the earth, so that the land was darkened with them (ver. 15); and all that the hail had left, including the whole of the wheat and doora harvests, was destroyed. Then Pharaoh made fresh acknowledgment of his sin, and fresh appeals for intercession - with the old result that the plague was removed, and that he remained as obdurate as ever (vers. 16-20). Verse 1. - Go in unto Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart. The word "I" is expressed in the original and is emphatic. It is not merely that Pharaoh has hardened himself (<a href="/exodus/9-34.htm">Exodus 9:34</a>); but I have "dulled" or "hardened" him. Therefore condescend to see him once more, and to bear my message to him. The heart of his servants. Compare <a href="/exodus/9-34.htm">Exodus 9:34</a>. As Pharaoh's determination began to waver the influence of the court officers increased. Hence the frequent mention of them in this part of the narrative. That I might shew them my signs. The "fierceness of man" was being "turned to God's praise." It resulted from the obstinacy of Pharaoh that more and greater miracles were wrought, more wonderful signs shown, and that by these means both the Israelites themselves, and the heathen nations in contact with them, were the more deeply impressed. <a href="/commentaries/exodus/10-1.htm">Parallel Commentaries ...</a> <a name="lexicon" id="lexicon"></a><div class="vheading">Hebrew</div>Then the LORD יְהוָה֙ (Yah·weh) Noun - proper - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_3068.htm">Strong's 3068: </a> LORD -- the proper name of the God of Israel said וַיֹּ֤אמֶר (way·yō·mer) Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Consecutive imperfect - third person masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_559.htm">Strong's 559: </a> To utter, say to אֶל־ (’el-) Preposition <a href="/hebrew/strongs_413.htm">Strong's 413: </a> Near, with, among, to Moses, מֹשֶׁ֔ה (mō·šeh) Noun - proper - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_4872.htm">Strong's 4872: </a> Moses -- a great Israelite leader, prophet and lawgiver “Go בֹּ֖א (bō) Verb - Qal - Imperative - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_935.htm">Strong's 935: </a> To come in, come, go in, go to אֶל־ (’el-) Preposition <a href="/hebrew/strongs_413.htm">Strong's 413: </a> Near, with, among, to Pharaoh, פַּרְעֹ֑ה (par·‘ōh) Noun - proper - masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_6547.htm">Strong's 6547: </a> Pharaoh -- a title of Egypt kings for כִּֽי־ (kî-) Conjunction <a href="/hebrew/strongs_3588.htm">Strong's 3588: </a> A relative conjunction I אֲנִ֞י (’ă·nî) Pronoun - first person common singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_589.htm">Strong's 589: </a> I have hardened הִכְבַּ֤דְתִּי (hiḵ·baḏ·tî) Verb - Hifil - Perfect - first person common singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_3513.htm">Strong's 3513: </a> To be heavy, weighty, or burdensome his heart לִבּוֹ֙ (lib·bōw) Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_3820.htm">Strong's 3820: </a> The heart, the feelings, the will, the intellect, centre and the hearts לֵ֣ב (lêḇ) Noun - masculine singular construct <a href="/hebrew/strongs_3820.htm">Strong's 3820: </a> The heart, the feelings, the will, the intellect, centre of his officials, עֲבָדָ֔יו (‘ă·ḇā·ḏāw) Noun - masculine plural construct | third person masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_5650.htm">Strong's 5650: </a> Slave, servant that לְמַ֗עַן (lə·ma·‘an) Conjunction <a href="/hebrew/strongs_4616.htm">Strong's 4616: </a> Purpose -- intent I may perform שִׁתִ֛י (ši·ṯî) Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct | first person common singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_7896.htm">Strong's 7896: </a> To put, set these אֵ֖לֶּה (’êl·leh) Pronoun - common plural <a href="/hebrew/strongs_428.htm">Strong's 428: </a> These, those miraculous signs of Mine אֹתֹתַ֥י (’ō·ṯō·ṯay) Noun - common plural construct | first person common singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_226.htm">Strong's 226: </a> A signal, as a, flag, beacon, monument, omen, prodigy, evidence among them, בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃ (bə·qir·bōw) Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular <a href="/hebrew/strongs_7130.htm">Strong's 7130: </a> The nearest part, the center <div class="vheading">Links</div><a href="/niv/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 NIV</a> <a href="/nlt/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 NLT</a> <a href="/esv/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 ESV</a> <a href="/nasb/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 NASB</a> <a href="/kjv/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 KJV</a> <a href="//bibleapps.com/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 BibleApps.com</a> <a href="//bibliaparalela.com/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 Biblia Paralela</a> <a href="//holybible.com.cn/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 Chinese Bible</a> <a href="//saintebible.com/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 French Bible</a> <a href="/catholic/exodus/10-1.htm">Exodus 10:1 Catholic Bible</a> <a href="/exodus/10-1.htm">OT Law: Exodus 10:1 Yahweh said to Moses Go (Exo. 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