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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genocide classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Depictions in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإبادة الجماعية في تيمور الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإبادة الجماعية في تيمور الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidio_de_Timor_Oriental" title="Genocidio de Timor Oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genocidio de Timor Oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%8B%B0%EB%AA%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A7%91%EB%8B%A8%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="동티모르 집단학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동티모르 집단학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genosida_Timor_Timur" title="Genosida Timor Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genosida Timor Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8" title="רצח העם במזרח טימור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצח העם במזרח טימור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio_em_Timor-Leste" title="Genocídio em Timor-Leste – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genocídio em Timor-Leste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ชาวติมอร์ตะวันออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ชาวติมอร์ตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Timor_Soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Doğu Timor Soykırımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Timor Soykırımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96" title="Геноцид у Східному Тиморі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геноцид у Східному Тиморі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80" title="东帝汶大屠杀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="东帝汶大屠杀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">East Timor Genocide</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation of East Timor</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Cruz_Cemetery_(6395937961).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Santa_Cruz_Cemetery_%286395937961%29.jpg/300px-Santa_Cruz_Cemetery_%286395937961%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Santa_Cruz_Cemetery_%286395937961%29.jpg/450px-Santa_Cruz_Cemetery_%286395937961%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Santa_Cruz_Cemetery_%286395937961%29.jpg/600px-Santa_Cruz_Cemetery_%286395937961%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_massacre" title="Santa Cruz massacre">Santa Cruz</a> visited in memory of the victims of the Indonesian Army's brutality</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor province</a>, Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">Occupation lasted from 1975 to 1999, though much of the killing occurred in the 1970s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">East Timorese civilians</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">Forced disappearance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">genocidal massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reprisal" title="Reprisal">reprisal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>, enforced <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass rape">mass rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">apr. 80,000 – 200,000 per UN<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor#Number_of_deaths" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">(estimate ranges from 60,000 to 308,000)</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hidagen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidagen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">Government of Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian army">Indonesian army</a></li> <li>Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration" title="Wartime collaboration">collaborators</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Forced capitulation of the East Timorese people to Indonesian authority, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism" title="Category:Anti-communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anticommunist_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anticommunist_Logo.svg/100px-Anticommunist_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anticommunist_Logo.svg/150px-Anticommunist_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Anticommunist_Logo.svg/200px-Anticommunist_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="Finnish Civil War prison camps">Prison camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Raids" title="Palmer Raids">Palmer Raids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Resistance in Poland (1944–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Post-war period in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Guatemalan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Timor genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Anti-Sovietism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Anti-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">Anti-Stalinist Left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_liberal" title="Cold War liberal">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Personal ideologies </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> <p>Nationalisms </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huadu_(Taiwan)" title="Huadu (Taiwan)">Huadu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Ukraine)" title="National Democracy (Ukraine)">Natsdems</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Prominent figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_R%C3%ADos_Montt" title="Efraín Ríos Montt">Montt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Palevi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Stroessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Videla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Welch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Political parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Democratic Republican Party (South Korea)">Democratic Republican Party of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Japan_Patriotic_Party" title="Greater Japan Patriotic Party">Greater Japan Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a 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China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._policy_toward_authoritarian_governments" title="U.S. policy toward authoritarian governments">U.S. policy toward authoritarian governments</a></li> <li>White Terror <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Greece)" title="White Terror (Greece)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-communism" title="Template:Anti-communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-communism" title="Template talk:Anti-communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>East Timor genocide</b> refers to the "pacification campaigns" of <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a> between 1975 and 1999 waged by the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a> government during the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>. The majority of sources consider the Indonesian killings in East Timor to constitute <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Payaslian_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payaslian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other scholars disagree on certain aspects of the definition.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of deaths attributed to the genocide range from 60,000 to 308,000. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_invasion">Initial invasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Initial invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the start of the invasion in August 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">TNI</a> forces engaged in the wholesale massacre of Timorese civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1978210_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1978210-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the occupation, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Front_for_an_Independent_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor">FRETILIN</a> radio sent the following broadcast: "The Indonesian forces are killing indiscriminately. Women and children are being shot in the streets. We are all going to be killed ... This is an appeal for international help. Please do something to stop this invasion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiardjoLiong198415_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiardjoLiong198415-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Timorese refugee told later of "rape [and] cold-blooded assassinations of women and children and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in East Timor">Chinese</a> shop owners".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos-Horta1987108_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos-Horta1987108-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dili's bishop at the time, <a href="/wiki/Martinho_da_Costa_Lopes" title="Martinho da Costa Lopes">Martinho da Costa Lopes</a>, said later: "The soldiers who landed started killing everyone they could find. There were many dead bodies in the streets—all we could see were the soldiers killing, killing, killing."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one incident, a group of fifty men, women, and children—including Australian freelance reporter <a href="/wiki/Roger_East_(journalist)" title="Roger East (journalist)">Roger East</a>—were lined up on a cliff outside of <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a> and shot, their bodies falling into the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos-Horta1987101–102_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos-Horta1987101–102-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many such <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:massacre">massacres</a> took place in Dili, where onlookers were ordered to observe and count aloud as each person was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199168_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199168-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that at least 2,000 Timorese were massacred in the first two days of the invasion in Dili alone. In addition to FRETILIN supporters, Chinese migrants were also singled out for execution; five hundred were killed in the first day alone.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mass killings continued unabated as Indonesian forces advanced on the Fretilin-held mountain regions of East Timor. A Timorese guide for a senior Indonesian officer told former Australian consul to Portuguese Timor James Dunn that during the early months of the fighting TNI troops "killed most Timorese they encountered."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1996293,_303_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1996293,_303-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1976 after capturing the village of Aileu - to the south of Dili - and driving out the remaining Fretilin forces, Indonesian troops machine gunned most of the town's population, allegedly shooting everyone over the age of three. The young children who were spared were taken back to Dili in trucks. At the time Aileu fell to Indonesian forces, the population was around 5,000; by the time Indonesian relief workers visited the village in September 1976 only 1,000 remained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199180–81_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199180–81-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1976, TNI troops badly battered by a Fretilin attack exacted retribution against a large refugee camp housing 5–6,000 Timorese at Lamaknan near the West Timor border. After setting several houses on fire, Indonesian soldiers massacred as many as 4,000 men, women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1996303_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1996303-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1977 ex-Australian consul James Dunn published a report detailing charges that since December 1975 Indonesian forces had killed between 50,000 and 100,000 civilians in East Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is consistent with a statement made on 13 February 1976 by UDT leader Lopez da Cruz that 60,000 Timorese had been killed during the previous six months of civil war, suggesting a death toll of at least 55,000 in the first two months of the invasion. A delegation of Indonesian relief workers agreed with this statistic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199171_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199171-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A late 1976 report by the Catholic Church also estimated the death toll at between 60,000 and 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These figures were also corroborated by those in the Indonesian government itself. In an interview on 5 April 1977 with the <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>, Indonesian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Adam_Malik" title="Adam Malik">Adam Malik</a> said the number of dead was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1992207_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1992207-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indonesian government presented its annexation of East Timor as a matter of <a href="/wiki/Anticolonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticolonialism">anticolonial</a> unity. A 1977 booklet from the Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs, entitled <i>Decolonization in East Timor</i>, paid tribute to the "sacred right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197716_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197716-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recognised APODETI as the true representatives of the East Timorese majority. It claimed that FRETILIN's popularity was the result of a "policy of threats, blackmail and terror".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197721_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197721-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Indonesian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ali_Alatas" title="Ali Alatas">Ali Alatas</a> reiterated this position in his 2006 memoir <i>The Pebble in the Shoe: The Diplomatic Struggle for East Timor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2025)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The island's original division into east and west, Indonesia argued after the invasion, was "the result of colonial oppression" enforced by the Portuguese and Dutch imperial powers. Thus, according to the Indonesian government, its annexation of the 27th province was merely another step in the unification of the archipelago which had begun in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197719_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197719-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resettlement_and_enforced_starvation">Resettlement and enforced starvation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Resettlement and enforced starvation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viqueque_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Viqueque_monument.jpg/220px-Viqueque_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Viqueque_monument.jpg/330px-Viqueque_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Viqueque_monument.jpg/440px-Viqueque_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Monument with the <a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">National emblem of Indonesia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Viqueque" title="Viqueque">Viqueque</a> (2016)</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the destruction of food crops, many civilians were forced to leave the hills and surrender to the TNI. Often, when surviving villagers came down to lower-lying regions to surrender, the military would execute them. Those who were not killed outright by TNI troops were sent to receiving centers which were prepared in advance. These camps were located in close proximity to local military bases where Indonesian forces "screened" the population in order to single out members of the resistance, often with the aid of Timorese collaborators. In these transit camps, the surrendered civilians were registered and interrogated. Those who were suspected of being members of the resistance were detained and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECAVR200541–447.3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECAVR200541–447.3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These centers were often constructed of thatch huts with no toilets. Additionally, the Indonesian military barred the Red Cross from distributing humanitarian aid and no medical care was provided to the detainees. As a result, many of the Timorese - weakened by starvation and surviving on small rations given by their captors - died of malnutrition, cholera, diarrhea and tuberculosis. By late 1979, between 300,000 and 370,000 Timorese had passed through these camps.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period of three months, the detainees were resettled in "strategic hamlets" where they were imprisoned and subjected to enforced starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-CAVR_1996_pp._290_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAVR_1996_pp._290-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those in the camps were prevented from traveling and cultivating farmland and were subjected to a curfew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199192–98_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199192–98-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN truth commission report confirmed the Indonesian military's use of enforced starvation as a weapon to exterminate the East Timorese civilian population, and that large numbers of people were "positively denied access to food and its sources". The report cited testimony from individuals who were denied food, and detailed destruction of crops and livestock by Indonesian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECAVR2005146–1477.3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECAVR2005146–1477.3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concluded that this policy of deliberate starvation resulted in the deaths of 84,200 to 183,000 Timorese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECAVR20051467.3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECAVR20051467.3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One church worker reported five hundred East Timorese dying of starvation every month in one district.<sup id="cite_ref-kohen5456_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kohen5456-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>World Vision Indonesia visited East Timor in October 1978 and claimed that 70,000 East Timorese were at risk of starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECAVR2005727.3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECAVR2005727.3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An envoy from the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> reported in 1979 that 80 percent of one camp's population was malnourished, in a situation that was "as bad as <a href="/wiki/Biafra" title="Biafra">Biafra</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICRC warned that "tens of thousands" were at risk of starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1991203_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1991203-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia announced that it was working through the government-run <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Red_Cross_Society" title="Indonesian Red Cross Society">Indonesian Red Cross Society</a> to alleviate the crisis, but the NGO Action for World Development charged that organisation with selling donated aid supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-kohen5456_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kohen5456-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indonesian_pacification_operations">Indonesian pacification operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indonesian pacification operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operasi_Keamanan:_1981–82"><span id="Operasi_Keamanan:_1981.E2.80.9382"></span>Operasi Keamanan: 1981–82</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operasi Keamanan: 1981–82"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1981, the Indonesian military launched <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Operasi Keamanan</i></span> (Operation Security), which some have named the "fence of legs" program. During this operation, Indonesian forces conscripted 50,000 to 80,000 Timorese men and boys to march through the mountains ahead of advancing TNI troops as human shields to foreclose a FRETILIN counterattack. The objective was to sweep the guerillas into the central part of the region where they could be eradicated. Many of those conscripted into the "fence of legs" died of starvation, exhaustion or were shot by Indonesian forces for allowing guerillas to slip through. As the "fence" converged on villages, Indonesian forces massacred an unknown number of civilians. At least 400 villagers were massacred in <a href="/wiki/Lacluta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacluta">Lacluta</a> by Battalion 744 of the Indonesian Army in September 1981. An eyewitness who testified before the Australian Senate stated that soldiers deliberately killed small children by smashing their heads against a rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1985_p._23_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1985_p._23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2025)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bundle_1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bundle_1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation failed to crush the resistance, and popular resentment toward the occupation grew stronger than ever.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As FRETILIN troops in the mountains continued their sporadic attacks, Indonesian forces carried out numerous operations to destroy them over the next ten years. In the cities and villages, meanwhile, a non-violent resistance movement began to take shape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1996303–304_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1996303–304-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Operation_Clean-Sweep':_1983"><span id=".27Operation_Clean-Sweep.27:_1983"></span>'Operation Clean-Sweep': 1983</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 'Operation Clean-Sweep': 1983"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The failure of successive Indonesian counterinsurgency campaigns led the commander of the Dili-based Sub regional Military Resort Command, Colonel Purwanto to initiate peace talks with FRETILIN commander <a href="/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o" title="Xanana Gusmão">Xanana Gusmão</a> in a FRETILIN-controlled area in March 1983. When Xanana sought to invoke Portugal and the UN in the negotiations, ABRI Commander Benny Moerdani broke the ceasefire by announcing a new counterinsurgency offensive called "Operational Clean-Sweep" in August 1983, declaring, "This time no fooling around. This time we are going to hit them without mercy."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The breakdown of the ceasefire agreement was followed by a renewed wave of massacres, summary executions and "disappearances" at the hands of Indonesian forces. In August 1983, 200 people were burned alive in the village of Creras, with 500 others killed at a nearby river.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_1985_p._23_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1985_p._23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2025)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bundle_1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bundle_1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between August and December 1983, Amnesty International documented the arrests and "disappearances" of over 600 people in the capital city alone. Relatives were told by Indonesian forces that the "disappeared" were sent to Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmnesty198540_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmnesty198540-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those suspected of opposing integration were often arrested and tortured.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983 <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> published an Indonesian manual it had received from East Timor instructing military personnel on how to inflict physical and mental anguish, and cautioning troops to "Avoid taking photographs showing torture (of someone being given electric shocks, stripped naked and so on)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmnesty198553–54_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmnesty198553–54-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1997 memoir <i>East Timor's Unfinished Struggle: Inside the Timorese Resistance</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Const%C3%A2ncio_Pinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constâncio Pinto (page does not exist)">Constâncio Pinto</a> describes being tortured by Indonesian soldiers: "With each question, I would get two or three punches in the face. When someone punches you so much and so hard, it feels as if your face is broken. People hit me on my back and on my sides with their hands and then kicked me.... [In another location] they psychologically tortured me; they didn't hit me, but they made strong threats to kill me. They even put a gun on the table."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Michele Turner's book <i>Telling East Timor: Personal Testimonies 1942–1992</i>, a woman named Fátima describes watching torture take place in a Dili prison: "They make people sit on a chair with the front of the chair on their own toes. It is mad, yes. The soldiers urinate in the food then mix it up for the person to eat. They use electric shock and they use an electric machine...."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1992143_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1992143-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence_against_women">Violence against women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Violence against women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indonesian military abuses against women in East Timor were numerous and well-documented.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to suffering arbitrary detainment, torture, and extrajudicial execution, women faced rape and sexual abuse—sometimes for the crime of being related to an independence activist. The scope of the problem is difficult to ascertain, owing to the intense military control imposed during the occupation, compounded by the shame felt by victims. In a 1995 report on violence against women in Indonesia and East Timor, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_USA" title="Amnesty International USA">Amnesty International USA</a> wrote: "Women are reluctant to pass on information to non-governmental organizations about rape and sexual abuse, let alone to report violations to the military or police authorities."<sup id="cite_ref-AIUSA14_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIUSA14-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other forms of violence against women took the form of harassment, intimidation, and forced marriage. The Amnesty report cites the case of a woman forced to live with a commander in <a href="/wiki/Baucau" title="Baucau">Baucau</a>, then harassed daily by troops after her release.<sup id="cite_ref-AIUSA14_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIUSA14-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such "marriages" took place regularly during the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAditjondro1998256–260_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAditjondro1998256–260-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were also encouraged to accept <a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization_(surgical_procedure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization (surgical procedure)">sterilisation</a> procedures, and some were pressured to take the contraceptive <a href="/wiki/Depo_Provera" class="mw-redirect" title="Depo Provera">Depo Provera</a>, sometimes without full knowledge of its effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1991158–160_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1991158–160-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999 researcher Rebecca Winters released the book <i>Buibere: Voice of East Timorese Women</i>, which chronicles many personal stories of violence and abuse dating to the earliest days of the occupation. One woman tells of being interrogated while stripped half-naked, tortured, molested, and threatened with death.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another describes being chained at the hands and feet, raped repeatedly, and interrogated for weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A woman who had prepared food for FRETILIN guerrillas was arrested, burned with cigarettes, tortured with electricity, and forced to walk naked past a row of soldiers into a tank filled with urine and feces.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Santa_Cruz_massacre">Santa Cruz massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Santa Cruz massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_massacre" title="Santa Cruz massacre">Santa Cruz massacre</a></div> <p>During a memorial mass on 12 November 1991 for a pro-independence youth shot by Indonesian troops, demonstrators among the 2,500-strong crowd unfurled the Fretlin flag and banners with pro-independence slogans, and chanted boisterously but peacefully.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994212_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994212-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a brief confrontation between Indonesian troops and protesters,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 200 Indonesian soldiers opened fire on the crowd killing at least 250 Timorese.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The testimonies of foreigners at the cemetery were quickly reported to international news organisations, and video footage of the massacre was widely broadcast internationally<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994212–213_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994212–213-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the massacre, activists around the world organised in solidarity with the East Timorese, and a new urgency was brought to calls for self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-JarSol_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JarSol-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TAPOL" class="mw-redirect" title="TAPOL">TAPOL</a>, a British organisation formed in 1973 to advocate for democracy in Indonesia, increased its work around East Timor. In the United States, the East Timor Action Network (now the <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_and_Indonesia_Action_Network" title="East Timor and Indonesia Action Network">East Timor and Indonesia Action Network</a>) was founded and soon had chapters in ten cities around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other solidarity groups appeared in Portugal, Australia, Japan, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, Malaysia and Brazil. Coverage of the massacre was a vivid example of how growth of new media in Indonesia was making it increasingly difficult for the "New Order" to control information flow in and out of Indonesia, and that in the post-Cold War 1990s, the government was coming under increasing international scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005200–201_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005200–201-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of pro-democracy student groups and their magazines began to openly and critically discuss not just East Timor, but also the "New Order" and the broader history and future of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-JarSol_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JarSol-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005200–201_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005200–201-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharp condemnation of the military came not just from the international community, but from within parts of the Indonesian elite. The massacre ended the governments 1989 opening of the territory and a new period of repression began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003433_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003433-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warouw was removed from his position and his more accommodating approach to Timorese resistance rebuked by his superiors. Suspected Fretilin sympathisers were arrested, human rights abuses rose, and the ban on foreign journalists was reimposed. Hatred intensified amongst Timorese of the Indonesian military presence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994216,_218,_219_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994216,_218,_219-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major General <a href="/wiki/Prabowo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabowo">Prabowo</a>'s, <i><a href="/wiki/Kopassus" title="Kopassus">Kopassus</a></i> Group 3 trained militias gangs dressed in black hoods to crush the remaining resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003433_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003433-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_deaths">Number of deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Number of deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report by the UN's <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor" title="Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor">Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor</a> (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/- 12,000). Of these, the report states that approximately 18,600 (+/-1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and it also states that approximately 84,000 (+/-11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Chega_deaths_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chega_deaths-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.<sup id="cite_ref-CAVR_Brief_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAVR_Brief-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researcher <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Ben Kiernan</a> states that "a toll of 150,000 is likely close to the truth," although one can throw out an estimate of 200,000 or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiernan_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiernan-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Defense_Information" title="Center for Defense Information">Center for Defense Information</a> also estimated a total close to 150,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A 1974 Catholic church estimate of the population of East Timor was 688,711 people; in 1982 the church reported only 425,000. This led to an estimate of 200,000 people killed during the occupation, which was widely reported around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources such as Amnesty International and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> also support an estimate of over 200,000 killed.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to specialist Gabriel Defert, on the basis of statistical data which was made available by the Portuguese and Indonesian authorities, and according to statistical data which was made available by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Timor-Leste" title="Catholic Church in Timor-Leste">Catholic Church</a>, between December 1975 and December 1981, approximately 308,000 Timorese lost their lives; this estimate constituted about 44% of the pre-invasion population.<sup id="cite_ref-hidagen_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidagen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly Indonesian Professor George Aditjondro, formerly of Salatiga University in Java, concluded from his study of Indonesian Army data that in fact 300,000 Timorese had been killed in the early years of the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Cribb, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, argues that the death toll was significantly exaggerated. He argues that the 1980 census counted 555,350 Timorese, but "the most reliable source of all," was probably a <i>minimum</i> rather than a maximum estimate for the total population. "It is worth recalling that hundreds of thousands of East Timorese disappeared during the violence of September 1999, only to reappear later," he writes. The 1980 census becomes more improbable in the face of the 1987 census that counted 657,411 Timorese—this would require a growth rate of 2.5% per year, nearly identical to the very high growth rate in East Timor from 1970 to 1975, and a highly unlikely one given the conditions of the brutal occupation, including Indonesian efforts to discourage reproduction. Noting the relative lack of personal accounts of atrocities or of traumatised Indonesian soldiers, he further adds that East Timor "does not appear—on the basis of news reports and academic accounts—to be a society traumatized by mass death...the circumstance leading up to the Dili massacre of 1991...indicate a society which retained its vigor and indignation in a way which would probably not have been possible if it had been treated as Cambodia was treated under <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>." Even Indonesian military strategy was based on winning the "hearts and minds" of the population, a fact that does not support charges of mass killing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kiernan, starting from a base population of 700,000 Timorese in 1975 (based on the 1974 Catholic Church census) calculated an expected 1980 population of 735,000 Timorese (assuming a growth rate of only 1% per year as a result of the occupation). Accepting the 1980 count that Cribb regards as at least 10% (55,000) too low, Kiernan concluded that as many as 180,000 may have died in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-university.org-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cribb argued that the 3% growth rate suggested by the 1974 census was too high, citing the fact that the church had previously postulated a growth rate of 1.8%, which would have produced a figure in line with the Portuguese population estimate of 635,000 for 1974. </p><p>Although Cribb maintained that the Portuguese census was almost certainly an underestimate,<sup id="cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-university.org-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he believed that it was more accurate than the church's census, due to the fact that the church's attempt to extrapolate the size of the total population "must be seen in light of its incomplete access to society" (less than half of Timorese were Catholic). Assuming a growth rate in line with the other nations of South East Asia, then, would yield a more accurate figure of 680,000 for 1975, and an expected 1980 population of slightly over 775,000 (without accounting for the decline in the birth rate resulting from the Indonesian occupation).<sup id="cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-university.org-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deficit remaining would be almost exactly 200,000. According to Cribb, Indonesian policies restricted the birth rate by up to 50% or more, thus around 45,000 of these were not born rather than killed; another 55,000 were "missing" as a result of the Timorese evading the Indonesian authorities who conducted the 1980 census.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of factors—the exodus of tens of thousands from their homes to escape FRETILIN in 1974–75; the deaths of thousands in the civil war; the deaths of combatants during the occupation; killings by FRETILIN; and natural disasters—diminish further still the civilian toll attributable to Indonesian forces during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering all this data, Cribb argues for a much lower toll of 100,000 or less, with an absolute minimum of 60,000, and a mere tenth of the civilian population dying unnaturally, for the years 1975–1980.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Kiernan responded by asserting that the influx of migrant workers during the occupation and the increase in the population's growth rate which is typical during a mortality crisis justifies the belief that the 1980 census is valid despite the 1987 estimate, and the church's 1974 census—though a "possible maximum"—cannot be discounted because the church's lack of access to society might well have resulted in an undercounting.<sup id="cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-university.org-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded that at least 116,000 combatants and civilians were killed by all sides or died "unnatural" deaths from 1975 to 1980 (if true, this would yield the result that about 15% of the civilian population of East Timor was killed from 1975 to 1980).<sup id="cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-university.org-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> F. Hiorth separately estimated that 13% (95,000 out of an expected 730,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates) of the civilian population died during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiernan believes that the deficit was most probably around 145,000 when accounting for the reduction in birth rates, or 20% of East Timor's population.<sup id="cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-university.org-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mid-value of the UN report is 146,000 deaths; <a href="/wiki/R.J._Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J. Rummel">R.J. Rummel</a>, an analyst of political killings, estimates 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-hawaii.edu_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawaii.edu-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accurate numbers of Indonesian casualties are well-documented. The complete names of around 2,300 Indonesian soldiers and members of pro-Indonesian militias who died in action as well as from illness and accidents during the entire occupation is engraved into the Seroja Monument, located in the TNI's Headquarters in Cilangkap, East <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genocide_classification">Genocide classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genocide classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many observers have called the Indonesian military action in East Timor an example of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> held an academic consensus calling the event <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> teaches it as part of their "Genocide Studies" program.<sup id="cite_ref-Payaslian_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payaslian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gsp.yale.edu_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp.yale.edu-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study of the word's legal meaning and applicability to the occupation of East Timor, legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Ben_Saul" title="Ben Saul">Ben Saul</a> concludes that because no group recognized under international law was targeted by the Indonesian authorities, a charge of genocide cannot be applied. However, he also notes: "The conflict in East Timor most accurately qualifies as genocide against a 'political group', or alternatively as '<a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural genocide</a>', yet neither of these concepts are explicitly recognised in international law."<sup id="cite_ref-Saul_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saul-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar argument was made by David Bisson, who argues that the conflict would have been classified as a genocide if the East Timorese had been able to form their own nation state prior to the invasion, yet because the Indonesian invasion deliberately pre-empted this from occurring, it paradoxically created a loophole that technically excludes the Indonesian military's actions from the charge of genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupation has been compared to the killings of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_fiction">Depictions in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depictions in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Balibo_(film)" title="Balibo (film)">Balibo</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i>Amok (novel)</i> (Barry Eisler, 2022)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples#East_Timor" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples#East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#East_Timor" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)#East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="History of East Timor">History of East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_war_crimes_during_the_invasion_of_Dili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian war crimes during the invasion of Dili (page does not exist)">Indonesian war crimes during the invasion of Dili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="List of massacres in East Timor">List of massacres in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics of Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> under <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Precise estimates of the death toll are difficult to determine. The 2005 report of the UN's <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor" title="Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor">Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor</a> (CAVR) reports an estimated minimum number of conflict-related deaths of 102,800 (+/− 12,000). Of these, the report says that approximately 18,600 (+/− 1,000) were either killed or disappeared, and that approximately 84,000 (+/− 11,000) died from hunger or illness in excess of what would have been expected due to peacetime mortality. These figures represent a minimum conservative estimate that CAVR says is its scientifically-based principal finding. The report did not provide an upper bound, however, CAVR speculated that the total number of deaths due to conflict-related hunger and illness could have been as high as 183,000. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings.<br />This estimates comes from taking the minimum killed violently applying the 70% violent death responsibility given to Indonesian military combined with the minimum starved.<sup id="cite_ref-Chega_deaths_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chega_deaths-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAVR_Brief_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAVR_Brief-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chega_deaths-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chega_deaths_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chega_deaths_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/updateFiles/english/CONFLICT-RELATED%20DEATHS.pdf">"Conflict-related Deaths in Timor Leste, 1954–1999. The Findings of the CAVR Report <i>Chega!</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114144723/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/updateFiles/english/CONFLICT-RELATED%20DEATHS.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conflict-related+Deaths+in+Timor+Leste%2C+1954%E2%80%931999.+The+Findings+of+the+CAVR+Report+Chega%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavr-timorleste.org%2FupdateFiles%2Fenglish%2FCONFLICT-RELATED%2520DEATHS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAVR_Brief-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAVR_Brief_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAVR_Brief_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513220045/http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">"Chega! The CAVR Report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cavr-timorleste.org/en/Brief.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chega%21+The+CAVR+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cavr-timorleste.org%2Fen%2FBrief.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb2001" class="citation book cs1">Cribb, Robert (2001). "How Many Deaths?: Problems in the statistics of massacre in Indonesia (1965-1966) and East Timor (1975-1980)". In Wessel, Ingrid; Wimhöfer, Georgia (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514010932/http://works.bepress.com/robert_cribb/2/"><i>Violence in Indonesia</i></a>. Hamburg: Abera-Verl. Meyer. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-934376-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-934376-16-8"><bdi>978-3-934376-16-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/robert_cribb/2/">the original</a> on 14 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Many+Deaths%3F%3A+Problems+in+the+statistics+of+massacre+in+Indonesia+%281965-1966%29+and+East+Timor+%281975-1980%29&rft.btitle=Violence+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Abera-Verl.+Meyer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-934376-16-8&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Frobert_cribb%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hidagen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hidagen_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hidagen_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilger1998" class="citation book cs1">Pilger, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8v1TmtI6m5YC"><i>Hidden Agendas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781407086415" title="Special:BookSources/9781407086415"><bdi>9781407086415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Agendas&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781407086415&rft.aulast=Pilger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8v1TmtI6m5YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>. <q>When East Timor gained its independence, Suharto claimed he was threatened by communism on his borders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payaslian-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payaslian_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payaslian_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayaslian" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Payaslian" title="Simon Payaslian">Payaslian, Simon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml">"20th Century Genocides"</a>. <i>Oxford bibliographies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516233147/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+bibliographies&rft.atitle=20th+Century+Genocides&rft.aulast=Payaslian&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199743292%2Fobo-9780199743292-0105.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidell1981" class="citation journal cs1">Sidell, Scott (1981). "The United States and genocide in East Timor". <i>Journal of Contemporary Asia</i>. <b>11</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">44–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472338185390041">10.1080/00472338185390041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+genocide+in+East+Timor&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472338185390041&rft.aulast=Sidell&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238702586">"War, Genocide, and Resistance in East Timor, 1975-99: Comparative Reflections on Cambodia"</a>. In Selden, Mark; So, Alvin Y. (eds.). <i>War and State Terrorism: The United States, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific in the Long Twentieth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4175-0350-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4175-0350-6"><bdi>978-1-4175-0350-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War%2C+Genocide%2C+and+Resistance+in+East+Timor%2C+1975-99%3A+Comparative+Reflections+on+Cambodia&rft.btitle=War+and+State+Terrorism%3A+The+United+States%2C+Japan%2C+and+the+Asia-Pacific+in+the+Long+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4175-0350-6&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F238702586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul2001" class="citation journal cs1">Saul, Ben (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/1680222/Saul.pdf">"Was the Conflict in the East Timor 'Genocide' and Why Does it Matter?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Melbourne Journal of International Law">Melbourne Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>2</b> (2): 477–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005015957/https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/1680222/Saul.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melbourne+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Was+the+Conflict+in+the+East+Timor+%27Genocide%27+and+Why+Does+it+Matter%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=477-&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.unimelb.edu.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0003%2F1680222%2FSaul.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lisson, David (2007). "Defining National Group in the Genocide Convention: A Case Study of Timor-Leste". <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_Review" title="Stanford Law Review">Stanford Law Review</a></i>. <b>60</b>: 1459.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Defining+National+Group+in+the+Genocide+Convention%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Timor-Leste&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=1459&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lisson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1978210-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1978210_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill1978">Hill 1978</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiardjoLiong198415-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiardjoLiong198415_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiardjoLiong1984">Budiardjo & Liong 1984</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos-Horta1987108-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos-Horta1987108_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamos-Horta1987">Ramos-Horta 1987</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamos-Horta1987101–102-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamos-Horta1987101–102_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamos-Horta1987">Ramos-Horta 1987</a>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199168-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199168_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1996293,_303-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1996293,_303_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, pp. 293, 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199180–81-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199180–81_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1996303-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1996303_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB174/">"A Quarter Century of U.S. Support for Occupation in East Timor"</a>. <i>nsarchive2.gwu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209110656/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB174/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nsarchive2.gwu.edu&rft.atitle=A+Quarter+Century+of+U.S.+Support+for+Occupation+in+East+Timor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB174%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199171-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199171_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, p. 310 <i>Notes on Timor</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1992207-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1992207_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1992">Turner 1992</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197716-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197716_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndonesia1977">Indonesia 1977</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197721-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197721_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndonesia1977">Indonesia 1977</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlatas2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Alatas" title="Ali Alatas">Alatas, Ali</a> (2006). <i>The Pebble in the Shoe: The Diplomatic Struggle for East Timor</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9793851099" title="Special:BookSources/978-9793851099"><bdi>978-9793851099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pebble+in+the+Shoe%3A+The+Diplomatic+Struggle+for+East+Timor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9793851099&rft.aulast=Alatas&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197719-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndonesia197719_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIndonesia1977">Indonesia 1977</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECAVR200541–447.3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECAVR200541–447.3_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCAVR2005">CAVR 2005</a>, pp. 41–44, 7.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayersenPohlman2013" class="citation book cs1">Mayersen, Deborah; Pohlman, Annie (2013). <i>Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Mass+Atrocities+in+Asia%3A+Legacies+and+Prevention&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mayersen&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Pohlman%2C+Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAVR_1996_pp._290-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAVR_1996_pp._290_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCAVR2005">CAVR 2005</a>, p. 50, 7; Taylor, pp. 88–89;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2025)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, pp. 290–291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199192–98-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199192–98_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, pp. 92–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECAVR2005146–1477.3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECAVR2005146–1477.3_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCAVR2005">CAVR 2005</a>, pp. 146–147, 7.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECAVR20051467.3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECAVR20051467.3_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCAVR2005">CAVR 2005</a>, p. 146, 7.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kohen5456-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kohen5456_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kohen5456_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohenTaylor1979">Kohen & Taylor 1979</a>, pp. 54–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECAVR2005727.3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECAVR2005727.3_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCAVR2005">CAVR 2005</a>, p. 72, 7.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1991203-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1991203_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1985_p._23-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1985_p._23_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1985_p._23_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (185), pp. 101–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bundle_1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bundle_1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bundle_1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevins2005">Nevins 2005</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFBudiardjoLiong1984">Budiardjo & Liong 1984</a>, pp. 127–128; <a href="#CITEREFAmnesty1985">Amnesty 1985</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, p. 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiardjoLiong1984">Budiardjo & Liong 1984</a>, pp. 41–43; <a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, p. 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1996303–304-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1996303–304_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sinar Harapan</i>, 17 August 1983, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmnesty198540-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmnesty198540_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmnesty1985">Amnesty 1985</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmnesty1985">Amnesty 1985</a>, pp. 53–59; <a href="#CITEREFTurner1992">Turner 1992</a>, p. 125; <a href="#CITEREFKohenTaylor1979">Kohen & Taylor 1979</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFBudiardjoLiong1984">Budiardjo & Liong 1984</a>, pp. 131–135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmnesty198553–54-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmnesty198553–54_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmnesty1985">Amnesty 1985</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinto, pp. 142–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1992143-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1992143_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1992">Turner 1992</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmnesty1995">Amnesty 1995</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Winters; <a href="#CITEREFBudiardjoLiong1984">Budiardjo & Liong 1984</a>, p. 132; <a href="#CITEREFJardine1999">Jardine 1999</a>, pp. 33–34; <a href="#CITEREFAditjondro1998">Aditjondro 1998</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIUSA14-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIUSA14_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIUSA14_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmnesty1995">Amnesty 1995</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAditjondro1998256–260-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAditjondro1998256–260_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAditjondro1998">Aditjondro 1998</a>, pp. 256–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1991158–160-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1991158–160_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, pp. 158–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winters, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winters, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winters, pp. 85–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994212-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994212_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1994">Schwarz 1994</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two soldiers were stabbed under disputed circumstances.(Schwarz (1994), p. 212; Pinto and Jardine, p. 191.) Soldiers said the attacks were unprovoked. Stahl claims stabbed Officer Lantara had attacked a girl carrying the flag of East Timor, and FRETILIN activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Const%C3%A2ncio_Pinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constâncio Pinto (page does not exist)">Constâncio Pinto</a> reports eyewitness accounts of beatings from Indonesian soldiers and police. Kubiak, W. David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nancho.net/fdlap/maxstahl.html">"20 Years of Terror: Indonesia in Timor – An Angry Education with Max Stahl"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604224057/http://www.nancho.net/fdlap/maxstahl.html">Archived</a> 2014-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Kyoto Journal</i>. 28. Reprinted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nancho.net/fdlap/">The Forum of Democratic Leaders in the Asia-Pacific</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213085406/http://www.nancho.net/fdlap/maxstahl.html">Archived</a> 2017-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 14 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carey, p. 51; <a href="#CITEREFJardine1999">Jardine 1999</a>, p. 16. The Portuguese solidarity group <i>A Paz é Possível em Timor Leste</i> compiled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etan.org/timor/SntaCRUZ.htm">a careful survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814132309/http://www.etan.org/timor/SntaCRUZ.htm">Archived</a> 2018-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the massacre's victims, listing 271 killed, 278 wounded, and 270 "disappeared".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994212–213-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994212–213_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1994">Schwarz 1994</a>, pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJardine1999">Jardine 1999</a>, pp. 16–17; Carey, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JarSol-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JarSol_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JarSol_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJardine1999">Jardine 1999</a>, pp. 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723082140/http://www.etan.org/etan/default.htm">"About ETAN"</a>. <i>East Timor Action Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etan.org/etan/default.htm">the original</a> on 23 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Timor+Action+Network&rft.atitle=About+ETAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetan.org%2Fetan%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005200–201-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005200–201_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005200–201_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers2005">Vickers 2005</a>, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CIIR, pp. 62–63; <a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003433-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003433_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003433_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriend2003">Friend 2003</a>, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994216,_218,_219-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz1994216,_218,_219_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1994">Schwarz 1994</a>, pp. 216, 218, 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiernan-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kiernan_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kiernan, p. 594.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1996">Dunn 1996</a>, pp. 283–285; <a href="#CITEREFBudiardjoLiong1984">Budiardjo & Liong 1984</a>, pp. 49–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, New York, 1989, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CIIR Report, International Law and the Question of East Timor, Catholic Institute of International Relations/IPJET, London, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yale-university.org-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale-university.org_73-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227144225/http://www.yale-university.org/gsp/publications/KiernanRevised1.pdf">"The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975-79, and East Timor, 1975-80"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Critical Asian Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">585–</span>597. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale-university.org/gsp/publications/KiernanRevised1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Demography+of+Genocide+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+Death+Tolls+in+Cambodia%2C+1975-79%2C+and+East+Timor%2C+1975-80&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E597&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale-university.org%2Fgsp%2Fpublications%2FKiernanRevised1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawaii.edu-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hawaii.edu_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011172148/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF">"Archive copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF">the original</a> on 11 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FSOD.TAB14.1C.GIF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124160554/http://www.pelita.or.id/baca.php?id=3551">"Selayang Pandang Monumen Seroja"</a> [Seroja Monument at a Glance] (in Indonesian). Pelita.or.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pelita.or.id/baca.php?id=3551">the original</a> on 24 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selayang+Pandang+Monumen+Seroja&rft.pub=Pelita.or.id&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pelita.or.id%2Fbaca.php%3Fid%3D3551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJardine1999">Jardine 1999</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1991">Taylor 1991</a>, p. ix; Nevins cites a wide variety of sources discussing the question of genocide in East Timor, in <a href="#CITEREFNevins2005">Nevins 2005</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsp.yale.edu-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gsp.yale.edu_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/east-timor">"Genocide Studies Program: East Timor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323113546/https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/east-timor">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+University&rft.atitle=Genocide+Studies+Program%3A+East+Timor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsp.yale.edu%2Fcase-studies%2Feast-timor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saul-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saul_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul2001" class="citation journal cs1">Saul, Ben (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209110631/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2001/18.html">"Was the Conflict in East Timor 'Genocide' and Why Does It Matter?"</a>. <i>Melbourne Journal of International Law</i>. <b>2</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbJIL/2001/18.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melbourne+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Was+the+Conflict+in+East+Timor+%27Genocide%27+and+Why+Does+It+Matter%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FMelbJIL%2F2001%2F18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lisson, David (2007). "Defining National Group in the Genocide Convention: A Case Study of Timor-Leste". <i>Stanford Law Review</i>. <b>60</b>: 1459.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Defining+National+Group+in+the+Genocide+Convention%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Timor-Leste&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=1459&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lisson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiardjoLiong1984">Budiardjo & Liong 1984</a>, p. 49; CIIR, p. 117.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAditjondro1998" class="citation book cs1">Aditjondro, George (1998). "The Silent Suffering of Our Timorese Sisters". <i>Free East Timor: Australia's Culpability in East Timor's Genocide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">243–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-183917-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-183917-3"><bdi>0-09-183917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Silent+Suffering+of+Our+Timorese+Sisters&rft.btitle=Free+East+Timor%3A+Australia%27s+Culpability+in+East+Timor%27s+Genocide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-09-183917-3&rft.aulast=Aditjondro&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmnesty1985" class="citation book cs1"><i>East Timor Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, "Disappearances", Torture and Political Imprisonment, 1975–1984</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86210-085-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86210-085-2"><bdi>0-86210-085-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Timor+Violations+of+Human+Rights%3A+Extrajudicial+Executions%2C+%22Disappearances%22%2C+Torture+and+Political+Imprisonment%2C+1975%E2%80%931984&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-86210-085-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmnesty1995" class="citation book cs1">Amnesty International USA (1995). <i>Women in Indonesian & East Timor: Standing Against Repression</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34283963">34283963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Indonesian+%26+East+Timor%3A+Standing+Against+Repression&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34283963&rft.au=Amnesty+International+USA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudiardjoLiong1984" class="citation book cs1">Budiardjo, Carmel; Liong, Liem Soei (1984). <i>The War against East Timor</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Zed Books Ltd">Zed Books Ltd</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86232-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86232-228-6"><bdi>0-86232-228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+against+East+Timor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-86232-228-6&rft.aulast=Budiardjo&rft.aufirst=Carmel&rft.au=Liong%2C+Liem+Soei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAVR2005" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Reception,_Truth_and_Reconciliation_in_East_Timor" title="Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor">Comissão de Acolhimento, Verdade e Reconciliação de Timor Leste</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522000214/http://www.etan.org/news/2006/cavr.htm">Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation</a> (Report). Dili, East Timor. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etan.org/news/2006/cavr.htm">the original</a> on 22 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2008</span> – via East Timor & Indonesia Action Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Chega%21+The+Report+of+the+Commission+for+Reception%2C+Truth+and+Reconciliation&rft.place=Dili%2C+East+Timor&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Comiss%C3%A3o+de+Acolhimento%2C+Verdade+e+Reconcilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Timor+Leste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etan.org%2Fnews%2F2006%2Fcavr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(diplomat)" title="James Dunn (diplomat)">Dunn, James</a> (1996). <i>Timor: A People Betrayed</i>. Sydney: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7333-0537-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7333-0537-7"><bdi>0-7333-0537-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timor%3A+A+People+Betrayed&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7333-0537-7&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2003" class="citation book cs1">Friend, T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo"><i>Indonesian Destinies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01137-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01137-6"><bdi>0-674-01137-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Destinies&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01137-6&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesiandestin00theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1978" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Helen Mary (1978). <i>FRETILIN: the origins, ideologies and strategies of a nationalist movement in East Timor</i>. Canberra: Centre for Continuing Education, <a href="/wiki/Australia_National_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia National University">Australia National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/07747890">07747890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FRETILIN%3A+the+origins%2C+ideologies+and+strategies+of+a+nationalist+movement+in+East+Timor&rft.pub=Canberra%3A+Centre+for+Continuing+Education%2C+Australia+National+University&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F07747890&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Helen+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs (page does not exist)">Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs</a> (1977). <i>Decolonization in East Timor</i>. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4458152">4458152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+in+East+Timor&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Department+of+Information%2C+Republic+of+Indonesia&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4458152&rft.au=Indonesian+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardine1999" class="citation book cs1">Jardine, Matthew (1999). <i>East Timor: Genocide in Paradise</i>. Monroe, ME: Odonian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878825-22-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-878825-22-4"><bdi>1-878825-22-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Timor%3A+Genocide+in+Paradise&rft.place=Monroe%2C+ME&rft.pub=Odonian+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-878825-22-4&rft.aulast=Jardine&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohenTaylor1979" class="citation book cs1">Kohen, Arnold; Taylor, John (1979). <i>An Act of Genocide: Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor</i>. London: TAPOL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9506751-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9506751-0-5"><bdi>0-9506751-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Act+of+Genocide%3A+Indonesia%27s+Invasion+of+East+Timor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=TAPOL&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-9506751-0-5&rft.aulast=Kohen&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Taylor%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins2005" class="citation book cs1">Nevins, Joseph (2005). <i>A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor</i>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8984-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8984-9"><bdi>0-8014-8984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Not-So-Distant+Horror%3A+Mass+Violence+in+East+Timor&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-8984-9&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamos-Horta1987" class="citation book cs1">Ramos-Horta, José (1987). <i>Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor</i>. Lawrenceville, NJ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Read_Sea_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Read Sea Press (page does not exist)">The Read Sea Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932415-15-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-932415-15-6"><bdi>0-932415-15-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funu%3A+The+Unfinished+Saga+of+East+Timor&rft.place=Lawrenceville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=The+Read+Sea+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-932415-15-6&rft.aulast=Ramos-Horta&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1994" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw"><i>A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s</i></a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-635-2"><bdi>1-86373-635-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+in+Waiting%3A+Indonesia+in+the+1990s&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-86373-635-2&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationinwaitingi00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1991" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (1991). <i>Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85649-014-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85649-014-9"><bdi>1-85649-014-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%27s+Forgotten+War%3A+The+Hidden+History+of+East+Timor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-85649-014-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1992" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Michele (1992). <i>Telling East Timor: Personal Testimonies 1942–1992</i>. Sydney: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales_Press" title="University of New South Wales Press">University of New South Wales Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telling+East+Timor%3A+Personal+Testimonies+1942%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2005" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6"><bdi>0-521-54262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-54262-6&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderni00adri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Aditjondro, George. "Prospects for development in East Timor after the capture of Xanana Gusmão". <i>International Law and the Question of East Timor</i>. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-129-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85287-129-6">1-85287-129-6</a>. pp. 50–63.</li> <li>Amnesty International. <i>East Timor: The Santa Cruz Massacre</i>. London: Amnesty International, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28061998">28061998</a></li> <li>Carey, Peter. "Historical Background". <i>Generations of Resistance</i>. By Steve Cox. London: Cassell, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-33252-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-33252-6">0-304-33252-6</a>. pp. 13–55.</li> <li>Chinkin, Christine. "Australia and East Timor in international law". <i>International Law and the Question of East Timor</i>. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations / International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-129-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85287-129-6">1-85287-129-6</a>. pp. 269–289.</li> <li>Clark, Roger S. "The 'decolonisation' of East Timor and the United Nations norms on self-determination and aggression". <i>International Law and the Question of East Timor</i>. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations / International Platform of Jurists for East Timor, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-129-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85287-129-6">1-85287-129-6</a>. pp. 65–102.</li> <li>Gunn, Geoffrey C. <i>Complicity in Genocide: Report to the East Timor "Truth Commission" on International Actors</i> (Macau: author, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99937-706-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/99937-706-4-7">99937-706-4-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2001" class="citation book cs1">Horner, David (2001). <i>Making the Australian Defence Force</i>. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. IV. Melbourne: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554117-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554117-0"><bdi>0-19-554117-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+Australian+Defence+Force&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.series=The+Australian+Centenary+History+of+Defence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-554117-0&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hainsworth, Paul and McCloskey, Stephen (eds.) <i>The East Timor Question: The Struggle for Independence from Indonesia</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/I._B._Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I. B. Tauris">I. B. Tauris</a> Publishers, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-408-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-408-2">1-86064-408-2</a></li> <li>Indonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Department of Information. <i>The Province of East Timor: Development in Progress</i>. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1981.</li> <li>Jolliffe, Jill. <i>East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism</i>. Queensland: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland_Press" title="University of Queensland Press">University of Queensland Press</a>, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4833990">4833990</a></li> <li>Kiernan, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/KiernanRevised1.pdf">"The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209110553/http://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/KiernanRevised1.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Critical Asian Studies</i>. 35:4 (2003), 585–597.</li> <li>Krieger, Heike, ed. <i>East Timor and the International Community: Basic Documents</i>. Melbourne: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58134-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58134-6">0-521-58134-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarker2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jamsheed_Marker" title="Jamsheed Marker">Marker, Jamsheed</a> (2003). <i>East Timor: A Memoir of the Negotiations for Independence</i>. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1571-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1571-1"><bdi>0-7864-1571-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Timor%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Negotiations+for+Independence&rft.place=North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7864-1571-1&rft.aulast=Marker&rft.aufirst=Jamsheed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2002" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Ian (2002). <i>Self-Determination In East Timor: The United Nations, The Ballot and International Intervention. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series</i>. Boulder: Rienner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Determination+In+East+Timor%3A+The+United+Nations%2C+The+Ballot+and+International+Intervention.+International+Peace+Academy+Occasional+Paper+Series&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Rienner&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M.G. (2003). <i>Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence. International Peace Academy Occasional Paper Series</i>. Boulder: Rienner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacekeeping+in+East+Timor%3A+The+Path+to+Independence.+International+Peace+Academy+Occasional+Paper+Series&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Rienner&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean"><i>Indonesia: Peoples and Histories</i></a>. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5"><bdi>0-300-10518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+Histories&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-10518-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesia00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1990" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (1990). <i>The Indonesian Occupation of East Timor 1974–1989</i>. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-051-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85287-051-6"><bdi>1-85287-051-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Occupation+of+East+Timor+1974%E2%80%931989&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Catholic+Institute+for+International+Relations&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-85287-051-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+Timor+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wesley-Smith, Rob. "Radio Maubere and Links to East Timor". <i>Free East Timor: Australia's Culpability in East Timor's Genocide</i>. Milsons Point: Random House Australia, 1998. pp. 83–102.</li> <li>Winters, Rebecca. <i>Buibere: Voice of East Timorese Women</i>. Darwin: East Timor International Support Center, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9577329-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9577329-3-7">0-9577329-3-7</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_conquests_and_invasions" title="Timurid conquests and invasions">Timur</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1923) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921%E2%80%931922_famine_in_Tatarstan" title="1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan">Volga Tatars and Germans</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes in the Pacific War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (1931–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_massacre" title="Nanshitou massacre">Nanshitou massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_massacre" title="Dersim massacre">Alevi Kurds</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_199988" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_in_the_Soviet-Afghan_War" title="Atrocity crimes in the Soviet-Afghan War">Atrocity crimes in the Soviet-Afghan War</a> (1979–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingyas, Kachins, and Burmese Muslims</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gazans</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbook controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">20th century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">21st century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Bangladesh/Myanmar" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar">International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&oldid=1275792229">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Timor_genocide&oldid=1275792229</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Category:Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation of East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocides_in_Asia" title="Category:Genocides in Asia">Genocides in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicides" title="Category:Politicides">Politicides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_and_cultural_purges" title="Category:Political and cultural purges">Political and cultural purges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_Portuguese_Timor" title="Category:1970s in Portuguese Timor">1970s in Portuguese Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_East_Timor" title="Category:1970s in East Timor">1970s in East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_in_East_Timor" title="Category:1980s in East Timor">1980s in East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_in_East_Timor" title="Category:1990s in East Timor">1990s in East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_committed_by_Indonesia" title="Category:Massacres committed by Indonesia">Massacres committed by Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="Category:New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (Indonesia)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suharto" title="Category:Suharto">Suharto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_conflicts" title="Category:1970s conflicts">1970s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_conflicts" title="Category:1980s conflicts">1980s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_conflicts" title="Category:1990s conflicts">1990s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Timor-Leste" title="Category:Military history of Timor-Leste">Military history of Timor-Leste</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism_committed_by_Indonesia" title="Category:Terrorism committed by Indonesia">Terrorism committed by Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1975_in_East_Timor" title="Category:1975 in East Timor">1975 in East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1975_in_Portuguese_Timor" title="Category:1975 in Portuguese Timor">1975 in Portuguese Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1999_in_East_Timor" title="Category:1999 in East Timor">1999 in East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Enforced_disappearances" title="Category:Enforced disappearances">Enforced disappearances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Indonesia">Human rights abuses in Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Timor-Leste" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Timor-Leste">Human rights abuses in Timor-Leste</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Timor-Leste" title="Category:Massacres in Timor-Leste">Massacres in Timor-Leste</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_cleansing_in_Asia" title="Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia">Ethnic cleansing in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Christians" title="Category:Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocidal_rape" title="Category:Genocidal rape">Genocidal rape</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_mass_murder_in_East_Timor" title="Category:20th-century mass murder in East Timor">20th-century mass murder in East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wartime_sexual_violence_in_Asia" title="Category:Wartime sexual violence in Asia">Wartime sexual violence in Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2025" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from February 2025">Articles with incomplete citations from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2025" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 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