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many scholarly and international legal definitions of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202424–29_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202424–29-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a word coined by <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-OED-Genocide-1944_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-Genocide-1944-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is a compound of the ancient Greek word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γένος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">génos</i></span>, "genus", or "kind") and the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caedō</i></span> ("kill"). While there are various definitions of the term, almost all international bodies of law officially adjudicate the crime of genocide pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> (CPPCG).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunoffRatnerWippman2006615–621_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunoffRatnerWippman2006615–621-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This and other definitions are generally regarded by the majority of genocide scholars to have an "<a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">intent to destroy</a>" as a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide; there is also growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202432_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202432-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiebert20173_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiebert20173-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1998, Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise; the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been supported by later scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloxhamMoses20107–8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxhamMoses20107–8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that for various reasons, none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rouben_Paul_Adalian" title="Rouben Paul Adalian">Rouben Paul Adalian</a> writing in 2002 also highlights the difficulty there has been in trying to develop a common definition for genocide among specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdalian200210–11_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalian200210–11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ernesto Verdeja, associate professor of political science and peace studies at the University of Notre Dame, there are three ways to conceptualise genocide other than the legal definition: in academic social science, in international politics and policy, and in colloquial public usage. The academic social science approach does not require proof of intent,<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_2023_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and social scientists often define genocide more broadly.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international politics and policy definition centres around prevention policy and intervention and may actually mean "large-scale violence against civilians" when used by governments and international organisations. Lastly, Verdeja says the way the general public colloquially uses "genocide" is usually "as a stand-in term for the greatest evils".<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_2023_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_2023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is supported by political scientist Kurt Mundorff who highlights how to the general public genocide is "simply mass murder carried out on a grand scale".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_definitions">List of definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_definitions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_definitions&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Author </th> <th>Definition </th></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a>, Polish Jewish lawyer<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalk199747_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalk199747-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>New conceptions require new terms. By "genocide" we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group. This new word, coined by the author to denote an old practice in its modern development, is made from the ancient Greek word <i>genos</i> (race, tribe) and the Latin <i>cide</i> (killing), thus corresponding in its formation to such words as tyrannicide, homicide, infanticide, etc. Generally speaking, genocide does not necessarily mean the immediate destruction of a nation, except when accomplished by mass killings of all members of a nation. It is intended rather to signify a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves. The objectives of such a plan would be the disintegration of the political and social institutions, of culture, language, national feelings, religion, and the economic existence of national groups, and the destruction of the personal security, liberty, health, dignity, and even the lives of the individuals belonging to such groups. Genocide is directed against the national group as an entity, and the actions involved are directed against individuals, not in their individual capacity, but as members of the national group. <p>(Axis Rule in Occupied Europe ix. 79)<sup id="cite_ref-OED-Genocide-1944_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-Genocide-1944-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrentlicher2001Genocide_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrentlicher2001Genocide-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td>Count 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials#Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> </td> <td>They (the defendants) conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—viz., the extermination of <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">national</a> groups—against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people, and national, racial or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, Gypsies and others.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin1946227–230_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin1946227–230-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td>Raphael Lemkin </td> <td>It is for this reason that I took the liberty of inventing the word, <i>genocide</i>. The term is from the Greek word <i>genes</i> meaning tribe or race and the Latin <i>cide</i> meaning killing. Genocide tragically enough must take its place in the dictionary of the future beside other tragic words like homicide and infanticide. As Von Rundstedt has suggested the term does not necessarily signify mass killings although it may mean that. <p>More often it [Genocide] refers to a coordinated plan aimed at destruction of the essential foundations of the life of national groups so that these groups wither and die like plants that have suffered a blight. The end may be accomplished by the forced disintegration of political and social institutions, of the culture of the people, of their language, their national feelings and their religion. It may be accomplished by wiping out all basis of personal security, liberty, health and dignity. When these means fail the machine gun can always be utilized as a last resort. Genocide is directed against a national group as an entity and the attack on individuals is only secondary to the annihilation of the national group to which they belong.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td>Raphael Lemkin </td> <td>The crime of genocide should be recognized therein as a conspiracy to exterminate national, religious or racial groups. The overt acts of such a conspiracy may consist of attacks against life, liberty or property of members of such groups merely because of their affiliation with such groups. The formulation of the crime may be as follows: "Whoever, while participating in a conspiracy to destroy a national, racial or religious group, undertakes an attack against life, liberty or property of members of such groups is guilty of the crime of genocide. ("Genocide", <i>American Scholar</i>, Volume 15, no. 2 (April 1946), p. 227–230)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin1946227–230_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin1946227–230-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_96" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 96">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 96 (I)</a> (11 December) </td> <td>Genocide is a denial of the right of existence of entire human groups, as homicide is the denial of the right to live of individual human beings; such denial of the right of existence shocks the conscience of mankind, ...and is contrary to moral law and to the spirit and aims of the United Nations. ...<br /> <p>The General Assembly, therefore, affirms that genocide is a crime under international law...whether the crime is committed on religious, racial, political or any other grounds...<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> (CPPCG) was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> on 9 December 1948 and came into effect on 12 January 1951 (Resolution 260 (III)). Article 2: </td> <td>Any of the following acts committed with <a href="/wiki/Genocide#"Intent_to_destroy"" title="Genocide">intent to destroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide#In_part" title="Genocide">in whole or in part</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">national</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">racial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life, calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. (Article 2 CPPCG)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>Pieter N. Drost, Dutch law professor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalk199748_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalk199748-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Genocide is the deliberate destruction of physical life of individual human beings by reason of their membership of any human collectivity as such. (<i>The Crime of State</i>, Volume 2, Leiden, 1959, p. 125.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202424_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202424-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieserSchaller2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieserSchaller2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>Nehemiah Robinson </td> <td>Genocide has been committed when acts of homicide are joined with a connecting purpose, i.e., directed against persons with specific characteristics (with intent to destroy the group or a segment thereof).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202424_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202424-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian" title="Vahakn Dadrian">Vahakn Dadrian</a>, Armenian sociologist </td> <td>Genocide is the successful attempt by a dominant group, vested with formal authority and/or with preponderant access to the overall resources of power, to reduce by coercion or lethal violence the number of a minority group whose ultimate extermination is held desirable and useful and whose respective vulnerability is a major factor contributing to the decision for genocide. (<i>A Typology of Genocide</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202425-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irving_Louis_Horowitz" title="Irving Louis Horowitz">Irving Louis Horowitz</a>, sociologist<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalk199748_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalk199748-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>[Genocide is] a structural and systematic destruction of innocent people by a state bureaucratic apparatus. ...Genocide represents a systematic effort over time to liquidate a national population, usually a minority...[and] functions as a fundamental political policy to assure conformity and participation of the citizenry. (<i>Genocide: State Power and Mass Murder</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202425-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kuper" title="Leo Kuper">Leo Kuper</a>, genocide scholar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharny199764_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharny199764-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>I shall follow the definition of genocide given in the [UN] Convention. This is not to say that I agree with the definition. On the contrary, I believe a major omission to be in the exclusion of political groups from the list of groups protected. In the contemporary world, political differences are at the very least as significant a basis for massacre and annihilation as racial, national, ethnic or religious differences. Then too, the genocides against racial, national, ethnic or religious groups are generally a consequence of, or intimately related to, political conflict. However, I do not think it helpful to create new definitions of genocide, when there is an internationally recognized definition and a Genocide Convention which might become the basis for some effective action, however limited the underlying conception. But since it would vitiate the analysis to exclude political groups, I shall refer freely...to liquidating or exterminatory actions against them. (<i>Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202425-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nusan_Porter" title="Jack Nusan Porter">Jack Nusan Porter</a>, Ukrainian American sociologist </td> <td>Genocide is the deliberate destruction, in whole or in part, by a government or its agents, of a racial, sexual, religious, tribal or political minority. It can involve not only mass murder, but also starvation, forced deportation, and political, economic and biological subjugation. Genocide involves three major components: ideology, technology, and bureaucracy/organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202425-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Yehuda Bauer</a>, Israeli historian and Holocaust scholar </td> <td>[Genocide is] the planned destruction, since the mid-nineteenth century, of a racial, national, or ethnic group as such, by the following means: (a) selective mass murder of elites or parts of the population; (b) elimination of national (racial, ethnic) culture and religious life with the intent of "denationalization"; (c) enslavement, with the same intent; (d) destruction of national (racial, ethnic) economic life, with the same intent; (e) biological decimation through the kidnapping of children, or the prevention of normal family life, with the same intent.... [Holocaust is] the planned physical annihilation, for ideological or pseudo-religious reasons, of all the members of a national, ethnic, or racial group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425–26_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202425–26-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>Tony Barta, historian </td> <td>My conception of a genocidal society—as distinct from a genocidal state—is one in which the bureaucratic apparatus might officially be directed to protect innocent people but in which a whole race is nevertheless subject to remorseless pressures of destruction inherent in the very nature of the society. ("Relations of Genocide: Land and Lives in the Colonization of Australia", pp. 239–240.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarta1987237–252_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarta1987237–252-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Australian_genocide_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian genocide debate">Australian genocide debate</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Wallimann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isidor Wallimann (page does not exist)">Isidor Wallimann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Wallimann" class="extiw" title="de:Isidor Wallimann">de</a>]</span> and Michael N. Dobkowski </td> <td>Genocide is the deliberate, organized destruction, in whole or in large part, of racial or ethnic groups by a government or its agents. It can involve not only mass murder, but also forced deportation (ethnic cleansing), systematic rape, and economic and biological subjugation. (<i>Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death</i>. Syracuse, NY: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>, 2000. Reissue of an early work.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202426_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202426-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td>Henry Huttenbach </td> <td>Genocide is any act that puts the very existence of a group in jeopardy. ("Locating the Holocaust on the Genocide Spectrum: Towards a Methodology of Definition and Categorization", <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i>. Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 289–303.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202426_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202426-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilinsky1999147–156_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilinsky1999147–156-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helen_Fein" title="Helen Fein">Helen Fein</a>, sociologist </td> <td>Genocide is a series of purposeful actions by a perpetrator(s) to destroy a collectivity through mass or selective murders of group members and suppressing the biological and social reproduction of the collectivity. This can be accomplished through the imposed proscription or restriction of reproduction of group members, increasing infant mortality, and breaking the linkage between reproduction and socialization of children in the family or group of origin. The perpetrator may represent the state of the victim, another state, or another collectivity. (<i>Genocide: A Sociological Perspective</i>, London)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieserSchaller2001_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieserSchaller2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202426_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202426-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harff" title="Barbara Harff">Barbara Harff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Robert_Gurr" title="Ted Robert Gurr">Ted Gurr</a>, professors of political science </td> <td>the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. ("Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", <i>International Studies Quarterly</i>, 37:3, 1988)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGill_staff2007What_is_Genocide?_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGill_staff2007What_is_Genocide?-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202426_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202426-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn </td> <td>Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator. (<i>The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies</i>, Yale University Press)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202427-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalkJonassohn199035_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalkJonassohn199035-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>John L. P. Thompson and Gail A. Quets </td> <td>In short, given the problems which arise from restrictions, we define genocide as the destruction of a group by purposive action. This allows the role of intentional action to be explored, different subtypes of genocide to be compared, and the impact of different factors on genocide to be examined empirically. (<i>Genocide and Social Conflict: A Partial Theory and Comparison</i>, p. 248)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonQuets1990245–266_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonQuets1990245–266-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helen_Fein" title="Helen Fein">Helen Fein</a> </td> <td>Genocide is sustained purposeful action by a perpetrator to physically destroy a collectivity directly or indirectly, through interdiction of the biological and social reproduction of group members, sustained regardless of the surrender or lack of threat offered by the victim. (<i>Genocide: A Sociological Perspective</i>, 1993/1990)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGill_staff2007What_is_Genocide?_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGill_staff2007What_is_Genocide?-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202427-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steven_T._Katz" title="Steven T. Katz">Steven T. Katz</a>, American philosopher and scholar </td> <td>[Genocide is] the actualization of the intent, however successfully carried out, to murder in its totality any national, ethnic, racial, religious, political, social, gender or economic group, as these groups are defined by the perpetrator, by whatever means. (<i>The Holocaust in Historical Context</i>, Vol. 1, 1994) [Modified by Adam Jones in 2000 to read, "murder in whole or in substantial part…, in 2010 to read, "murder in whole or in part… "]<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202427-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel_Charny" title="Israel Charny">Israel W. Charny</a>, psychologist and genocide scholar </td> <td><span class="anchor" id="1994_Israel_Charny"></span>Genocide in the generic sense means the mass killing of substantial numbers of human beings, when not in the course of military action against the military forces of an avowed enemy, under conditions of the essential defenselessness of the victim. (<i>Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions</i> ed. George Andreopoulos)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202427-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharny199776_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharny199776-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irving_Louis_Horowitz" title="Irving Louis Horowitz">Irving Louis Horowitz</a>, sociologist </td> <td>Genocide is herein defined as a structural and systematic destruction of innocent people by a state bureaucratic apparatus.... Genocide mean the physical dismemberment and liquidation of people on large scales, an attempt by those who rule to achieve the total elimination of a subject people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202427-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a> </td> <td>Article 6 of the Rome Statute provides that "genocide" means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>Rouben Paul Adalian </td> <td>[W]ithout constructing a dictionary definition, there are five elements that I find necessary to identify a specific atrocity as genocide: the commissioning party is the state, or any institution acting as the instrument of the state, proceeding in the avowed interest of the state; the objects of the policy, the victims, are civilians incapable of mounting an organized defense of their lives, families, and properties; the atrocity is on a scale such as to indicate a scheme by its architects for the wholesale extermination of a sizable segment of a population, if not an entire people, defined or self-defined as a distinct social community; that the objective is a permanent alteration of the demographic characteristics and composition of a defined geographic space; and that all of the above occur or are implemented over, historically-speaking, a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdalian200211_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalian200211-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harff" title="Barbara Harff">Barbara Harff</a> </td> <td>Genocides and <a href="/wiki/Politicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicide">politicides</a> are the promotion, execution, and/or implied consent of sustained policies by governing elites or their agents—or, in the case of civil war either of the contending authorities—that are intended to destroy, in whole or part, a communal, political, or politicized ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202427-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>Manus I. Midlarsky </td> <td>Genocide is understood to be the state-sponsored systematic mass murder of innocent and helpless men, women, and children denoted by a particular ethno-religious identity, having the purpose of eradicating this group from a particular territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202427-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Mark Levene</a>, historian </td> <td>Genocide occurs when a state, perceiving the integrity of its agenda to be threatened by an aggregate population—defined by the state as an organic collectivity, or series of collectivities—seeks to remedy the situation by the systematic, <i>en masse</i> physical elimination of that aggregate, <i>in toto</i>, or until it is no longer perceived to represent a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevene200535_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevene200535-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202428-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacques_S%C3%A9melin" title="Jacques Sémelin">Jacques Sémelin</a>, historian and political scientist </td> <td>I will define genocide as that particular process of civilian destruction that is directed at the total eradication of a group, the criteria by which it is identified being determined by the perpetrator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202428-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chirot" title="Daniel Chirot">Daniel Chirot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clark_McCauley" title="Clark McCauley">Clark McCauley</a> </td> <td>A genocidal mass murder is politically motivated violence that directly or indirectly kills a substantial proportion of a targeted population, combatants and noncombatants alike, regardless of their age or gender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202428-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Shaw_(sociologist)" title="Martin Shaw (sociologist)">Martin Shaw</a>, sociologist </td> <td>Genocide is a form of violent social conflict or war, between armed power organizations that aim to destroy civilian social groups and those groups and other actors who resist this destruction. Genocidal action is action in which armed power organizations treat civilian social groups as enemies and aim to destroy their real or putative social power, by means of killing, violence and coercion against individuals whom they regard as members of the groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawSchott2007154_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawSchott2007154-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202428-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Daniel Feierstein </td> <td>Genocide should be defined in broad and general terms as the execution of a large-scale and systematic plan with the intention of destroying a human group as such in whole or in part. (English translation, 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202428-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Donald Bloxham</a> </td> <td>[Genocide is] the physical destruction of a large portion of a group in a limited or unlimited territory with the intention of destroying that group’s collective existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202428-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Uğur Ümit Üngör</a>, Dutch–Turkish historian, sociologist </td> <td>Genocide can be defined as a complex process of systematic persecution and annihilation of a group of people by a government... We can speak of genocide when individuals are persecuted and murdered merely on the basis of their presumed or imputed membership in a group rather than on their individual characteristics or participation in certain acts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>Adrian Gallagher </td> <td>Genocide is when a collective source of power (usually a State) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher201337_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201337-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>Christopher Powell and Julia Peristerakis </td> <td>We define genocide as the violent erasure of a collective identity and understand genocide as a multidimensional process that works through the destruction of the social institutions that maintain collective identity as well as through the physical destruction of human individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202429_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202429-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>John Cox, historian </td> <td>Genocide is the concerted, coordinated effort to destroy any human group or collectivity as it is defined by the perpetrator. <p>Genocide differs from other mass crimes against humanity and atrocities by its ambition. Genocide aims to not only eliminate individual members of the targeted group but to destroy the group's ability to maintain its social and cultural cohesion and, thus, its existence as a group. </p><p>Because perpetrators very rarely provide explicit statements of <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">genocidal intent</a>, this intent can be uncovered by examining policies, actions, and outcomes, as well as the guiding ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox202017_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox202017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>Maureen S. Hiebert </td> <td>[T]he intentional, systematic physical, biological, and/or cultural destruction of the members of a group in which the group is defined by the perpetrator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiebert20174_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiebert20174-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td>Thomas Earl Porter </td> <td>Genocide is the purposeful attempt to destroy any human group as defined by the genocidists. It is an effort to disrupt that group's social cohesion, thereby preventing its ability to maintain its cultural identity, and thus, its very existence as a group.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms_of_definitions">Criticisms of definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_definitions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criticisms of definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the adoption of the CPPCG there has been criticism of the definition adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloxhamMoses20101–10_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxhamMoses20101–10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common criticisms across definitions includes the focus on physical destruction,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoeden-Forgey201078–79_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoeden-Forgey201078–79-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the defining of target groups,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiebert20174_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiebert20174-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the proportion of a group that needs to be affected to cross the threshold to be considered "genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiebert20173–4_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiebert20173–4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Christian Gerlach</a>, professor of Modern History at the University of Bern, oppose the concept of genocide. His history of the Holocaust, <i> The Extermination of the European Jews</i>, does not use the term,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a 2023 interview with the <a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site">World Socialist Web Site</a> he called genocide "an analytically worthless concept made for political purposes" and "an instrument of liberal imperialism".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_definitions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_definitions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202424–29-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202424–29_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, pp. 24–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-Genocide-1944-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED-Genocide-1944_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-Genocide-1944_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary "Genocide" citing Raphael Lemkin <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i> ix. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunoffRatnerWippman2006615–621-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunoffRatnerWippman2006615–621_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunoffRatnerWippman2006">Dunoff, Ratner & Wippman 2006</a>, pp. 615–621.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202432-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202432_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, p. 32: "There is something of a consensus that group 'destruction' must involve physical liquidation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiebert20173-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiebert20173_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiebert2017">Hiebert 2017</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonassohnBjörnson1998133–135_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998">Jonassohn & Björnson 1998</a>, pp. 133–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBachman2019" class="citation book cs1">Bachman, Jeffrey S. (2019). "Introduction: Bringing cultural genocide into the mainstream". <i>Cultural Genocide: Law, Politics, and Global Manifestations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-21410-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-21410-0"><bdi>978-1-351-21410-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Bringing+cultural+genocide+into+the+mainstream&rft.btitle=Cultural+Genocide%3A+Law%2C+Politics%2C+and+Global+Manifestations&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-351-21410-0&rft.aulast=Bachman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBieńczyk-Missala2018" class="citation book cs1">Bieńczyk-Missala, Agnieszka (2018). "To act or not to act immediately? Is there really a question?". In <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a> (ed.). <i>Last Lectures on the Prevention and Intervention of Genocide</i>. Routledge Studies in Genocide and Crimes against Humanity. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-40977-1"><bdi>978-1-315-40977-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+act+or+not+to+act+immediately%3F+Is+there+really+a+question%3F&rft.btitle=Last+Lectures+on+the+Prevention+and+Intervention+of+Genocide&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Genocide+and+Crimes+against+Humanity&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-315-40977-1&rft.aulast=Bie%C5%84czyk-Missala&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxhamMoses20107–8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloxhamMoses20107–8_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloxhamMoses2010">Bloxham & Moses 2010</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalian200210–11-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdalian200210–11_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdalian2002">Adalian 2002</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuel_2023-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_2023_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel_2023_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2023" class="citation web cs1">Samuel, Sigal (13 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240709145636/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine">"How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine">the original</a> on 9 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=How+to+think+through+allegations+of+genocide+in+Gaza&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Sigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld-politics%2F2023%2F11%2F13%2F23954731%2Fgenocide-israel-gaza-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurga2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Burga, Solcyré (13 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125022352/https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts/">"Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6334409/is-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts">the original</a> on 25 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Is+What%27s+Happening+in+Gaza+a+Genocide%3F+Experts+Weigh+In&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.aulast=Burga&rft.aufirst=Solcyr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6334409%2Fis-whats-happening-gaza-genocide-experts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundorff2021" class="citation book cs1">Mundorff, Kurt (2021). "Lemkin in the cultural moment". <i>A Cultural Interpretation of the Genocide Convention</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-00600-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-00600-8"><bdi>978-1-003-00600-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lemkin+in+the+cultural+moment&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+Interpretation+of+the+Genocide+Convention&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-003-00600-8&rft.aulast=Mundorff&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalk199747-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalk199747_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalk1997">Chalk 1997</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrentlicher2001Genocide-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrentlicher2001Genocide_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrentlicher2001">Orentlicher 2001</a>, Genocide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> "Genocide" citing <i>Sunday Times</i> 21 October 1945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkin1946227–230-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin1946227–230_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemkin1946227–230_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemkin1946">Lemkin 1946</a>, pp. 227–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin" class="citation web cs1">Lemkin, Raphael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/freeworld1945.htm">"Genocide - A Modern Crime, 1945 by Raphael Lemkin - Prevent Genocide International"</a>. <i>www.preventgenocide.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>This article first appeared during World War II in the April 1945 issue of Free World - published in five languages. [Free World, Vol. 4 (April, 1945), p. 39- 43]. The article summarized the concepts Lemkin presented in Chapter 9 of Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, 1944.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.preventgenocide.org&rft.atitle=Genocide+-+A+Modern+Crime%2C+1945+by+Raphael+Lemkin+-+Prevent+Genocide+International&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Flemkin%2Ffreeworld1945.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F96(I)&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False">"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 96 (I): The Crime of Genocide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></i>. 11 December 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=United+Nations+General+Assembly+Resolution+96+%28I%29%3A+The+Crime+of+Genocide&rft.date=1946-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FHome%2FMobile%3FFinalSymbol%3DA%252FRES%252F96%28I%29%26Language%3DE%26DeviceType%3DDesktop%26LangRequested%3DFalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm">"ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">United Nations Office of Legal Affairs</a>. 17 July 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131018192349/http://legal.un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROME+STATUTE+OF+THE+INTERNATIONAL+CRIMINAL+COURT&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+of+Legal+Affairs&rft.date=1998-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegal.un.org%2Ficc%2Fstatute%2F99_corr%2Fcstatute.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalk199748-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalk199748_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalk199748_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalk1997">Chalk 1997</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202424-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202424_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202424_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieserSchaller2001-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieserSchaller2001_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieserSchaller2001_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieserSchaller2001">Kieser & Schaller 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202425-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharny199764-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharny199764_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharny1997">Charny 1997</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202425–26-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202425–26_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Jones notes that Bauer distinguishes between "genocide" and "holocaust" (<a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, p. 16); "The Holocaust was not a case of genocide although it was in response to this crime that the world invented the term...The Nazi genocide of the Jewish people did not masquerade under an ideology. The ideology was genuinely believed. This was an 'idealistic' genocide to which war aims were, therefore, sacrificed. The ideal was to rid the world of Jews as one rids oneself of lice." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Bauer, Yehuda</a> (1979). "Foreword". <i>The Jewish Emergence from Powerlessness</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Emergence+from+Powerlessness&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarta1987237–252-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarta1987237–252_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarta1987">Barta 1987</a>, pp. 237–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202426-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202426_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202426_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202426_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202426_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilinsky1999147–156-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilinsky1999147–156_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilinsky1999">Bilinsky 1999</a>, pp. 147–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGill_staff2007What_is_Genocide?-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGill_staff2007What_is_Genocide?_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGill_staff2007What_is_Genocide?_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGill_staff2007">McGill staff 2007</a>, What is Genocide?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202427-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202427_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISG_staff2001Definitions_of_Genocide_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISG_staff2001">ISG staff 2001</a>, Definitions of Genocide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChalkJonassohn199035-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChalkJonassohn199035_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChalkJonassohn1990">Chalk & Jonassohn 1990</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonQuets1990245–266-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonQuets1990245–266_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompsonQuets1990">Thompson & Quets 1990</a>, pp. 245–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharny199776-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharny199776_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharny1997">Charny 1997</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharny1994" class="citation book cs1">Charny, Israel W. (1994). "Toward a generic definition of genocide". In Andropoulos, George J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/genocideconceptu0000unse"><i>Genocide : conceptual and historical dimensions</i></a>. Internet Archive. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3249-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3249-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-3249-3</bdi></a>. <q>See table 2 (page 76) and table 3 (pages 86-90) for the author's Proposed Definitional Matrix for Crimes of Genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toward+a+generic+definition+of+genocide&rft.btitle=Genocide+%3A+conceptual+and+historical+dimensions&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3249-3&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenocideconceptu0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, p. 27 notes that Horowitz supports "carefully distinguishing the [Jewish] Holocaust from genocide"; and that Horowitz also refers to "the phenomenon of mass murder, for which genocide is a synonym".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdalian200211-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdalian200211_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdalian2002">Adalian 2002</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevene200535-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevene200535_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevene2005">Levene 2005</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202428-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202428_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawSchott2007154-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawSchott2007154_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawSchott2007">Shaw & Schott 2007</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol6/iss1/4">"Team America: Genocide Prevention?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a></i>. <b>6</b> (1): 32–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsp.6.1.32">10.3138/gsp.6.1.32</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Team+America%3A+Genocide+Prevention%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-38&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsp.6.1.32&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol6%2Fiss1%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201337-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher201337_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher2013">Gallagher 2013</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones202429-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones202429_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2024">Jones 2024</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox202017-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox202017_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCox2020">Cox 2020</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiebert20174-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiebert20174_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiebert20174_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiebert2017">Hiebert 2017</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterCox2024" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Thomas Earl; Cox, John (2024). <i>Genocide: A Thematic Approach</i>. Anthem Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1839987311" title="Special:BookSources/978-1839987311"><bdi>978-1839987311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Thematic+Approach&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1839987311&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Earl&rft.au=Cox%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloxhamMoses20101–10-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloxhamMoses20101–10_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloxhamMoses2010">Bloxham & Moses 2010</a>, pp. 1–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhavan2012" class="citation book cs1">Akhavan, Payam (2012). "Preface". <i>Reducing Genocide to Law: Definition, Meaning, and the Ultimate Crime</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. viii–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82441-5"><bdi>978-0-521-82441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Reducing+Genocide+to+Law%3A+Definition%2C+Meaning%2C+and+the+Ultimate+Crime&rft.pages=viii-x&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82441-5&rft.aulast=Akhavan&rft.aufirst=Payam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoeden-Forgey201078–79-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoeden-Forgey201078–79_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoeden-Forgey2010">Joeden-Forgey 2010</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiebert20173–4-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiebert20173–4_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiebert2017">Hiebert 2017</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning" class="citation news cs1">Browning, Christopher R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/11/24/two-different-ways-of-looking-at-nazi-murder/">"The Two Different Ways of Looking at Nazi Murder"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Two+Different+Ways+of+Looking+at+Nazi+Murder&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F11%2F24%2Ftwo-different-ways-of-looking-at-nazi-murder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2023" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Clara (5 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2023/01/05/kbod-j05.html">"An interview with historian Christian Gerlach on the Nazi war of annihilation against the Soviet Union"</a>. <i>World Socialist Web Site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+historian+Christian+Gerlach+on+the+Nazi+war+of+annihilation+against+the+Soviet+Union&rft.date=2023-01-05&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Clara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2023%2F01%2F05%2Fkbod-j05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_definitions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Genocide_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Genocide studies">Bibliography of Genocide studies</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdalian2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rouben_Paul_Adalian" title="Rouben Paul Adalian">Adalian, Rouben Paul</a> (2002). "Finding the Words". In <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Jacobs" title="Steven L. Jacobs">Jacobs, Steven Leonard</a> (eds.). <i>Pioneers of Genocide Studies</i>. New Brunswick: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. pp. 3–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0957-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-0957-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Finding+the+Words&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pages=3-26&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-0957-3&rft.aulast=Adalian&rft.aufirst=Rouben+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarta1987" class="citation book cs1">Barta, Tony (1987). "Relations of Genocide: Land and Lives in the Colonization of Australia". In Wallimann, I.; Dobkowski, M. N. (eds.). <i>Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and case studies of mass death</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations+of+Genocide%3A+Land+and+Lives+in+the+Colonization+of+Australia&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+the+Modern+Age%3A+Etiology+and+case+studies+of+mass+death&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Barta&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilinsky1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107060045/http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html">"Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2): 147–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623529908413948">10.1080/14623529908413948</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faminegenocide.com/resources/bilinsky.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Was+the+Ukrainian+Famine+of+1932%E2%80%931933+Genocide%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-156&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623529908413948&rft.aulast=Bilinsky&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faminegenocide.com%2Fresources%2Fbilinsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxhamMoses2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (2010). "Editor's Introduction: Changing Themes in the Study of Genocide". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923211-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923211-6"><bdi>978-0-19-923211-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Introduction%3A+Changing+Themes+in+the+Study+of+Genocide&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923211-6&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Moses%2C+A.+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalkJonassohn1990" class="citation book cs1">Chalk, Frank Robert; Jonassohn, Kurt (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgzAi1DD75wC&pg=PA23"><i>The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04446-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04446-1"><bdi>978-0-300-04446-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Sociology+of+Genocide%3A+Analyses+and+Case+Studies&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04446-1&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Frank+Robert&rft.au=Jonassohn%2C+Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgzAi1DD75wC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2020" class="citation book cs1">Cox, John (2020) [2017]. <i>To Kill a People: Genocide in the Twentieth Century</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Kill+a+People%3A+Genocide+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalk1997" class="citation book cs1">Chalk, Frank Robert (1997) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5I34DePIxYC&q=Genocide%20Conceptual%20and%20Historical%20Dimensions&pg=PA47">"Redefining Genocide"</a>. In Andreopoulos, George J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5I34DePIxYC&q=Genocide%20Conceptual%20and%20Historical%20Dimensions&pg=PP1"><i>Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions</i></a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. pp. 47–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1616-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1616-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-1616-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Redefining+Genocide&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+Conceptual+and+Historical+Dimensions&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=47-63&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1616-5&rft.aulast=Chalk&rft.aufirst=Frank+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5I34DePIxYC%26q%3DGenocide%2520Conceptual%2520and%2520Historical%2520Dimensions%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharny1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Charny" title="Israel Charny">Charny, Israel W.</a> (1997) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5I34DePIxYC&pg=PA64">"Toward a Generic Definition of Genocide"</a>. In Andreopoulos, George J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5I34DePIxYC"><i>Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions</i></a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. pp. 64–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1616-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1616-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-1616-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Generic+Definition+of+Genocide&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+Conceptual+and+Historical+Dimensions&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=64-94&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1616-5&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5I34DePIxYC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunoffRatnerWippman2006" class="citation book cs1">Dunoff, Jeffrey L.; <a href="/wiki/Steven_R._Ratner" title="Steven R. 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Aspen. pp. 615–621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7355-5735-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7355-5735-2"><bdi>978-0-7355-5735-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law%3A+Norms%2C+Actors%2C+Process&rft.pages=615-621&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Aspen&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7355-5735-2&rft.aulast=Dunoff&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft.au=Ratner%2C+Steven+R.&rft.au=Wippman%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiebert2017" class="citation book cs1">Hiebert, Maureen S. (2017). 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Institute for the Study of Genocide, International Association of Genocide Scholars. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/oldsite/definitions/def_genocide.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Scientists%27+Definitions+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Genocide%2C+International+Association+of+Genocide+Scholars&rft.date=2001&rft.au=ISG+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org%2Foldsite%2Fdefinitions%2Fdef_genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoeden-Forgey2010" class="citation book cs1">Joeden-Forgey, Elisa von (2010). "Gender and Genocide". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bloxham" title="Donald Bloxham">Bloxham, Donald</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, A. Dirk</a> (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 61–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923211-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923211-6"><bdi>978-0-19-923211-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+and+Genocide&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.pages=61-80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923211-6&rft.aulast=Joeden-Forgey&rft.aufirst=Elisa+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf">"Chapter 1: The Origins of Genocide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_excerpts.htm"><i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> Publishers. pp. 15–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35385-4"><bdi>978-0-415-35385-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+Origins+of+Genocide&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=15-18&rft.pub=Routledge%2FTaylor+%26+Francis+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35385-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidetext.net%2Fgaci_origins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2024). "The origins of genocide". <i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 3–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1032028101" title="Special:BookSources/978-1032028101"><bdi>978-1032028101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+genocide&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=3-83&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1032028101&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonassohnBjörnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonassohn, Kurt; Björnson, Karin Solveig (1998). <i>Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIxCUXI38zcC&pg=PA133">133</a>–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-2445-3"><bdi>978-1-4128-2445-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Gross+Human+Rights+Violations%3A+In+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=133-135&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-2445-3&rft.aulast=Jonassohn&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Bj%C3%B6rnson%2C+Karin+Solveig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin1946" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphael</a> (April 1946), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/americanscholar1946.htm">"Genocide"</a>, <i>American Scholar</i>, <b>15</b> (2): 227–230</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scholar&rft.atitle=Genocide&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-230&rft.date=1946-04&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Flemkin%2Famericanscholar1946.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Levene, Mark</a> (2005). <i>Genocide in the Age of the Nation State</i>. Vol. 1: The Meaning of Genocide. <a href="/wiki/I._B._Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I. B. Tauris">I. B. Tauris</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GzlPzOAyZwC&pg=PA35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-752-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-752-9"><bdi>978-1-85043-752-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+the+Age+of+the+Nation+State&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-752-9&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGill_staff2007" class="citation web cs1">McGill staff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505161753/http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">"2007 Global Conference on the Prevention of Genocide – What is Genocide?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/McGill_University_Faculty_of_Law" title="McGill University Faculty of Law">McGill University Faculty of Law</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efchr.mcgill.ca/WhatIsGenocide_en.php?menu=2">the original</a> on 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Global+Conference+on+the+Prevention+of+Genocide+%E2%80%93+What+is+Genocide%3F&rft.pub=McGill+University+Faculty+of+Law&rft.date=2007&rft.au=McGill+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefchr.mcgill.ca%2FWhatIsGenocide_en.php%3Fmenu%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span> A collection of genocide definitions by the <a href="/wiki/Aegis_Trust" title="Aegis Trust">Aegis Trust</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrentlicher2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Orentlicher" title="Diane Orentlicher">Orentlicher, Diane F.</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926194650/http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/genocide.html"><i>Crimes of War: A–Z Guide: Genocide</i></a>, The Crimes of War Education Project, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/genocide.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimes+of+War%3A+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide%3A+Genocide&rft.pub=The+Crimes+of+War+Education+Project&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Orentlicher&rft.aufirst=Diane+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimesofwar.org%2Fthebook%2Fgenocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2013" class="citation cs2">Gallagher, Adrian (2013), <i>Genocide and its Threat to Contemporary International Order</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-44759-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-44759-6"><bdi>978-1-349-44759-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+its+Threat+to+Contemporary+International+Order&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-349-44759-6&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawSchott2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Shaw_(sociologist)" title="Martin Shaw (sociologist)">Shaw, Martin</a>; Schott, Gareth (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVa6hyBaTV8C"><i>What is Genocide?</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>, p. 154, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3183-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3183-7"><bdi>978-0-7456-3183-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Genocide%3F&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3183-7&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Schott%2C+Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVa6hyBaTV8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonQuets1990" class="citation cs2">Thompson, John L.; Quets, Gail A. (1990), Kriesberg, L. (ed.), "Genocide and Social Conflict: A Partial Theory and Comparison", <i>Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change</i>, <b>12</b>, Greenwood, CN: JAI Press: 245–266</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+Social+Movements%2C+Conflicts+and+Change&rft.atitle=Genocide+and+Social+Conflict%3A+A+Partial+Theory+and+Comparison&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=245-266&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Quets%2C+Gail+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_definitions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieserSchaller2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a>; Schaller, Dominik (24 October 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.net/kieser/mak4/Genoziddefinitionen.html"><i>Kolloquium: Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah</i></a>, hist.net, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210221841/http://www.hist.net/kieser/mak4/Genoziddefinitionen.html">archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolloquium%3A+Der+V%C3%B6lkermord+an+den+Armeniern+und+die+Shoah&rft.pub=hist.net&rft.date=2001-10-24&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft.au=Schaller%2C+Dominik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hist.net%2Fkieser%2Fmak4%2FGenoziddefinitionen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenocide+definitions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lemkin, R. (1945). Genocide—a modern crime. Free World, 4, 39-43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/freeworld1945.htm">Link</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egica#Legislation" title="Egica">Visigothic Jews under Egica</a> (693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Tamerlane" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Assyria</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui</a> (1533–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lameyans</a> (1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodhead%27s_Coshocton_expedition" title="Brodhead's Coshocton expedition">Coshocton Expedition</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawazi_massacre" title="Al-Jawazi massacre">al-Jawazi</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarino_massacre" title="Navarino massacre">Navarino massacre</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Siege of Tripolitsa</a> (1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuruyuki" title="Battle of Kuruyuki">Ava Guaraní</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Duala</a> (1914–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Hungary)" title="White Terror (Hungary)">Hungarian White Terror</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoon#Kuwait" title="Bedoon">Kuwaiti Bedoon</a> (1985–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Anod_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Las Anod conflict (2023–present)">Dhulbahante</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza Strip</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">20th century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">21st century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_definitions&oldid=1256754706">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_definitions&oldid=1256754706</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimes" title="Category:Crimes">Crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Definitions" title="Category:Definitions">Definitions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Murder" title="Category:Murder">Murder</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_October_2017" title="Category:EngvarB from October 2017">EngvarB from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2017">Use dmy dates from October 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_July_2024" title="Category:Incomplete lists from July 2024">Incomplete lists from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 11:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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