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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsistence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Subsistence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance_and_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance_and_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Appearance and dress</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yelang&params=27_31_40_N_108_29_37_E_region:CN-52_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°31′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">108°29′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.52778°N 108.49361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.52778; 108.49361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient polity in modern Guizhou Province, China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient political entity. For the existing town, see <a href="/wiki/Yelang,_Guizhou" title="Yelang, Guizhou">Yelang, Guizhou</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Yelang</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E9%83%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:夜郎">夜郎</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yèláng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yelang</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yelang</b>, also <b>Zangke</b>, was an ancient political entity first described in the 3rd century BC in what is now western <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> province, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. It was active for over 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-window_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-window-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is known to modern Chinese from the idiom, "Yelang thinks too highly of itself" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E9%83%8E%E8%87%AA%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:夜郎自大">夜郎自大</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yèláng zì dà</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Yelang self-aggrandizes').<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">Chinas</a></div> <p>The inhabitants of Yelang called themselves <i>Zina</i>. This may be source of the Sanskrit word <a href="/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">Cīna</a> (चीन). The English word China is derived from this Sanskrit word.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expanse">Expanse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expanse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Expansion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/500px-Han_Expansion.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/750px-Han_Expansion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Han_Expansion.png/1000px-Han_Expansion.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Situation map of Han dynasty in 2nd century BC; Yelang is shown in the southwest.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Yelang were believed to have been an alliance of agricultural tribes covering parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient Chinese historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> described Yelang located west of the Mimo and Dian, south of <a href="/wiki/Qiongdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiongdu">Qiongdu</a> (in what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), and east of the nomadic Sui and Kunming.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people have identified the seat of the kingdom as <a href="/wiki/Bijie" title="Bijie">Bijie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">畢節</span>) in today's <a href="/wiki/Liupanshui" title="Liupanshui">Liupanshui</a> area, in modern <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> province, whilst others suggest the capital moved throughout the region over time.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsistence">Subsistence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subsistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yelang were primarily a confederation of agricultural farming tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-pd2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance_and_dress">Appearance and dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appearance and dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yelang people wore their hair up<sup id="cite_ref-pd2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and decorated themselves with jewellery such as bracelets and necklaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeologists have retrieved relics from Yelang graves including "bronze swords, U-shaped bronze hairclips, turquoise bracelets and jade necklaces",<sup id="cite_ref-window_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-window-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as "various bronze, porcelain and stone vessels visibly different from those belonging to other cultures studied in China, like the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dian">Dian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_culture" title="Ba–Shu culture">Bashu cultures</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-pd2002_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_rites">Burial rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Burial rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tomb excavations show a unique burial custom in some Yelang tombs, in which the head of the deceased is placed into a bronze pot. This custom is unknown elsewhere in China.<sup id="cite_ref-pd2002_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Chinese records the Yelang had strong armies.<sup id="cite_ref-pd2002_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 a <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> man publicly disclosed his possession of an ancient seal, said to be that of the Yelang kingdom, and claimed to be the 75th generation descendant of the King of Yelang.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_relations">Political relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warring_States">Warring States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Warring States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early third century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">state of Chu</a> sent Zhuang Qiao to Yelang at the head of a military expedition to prevent the state of Qin from annexing these kingdoms. After negotiating these alliances with the state of Ba, who helped Zhuang Qiao negotiate passage through the state of Bi to reach Yelang. Yelang also accepted the terms of the agreement and Zhuang Qiao went further west to the Lake Dian region. However, in 281 BCE the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin state</a> sent Sima Cuo to intercept this threat to its interests and attacked Ba, eventually persuading Ba, Bi and Yelang to switch to alliances with the Qin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanyue">Nanyue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nanyue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yelang had a close relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> ("Southern Yue") kingdom and used the <a href="/wiki/Zangke_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangke River">Zangke River</a> (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Beipan_River" title="Beipan River">Beipan River</a>) as a means of international transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-yang-c3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-c3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom of Yelang declared their allegiance to Nanyue rule from the start of 183 BC until the end of 111 BC. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi people</a> may be modern-day descendants of the Yelang kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Chinese_culture">In Chinese culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Chinese culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yelang is best known to modern Chinese because of an incident said to have occurred in the 120s BC. According to the story the king of Yelang, convinced that his kingdom was the greatest in all the world, inquired rhetorically of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> emperor's envoy, "Which is greater, Yelang or Han?" This gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_idiom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese idiom">Chinese idiom</a>, "Yelang thinks too highly of itself" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E9%83%8E%E8%87%AA%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:夜郎自大">夜郎自大</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yèláng zì dà</span></i>). Other sources suggest that Yelang's king was simply copying an earlier statement by a ruler of the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dian">Kingdom of Dian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Chinese sources describe the Yelang people as possessing supernatural powers.<sup id="cite_ref-pd2002_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole worship">Pole worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang%27s_Southern_Campaign" title="Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign">Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yelang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) 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href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/30608.htm">"Ancient Sites Open Windows on the Past"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i>. 12 April 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/124">124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7"><bdi>0-521-49781-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2011</span>. <q>贵州民族学院的王子尧教授告诉记者，从研究来看，夜郎的国都好像到处都是，除了沅陵、广顺、茅口等3个地方，牵涉到贵州省境的还有安顺、镇宁、关岭、贞丰、桐梓、贵阳、石阡、黄平、铜仁和云南省的宣威、沾益、曲靖，以及湖南省的麻阳等地方。于是有的学者就独辟蹊径，指出：既然在各地都发现有相关文物，证明该地为夜郎古都，这是否说明夜郎都邑处在一个不断变迁的过程，没有一个固定的地点。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%89%E7%9D%A1%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E6%B2%85%E9%99%B5%EF%BC%9F--%E6%89%93%E6%8E%A2%22%E5%A4%9C%E9%83%8E%E5%9B%BD%22%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86&rft.pub=Beijing+Youth+Daily&rft.date=2001-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funn.people.com.cn%2FGB%2Fchannel27%2F156%2F639%2F200104%2F26%2F57633.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYelang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pd2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pd2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pd2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pd2002_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pd2002_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pd2002_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pd2002_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200210/25/eng20021025_105631.shtml">"Chinese Archeologists Search for Clues on Lost Kingdom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Daily Online">People's Daily Online</a></i>. 25 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template talk:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27ou" title="Dong'ou">Dong'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanyue" title="Shanyue">Shanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpa" title="Sumpa">Sumpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Xirong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunwei" title="Chunwei">Chunwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaxiasiyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty."><img alt="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/250px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/375px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/500px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanid">Karakhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khereid">Khereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha Mongol">Khalkha Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yelang&params=27_31_40_N_108_29_37_E_region:CN-52_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other 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