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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-IP封装" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP封装"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>IP封装</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IP封装-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IP提供的服务" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP提供的服务"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>IP提供的服务</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IP提供的服务-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-可靠性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#可靠性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>可靠性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-可靠性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IP寻址和路由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP寻址和路由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>IP寻址和路由</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IP寻址和路由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-版本历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#版本历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>版本历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-版本历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">网际协议</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。79种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokol" title="Internetprotokol – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internetprotokol" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بروتوكول الإنترنت – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_protokolu" title="İnternet protokolu – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnternet protokolu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2" title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protokol" title="Internet protokol – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Internet protokol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_d%27Internet" title="Protocol d'Internet – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protocol d'Internet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetov%C3%BD_protokol" title="Internetový protokol – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Internetový protokol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokol" title="Internetprotokol – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Internetprotokol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πρωτόκολλο Διαδικτύου – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόκολλο Διαδικτύου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_internet" title="Protocolo de internet – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protocolo de internet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetiprotokoll" title="Internetiprotokoll – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Internetiprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protokolo" title="Internet Protokolo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Internet Protokolo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="آی‌پی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌پی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_Internet" title="Protocolo de Internet – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protocolo de Internet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2" title="ઈન્ટરનેટ પ્રોટોકોલ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈન્ટરનેટ પ્રોટોકોલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="अंतरजाल नियमावली – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरजाल नियमावली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetski_protokol" title="Internetski protokol – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Internetski protokol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokoll" title="Internetprotokoll – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Internetprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol" title="Internet protocol – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Internet protocol" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Internet" title="Protokol Internet – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protokol Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interretala_protokolo" title="Interretala protokolo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Interretala protokolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-samskiptareglur" title="IP-samskiptareglur – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="IP-samskiptareglur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ინტერნეტ ოქმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტერნეტ ოქმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_(Internet_Protocol)" title="ಅಂತರಜಾಲ ಶಿಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ (Internet Protocol) – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರಜಾಲ ಶಿಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ (Internet Protocol)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C" title="인터넷 프로토콜 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터넷 프로토콜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocollum_interretiale" title="Protocollum interretiale – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Protocollum interretiale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%8C%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%95_%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A5" title="ອິນເຕີຣ໌ເນັຕ ໂປຣໂຕໂຄລ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອິນເຕີຣ໌ເນັຕ ໂປຣໂຕໂຄລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Интернет-протокол – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интернет-протокол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Internet" title="Protokol Internet – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protokol Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अन्तरजाल नियम – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अन्तरजाल नियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotocol" title="Internetprotocol – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internetprotocol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protok%C3%B3%C5%82_internetowy" title="Protokół internetowy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protokół internetowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_Internet" title="Protocolo de Internet – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protocolo de Internet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet-protokol" title="Internet-protokol – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Internet-protokol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetov%C3%BD_protokol" title="Internetový protokol – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Internetový protokol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol" title="Internet protocol – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Internet protocol" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Интернет протокол – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интернет протокол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Internet" title="Protokol Internet – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Protokol Internet" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokoll" title="Internetprotokoll – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internetprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="இணைய நெறிமுறை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைய நெறிமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="อินเทอร์เน็ตโพรโทคอล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินเทอร์เน็ตโพรโทคอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دستور جالبین – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دستور جالبین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="网际协议 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="网际协议" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol" title="Internet protocol – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Internet protocol" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C" title="אינטערנעט פראטאקאל – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינטערנעט פראטאקאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%B3k%C3%B3%C3%B2l%C3%B9_%C3%8Dnt%C3%A1n%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80t%C3%AC" title="Prótókóòlù Íntánẹ́ẹ̀tì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Prótókóòlù Íntánẹ́ẹ̀tì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0" title="網際協議 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="網際協議" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGumelo_loxhakaxholo" title="IGumelo loxhakaxholo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGumelo loxhakaxholo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8795#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&oldid=84317714" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&id=84317714&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25BD%2591%25E9%2599%2585%25E5%258D%258F%25E8%25AE%25AE"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25BD%2591%25E9%2599%2585%25E5%258D%258F%25E8%25AE%25AE"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_Protocol" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8795" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-dbbb9a23" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>没有列出任何<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">参考或来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small 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.sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/TCP/IP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%8F" title="TCP/IP协议族">網際網路协议套組</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%B1%82" title="应用层">應用層</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E7%BD%91%E5%85%B3%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="边界网关协议">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E4%B8%BB%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="动态主机设置协议">DHCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="域名系统">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="文件传输协议">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="超文本传输协议">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="超文本传输安全协议">HTTPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="因特网信息访问协议">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E5%9E%8B%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="轻型目录访问协议">LDAP</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="媒體閘道控制協定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Media Gateway Control Protocol"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E9%96%98%E9%81%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="媒體閘道控制協定（页面不存在）">MGCP</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" class="extiw" title="en:Media Gateway Control Protocol"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Media Gateway Control Protocol</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MQTT" title="MQTT">MQTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="網路新聞傳輸協定">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="網路時間協定">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E5%B1%80%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="郵局協定">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E5%91%BC%E5%8F%AB" title="開放網路運算遠端程序呼叫">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%97%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="实时传输协议">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E4%B8%B2%E6%B5%81%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="即時串流協定">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="對話啟動協定">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="简单邮件传输协议">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="简单网络管理协议">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8%E5%B1%A4%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="傳輸層安全性協定">TLS／SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%B1%82%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Category:应用层协议"><i>更多...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%B1%82" title="传输层">傳輸層</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8A%A5%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="用户数据报协议">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8B%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="数据拥塞控制协议">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="流控制传输协议">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E9%A2%84%E7%95%99%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="资源预留协议">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%B1%82%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Category:传输层协议"><i>更多...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="網絡層">網路層</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="互联网控制消息协议">ICMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%89%88" title="互联网控制消息协议第六版">ICMPv6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%8B%A5%E5%A1%9E%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5" title="显式拥塞通知">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%84%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="因特网组管理协议">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%9C%80%E7%9F%AD%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88" title="开放式最短路径优先">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="路由信息协议">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Category:网络层协议"><i>更多...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90%E5%B1%A4" title="連結層">連結層</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="地址解析协议">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E5%B1%85%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="邻居发现协议">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="隧道协议">Tunnels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%82%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="第二层隧道协议">L2TP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%AF%B9%E7%82%B9%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="点对点协议">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="介质访问控制">MAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA%E7%BD%91" title="以太网">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BA%BF%E8%B7%AF" title="数字用户线路">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%BD%91" title="综合业务数字网">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%A4%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3" title="光纤分布式数据接口">FDDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%93%BE%E8%B7%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Category:链路协议"><i>更多...</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Template:网络协议"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Template talk:网络协议"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:网络协议"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>网际协议</b>（<span lang="en">internet protocol</span>，<b>IP</b>），又称<b>互联网协议</b>，是互联网协议套件中的网络层通信协议，用于跨网络边界<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%8C%85%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="封包交換">封包交換</a>。它的路由功能实现了互联互通，并从本质上建立了互联网。 </p><p>IP是在<a href="/wiki/TCP/IP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%8F" title="TCP/IP协议族">TCP/IP协议族</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%B1%82" title="网络层">网络层</a>的主要协议，任务是仅根据数据包标头中的<a href="/wiki/IP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80" title="IP地址">IP地址</a>将数据包从源主机传递到目标主机。为此，IP协议定义了封装要传递的数据的数据包结构。它还定义了用于用源和目的地信息标记数据报的寻址方法。 </p><p>第一个架构的主要版本为<a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a>，目前仍然是广泛使用的互联网协议，尽管世界各地正在积极部署<a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">2005年<a href="/wiki/Opte%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Opte项目">Opte项目</a>互联网一部分的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1" title="路由">路由</a>路径可视化</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">概况</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E5%AD%98%E5%8F%96" title="網際網路存取">存取</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="互联网审查">审查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="电子民主">民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="網路主權">主權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%9E%E5%90%8D%E5%88%B6" title="网络实名制">實名制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%90%BD%E5%B7%AE" title="數位落差">数字鸿沟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" title="數位權利">数字權利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="信息自由">信息自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="互联网历史">互联网历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%88%86%E7%B4%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="網路爆紅列表">网络爆紅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E6%80%A7" title="网络中立性">网络中立性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网先驱者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Internet pioneers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%85%88%E9%A9%B1%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互联网先驱者列表（页面不存在）">先驱者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" class="extiw" title="en:List of Internet pioneers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Internet pioneers</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E9%9A%90%E7%A7%81" title="网络隐私">隐私</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="網際網路社會學">社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%8E%87" title="全球網際網路使用率">使用率</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" title="互联网治理">治理</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="区域互联网注册管理机构">区域互联网注册管理机构</a>（<span lang="en-us">NRO</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%8F%B7%E7%A0%81%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E5%B1%80" title="互联网号码分配局">互联网号码分配局</a>（<span lang="en-us">IANA</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E4%B8%8E%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="互联网名称与数字地址分配机构">互联网名称与数字地址分配机构</a> （<span lang="en-us">ICANN</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%84" title="互联网工程任务组">互联网工程任务组</a>（<span lang="en-us">IETF</span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网治理论坛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internet Governance Forum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%9D%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互联网治理论坛（页面不存在）">互联网治理论坛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" class="extiw" title="en:Internet Governance Forum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internet Governance Forum</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> （<span lang="en-us">IGF</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="互联网协会">互联网协会</a>（<span lang="en-us">ISOC</span>）</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="信息基础设施">信息基础设施</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="域名系统">域名系统</a>（<span lang="en-us">DNS</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="超文本传输协议">超文本传输协议</a>（<span lang="en-us">HTTP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="互联网交换中心">互联网交换中心</a>（<span lang="en-us">IXP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCP/IP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%8F" title="TCP/IP协议族">TCP/IP协议族</a>（<span lang="en-us">IPS</span>） <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">网际协议</a>（<span lang="en">IP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="传输控制协议">传输控制协议</a>（<span lang="en">TCP</span>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>（<span lang="en-us">ISP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80" title="IP地址">IP地址</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%91%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BF%E9%97%AE%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="因特网信息访问协议">因特网信息访问协议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="简单邮件传输协议">简单邮件传输协议</a>（<span lang="en-us">SMTP</span>）</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">服务</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%AA%8C" title="網誌">博客</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-disambig" title="微博">微博</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6" title="电子邮件">电子邮件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%BC%A0%E7%9C%9F" title="网络传真">传真</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB" title="檔案分享">文件共享</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8" title="文件傳輸">文件傳輸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="网络游戏">游戏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="即時通訊">即時通訊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AD%E5%AE%A2" title="播客">播客</a>（<span lang="en-us">Podcast</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%B4%AD%E7%89%A9" title="网络购物">购物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="网络电视">电视</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoIP" title="VoIP">網際協議通話技術</a>（<span lang="en-us">VoIP</span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E7%BB%B4%E7%BD%91" title="万维网">万维网</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" title="网络搜索引擎">搜索</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">指南</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基百科图书"><img alt="维基百科图书" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Internet" class="extiw" title="en:Book:Internet">书</a></b></li> <li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="列表级条目"><img alt="列表级条目" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网有关的文章索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of Internet-related articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互联网有关的文章索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of Internet-related articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of Internet-related articles</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></b></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互联网的纲要" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of the Internet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互联网的纲要（页面不存在）">纲要</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of the Internet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of the Internet</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></b></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="Portal:互联网">互联网主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="Template:網際網路"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="Template talk:網際網路"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:網際網路"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IP封装"><span id="IP.E5.B0.81.E8.A3.85"></span>IP封装</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：IP封装"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>数据在IP互联网中传送时会封装为<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%8C%85" class="mw-redirect" title="数据包">数据包</a>。网际协议的独特之处在于：在报文交换网络中主机在传输数据之前，无须与先前未曾通信过的目的主机预先建立好特定的“通路”。互联网协议提供了“不可靠的”数据包传输机制（也称“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盡力而为" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Best-effort delivery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A1%E5%8A%9B%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盡力而为（页面不存在）">盡力而为</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-effort_delivery" class="extiw" title="en:Best-effort delivery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Best-effort delivery</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>”或“尽最大努力交付”）；也就是说，它不保证数据能准确的传输。数据包在到达的时候可能已经损坏，顺序错乱（与其它一起传送的封包相比），产生冗余包，或者全部丢失。如果<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="应用软件">应用</a>需要保证可靠性，一般需要采取其他的方法，例如利用IP的上层协议控制。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IP提供的服务"><span id="IP.E6.8F.90.E4.BE.9B.E7.9A.84.E6.9C.8D.E5.8A.A1"></span>IP提供的服务</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：IP提供的服务"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于封装带来的抽象机制，IP能够在各种各样的网络上工作，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA%E7%BD%91" title="以太网">以太网</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%AD%A5%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="异步传输模式">异步传输模式</a>、<a href="/wiki/FDDI" class="mw-redirect" title="FDDI">FDDI</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E7%89%8C%E7%8E%AF" title="令牌环">令牌环</a>等等。每个链路层的实现可能有自己的方法（也有可能是完全没有它自己的方法），把IP地址解析成相应的数据链路地址。<a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a>使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="地址解析协议">地址解析协议</a>（ARP），而<a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>采用<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E5%B1%85%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="邻居发现协议">邻居发现协议</a>（NDP）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="可靠性"><span id=".E5.8F.AF.E9.9D.A0.E6.80.A7"></span>可靠性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：可靠性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>互联网协议的设计原则，假定网络基础设施本身就是不可靠的单一网络元素或传输介质，并且它使用的是动态的节点和连接。不存在中央监测和性能衡量机制来跟踪和维护网络的状态。为了减少网络的复杂性，大部分网络只能故意地分布在每个数据传输的终端节点。传输路径中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8" title="路由器">路由器</a>只是简单地将資料包发送到下一个匹配目的地址的路由前缀的本地网关。 </p><p>由于这种设计的结果，互联网协议只提供尽力传送，其服务也不受信任。在网络专业语言中是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="無連接式通訊">无连接</a>的协议，相对于所谓的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="連接導向式通訊">面向连接</a>的模式。在缺乏可靠性的条件下允许下列任何故障发生： </p> <ul><li>数据损坏</li> <li>丢失数据包</li> <li>重复到来</li> <li>数据包传递乱序；意思是，封包A即使在封包B之前发送，B也可能在A之前先抵達。</li></ul> <p>互联网协议提供的唯一帮助是，IPv4规定透過在路由器節點计算<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E9%AA%8C%E5%92%8C" title="校验和">校验和</a>来确保IP数据报头是正确的。这个带来的副作用是当场丢弃报头错误的資料包。在这种情况下不需要发送通知给任一终端节点，但是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="互联网控制消息协议">互联网控制消息协议</a>（ICMP）中存在做到这一点的机制。但是，IPv6为了快速传输已经放弃了计算校验和的使用。 </p><p>对这些可靠性问题的更正是上层协议的责任。例如，上层协议为了确保按顺序传送可能要缓存数据，直到数据可以传递给应用程序。 </p><p>除了可靠性问题，互联网及其组成部分的动态性和多样性不能确保任何路径是有能力地或合适地完成所要求的数据传输，即使路径是有效并且可靠的。技术限制有在给定的链路上允许的数据包的大小。应用程序必须确保它使用适当的传输特性。这种责任还在于一些在应用层协议和IP之间的上层协议。存在审查的本地连接尺寸<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="最大传输单位">最大传输单位</a>（MTU），以及整个预计到目标路径时使用IPv6。IPv4的网络层有自动<a href="/wiki/IP%E5%88%86%E7%89%87" title="IP分片">分片</a>成更小的单位进行传输原始数据报的能力。在这种情况下，IP确实能够为乱序的分片进行顺序排序。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IP寻址和路由"><span id="IP.E5.AF.BB.E5.9D.80.E5.92.8C.E8.B7.AF.E7.94.B1"></span>IP寻址和路由</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：IP寻址和路由"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>网际协议最为复杂的方面可能就是寻址和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1" title="路由">路由</a>。寻址就是如何将<a href="/wiki/IP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80" title="IP地址">IP地址</a>分配给各个终端节点，以及如何划分和组合子网。所有网络端点都需要路由，尤其是网际之间的路由器。路由器通常用<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%91%E5%85%B3%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="内部网关协议">内部网关协议</a>（<span lang="en">Interior Gateway Protocols，IGPs</span>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%91%E5%85%B3%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="外部网关协议">外部网关协议</a>（<span lang="en">External Gateway Protocols，EGPs</span>）决定怎样发送IP数据包。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="版本历史"><span id=".E7.89.88.E6.9C.AC.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>版本历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：版本历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>现在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="国际互联网">国际互联网</a>普遍的采用了网际协议。而现在正在网络中运行的网际协议是<a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a>；<a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>为IPv4的后续版本。互联网现在正慢慢地耗尽IP地址，而IPv6的出现解决了这个问题，与IPv4的32位的地址相比而言，IPv6拥有128位的地址空间，可以提供比前者多很多的地址。 </p><p>版本0至3不是保留就是没有使用。而版本5用于实验流传输协议。其他的版本也已经分配了，通常是用于实验的协议，而没有广泛应用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&section=6" 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