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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet Protocol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokol" title="Internetprotokol – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internetprotokol" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بروتوكول الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتوكول الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_protokolu" title="İnternet protokolu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnternet protokolu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2" title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protokol" title="Internet protokol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Internet protokol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_d%27Internet" title="Protocol d'Internet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protocol d'Internet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetov%C3%BD_protokol" title="Internetový protokol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Internetový protokol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokol" title="Internetprotokol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Internetprotokol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetiprotokoll" title="Internetiprotokoll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Internetiprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πρωτόκολλο Διαδικτύου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόκολλο Διαδικτύου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_internet" title="Protocolo de internet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protocolo de internet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protokolo" title="Internet Protokolo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Internet Protokolo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="آی‌پی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌پی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_Internet" title="Protocolo de Internet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protocolo de Internet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2" title="ઈન્ટરનેટ પ્રોટોકોલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈન્ટરનેટ પ્રોટોકોલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C" title="인터넷 프로토콜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터넷 프로토콜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol" title="Internet protocol – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Internet protocol" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="अंतरजाल नियमावली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरजाल नियमावली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetski_protokol" title="Internetski protokol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Internetski protokol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interretala_protokolo" title="Interretala protokolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Interretala protokolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Internet" title="Protokol Internet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protokol Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGumelo_loxhakaxholo" title="IGumelo loxhakaxholo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IGumelo loxhakaxholo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-samskiptareglur" title="IP-samskiptareglur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="IP-samskiptareglur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_(Internet_Protocol)" title="ಅಂತರಜಾಲ ಶಿಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ (Internet Protocol) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತರಜಾಲ ಶಿಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ (Internet Protocol)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ინტერნეტ ოქმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტერნეტ ოქმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%8C%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%95_%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A5" title="ອິນເຕີຣ໌ເນັຕ ໂປຣໂຕໂຄລ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອິນເຕີຣ໌ເນັຕ ໂປຣໂຕໂຄລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocollum_interretiale" title="Protocollum interretiale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Protocollum interretiale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokoll" title="Internetprotokoll – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Internetprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Интернет-протокол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интернет-протокол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol" title="Internet protocol – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Internet protocol" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Internet" title="Protokol Internet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protokol Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotocol" title="Internetprotocol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internetprotocol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अन्तरजाल नियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अन्तरजाल नियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protok%C3%B3%C5%82_internetowy" title="Protokół internetowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protokół internetowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_Internet" title="Protocolo de Internet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protocolo de Internet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අන්තර්ජාල ප්‍රොටෝකෝලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetov%C3%BD_protokol" title="Internetový protokol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Internetový protokol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol" title="Internet protocol – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Internet protocol" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Интернет протокол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интернет протокол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet-protokol" title="Internet-protokol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Internet-protokol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Internet" title="Protokol Internet – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Protokol Internet" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP" title="IP – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokoll" title="Internetprotokoll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internetprotokoll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="இணைய நெறிமுறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைய நெறிமுறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="อินเทอร์เน็ตโพรโทคอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินเทอร์เน็ตโพรโทคอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دستور جالبین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دستور جالبین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Internet Protocol" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="网际协议 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="网际协议" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C" title="אינטערנעט פראטאקאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינטערנעט פראטאקאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%B3k%C3%B3%C3%B2l%C3%B9_%C3%8Dnt%C3%A1n%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80t%C3%AC" title="Prótókóòlù Íntánẹ́ẹ̀tì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Prótókóòlù Íntánẹ́ẹ̀tì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0" title="網際協議 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="網際協議" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%99%85%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="网际协议 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="网际协议" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8795#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Internet_Protocol" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks navbox" style="width:19em;font-size:95%"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#adb">The <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP_model" title="TCP/IP model">TCP/IP model</a> (<a href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1122" class="extiw" title="rfc:1122">RFC 1122</a>)</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Application_Layer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application Layer (not yet started)">Application Layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTP" title="FTP">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRS_Tunneling_Protocol" title="GPRS Tunneling Protocol">GTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Routing_Information_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routing Information Protocol (not yet started)">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_procedure_call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remote procedure call (not yet started)">RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_time_control_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Real time control protocol (not yet started)">RTCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Session_Description_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Session Description Protocol (not yet started)">SDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Session_Initiation_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Session Initiation Protocol (not yet started)">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAP (protocol)">SOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_traversal_of_UDP_over_NATs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple traversal of UDP over NATs (not yet started)">STUN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIME_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME protocol">TIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols">(more)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_Layer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport Layer (not yet started)">Transport Layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (not yet started)">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol (not yet started)">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_reservation_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resource reservation protocol (not yet started)">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explicit_Congestion_Notification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explicit Congestion Notification (not yet started)">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Transport_layer_protocols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Transport layer protocols (not yet started)">(more)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Layer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Layer (not yet started)">Internet Layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" class="mw-redirect" title="IPv4">IPv4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" class="mw-redirect" title="IPv6">IPv6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Control_Message_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Control Message Protocol (not yet started)">ICMP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICMPv6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICMPv6 (not yet started)">ICMPv6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Group_Management_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Group Management Protocol (not yet started)">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Internet_Layer_protocols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Internet Layer protocols (not yet started)">(more)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#cfc"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Link_Layer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Link Layer (not yet started)">Link Layer</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reverse_Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (not yet started)">RARP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol (not yet started)">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_System_to_Intermediate_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate System to Intermediate System">IS-IS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_Path_Bridging" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortest Path Bridging">SPB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunneling_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunneling protocol (not yet started)">Tunnels</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L2TP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L2TP (not yet started)">L2TP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Access_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Access Control">Media Access Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISDN">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FDDI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FDDI (not yet started)">FDDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device Drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Link_protocols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Link protocols (not yet started)">(more)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPstack" title="Template:IPstack"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPstack" title="Template talk:IPstack"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:IPstack&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Internet Protocol</b> (<b>IP</b>) is the most important <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocol</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> for relaying <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> across network boundaries. It establishes the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. In the past, IP did not provide the connectivity; It only specified how <a href="/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet (information technology)">packets</a> should be created. The <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)</a> allowed this functionality. Since one could not perform its task without the other, they were called <b>TCP/IP</b> to show how they depend on each other.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Think of IP as something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it into the system, but there is no actual direct <i>link</i> between you and the recipient. Instead, there is a "web" of links interconnecting with each other. This is where IP and TCP come in. IP tells packets what their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Destination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destination (not yet started)">destination</a> is and how to get there; TCP ensures a reliable <a href="/wiki/Connection" title="Connection">connection</a>, checking packets for errors, requesting a "re-transmission" if it detects one.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Function" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Function"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Internet Protocol gets information from a source <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> to a destination computer. It sends this information in the form of <a href="/wiki/Packet_(computing)" title="Packet (computing)">packets</a>. </p><p>There are two versions of the Internet Protocol currently in use: <i>IPv4</i> and <i>IPv6,</i> with <i>IPv4</i> being the version most used. IP also gives computers an <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> to identify each other, much like a typical physical address. </p><p>IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet Protocol Suite</a>, which is a set of communications protocols consisting of seven abstraction layers (see <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>), </p><p>The main purpose and task of IP is the delivery of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datagrams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datagrams (not yet started)">datagrams</a> from the source host (source computer) to the destination host (receiving computer) based on their addresses. To do this, IP includes methods and structures for putting tags (address information, which is part of <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>) within datagrams. The process of putting these <a href="/wiki/Tag" class="mw-disambig" title="Tag">tag</a>s on datagrams is called encapsulation. Think of the analogy of the postal system. IP is similar in that it allows a package (a datagram) to be addressed (encapsulation) and put into the system (the Internet) by the sender (source host). However, there is no direct link between sender and receiver. </p><p>The package (datagram) is almost always divided into pieces, but each piece contains the address of the receiver (destination host). Eventually, each piece arrives at the receiver, often by different routes and at different times. These routes and times are also determined by the Postal System, which is the IP. However, the Postal System (in the transport and application layers) puts all the pieces back together before delivery to the receiver (destination host). </p><p>IP is a connectionless protocol, meaning that the circuit to the receiver (destination host) does not need be set up before transmission (by the source host). Continuing the analogy, there does not need to be a direct connection between the physical return address on the letter/package and the recipient address before the letter/package is sent. </p><p>Originally, IP was a connectionless datagram service in a transmission control program created by <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> in 1974. When format and rules were applied to allow connections, the connection-oriented Transmission Control Protocol was created. The two together form the Internet Protocol Suite, often referred to as TCP/IP. </p><p>Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) was the first major version of IP. This is the dominant protocol of the Internet. However, IPv6 is active and in use, and its deployment is increasing all over the world. </p><p>Addressing and routing are the most complex aspects of IP. Intelligence in the network is located at <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">nodes</a> (network interconnection points) in the form of <a href="/wiki/Router" title="Router">routers</a> which forward datagrams to the next known gateway on the route to the final destination. The routers use interior <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_protocols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gateway protocols (not yet started)">gateway protocols</a> (IGPs) or external gateway protocols (EGPs) to help with making forwarding route decisions. Routes are determined by the routing prefix within the datagrams. The routing process can therefore become complex. But at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> (or nearly so) the routing intelligence determines the best route, and the datagram pieces and datagram all eventually arrive at their destination </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IP_Packets">IP Packets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: IP Packets" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: IP Packets"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IP packets or datagram has two parts. The first part is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Header_(networking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Header (networking) (not yet started)">header</a>, which is like a label on an envelope. The second part is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Payload_(networking)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Payload (networking) (not yet started)">payload</a>, which is like the letter inside an envelope. The header contains the source and destination IP addresses, and some extra information. This information is called <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, and is about the packet itself. Putting data in a packet with a header is encapsulation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routing">Routing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Routing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Routing"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every computer on a network does some kind of routing. Dedicated computers talk with each other to figure out where to send packets. These computers are called routers, and talk using <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routing_protocols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routing protocols (not yet started)">routing protocols</a>. </p><p>Along every hop in a packet's journey, a computer reads the header. The computer sees the destination IP address and figures out where to send the packet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliability">Reliability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Reliability" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Reliability"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, the early ancestor of the internet, was designed to survive a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a>. If one computer was destroyed, communication between all the other computers would still work. Computer networks still follow this same design. </p><p>Computers talking to each other handle the "smart" functions to simplify <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>. The end nodes will check for errors instead of a central authority. Keeping the "smart" things on the end computers or <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">nodes</a> follows the end-to-end principle. </p><p>The Internet Protocol sends packets out without ensuring they arrive safely. This is <i>best-effort delivery</i>, and is unreliable. Packets could get messed up, lost, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duplicated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duplicated (not yet started)">duplicated</a>, or received out of order. Higher level protocols like the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (<i>TCP</i>) ensure packets are delivered correctly. IP is also <i>connectionless</i>, so it does not keep track of communications. It assumes that another protocol such as TCP will keep track of connections. </p><p>Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) uses a <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> to check for errors in an IP header. Every checksum is unique to a source/destination combination. A routing node generates a new checksum when it gets a packet. If the new checksum is different from the old one, the routing node knows the packet is bad and throws it out. IPv6 assumes another protocol will check for errors and leaves out the checksum. This is to improve performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> published a paper called "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper described a way for computers to talk to each other using <a href="/w/index.php?title=Packet_Switching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Packet Switching (not yet started)">Packet Switching</a>. A big part of this idea was the "Transmission Control Program". The Transmission Control Program was too big, so it split into TCP and IP. This model is now called the <i>DoD</i> <i>Internet Model</i> and <i>Internet Protocol Suite</i>, or the <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP_model" title="TCP/IP model">TCP/IP Model</a>. </p><p>Versions 0 to 3 of IP were <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimental</a>, and used between 1977 and 1979. Versions 2 and 3, and a draft of version 4, allowed an address length of up to 128 bits,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was mistakenly reduced to 32 bits in the final version of IPv4. Versions 7-9 were <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a> of what eventually became IPv6. </p><p>IPv4 addresses will run out, because the number of possible addresses is running out. To fix this, the IEEE made IPv6 which had even more addresses. While IPv4 has 4.3 Billion addresses, IPv6 has 340 <a href="/wiki/Undecillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Undecillion">undecillion</a> of them. This means we will never run out of IPv6 addresses. IPv5 was reserved for the Internet Stream Protocol, which was only used experimentally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/internet-protocol/">"What is the Internet Protocol?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+Internet+Protocol%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cloudflare.com%2Flearning%2Fnetwork-layer%2Finternet-protocol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLinkedIn" class="citation web cs1">LinkedIn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/internet-protocol-explained-3426713">"The Internet Protocol (IP) Explained"</a>. <i>Lifewire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Protocol+%28IP%29+Explained&rft.au=LinkedIn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Finternet-protocol-explained-3426713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civo.com/learn/ip-packets">"Networking 101 - IP Packets"</a>. <i>Civo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civo.com&rft.atitle=Networking+101+-+IP+Packets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civo.com%2Flearn%2Fip-packets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf">"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Protocol+for+Packet+Network+Intercommunication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2Fcourses%2Farchive%2Ffall06%2Fcos561%2Fpapers%2Fcerf74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPostel" class="citation web cs1">Postel, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien28.pdf">"Internet Protocol Version 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>rfc-editor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rfc-editor&rft.atitle=Internet+Protocol+Version+2&rft.aulast=Postel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien28.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&oldid=9675360">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol&oldid=9675360</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_protocols" title="Category:Internet protocols">Internet protocols</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 30 July 2024, at 14:08.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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