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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Album certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Album_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_longform_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_longform_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Video longform certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_longform_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_against_alleged_infringement_of_members'_copyrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_against_alleged_infringement_of_members'_copyrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Efforts against alleged infringement of members' copyrights</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Selection of defendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_of_defendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Settlement programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"work_made_for_hire"_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"work_made_for_hire"_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The "work made for hire" controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"work_made_for_hire"_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GitHub_and_youtube-dl_takedown_request" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GitHub_and_youtube-dl_takedown_request"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>GitHub and youtube-dl takedown request</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GitHub_and_youtube-dl_takedown_request-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NFT_takedown_requests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NFT_takedown_requests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>NFT takedown requests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NFT_takedown_requests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_leadership_of_RIAA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_leadership_of_RIAA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Executive leadership of RIAA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_leadership_of_RIAA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Recording Industry Association of America</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رابطة صناعة التسجيلات الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رابطة صناعة التسجيلات الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_S%C9%99syazma_S%C9%99nayesi_Birliyi" title="Amerika Səsyazma Sənayesi Birliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika Səsyazma Sənayesi Birliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Асоциация на звукозаписната индустрия в Америка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Асоциация на звукозаписната индустрия в Америка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_Fonogrammitootjate_Liit" title="Ameerika Fonogrammitootjate Liit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Fonogrammitootjate Liit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انجمن صنعت ضبط موسیقی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجمن صنعت ضبط موسیقی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9D%8C%EB%B0%98_%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" title="미국 음반 산업 협회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 음반 산업 협회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ձայնագրող ընկերությունների ամերիկյան ասոցիացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձայնագրող ընկերությունների ամերիկյան ասոցիացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udru%C5%BEenje_diskografske_industrije_Amerike" title="Udruženje diskografske industrije Amerike – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Udruženje diskografske industrije Amerike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asosiasi_Industri_Rekaman_Amerika_Serikat" title="Asosiasi Industri Rekaman Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asosiasi Industri Rekaman Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="איגוד תעשיית ההקלטות האמריקאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איגוד תעשיית ההקלטות האמריקאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ამერიკის ხმისჩამწერი კომპანიების ასოციაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკის ხმისჩამწერი კომპანიების ასოციაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA" title="RIAA – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="RIAA" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_Ierakstu_industrijas_asoci%C4%81cija" title="Amerikas Ierakstu industrijas asociācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikas Ierakstu industrijas asociācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_Hanglemezgy%C3%A1rt%C3%B3k_Sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9ge" title="Amerikai Hanglemezgyártók Szövetsége – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai Hanglemezgyártók Szövetsége" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Здружение на музичките сниматели на Америка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Здружение на музичките сниматели на Америка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persatuan_Industri_Rakaman_Amerika" title="Persatuan Industri Rakaman Amerika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persatuan Industri Rakaman Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A" title="アメリカレコード協会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカレコード協会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Американская ассоциация звукозаписывающих компаний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская ассоциация звукозаписывающих компаний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA" title="RIAA – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="RIAA" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEenje_ameri%C5%A1ke_glasbene_industrije" title="Združenje ameriške glasbene industrije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Združenje ameriške glasbene industrije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%B0" title="Америчко удружење дискографских кућа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Америчко удружење дискографских кућа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Recording Industry Association of America" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="สมาคมผู้ประกอบกิจการเพลงของสหรัฐอเมริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมาคมผู้ประกอบกิจการเพลงของสหรัฐอเมริกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Kay%C4%B1t_End%C3%BCstrisi_Birli%C4%9Fi" title="Amerika Kayıt Endüstrisi Birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Kayıt Endüstrisi Birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83" title="Американська асоціація компаній звукозапису – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська асоціація компаній звукозапису" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_h%E1%BB%99i_C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p_Ghi_%C3%A2m_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Hiệp hội Công nghiệp Ghi âm Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệp hội Công nghiệp Ghi âm Hoa Kỳ" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Trade organization in the U.S.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Recording Industry Association of America</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAA_logo_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/RIAA_logo_colored.svg/150px-RIAA_logo_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/RIAA_logo_colored.svg/225px-RIAA_logo_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/RIAA_logo_colored.svg/300px-RIAA_logo_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">RIAA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1952<span class="noprint">; 72 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1952</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Licensing and royalties, technical standards</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman and <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Glazier" title="Mitch Glazier">Mitch Glazier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riaa.com">riaa<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Recording Industry Association of America</b> (<b>RIAA</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade organization</a> that represents the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music recording industry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Its members consist of record labels and distributors that the RIAA says "create, manufacture, and/or distribute approximately 85% of all legally sold recorded music in the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-RiaaAboutUs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiaaAboutUs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RIAA is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RIAA was formed in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early RIAA standards included the <a href="/wiki/RIAA_equalization" title="RIAA equalization">RIAA equalization</a> curve,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the format of the stereophonic record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3, 45, and 78 rpm records.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RIAA says its current mission includes:<sup id="cite_ref-RiaaAboutUs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiaaAboutUs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>to protect <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> rights of artists</li> <li>to perform research about the music industry</li> <li>to monitor and review relevant laws, regulations, and policies</li></ol> <p>Between 2001 and 2020, RIAA spent between $2.4 million and $6.5 million annually on <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RIAA also participates in the <a href="/wiki/Collective_rights_management" title="Collective rights management">collective rights management</a> of sound recordings, and it is responsible for <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">certifying</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Music recording sales certification">gold and platinum albums and singles</a> in the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company_structure_and_sales">Company structure and sales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Company structure and sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mitch Glazier has been the RIAA's chairman and CEO since 2019. Glazier joined the RIAA 20 years ago and has played a role in the music industry's transition to streaming and "anywhere, anytime" access to music. He was the RIAA's senior executive vice president from 2011 to 2019 and served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. </p><p>The 26-member board of directors is composed of these record executives:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Glazier" title="Mitch Glazier">Mitch Glazier</a> (Recording Industry Association of America)</li> <li>Michele Ballantyne (Recording Industry Association of America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Anthony" title="Michele Anthony">Michele Anthony</a> (Universal Music Group)</li> <li>Glen Barros (Exceleration Music)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Nash" title="Michael L. Nash">Michael L. Nash</a> (Universal Music Group)</li> <li>Eric Berman (Universal Music Group)</li> <li>David Bither (<a href="/wiki/Nonesuch_Records" title="Nonesuch Records">Nonesuch Records</a>)</li> <li>Ken Bunt (<a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Group" title="Disney Music Group">Disney Music Group</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito_(music_executive)" title="John Esposito (music executive)">John Esposito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Music Nashville">Warner Music Nashville</a>)</li> <li>Victor Gonzalez (Universal Music Latin Entertainment)</li> <li>Camille Hackney (Atlantic Records)</li> <li>Rani Hancock (Sire Records)</li> <li>Jeff Harleston (Universal Music Group)</li> <li>Terry Hemmings (Provident Music Group/Sony Music Entertainment)</li> <li>Kevin Kelleher (Sony Music Entertainment)</li> <li>Sheldra Khahaifa (Sony Music Entertainment)</li> <li>Dennis Kooker (Sony Music Entertainment)</li> <li>Eric Chopra (Sony Music Entertainment)</li> <li>Annie Lee (Interscope Geffen A&M)</li> <li>Gabriela Maartinez (Warner Music Latina)</li> <li>Deirdre McDonald (Sony Music Entertainment)</li> <li>Paul Robinson (Warner Music Group)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Silverman" title="Tom Silverman">Tom Silverman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tommy_Boy_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tommy Boy Entertainment">Tommy Boy Entertainment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Swidler" title="Julie Swidler">Julie Swidler</a> (Sony Music Entertainment)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Tanous" title="Will Tanous">Will Tanous</a> (Universal Music Group)</li> <li>Zena White (Partisan Records)</li></ul> </div> <p>The RIAA represents over 1,600 member labels, which are private corporate entities such as record labels and distributors, and collectively create and distribute about 90% of recorded music sold in the United States. The largest and most influential of the members are the "Big Three": </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a></li></ul> <p>Within the major three music groups, it represents high-profile record labels such as <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Records" title="Warner Records">Warner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RIAA reports that total retail value of recordings sold by their members was $10.4 billion<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the end of 2007, a decline from $14.6 billion in 1999. Estimated retail revenues from recorded music in the United States grew 11.4% in 2016 to $7.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales_certification">Sales certification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sales certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA certification</a></div> <p>The RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The award was launched in 1958;<sup id="cite_ref-riaa_history_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riaa_history-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally, the requirement for a Gold single was one million units sold and a Gold album represented $1 million in sales (at wholesale value, around a third of the list price).<sup id="cite_ref-white_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, the additional requirement of 500,000 units sold was added for Gold albums.<sup id="cite_ref-white_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting growth in record sales, the Platinum award was added in 1976, for albums able to sell one million units, while singles qualify upon selling two million units.<sup id="cite_ref-white_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Multi-Platinum award was introduced in 1984, signifying multiple Platinum levels of albums and singles.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, the sales thresholds for singles were reduced to 500,000 for Gold and 1,000,000 for Platinum, reflecting a decrease in sales of singles.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, RIAA began counting each disc in a multi-disc set as one unit toward certification. Reflecting additional growth in music sales, the Diamond award was instituted in 1999 for albums or singles selling ten million units.<sup id="cite_ref-riaa_history_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riaa_history-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these changes in criteria, the sales level associated with a particular award depends on when the award was made. </p><p>Since 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-Spanish_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanish-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the RIAA also operates a similar program for <a href="/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin music (genre)">Latin music</a> sales, called <i>Los Premios de Oro y De Platino</i>. Currently, a "Disco De Oro" (Gold) is awarded for 30,000 units, and a "Disco De Platino" is awarded for 60,000 units. Further, the "Album Multi-Platino" honor is awarded at 120,000, and "Diamante" requires 10 times as many units as "Platino" (600,000).<sup id="cite_ref-latindigital_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latindigital-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RIAA defines "Latin music" as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Digital"_single_certification"><span id=".22Digital.22_single_certification"></span>"Digital" single certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Digital" single certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Roby_and_Miranda_Lambert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Martha_Roby_and_Miranda_Lambert.jpg/220px-Martha_Roby_and_Miranda_Lambert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Martha_Roby_and_Miranda_Lambert.jpg/330px-Martha_Roby_and_Miranda_Lambert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Martha_Roby_and_Miranda_Lambert.jpg/440px-Martha_Roby_and_Miranda_Lambert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>US Representative <a href="/wiki/Martha_Roby" title="Martha Roby">Martha Roby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Lambert" title="Miranda Lambert">Miranda Lambert</a>, who was the RIAA's 2019 Artist of the Year, at an RIAA event in Washington, DC, in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2004, the RIAA added a branch of certification for what it calls "digital" recordings, essentially referring to "recordings transferred to the recipient over a network" (such as those sold via the <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>) yet excluding other obviously digital media such as those on <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc">CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a>, or <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a>. In 2006, "digital ringtones" were added to this branch of certification. Starting in 2013, streaming from audio and video streaming services such as <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and the likes also began to be counted towards the certification, using the formula of 100 streams being the equivalent of one download; thus, RIAA certification for singles no longer reflects actual sales.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recordings</a> in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-latindigital_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latindigital-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the certification criteria for these recordings are:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital awards: </p> <ul><li>Gold: 500,000 units</li> <li>Platinum: 1,000,000 units</li> <li>Multi-Platinum: 2,000,000 units (increments of 1,000,000 thereafter)</li> <li>Diamond: 10,000,000 units</li></ul> <p>The units are defined as: </p> <ol><li>A permanent digital download counts as 1 unit</li> <li>150 on-demand audio and/or video streams count as 1 unit</li></ol> <p>Latin digital awards: </p> <ul><li>Disco de Oro (Gold): 30,000 copies</li> <li>Disco de Platino (Platinum): 60,000 copies</li> <li>Disco de Multi-Platino (Multi-Platinum): 120,000 copies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Album_certification">Album certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Album certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2016, RIAA updated its certification criteria for album-level awards to combine streaming and track sales using the formula for <a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">album-equivalent unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Gold: 500,000 units</li> <li>Platinum: 1,000,000 units</li> <li>Multi-Platinum: 2,000,000 units (increments of 1,000,000 thereafter)</li> <li>Diamond: 10,000,000 units</li></ul> <p>For certification purposes, each unit may be one of:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>sale of a digital album or physical album</li> <li>10 track downloads from the album</li> <li>1,500 on-demand audio and/or video streams from the album</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_longform_certification">Video longform certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Video longform certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with albums, digital albums, and singles, another classification of music release is called "video longform". This release format includes DVD and VHS releases. Further, certain live albums and compilation albums are counted. The certification criteria are slightly different from other styles.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Gold: 50,000 copies</li> <li>Platinum: 100,000 copies</li> <li>Multi-Platinum: 200,000 copies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efforts_against_alleged_infringement_of_members'_copyrights"><span id="Efforts_against_alleged_infringement_of_members.27_copyrights"></span>Efforts against alleged infringement of members' copyrights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Efforts against alleged infringement of members' copyrights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efforts_against_file_sharing">Efforts against file sharing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Efforts against file sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trade_group_efforts_against_file_sharing" title="Trade group efforts against file sharing">Trade group efforts against file sharing</a></div> <p>RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its members' music. Studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to moderate.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file-sharing service providers. Likewise, it has sued individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students, parents of file-sharing children and at least one dead person.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is accused of employing techniques such as peer-to-peer "decoying" and "<a href="/wiki/Spoofing_(anti-piracy_measure)" title="Spoofing (anti-piracy measure)">spoofing</a>" to combat file sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2008, they announced they would stop their lawsuits,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instead attempt to work with ISPs to persuade them to use a three-strike system for file sharing involving issuing two warnings and then cutting off Internet service after the third strike.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selection_of_defendants">Selection of defendants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selection of defendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RIAA names defendants based on ISP identification of the subscriber associated with an <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as such do not know any additional information about a person before they sue. After an Internet subscriber's identity is discovered, but before an individual lawsuit is filed, the subscriber is typically offered an opportunity to settle. The standard settlement is a payment to RIAA and an agreement not to engage in file sharing of music. Such suits are also usually on par with statutory damages of $750 per work, with the RIAA choosing the number of works it deems "reasonable". For cases that do not settle at this amount, the RIAA has gone to trial, seeking statutory damages from the jury, written into The <a href="/wiki/Digital_Theft_Deterrence_and_Copyright_Damages_Improvement_Act_of_1999" title="Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999">Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999</a> as between $750 and $30,000 per work or $750 and $150,000 per work if "willful". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_Citizen" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a> oppose the ability of RIAA and other companies to "strip Internet users of anonymity without allowing them to challenge the order in court".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">US Courts</a> have declared that an IP address is not a person nor personal identifier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This weakened RIAA's ability to sue individuals. </p><p>RIAA's methods of identifying individual users had, in some rare cases, led to the issuing of <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenas</a> to persons dead or otherwise incapable of file-sharing. Two such examples include: a then-recently deceased 83-year-old woman<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an elderly computer novice,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a family reportedly without any computer at all.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Settlement_programs">Settlement programs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Settlement programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2007, RIAA began sending letters accusing Internet users of sharing files and directing them to web site <small>P2PLAWSUITS.COM</small>, where they can make "discount" settlements payable by credit card.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters go on to say that anyone not settling will have lawsuits brought against them. Typical settlements are between $3,000 and $12,000. This new strategy was formed because the RIAA's legal fees were cutting into the income from settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Read_A31_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read_A31-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, RIAA sued 19-year-old Ciara Sauro for allegedly sharing 10 songs online.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RIAA also launched an "early <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement (law)">settlement</a> program" directed to ISPs and to colleges and universities, urging them to pass along letters to subscribers and students offering early settlements, prior to the disclosure of their identities. The settlement letters urged ISPs to preserve evidence for the benefit of the RIAA and invited the students and subscribers to visit an RIAA website for the purpose of entering into a "discount settlement" payable by credit card.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 2007, the focus had shifted from ISPs to colleges and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Read_A31_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read_A31-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1998, RIAA filed a lawsuit in the Ninth U.S. Court of Appeals in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> claiming the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Multimedia" title="Diamond Multimedia">Diamond Multimedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_PMP300" title="Rio PMP300">Rio PMP300</a> player violated the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a>. The Rio PMP300 was significant because it was the second portable consumer MP3 digital audio player released on the market. The three-judge panel ruled in favor of Diamond, paving the way for the development of the portable digital player market.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, RIAA sued college student developers of LAN search engines <a href="/wiki/Phynd" title="Phynd">Phynd</a> and Flatlan, describing them as "a sophisticated network designed to enable widespread music thievery".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2003, RIAA filed suit in civil court against several private individuals who had shared large numbers of files with <a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a>. Most of these suits were settled with monetary payments averaging $3,000. Kazaa publisher Sharman Networks responded with a lawsuit against RIAA, alleging that the terms of use of the network were violated and that unauthorized client software was used in the investigation to track down the individual file sharers (such as Kazaa Lite). An effort to throw out this suit was denied in January 2004, but that suit was settled in 2006. Sharman Networks agreed to a global settlement of litigation brought against it by the Motion Picture Association of America, the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">International Federation of the Phonographic Industry</a>, and by RIAA. The creators of the popular Kazaa file-sharing network would pay $115 million to RIAA, plus unspecified future amounts to MPAA and the software industry; and, they would install filters on its networks to prevent users from sharing copyrighted works on its network.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RIAA also filed suit in 2006 to enjoin digital <a href="/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio">XM Satellite Radio</a> from enabling its subscribers from playing songs they had recorded from its satellite broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also suing several Internet radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, XM was forced to impose an industry fee upon subscribers. The fee still exists and has always been paid, in-full, directly to RIAA. </p><p>On October 12, 2007, RIAA sued Usenet.com seeking a permanent injunction to prevent the company from "aiding, encouraging, enabling, inducing, causing, materially contributing to, or otherwise facilitating" <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>. This suit, the first that RIAA has filed against a Usenet provider, has added another branch to RIAA's rapidly expanding fight to curb the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">unauthorized distribution of copyrighted materials</a>. Unlike many of RIAA's previous lawsuits, this suit was filed against the provider of a service. Providers have no direct means of removing infringing content. RIAA's argument relies heavily on the fact the Usenet.com, the only defendant that had been named, promoted their service with slogans and phrases that strongly suggested that the service could be used to obtain free music. </p><p>On April 28, 2008, RIAA member labels sued Project Playlist, a web music search site, claiming that most of the sound recordings in the site's index of links are infringing. Project Playlist's website denies that any of the music is hosted on Project Playlist's own servers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 30, 2009, RIAA prevailed in its fight against Usenet.com, in a decision, that the U.S. District Judge Harold Baer of the Southern District of New York ruled in favor of the music industry on all its main arguments: that Usenet.com was guilty of direct, contributory, and vicarious infringement. In addition, and perhaps most importantly for future cases, Baer said that Usenet.com cannot claim protection under the Sony Betamax decision. That ruling states that companies cannot be held liable for contributory infringement if the device they create is "capable of significant noninfringing uses".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the parties had appealed to a federal court for damage assessments and awards, which could amount to several millions of dollars for the music industry.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 26, 2010, RIAA members won a case against LimeWire, a P2P file-sharing network, for illegal distribution of copyrighted works.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 29, in retaliation, riaa.org was taken offline via <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial-of-service attacks">denial-of-service attacks</a> executed by members of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Payback" title="Operation Payback">Operation Payback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a></div> <p>RIAA filed briefs in <i><a href="/wiki/Allen_v._Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen v. Cooper">Allen v. Cooper</a></i>, which was decided in 2020. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> abrogated the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> as unconstitutional, while RIAA had argued the opposite view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"work_made_for_hire"_controversy"><span id="The_.22work_made_for_hire.22_controversy"></span>The "work made for hire" controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The "work made for hire" controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, Mitch Glazier, a Congressional staff attorney, inserted, without public notice or comment, substantive language into the final markup of a "technical corrections" section of copyright legislation, classifying many music recordings as "<a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">works made for hire</a>", thereby stripping artists of their copyright interests and transferring those interests to their record labels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, Glazier was hired as Senior Vice President of Government Relations and Legislative Counsel for the RIAA, which vigorously defended the change when it came to light.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle over the disputed provision led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Artists%27_Coalition" title="Recording Artists' Coalition">Recording Artists' Coalition</a>, which successfully lobbied for repeal of the change.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GitHub_and_youtube-dl_takedown_request">GitHub and youtube-dl takedown request</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: GitHub and youtube-dl takedown request"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Youtube-dl#RIAA_takedown_request" title="Youtube-dl">Youtube-dl § RIAA takedown request</a></div> <p>On October 23, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Code_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Code repository">code repository</a> hosting service <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>) released a <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</a> request from RIAA. This request listed the <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> software project <a href="/wiki/Youtube-dl" title="Youtube-dl">youtube-dl</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Software_fork" class="mw-redirect" title="Software fork">forks</a> of the project) as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright violation">copyright violations</a>. The request cited the United States law <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Title 17 U.S.C. §1201</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of this action say that the <a href="/wiki/Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">software library</a> can be used by archivists to download videos of social injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-zdnet_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Parker Higgins, former Director of Copyright Activism at the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF), this takedown request was a "throwback threat" analogous to the <a href="/wiki/DeCSS" title="DeCSS">DeCSS</a> controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NFT_takedown_requests">NFT takedown requests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: NFT takedown requests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Issues_and_criticisms" title="Non-fungible token">Criticisms of Non-fungible tokens</a></div> <p>On February 4, 2022, Mitch Glazier swiftly took action against <a href="/wiki/NFT" class="mw-redirect" title="NFT">NFT</a> scam site <a href="/w/index.php?title=HitPiece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HitPiece (page does not exist)">HitPiece</a>. The site had allegedly stole music to mint as NFTs, and host them on their site. Since then, HitPiece has only responded with "We Started The Conversation And We're Listening." However, their site has not been updated since.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trade_group_efforts_against_file_sharing#Criticism" title="Trade group efforts against file sharing">Criticism of anti-file sharing efforts</a></div> <p>RIAA is heavily criticized for both policy and for their method of suing individuals for copyright infringement. Particularly strong critic-advocates are Internet-based, such as the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RIAA has sued more than 20,000 people in the United States suspected of distributing copyrighted works.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, approximately 2,500 were settled pre-trial. <a href="/wiki/Brad_Templeton" title="Brad Templeton">Brad Templeton</a> of the Electronic Frontier Foundation has called these types of lawsuits <a href="/wiki/Spamigation" title="Spamigation">spamigation</a> and implied they are done merely to <a href="/wiki/Barratry_(common_law)" title="Barratry (common law)">intimidate</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive_leadership_of_RIAA">Executive leadership of RIAA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Executive leadership of RIAA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Lieberson" title="Goddard Lieberson">Goddard Lieberson</a>, 1964–1972 (president)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stanley Gortikov, 1972–1987 (president)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jay Berman, 1988–1998 (president and chair)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Rosen" title="Hilary Rosen">Hilary Rosen</a>, 1998–2001 (president)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Bainwol" title="Mitch Bainwol">Mitch Bainwol</a>, 2003–2011 (chairman and CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Sherman" title="Cary Sherman">Cary Sherman</a>, 2011–2019 (chairman and CEO)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Glazier" title="Mitch Glazier">Mitch Glazier</a>, 2019–present (chairman and CEO)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_equalization" title="RIAA equalization">RIAA equalization (RIAA curve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Copyright_Information" title="Center for Copyright Information">Center for Copyright Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_music_industry_market_share_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Global music industry market share data">Global music industry market share data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Intellectual_Property_Alliance" title="International Intellectual Property Alliance">International Intellectual Property Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit against public participation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RiaaAboutUs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RiaaAboutUs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RiaaAboutUs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/aboutus.php">"Who We Are"</a>. RIAA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112133432/http://www.riaa.com/aboutus.php">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+We+Are&rft.pub=RIAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Faboutus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/privacy.php">Privacy Policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161408/http://www.riaa.com/privacy.php">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on September 13, 2011. "RIAA, 1025 F Street NW, 10th Floor, Washington, D.C. 20004."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/aboutus.php?content_selector=about-who-we-are-riaa">RIAA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231113459/http://www.riaa.com/aboutus.php?content_selector=about-who-we-are-riaa">Archived</a> December 31, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on September 13, 2011. "We are located at 1025 F ST N.W., 10th Floor, Washington, D.C. 20004."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080818201810/http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=7B0D4A07-0D23-A750-0BE1-22882C5C2F13">"RIAA Celebrates 50 Years Of Gold Records"</a>. RIAA News Room. August 11, 2008. Archived from the original on August 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIAA+Celebrates+50+Years+Of+Gold+Records&rft.pub=RIAA+News+Room&rft.date=2008-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fnewsitem.php%3Fid%3D7B0D4A07-0D23-A750-0BE1-22882C5C2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"New Disk Trade Org To Swing Into Action", Billboard Magazine, September 22, 1951, pages 13 and 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graniteaudio.com/phono/page5.html">"RIAA phono equalization article by Don Hoglund"</a>. <i>graniteaudio.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511221442/http://www.graniteaudio.com/phono/page5.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=graniteaudio.com&rft.atitle=RIAA+phono+equalization+article+by+Don+Hoglund.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.graniteaudio.com%2Fphono%2Fpage5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aardvarkmastering.com/riaa.htm">"RIAA Standards For Stereophonic Disc Records"</a>. <i>aardvarkmastering.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004151553/http://www.aardvarkmastering.com/riaa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aardvarkmastering.com&rft.atitle=RIAA+Standards+For+Stereophonic+Disc+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aardvarkmastering.com%2Friaa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000000581">"Recording Industry Assn of America: Summary"</a>. <i>Lobbying Spending Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116053911/https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000000581">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lobbying+Spending+Database&rft.atitle=Recording+Industry+Assn+of+America%3A+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensecrets.org%2Flobby%2Fclientsum.php%3Fid%3DD000000581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/about-riaa/board-executives/">"Board & Executives – RIAA"</a>. <i>RIAA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305135634/https://www.riaa.com/about-riaa/board-executives/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RIAA&rft.atitle=Board+%26+Executives+%E2%80%93+RIAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fabout-riaa%2Fboard-executives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.riaa.com/what-we-do/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112021344/https://www.riaa.com/what-we-do/">Archived</a> November 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, What We Do, The Recording Industry Association of America® (RIAA)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/keystatistics.php">"RIAA - About"</a>. <i>www.riaa.com</i>. November 2, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307082715/http://www.riaa.com/keystatistics.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riaa.com&rft.atitle=RIAA+-+About&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fkeystatistics.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/reports/news-notes-2016-riaa-shipment-revenue-statistics/">"2016 RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics | RIAA - RIAA"</a>. <i>RIAA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928145954/https://www.riaa.com/reports/news-notes-2016-riaa-shipment-revenue-statistics/">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RIAA&rft.atitle=2016+RIAA+Shipment+and+Revenue+Statistics+%7C+RIAA+-+RIAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Freports%2Fnews-notes-2016-riaa-shipment-revenue-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRIAA_Website" class="citation web cs1">RIAA Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308084509/http://www.riaa.com/gp/default.asp">"Gold and Platinum (Index)"</a>. <i>Recording Industry Association of America</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/gp/default.asp">the original</a> on March 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft.atitle=Gold+and+Platinum+%28Index%29&rft.au=RIAA+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fgp%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riaa_history-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riaa_history_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riaa_history_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701162808/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php?content_selector=historyx">"History Of The Awards"</a>. <i>RIAA.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php?content_selector=historyx">the original</a> on July 1, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIAA.com&rft.atitle=History+Of+The+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fgoldandplatinum.php%3Fcontent_selector%3Dhistoryx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-white-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-white_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-white_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-white_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1990" class="citation book cs1">White, Adam (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billboardbookofg00whit"><i>The Billboard Book of Gold & Platinum Records</i></a></span>. Billboard Books. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711921962" title="Special:BookSources/978-0711921962"><bdi>978-0711921962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Billboard+Book+of+Gold+%26+Platinum+Records&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0711921962&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbillboardbookofg00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrein2012" class="citation web cs1">Grein, Paul (November 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/chart-watch-extra-where-thriller-ranks-193809485.html">"Chart Watch Extra: Where "Thriller" Ranks"</a>. <i>Chart Watch</i>. Yahoo Music<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chart+Watch&rft.atitle=Chart+Watch+Extra%3A+Where+%22Thriller%22+Ranks&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.aulast=Grein&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fchart-watch%2Fchart-watch-extra-where-thriller-ranks-193809485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellBrody2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Michael; Brody, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTo8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308"><i>Rock and Roll: An Introduction</i></a> (2nd ed.). Thomson Schirmer. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111794538" title="Special:BookSources/9781111794538"><bdi>9781111794538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+and+Roll%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=308&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thomson+Schirmer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781111794538&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Brody%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXTo8AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1990" class="citation book cs1">White, Adam (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billboardbookofg00whit"><i>The Billboard Book of Gold & Platinum Records</i></a></span>. Billboard Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/billboardbookofg00whit/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711921962" title="Special:BookSources/978-0711921962"><bdi>978-0711921962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Billboard+Book+of+Gold+%26+Platinum+Records&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Billboard+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0711921962&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbillboardbookofg00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715181238/http://riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=9E48CA58-B85D-DE3D-4947-2CB0F2194F64&searchterms=Los%20Premios%20De%20Oro%20y%20Platino&terminclude=&termexact=">"RIAA News Room – RIAA Launches "Los Premios de Oro y De Platino" to Recognize Top Latin Artists"</a>. <i>riaa.com</i>. January 25, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riaa.com/newsitem.php?id=9E48CA58-B85D-DE3D-4947-2CB0F2194F64&searchterms=Los%20Premios%20De%20Oro%20y%20Platino&terminclude=&termexact=">the original</a> on July 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=riaa.com&rft.atitle=RIAA+News+Room+%E2%80%93+RIAA+Launches+%22Los+Premios+de+Oro+y+De+Platino%22+to+Recognize+Top+Latin+Artists&rft.date=2000-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friaa.com%2Fnewsitem.php%3Fid%3D9E48CA58-B85D-DE3D-4947-2CB0F2194F64%26searchterms%3DLos%2520Premios%2520De%2520Oro%2520y%2520Platino%26terminclude%3D%26termexact%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latindigital-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latindigital_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latindigital_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/blog.php?content_selector=riaa-news-blog&content_selector=riaa-news-blog&blog_selector=Updates-Latin-&news_month_filter=12&news_year_filter=2013">"RIAA Updates Latin Gold & Platinum Program"</a>. RIAA. December 20, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311051036/http://www.riaa.com/blog.php?content_selector=riaa-news-blog&content_selector=riaa-news-blog&blog_selector=Updates-Latin-&news_month_filter=12&news_year_filter=2013">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIAA+Updates+Latin+Gold+%26+Platinum+Program&rft.pub=RIAA&rft.date=2013-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fblog.php%3Fcontent_selector%3Driaa-news-blog%26content_selector%3Driaa-news-blog%26blog_selector%3DUpdates-Latin-%26news_month_filter%3D12%26news_year_filter%3D2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?content_selector=newsandviews&news_month_filter=5&id=03662575-C88F-51CF-779C-8396A2B8D74D">"RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards"</a>. RIAA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161215/http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?content_selector=newsandviews&news_month_filter=5&id=03662575-C88F-51CF-779C-8396A2B8D74D">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIAA+Adds+Digital+Streams+To+Historic+Gold+%26+Platinum+Awards&rft.pub=RIAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fnewsitem.php%3Fcontent_selector%3Dnewsandviews%26news_month_filter%3D5%26id%3D03662575-C88F-51CF-779C-8396A2B8D74D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Pham2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Alex Pham (May 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1560846/exclusive-on-demand-streams-now-count-toward-riaa-gold-platinum">"Exclusive: On-Demand Streams Now Count Toward RIAA Gold & Platinum"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222115248/http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1560846/exclusive-on-demand-streams-now-count-toward-riaa-gold-platinum">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+On-Demand+Streams+Now+Count+Toward+RIAA+Gold+%26+Platinum&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.au=Alex+Pham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbiz%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F1560846%2Fexclusive-on-demand-streams-now-count-toward-riaa-gold-platinum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/DIGITAL-SINGLE-AWARD-RIAA-AND-GRF-CERTIFICATION-AUDIT-REQUIREMENTS.pdf">"RIAA AND GR&F Certification Audit Requirements: RIAA Digital Single Award"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RIAA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922010100/http://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/DIGITAL-SINGLE-AWARD-RIAA-AND-GRF-CERTIFICATION-AUDIT-REQUIREMENTS.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIAA&rft.atitle=RIAA+AND+GR%26F+Certification+Audit+Requirements%3A+RIAA+Digital+Single+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FDIGITAL-SINGLE-AWARD-RIAA-AND-GRF-CERTIFICATION-AUDIT-REQUIREMENTS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/riaa-debuts-album-award-streams/">"RIAA Debuts Album Award with Streams"</a>. <i>RIAA</i>. February 1, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202081752/http://www.riaa.com/riaa-debuts-album-award-streams/">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIAA&rft.atitle=RIAA+Debuts+Album+Award+with+Streams&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Friaa-debuts-album-award-streams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ALBUM-AWARD-RIAA-AND-GRF-CERTIFICATION-AUDIT-REQUIREMENTS.pdf">"RIAA AND GR&F Certification Audit Requirements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RIAA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165949/http://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ALBUM-AWARD-RIAA-AND-GRF-CERTIFICATION-AUDIT-REQUIREMENTS.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIAA&rft.atitle=RIAA+AND+GR%26F+Certification+Audit+Requirements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2FALBUM-AWARD-RIAA-AND-GRF-CERTIFICATION-AUDIT-REQUIREMENTS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519083529/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/riaa/video.jsp">"Billboard.com Latest Video Longform Certifications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=%22I+poisoned+P2P+networks+for+the+RIAA%22+%E2%80%93+whistleblower&rft.date=2003-01-17&rft.au=The+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2003%2F01%2F17%2Fi_poisoned_p2p_networks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Register2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a> (March 18, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/03/18/riaa_chief_invokes_martin_luther/">"RIAA chief invokes Martin Luther King in pigopoly defense: P2P poisoning, ISP clampdown justified"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531024821/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/03/18/riaa_chief_invokes_martin_luther/">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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PCWorld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215214825/http://www.pcworld.com/article/155769/riaa_stops_suing_individuals_are_we_home_free.html?tk=rel_news">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mom+Fights+Recording+Industry&rft.date=2005-12-27&rft.au=CBS+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fmom-fights-recording-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/privacy/anon/15590prs20030929.html">"Citing Right to Anonymity Online, ACLU Asks Boston Court to Block Recording Industry Subpoena"</a> (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. September 29, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406161624/http://www.aclu.org/privacy/anon/15590prs20030929.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citing+Right+to+Anonymity+Online%2C+ACLU+Asks+Boston+Court+to+Block+Recording+Industry+Subpoena&rft.pub=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.date=2003-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fprivacy%2Fanon%2F15590prs20030929.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/release.cfm?ID=1636">"Record Industry Cuts Corners in Crusade Against File-Sharers"</a> (Press release). Public Citizen. February 2, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518002950/http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/release.cfm?ID=1636">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Record+Industry+Cuts+Corners+in+Crusade+Against+File-Sharers&rft.pub=Public+Citizen&rft.date=2004-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizen.org%2Fpressroom%2Frelease.cfm%3FID%3D1636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2005/02/4587-2/">I sue dead people</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430054216/https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2005/02/4587-2/">Archived</a> April 30, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Ars Technica, February 4, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3140160.stm">"Grandmother piracy lawsuit dropped"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. September 25, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306054700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3140160.stm">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Grandmother+piracy+lawsuit+dropped&rft.date=2003-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2F3140160.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/04/6662-2/"><i>RIAA sues computer-less family</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223131745/https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/04/6662-2/">Archived</a> February 23, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Anders Bylund, <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>, April 24, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeg_Marco2007" class="citation news cs1">Meg Marco (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consumerist.com/2007/03/riaa-bullies-college-students-with-p2plawsuitscom.html">"RIAA Bullies College Students With P2PLawsuits.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052057/http://consumerist.com/2007/03/riaa-bullies-college-students-with-p2plawsuitscom.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Record+Companies+to+Accused+Pirates%3A+Deal+or+No+Deal%3F&rft.pages=A31&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Brock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Fweekly%2Fv53%2Fi28%2F28a03101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/riaa-preys-teen-need-transplant">"Teen Transplant Candidate Sued Over Music Downloads"</a>. thepittsburghchannel.com. December 9, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211001036/http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/riaa-preys-teen-need-transplant">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Teen+Transplant+Candidate+Sued+Over+Music+Downloads&rft.date=2008-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Fcontent%2Friaa-preys-teen-need-transplant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recordingindustryvspeople.blogspot.com/2007/02/riaa-adopts-new-policy-offers-pre-doe.html">RIAA Adopts New Policy, offers Pre-Doe settlement option if ISP Holds Logs Longer, Asks ISP's to Correct Identification Mistakes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715073546/http://recordingindustryvspeople.blogspot.com/2007/02/riaa-adopts-new-policy-offers-pre-doe.html">Archived</a> July 15, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Recording Industry vs. The People, February 13, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2007/biz/features/riaa-targets-university-students-1117960319/">RIAA targets university students</a> " (Variety.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070927030702/http://www.theeastcarolinian.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticle&ustory_id=4e74bd26-4c1b-4c88-8d84-d915653c9459">"Recording industry battles piracy"</a> by Elizabeth Lauten, <i><a href="/wiki/The_East_Carolinian" title="The East Carolinian">The East Carolinian</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/East_Carolina_University" title="East Carolina University">East Carolina University</a>), April 4, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/139091">Court OKs Diamond Rio MP3 Player</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122122804/http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/139091">Archived</a> November 22, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, by Elizabeth Clampet, InternetNews.Com, June 16, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorland" class="citation web cs1">Borland, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/home-entertainment/riaa-sues-campus-file-swappers/">"RIAA sues campus file-swappers"</a>. CNET. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130120043253/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1027-995429.html?tag=fd_lede1_hed">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIAA+sues+campus+file-swappers&rft.pub=CNET&rft.aulast=Borland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Fhome-entertainment%2Friaa-sues-campus-file-swappers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.www.bcheights.com/media/storage/paper144/news/2003/04/08/Marketplace/Record.Industry.Sues.Flatlan.Operators-410377.shtml">"The Heights – Record industry sues Flatlan operators"</a>. 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Ars Technica. July 27, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131117202325/http://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/07/7363/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Four+Little+Words&rft.date=2000-08-28&rft.au=Eric+Boehlert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.salon.com%2Fent%2Fmusic%2Ffeature%2F2000%2F08%2F28%2Fwork_for_hire%2Fprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Willis2000" class="citation web cs1">Barry Willis (October 29, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stereophile.com/news/10880/">"Clinton Signs Repeal of "Works for Hire" Law"</a>. Stereophile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112154255/http://www.stereophile.com/news/10880/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clinton+Signs+Repeal+of+%22Works+for+Hire%22+Law&rft.pub=Stereophile&rft.date=2000-10-29&rft.au=Barry+Willis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Fnews%2F10880%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/379?link-type=html">106–379 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/379?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/github/dmca/blob/master/2020/10/2020-10-23-RIAA.md">"dmca/2020-10-23-RIAA.md at master · github/dmca"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. October 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024035235/https://github.com/github/dmca/blob/master/2020/10/2020-10-23-RIAA.md">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=dmca%2F2020-10-23-RIAA.md+at+master+%C2%B7+github%2Fdmca&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fgithub%2Fdmca%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2F2020%2F10%2F2020-10-23-RIAA.md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zdnet-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zdnet_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimpanu" class="citation web cs1">Cimpanu, Catalin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/riaa-blitz-takes-down-18-github-projects-used-for-downloading-youtube-videos/">"RIAA blitz takes down 18 GitHub projects used for downloading YouTube videos"</a>. <i>ZDNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=RIAA+blitz+takes+down+18+GitHub+projects+used+for+downloading+YouTube+videos&rft.aulast=Cimpanu&rft.aufirst=Catalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Friaa-blitz-takes-down-18-github-projects-used-for-downloading-youtube-videos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFxor2020" class="citation web cs1">@xor (October 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/xor/status/1319760366814068741">"This all feels like legal analysis from a different time, because frankly this is quite a throwback threat. It feels like DeCSS or Napster"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+all+feels+like+legal+analysis+from+a+different+time%2C+because+frankly+this+is+quite+a+throwback+threat.+It+feels+like+DeCSS+or+Napster.&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft.au=xor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fxor%2Fstatus%2F1319760366814068741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2022" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Eamonn (February 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/eamonnforde/2022/02/07/greatest-hit-riaa-targets-hitpiece-over-nft-infringements/?sh=1cde8fb64275">"Greatest Hit: RIAA Targets HitPiece Over NFT Infringements"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Greatest+Hit%3A+RIAA+Targets+HitPiece+Over+NFT+Infringements&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Eamonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Feamonnforde%2F2022%2F02%2F07%2Fgreatest-hit-riaa-targets-hitpiece-over-nft-infringements%2F%3Fsh%3D1cde8fb64275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/share/petition/">"Stop the RIAA! petition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706171150/http://www.eff.org/share/petition">Archived</a> July 6, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">EFF</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeculture.org/riaafree/">"RIAA Free"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718000837/http://freeculture.org/riaafree/">Archived</a> July 18, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, FreeCulture.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/IP/P2P/howto-notgetsued.php">"How to Not Get Sued For File Sharing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829205601/http://www.eff.org/IP/P2P/howto-notgetsued.php">Archived</a> August 29, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blankenhorn, Dana (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danablankenhorn.com/2006/08/spamigation.html">"Spamigation and How to Fight It"</a>. danablankenhorn.com. Accessed 08-25-2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/22/archives/goddard-lieberson-named-head-of-record-association.html">"Goddard Lieberson Named Head of Record Association"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. January 22, 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004748/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/22/archives/goddard-lieberson-named-head-of-record-association.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Goddard Lieberson, head of Columbia Records, was elected president of the Record Industry Association of America yesterday. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Goddard+Lieberson+Named+Head+of+Record+Association&rft.date=1964-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F01%2F22%2Farchives%2Fgoddard-lieberson-named-head-of-record-association.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celebrityaccess.com/caarchive/stanley-gortikov-former-president-of-the-riaa-dies/">"Stanley Gortikov, Former President Of The RIAA, Dies"</a>. <i>Celebrityaccess.com</i>. June 30, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Celebrityaccess.com&rft.atitle=Stanley+Gortikov%2C+Former+President+Of+The+RIAA%2C+Dies&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelebrityaccess.com%2Fcaarchive%2Fstanley-gortikov-former-president-of-the-riaa-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1431512/stanley-m-gortikov-dead-at-85">"Stanley M. Gortikov Dead At 85"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. June 28, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Stanley+M.+Gortikov+Dead+At+85&rft.date=2004-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F1431512%2Fstanley-m-gortikov-dead-at-85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandler1998" class="citation web cs1">Sandler, Adam (May 15, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.variety.com/1998/music/news/berman-departs-riaa-for-ifpi-role-in-london-1117470868/amp/">"Berman departs RIAA for IFPI role in London"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Berman+departs+RIAA+for+IFPI+role+in+London&rft.date=1998-05-15&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.variety.com%2F1998%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fberman-departs-riaa-for-ifpi-role-in-london-1117470868%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riaa.com/aboutus.php?content_selector=Cary-Sherman-Bio">"Cary Sherman Bio"</a>. RIAA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213144041/http://riaa.com/aboutus.php?content_selector=Cary-Sherman-Bio">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cary+Sherman+Bio&rft.pub=RIAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Friaa.com%2Faboutus.php%3Fcontent_selector%3DCary-Sherman-Bio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecording+Industry+Association+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="List of music organizations in the United States">Music organizations in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Composers_Alliance" title="American Composers Alliance">ACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Composers_Forum" title="American Composers Forum">ACF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Gamelan_Institute" title="American Gamelan Institute">AGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americana_Music_Association" title="Americana Music Association">AMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Music_USA" title="New Music USA">AMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Composers_Forum#First_Nations_Composer_Initiative" title="American Composers Forum">FNCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Polka_Association" title="International Polka Association">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_Mu_Alpha_Sinfonia" title="Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia">PMA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Recording_Academy" title="The Recording Academy">The Recording Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200863#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200863#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200863#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000088693219">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129085294">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85826182">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&oldid=1256834078">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recording_Industry_Association_of_America&oldid=1256834078</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Category:Recording Industry Association 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