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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-During_Jesus's_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_Jesus's_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 During Jesus's ministry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_Jesus's_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witness_to_Jesus's_crucifixion_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witness_to_Jesus's_crucifixion_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Witness to Jesus's crucifixion and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witness_to_Jesus's_crucifixion_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resurrection_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resurrection_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Resurrection of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resurrection_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apocryphal_early_Christian_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocryphal_early_Christian_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Apocryphal early Christian writings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Apocryphal_early_Christian_writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Apocryphal early Christian writings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Apocryphal_early_Christian_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialogue_of_the_Saviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogue_of_the_Saviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Dialogue of the Saviour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogue_of_the_Saviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pistis_Sophia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pistis_Sophia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pistis Sophia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pistis_Sophia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel_of_Thomas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_of_Thomas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Gospel of Thomas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_of_Thomas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel_of_Philip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_of_Philip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Gospel of Philip </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_of_Philip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel_of_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Gospel of Mary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borborite_scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borborite_scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Borborite scriptures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borborite_scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patristic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patristic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Patristic era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patristic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_as_a_prostitute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_as_a_prostitute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Portrayal as a prostitute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_as_a_prostitute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Early Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 High Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fictional_biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Fictional biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_burial_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_burial_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Alleged burial in France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_burial_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Golden_Legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Golden_Legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 The Golden Legend </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Golden_Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spouse_of_John_the_Evangelist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spouse_of_John_the_Evangelist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Spouse of John the Evangelist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spouse_of_John_the_Evangelist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Late Middle Ages and Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Reformation and Counter-Reformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Western_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Western_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 In Western art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Western_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 In music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Religious views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Eastern Orthodox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Roman Catholicism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Protestantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Relics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Speculations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mary Magdalene</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" > 89 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مريم المجدلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مريم المجدلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A1_%DC%A1%DC%93%DC%95%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܪܝܡ ܡܓܕܠܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܪܝܡ ܡܓܕܠܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdaleina" title="Maria Magdaleina – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Maria Magdaleina" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya_Maqdalena" title="Mariya Maqdalena – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mariya Maqdalena" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AE" title="মগ্দলীনী মরিয়ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মগ্দলীনী মরিয়ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марыя Магдаліна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марыя Магдаліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марыя Магдаліна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марыя Магдаліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Maria_Magdalena" title="Si Maria Magdalena – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Si Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мария Магдалина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мария Магдалина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="མག་དལ་མ་མིར་ཡམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མག་དལ་མ་མིར་ཡམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Madalen_(santez)" title="Mari Madalen (santez) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mari Madalen (santez)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Magdalena" title="Marie Magdalena – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marie Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mair_Fadlen" title="Mair Fadlen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mair Fadlen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalene" title="Maria Magdalene – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maria Magdalene" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarja_Magdaleena" title="Maarja Magdaleena – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maarja Magdaleena" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AE" title="Μαρία Μαγδαληνή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρία Μαγδαληνή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena" title="María Magdalena – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="María Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdala" title="Maria Magdala – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maria Magdala" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87" title="مریم مجدلیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مریم مجدلیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Madeleine" title="Marie Madeleine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marie Madeleine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marije_Magdalena" title="Marije Magdalena – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marije Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhaigdil%C3%A9ana" title="Máire Mhaigdiléana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máire Mhaigdiléana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Madalena" title="María Madalena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="María Madalena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Mary Magdalene" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EB%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC_%EC%97%AC%EC%9E%90_%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="막달라 여자 마리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="막달라 여자 마리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Մարիամ Մագդաղենացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարիամ Մագդաղենացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Magdalena" title="Marija Magdalena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marija Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena" title="María Magdalena – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="María Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Maddalena" title="Maria Maddalena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maria Maddalena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מרים המגדלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרים המגדלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარიამ მაგდალინელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარიამ მაგდალინელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мария-Магдалина лун – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Мария-Магдалина лун" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryema_Mejdelan%C3%AE" title="Meryema Mejdelanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Meryema Mejdelanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Magdal%C4%93na" title="Marija Magdalēna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marija Magdalēna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Magdaliet%C4%97" title="Marija Magdalietė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marija Magdalietė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Magdolna" title="Mária Magdolna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mária Magdolna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марија Магдалена – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марија Магдалена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മഗ്ദലനമറിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഗ്ദലനമറിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مريم المجدليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مريم المجدليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86" title="مریم مگدالن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مریم مگدالن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%80%E3%83%A9%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="マグダラのマリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マグダラのマリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mary Magdalene" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%AF%DA%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="میری میگڈالین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میری میگڈالین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%DA%AB%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90%D9%86" title="ماري مګدالېن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماري مګدالېن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Madlaingne" title="Marie Madlaingne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Marie Madlaingne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Madalena" title="Maria Madalena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maria Madalena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мария Магдалина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мария Магдалина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F" title="මරිය මග්දලේනා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මරිය මග්දලේනා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mary Magdalene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Magdal%C3%A9na" title="Mária Magdaléna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mária Magdaléna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Magdalena" title="Marija Magdalena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marija Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марија Магдалена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марија Магдалена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_Magdalena" title="Marija Magdalena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marija Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalan_Maria" title="Magdalan Maria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magdalan Maria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_fr%C3%A5n_Magdala" title="Maria från Magdala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maria från Magdala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மகதலேனா மரியாள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகதலேனா மரியாள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="มารีย์ชาวมักดาลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มารีย์ชาวมักดาลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecdelli_Meryem" title="Mecdelli Meryem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mecdelli Meryem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марія Магдалина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марія Магдалина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مریم مگدلینی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مریم مگدلینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Madalena" title="Maria Madalena – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Maria Madalena" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Madalena" title="Maria Madalena – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maria Madalena" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinte_Madlinne" title="Sinte Madlinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sinte Madlinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Magdalena" title="Maria Magdalena – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Maria Magdalena" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%B9%E5%A4%A7%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%AA%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Follower of Jesus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biblical figure. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mary Magdalene (disambiguation)">Mary Magdalene (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Mary Magdalene</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:TINTORETTO_-_Magdalena_penitente_(Musei_Capitolini,_Roma,_1598-1602)_-_copia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TINTORETTO_-_Magdalena_penitente_%28Musei_Capitolini%2C_Roma%2C_1598-1602%29_-_copia.jpg/220px-TINTORETTO_-_Magdalena_penitente_%28Musei_Capitolini%2C_Roma%2C_1598-1602%29_-_copia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TINTORETTO_-_Magdalena_penitente_%28Musei_Capitolini%2C_Roma%2C_1598-1602%29_-_copia.jpg/330px-TINTORETTO_-_Magdalena_penitente_%28Musei_Capitolini%2C_Roma%2C_1598-1602%29_-_copia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/TINTORETTO_-_Magdalena_penitente_%28Musei_Capitolini%2C_Roma%2C_1598-1602%29_-_copia.jpg/440px-TINTORETTO_-_Magdalena_penitente_%28Musei_Capitolini%2C_Roma%2C_1598-1602%29_-_copia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="3106" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mary Magdalene (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1598) by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tintoretto" title="Domenico Tintoretto">Domenico Tintoretto</a>, depicting her as a penitent</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Apostle to the Apostles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Possibly <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li><li>other <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant churches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Congregation">Pre-Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">July 22</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Western: <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> box of <a href="/wiki/Ointment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ointment">ointment</a></li><li>Eastern: container of ointment (as a myrrhbearer), or holding a <a href="/wiki/Red_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Red egg">red egg</a> (symbol of the resurrection); embracing the feet of Christ after the Resurrection</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="sslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Apothecaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arahal" title="Arahal">Arahal</a>, Spain</li><li><a href="/wiki/Atrani" title="Atrani">Atrani</a>, Italy</li><li><a href="/wiki/Casamicciola_Terme" title="Casamicciola Terme">Casamicciola Terme</a>, Ischia</li><li>contemplative life</li><li><a href="/wiki/Converts" class="mw-redirect" title="Converts">converts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Salt_Lake_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Salt Lake City">Diocese of Salt Lake City</a></li><li>glovers</li><li>hairdressers</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Kawit</a>, Cavite</li><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo,_Cavite" title="Amadeo, Cavite">Amadeo, Cavite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena,_Laguna" title="Magdalena, Laguna">Magdalena, Laguna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Magdalena" title="Santa Magdalena">Santa Magdalena</a>, Sorsogon</li><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Magdalena" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria Magdalena">Santa Maria Magdalena</a>, Hinigaran, Negros Occidental</li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Order of Preachers</a></li><li>perfumeries</li><li>people ridiculed for their <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a></li><li>pharmacists</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pililla" title="Pililla">Pililla</a>, Rizal</li><li><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>, Slovenia</li><li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">penitent sinners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanner (occupation)">tanners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Temptation" title="Temptation">sexual temptation</a></li><li>women</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> Mary Magdalene<a href="#cite_note-pronounce-1">[a]</a> (sometimes called Mary of Magdala, or simply the Magdalene or the Madeleine) was a woman who, according to the four <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospel">canonical gospels</a>, traveled with <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as one of his followers and was a witness to <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">his crucifixion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2">[1]</a> She is mentioned by name twelve times in the canonical gospels, more than most of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> and more than any other woman in the gospels, other than Jesus's family. Mary's <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> Magdalene may be a <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">toponymic surname</a>, meaning that she came from the town of <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>, a fishing town on the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> <a href="/wiki/Luke_8" title="Luke 8">chapter 8</a> lists Mary Magdalene as one of the women who traveled with Jesus and helped support his ministry "out of their resources", indicating that she was probably wealthy. The same passage also states that seven demons <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">had been driven out of her</a>, a statement which is repeated from <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">Mark 16</a>. In all four canonical gospels, Mary Magdalene is a witness to the crucifixion of Jesus and, in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, she is also present at his burial. All four gospels identify her, either alone or as a member of a larger <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Marys" title="The Three Marys">group of women</a>, as the first to witness the <a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">empty tomb</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2">[1]</a> and, either alone or as a member of a group, as the first to witness Jesus's resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1995-3">[2]</a> Mary Magdalene is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> denominations. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> raised the level of liturgical memory on July 22 from memorial to <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast</a>, and for her to be referred to as the "Apostle of the apostles".<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches honor her as a heroine of the faith. The Eastern Orthodox churches also commemorate her on the Sunday of the <a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a>, the Orthodox equivalent of one of the Western <a href="/wiki/Three_Marys" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Marys">Three Marys</a> traditions. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayal_in_Gnostic_writings">Portrayal in Gnostic writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Portrayal in Gnostic writings">edit</a>]</div> Because she was the first to witness Jesus's resurrection, Mary Magdalene is known in some Christian traditions as the "apostle to the apostles". She is a central figure in <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> Christian writings, including the <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_of_the_Saviour" title="Dialogue of the Saviour">Dialogue of the Savior</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a>. These texts portray her as an apostle, as Jesus's closest and most beloved disciple and the only one who truly understood his teachings. In the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic texts">Gnostic texts</a>, or Gnostic gospels, Mary's closeness to Jesus results in tension with another disciple, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, due to her gender and Peter's envy of the special teachings given to her. In the Gospel of Philip's text, Marvin Meyer's translation says (missing text bracketed): "The companion of the [...] is Mary of Magdala. The [...] her more than [...] the disciples, [...] kissed her often on her [...]."<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> It is widely accepted among secular historians that, like Jesus, Mary Magdalene was a real historical figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010475Maisch19989Ehrman2006185–187-6">[5]</a> Nonetheless, very little is known about her life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185–187,_247-7">[6]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, Mary Magdalene left behind no known writings of her own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247-8">[7]</a> She was never mentioned in any of the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> or in any of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">general epistles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016152-10">[9]</a> The earliest and most reliable sources about her life are the three <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>, which were all written during the first century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010543–544-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185–187,_218Hurtado2005267,_355-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Jesus's_ministry">During Jesus's ministry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During Jesus's ministry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdala_um_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Magdala_um_1900.jpg/220px-Magdala_um_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Magdala_um_1900.jpg/330px-Magdala_um_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Magdala_um_1900.jpg/440px-Magdala_um_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="2469" /></a><figcaption>Photograph taken <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900 of <a href="/wiki/Al-Majdal,_Tiberias" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Majdal, Tiberias">al-Majdal</a>, a village standing among the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>, Mary Magdalene's hometown<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010193-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006197-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch19982-15">[14]</a></figcaption></figure> Mary Magdalene's <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> Magdalene (ἡ Μαγδαληνή; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Magdalene') probably means that she came from <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010193-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006197-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Migdal-16">[b]</a> a village on the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> that was primarily known in antiquity as a fishing town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010193-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006197–198-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch19982–3-18">[16]</a> Mary was, by far, the most common Jewish <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> for girls and women during the first century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010193-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMname-19">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-greek3137-20">[17]</a> so it was necessary for the authors of the gospels to call her Magdalene in order to distinguish her from the other women named Mary who followed Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010193-13">[12]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, reputed by scholars to be the earliest surviving gospel, does not mention Mary Magdalene until Jesus's crucifixion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010194-21">[18]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> 8:2–3<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> provides a brief summary of her role during his ministry:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010192-23">[20]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Soon afterwards he went on through cities and villages, proclaiming and bringing the good news of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">kingdom of God</a>. The twelve were with him, as well as some women who had been cured of evil spirits and infirmities: Mary, called Magdalene, from whom seven demons had gone out, and <a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod</a>'s steward Chuza, and <a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a>, and many others, who provided for them out of their resources.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luke 8:1–3<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Veronese,_The_Conversion_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Paolo_Veronese%2C_The_Conversion_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/260px-Paolo_Veronese%2C_The_Conversion_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Paolo_Veronese%2C_The_Conversion_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/390px-Paolo_Veronese%2C_The_Conversion_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Paolo_Veronese%2C_The_Conversion_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/520px-Paolo_Veronese%2C_The_Conversion_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Mary_Magdalene" title="The Conversion of Mary Magdalene">The Conversion of Mary Magdalene</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1548) by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Jesus exorcised "seven demons" from Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010192–193-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilton200525–28-28">[25]</a> That seven demons had possessed Mary is repeated in Mark 16:9,<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006207-30">[27]</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">"longer ending"</a> of that gospel – this is not found in the earliest manuscripts and is possibly a second-century addition to the original text, possibly based on the Gospel of Luke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006207-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayMetzger1977-31">[28]</a> In the first century, demons were believed widely to cause physical and psychological illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200695-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010192–193-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207-27">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Chilton" title="Bruce Chilton">Bruce Chilton</a>, a scholar of early Christianity, states that the reference to the number of demons being "seven" may mean that Mary had to undergo seven exorcisms, probably over a long period of time, due to the first six being partially or wholly unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilton200525–28-28">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, a New Testament scholar and historian of early Christianity, contends that the number seven may be merely symbolic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207-27">[24]</a> since, in Jewish tradition, seven was the number of completion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207-27">[24]</a> so that Mary was possessed by seven demons may simply mean she was completely overwhelmed by their power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207-27">[24]</a> In either case, Mary must have suffered from severe emotional or psychological trauma for an exorcism of this kind to have been perceived as necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010192–193-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207-27">[24]</a> Consequently, her devotion to Jesus resulting from this healing must have been very strong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010193-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilton200528–30-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200479–80-34">[31]</a> The Gospels' writers normally relish giving dramatic descriptions of Jesus's public exorcisms, with the possessed person wailing, thrashing, and tearing his or her clothes in front of a crowd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilton200526-35">[32]</a> By contrast, that Mary's exorcism receives little attention may indicate that either Jesus performed it privately or that the recorders did not perceive it as particularly dramatic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilton200526-35">[32]</a> Because Mary is listed as one of the women who supported Jesus's ministry financially, she must have been relatively wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010193-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006195,_198-36">[33]</a> The places where she and the other women are mentioned throughout the gospels indicate strongly that they were vital to Jesus's ministry<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010192–195-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006196-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993124–125-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016-40">[37]</a> and that Mary Magdalene always appears first, whenever she is listed in the Synoptic Gospels as a member of a <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Marys" title="The Three Marys">group of women</a>, indicates that she was seen as the most important out of all of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010194–195-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993124-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicci199471,_127,_139-43">[40]</a> Carla Ricci notes that, in lists of the disciples, Mary Magdalene occupies a similar position among Jesus's female followers as Simon Peter does among the male apostles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicci199471,_127,_139-43">[40]</a> That women played such an active and important role in Jesus's ministry was not entirely radical or even unique;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006196-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016-40">[37]</a> inscriptions from a synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> from around the same time period reveal that many of the major donors to the synagogue were women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006196-38">[35]</a> Jesus's ministry did bring women greater liberation than they would typically have held in mainstream Jewish society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006195–196-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witness_to_Jesus's_crucifixion_and_burial">Witness to Jesus's crucifixion and burial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Witness to Jesus's crucifixion and burial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weyden,_Rogier_van_der_-_Descent_from_the_Cross_-_Detail_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Weyden%2C_Rogier_van_der_-_Descent_from_the_Cross_-_Detail_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/220px-Weyden%2C_Rogier_van_der_-_Descent_from_the_Cross_-_Detail_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Weyden%2C_Rogier_van_der_-_Descent_from_the_Cross_-_Detail_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/330px-Weyden%2C_Rogier_van_der_-_Descent_from_the_Cross_-_Detail_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Weyden%2C_Rogier_van_der_-_Descent_from_the_Cross_-_Detail_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/440px-Weyden%2C_Rogier_van_der_-_Descent_from_the_Cross_-_Detail_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Mary Magdalene weeping at the crucifixion of Jesus, as portrayed in <a href="/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(van_der_Weyden)" title="The Descent from the Cross (van der Weyden)">The Descent from the Cross</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1435) by the Flemish artist <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20092–64-45">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> All four canonical gospels agree that several other women watched Jesus's crucifixion from a distance, with three explicitly naming Mary Magdalene as present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#15:40" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 15:40</a> lists the names of these women as Mary Magdalene; <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:55" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 27:55–56</a> lists Mary Magdalene, Mary mother of James and Joseph, and the unnamed mother of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a> (who may be the same person Mark calls Salome).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:49" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 23:49</a> mentioned a group of women watching the crucifixion, but did not give any of their names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 19:25</a> lists <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a>, her sister, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary, wife of Clopas</a>, and Mary Magdalene as witnesses to the crucifixion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> Virtually all reputable historians agree that Jesus was crucified by the Romans under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog20051–6-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1998168-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossan1995145-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevineAllisonCrossan20064-50">[47]</a> James Dunn states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Nonetheless, the gospels' accounts of Jesus's crucifixion differ. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006217–223-52">[49]</a> Ehrman states that the presence of Mary Magdalene and the other women at the cross is probably historical because Christians would have been unlikely to make up that the main witnesses to the crucifixion were women<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006225–226-53">[50]</a> and also because their presence is attested in both the Synoptic Gospels and in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> independently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006226-54">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Maurice Casey</a> concurs that the presence of Mary Magdalene and the other women at the crucifixion of Jesus may be recorded as an historical fact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010475-55">[52]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a>, the reason why the women watched the crucifixion even after the male disciples had fled may have been because they were less likely to be arrested, they were braver than the men, or some combination thereof.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276-56">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello,_pala_baglioni,_deposizione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/240px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/360px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg/480px-Raffaello%2C_pala_baglioni%2C_deposizione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Deposition_(Raphael)" title="The Deposition (Raphael)">The Deposition</a> (1507) by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, showing a distressed, reddish-blond-haired Mary Magdalene dressed in fine clothes clutching the hand of Jesus's body as he is carried to the tomb<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesPenny198346–47-57">[54]</a></figcaption></figure> All four canonical gospels, as well as the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a>, agree that Jesus's body was taken down from the cross and buried by a man named <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#15:47" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 15:47</a> lists Mary Magdalene and Mary, mother of Joses as witnesses to the burial of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:61" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 27:61</a> lists Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary" as witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#23:55" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 23:55</a> mentions "the women who had followed him from Galilee", but does not list any of their names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 19:39–42</a> does not mention any women present during Joseph's burial of Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> but does mention the presence of <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a>, a Pharisee with whom Jesus had a conversation near the beginning of the gospel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006223-46">[43]</a> Ehrman, who previously accepted the story of Jesus's burial as historical, now rejects it as a later invention on the basis that Roman governors almost never allowed for executed criminals to be given any kind of burial<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014151–161-58">[55]</a> and Pontius Pilate in particular was not "the sort of ruler who would break with tradition and policy when kindly asked by a member of the Jewish council to provide a decent burial for a crucified victim". Casey argues that Jesus was given a proper burial by Joseph of Arimathea,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010448–453-59">[56]</a> noting that, on some very rare occasions, Roman governors did release the bodies of executed prisoners for burial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010449–450-60">[57]</a> Nonetheless, he rejects that Jesus could have been interred in an expensive tomb with a stone rolled in front of it like the one described in the gospels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010449–453-61">[58]</a> leading him to conclude that Mary and the other women must not have seen the tomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010449–453-61">[58]</a> Sanders affirms Jesus's burial by Joseph of Arimathea in the presence of Mary Magdalene and the other female followers as completely historical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993274–275-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resurrection_of_Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resurrection of Jesus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annibale_Carracci_-_Holy_Women_at_Christ%27_s_Tomb_-_WGA4454.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Annibale_Carracci_-_Holy_Women_at_Christ%27_s_Tomb_-_WGA4454.jpg/240px-Annibale_Carracci_-_Holy_Women_at_Christ%27_s_Tomb_-_WGA4454.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Annibale_Carracci_-_Holy_Women_at_Christ%27_s_Tomb_-_WGA4454.jpg/360px-Annibale_Carracci_-_Holy_Women_at_Christ%27_s_Tomb_-_WGA4454.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Annibale_Carracci_-_Holy_Women_at_Christ%27_s_Tomb_-_WGA4454.jpg/480px-Annibale_Carracci_-_Holy_Women_at_Christ%27_s_Tomb_-_WGA4454.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3613" data-file-height="2998" /></a><figcaption>Holy Women at Christ's Tomb (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1590) by <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a>. In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#28:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 28:1–10</a>, Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary" encounter an angel at the tomb, who tells them that Christ has risen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010462-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest description of <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Jesus's post-resurrection appearances</a> is a quotation of a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pauline_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pauline Christianity">pre-Pauline</a> creed preserved by Paul the Apostle in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#15:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 15:3–8</a>, which was written roughly 20 years before any of the gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014137–143-66">[63]</a> This passage made no mention of Mary Magdalene, the other women, or the story of the empty tomb,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010456–457-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014142–143-68">[65]</a> but rather credits Simon Peter with having been the first to see the risen Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010456–457-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993277-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014137–140-70">[67]</a> Despite this, all four canonical gospels, as well as the apocryphal Gospel of Peter, agreed that Mary Magdalene, either alone or as a member of a group, was the first person to discover that Jesus's tomb was empty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006226-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a> Nonetheless, the details of the accounts differ drastically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a> According to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#16:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 16:1–8</a>, the earliest account of the discovery of the empty tomb, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome went to the tomb just after sunrise, a day and half after Jesus's burial and found that the stone had already been rolled away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010461–462-72">[69]</a> They went inside and saw a young man dressed in white, who told them that Jesus had risen from the dead and instructed them to tell the male disciples that he would meet them in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010462-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a> Instead, the women ran away and told no one, because they were too afraid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010462-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a> The original text of the gospel ends here, without the resurrected Jesus making an appearance to anyone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010462-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006228-73">[70]</a> Casey argues that the reason for this abrupt ending may be because the Gospel of Mark is an unfinished first draft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010462-63">[60]</a> According to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#28:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 28:1–10</a>, Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary" went to the tomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010462-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a> An earthquake occurred and an angel dressed in white descended from Heaven and rolled aside the stone as the women were watching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010462-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a> The angel told them that Jesus had risen from the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010462-63">[60]</a> Then the risen Jesus himself appeared to the women as they were leaving the tomb and told them to tell the other disciples that he would meet them in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010462-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a> According to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#24:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 24:1–12</a> Mary Magdalene, Joanna, and Mary the mother of James went to the tomb and found the stone already rolled away, as in Mark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010463-74">[71]</a> They went inside and saw two young men dressed in white who told them that Jesus had risen from the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010463-74">[71]</a> Then they went and told the eleven remaining apostles, who dismissed their story as nonsense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010463-74">[71]</a> In Luke's account, Jesus never appears to the women,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010463–464-75">[72]</a> but instead <a href="/wiki/Road_to_Emmaus_appearance" title="Road to Emmaus appearance">makes his first appearance</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a> and an unnamed "disciple" on the road to <a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227–229-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010463–464-75">[72]</a> Luke's narrative also removes the injunction for the women to tell the disciples to return to Galilee and instead has Jesus tell the disciples not to return to Galilee, but rather to stay in the precincts of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010463–464-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006226–227-76">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/390px-Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/520px-Alexander_Ivanov_-_Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4725" data-file-height="3556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Appearance_to_Mary_Magdalene_after_the_Resurrection" title="Christ's Appearance to Mary Magdalene after the Resurrection">Christ's Appearance to Mary Magdalene after the Resurrection</a> (1835) by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andreyevich_Ivanov" title="Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov">Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov</a>. In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#20:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 20:1–13</a>, Mary Magdalene sees the risen Jesus alone<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010464-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006228-73">[70]</a> and he tells her "Don't touch me, for I have not yet ascended to my father."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006228-73">[70]</a></figcaption></figure> Mary Magdalene's role in the resurrection narrative is greatly increased in the account from the Gospel of John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253-78">[75]</a> According to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#20:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 20:1–10</a>, Mary Magdalene went to the tomb when it was still dark and saw that the stone had already been rolled away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010464-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227,_253-79">[76]</a> She did not see anyone, but immediately ran to tell Peter and the "<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">beloved disciple</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227,_253-79">[76]</a> who came with her to the tomb and confirmed that it was empty,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253-78">[75]</a> but returned home without seeing the risen Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a> According to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#20:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 20:11–18</a>, Mary, now alone in the garden outside the tomb, saw two angels sitting where Jesus's body had been.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a> Then the risen Jesus approached her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253,_228-80">[77]</a> She at first mistook him for the gardener,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a> but, after she heard him say her name, she recognized him and cried out "Rabbouni!" (which is Aramaic for 'teacher').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253-78">[75]</a> His next words may be translated as "<a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Don't touch me</a>, for I have not yet ascended to my Father" or "Stop clinging to me, [etc.]", the latter more probable in view of the grammar (negated present imperative: stop doing something already in progress) as well as Jesus's challenge to Thomas a week later (see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#20:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 20:24–29</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson1991642-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006228-73">[70]</a>). Jesus then sent her to tell the other apostles the good news of his resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a> The Gospel of John therefore portrays Mary Magdalene as the first apostle, the apostle sent to the apostles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">[68]</a> Because scribes were unsatisfied with the abrupt ending of the Gospel of Mark, they wrote several different alternative endings for it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010477-82">[79]</a> In the "<a href="/wiki/Shorter_ending_of_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorter ending of Mark">shorter ending</a>", which is found in very few manuscripts, the women go to "those around Peter" and tell them what they had seen at the tomb, followed by a brief declaration of the gospel being preached from east to west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010477-82">[79]</a> This "very forced" ending contradicts the last verse of the original gospel, stating that the women "told no one".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010477-82">[79]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Longer_ending_of_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Longer ending of Mark">longer ending</a>", which is found in most surviving manuscripts, is an "amalgam of traditions" containing episodes derived from the other gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010477-82">[79]</a> First, it describes an appearance by Jesus to Mary Magdalene alone (as in the Gospel of John),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010477-82">[79]</a> followed by brief descriptions of him appearing to the two disciples on the road to Emmaus (as in the Gospel of Luke) and to the eleven remaining disciples (as in the Gospel of Matthew).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010477-82">[79]</a> In his book published in 2006, Ehrman states that "it appears virtually certain" that the stories of the empty tomb, regardless of whether or not they are accurate, can definitely be traced back to the historical Mary Magdalene,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006229-83">[80]</a> saying that, in Jewish society, women were regarded as unreliable witnesses and were forbidden from giving testimony in court,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006255-84">[81]</a> so early Christians would have had no motive to make up a story about a woman being the first to discover the empty tomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006255-84">[81]</a> In fact, if they had made the story up, they would have had strong motivation to make Peter, Jesus's closest disciple while he was alive, the discoverer of the tomb instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006255-84">[81]</a> He also says that the story of Mary Magdalene discovering the empty tomb is independently attested in the Synoptics, the Gospel of John, and in the Gospel of Peter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006226–227,_255–256-85">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> states that, "it is, frankly, impossible to imagine that [the women at the tomb] were inserted into the tradition after Paul's day."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2003607-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010475-55">[52]</a> Casey challenges this argument, contending that the women at the tomb are not legal witnesses, but rather heroines in line with a long Jewish tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010475-55">[52]</a> He contends that the story of the empty tomb was invented by either the author of the Gospel of Mark or by one of his sources, based on the historically genuine fact that the women really had been present at Jesus's crucifixion and burial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010475-55">[52]</a> In his book published in 2014, Ehrman rejects his own previous argument,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014164–169-87">[84]</a> stating that the story of the empty tomb can only be a later invention because there is virtually no possibility that Jesus's body could have been placed in any kind of tomb<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014164–169-87">[84]</a> and, if Jesus was never buried, then no one alive at the time could have said that his non-existent tomb had been found empty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014164–169-87">[84]</a> He concludes that the idea that early Christians would have had "no motive" to make up the story simply "suffers from a poverty of imagination"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014166-88">[85]</a> and that they would have had all kinds of possible motives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014166–169-89">[86]</a> especially since women were overrepresented in early Christian communities and women themselves would have had strong motivation to make up a story about other women being the first to find the tomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014166–167-90">[87]</a> He does conclude later, however, that Mary Magdalene must have been one of the people who had an experience in which she thought she saw the risen Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014192-91">[88]</a> citing her prominence in the gospel resurrection narratives and her absence everywhere else in the gospels as evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014192-91">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apocryphal_early_Christian_writings">Apocryphal early Christian writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apocryphal early Christian writings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></div> New Testament apocrypha writings mention Mary Magdalene. Some of these writings were cited as <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">scripture</a> by early Christians. However, they were never admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">canon of the New Testament</a>. Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches generally do not view these writings as part of the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005230-92">[89]</a> In these apocryphal texts, Mary Magdalene is portrayed as a visionary and leader of the early movement whom Jesus loved more than he loved the other disciples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1998-93">[90]</a> These texts were written long after the death of the historical Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010543–544-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247-8">[7]</a> They are not regarded by bible scholars as reliable sources of information about her life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010543–544-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199364-94">[91]</a> Sanders summarizes the scholarly consensus that: <blockquote>... very, very little in the apocryphal gospels could conceivably go back to the time of Jesus. They are legendary and mythological. Of all the apocryphal material, only some of the sayings in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> are worth consideration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199364-94">[91]</a></blockquote> Nonetheless, the texts have been frequently promoted in modern works as though they were reliable. Such works often support sensationalist statements about Jesus and Mary Magdalene's relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010544-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialogue_of_the_Saviour">Dialogue of the Saviour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dialogue of the Saviour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_of_the_Saviour" title="Dialogue of the Saviour">Dialogue of the Saviour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialogue_of_the_Savior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dialogue_of_the_Savior.jpg/170px-Dialogue_of_the_Savior.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dialogue_of_the_Savior.jpg/255px-Dialogue_of_the_Savior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dialogue_of_the_Savior.jpg/340px-Dialogue_of_the_Savior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of a fourth-century text of the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_of_the_Saviour" title="Dialogue of the Saviour">Dialogue of the Saviour</a>, in which Mary Magdalene is a central figure<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006207–208-96">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest dialogue between Jesus and Mary Magdalene is probably the <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_of_the_Saviour" title="Dialogue of the Saviour">Dialogue of the Saviour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006207-30">[27]</a> a badly damaged Gnostic text discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006207-30">[27]</a> The dialogue consists of a conversation between Jesus, Mary and two apostles – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew the Apostle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006208-97">[94]</a> In saying 53, the Dialogue attributes to Mary three <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> that are attributed to Jesus in the New Testament: "The wickedness of each day [is sufficient]. Workers deserve their food. Disciples resemble their teachers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006208-97">[94]</a> The narrator commends Mary stating, "she spoke this utterance as a woman who understood everything."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006208-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pistis_Sophia">Pistis Sophia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pistis Sophia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia</a>, possibly dating as early as the second century, is the best surviving of the Gnostic writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtakHurtak1999-98">[95]</a> It was discovered in the 18th century in a large volume containing numerous early Gnostic treatises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006208–209-99">[96]</a> The document takes the form of a long dialogue in which Jesus answers his followers' questions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006209-100">[97]</a> Of the 64 questions, 39 are presented by a woman who is referred to as Mary or Mary Magdalene. At one point, Jesus says, "Mary, thou blessed one, whom I will perfect in all mysteries of those of the height, discourse in openness, thou, whose heart is raised to the kingdom of heaven more than all thy brethren."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtakHurtak1999-98">[95]</a> At another point, he tells her, "Well done, Mary. You are more blessed than all women on earth, because you will be the fullness of fullness and the completion of completion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006209-100">[97]</a> Simon Peter, annoyed at Mary's dominance of the conversation, tells Jesus, "My master, we cannot endure this woman who gets in our way and does not let any of us speak, though she talks all the time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006209-100">[97]</a> Mary defends herself, saying, "My master, I understand in my mind that I can come forward at any time to interpret what Pistis Sophia [a female deity] has said, but I am afraid of Peter, because he threatens me and hates our gender."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006209-100">[97]</a> Jesus assures her, "Any of those filled with the spirit of light will come forward to interpret what I say: no one will be able to oppose them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006209-100">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel_of_Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gospel of Thomas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nag_Hammadi_coptic.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nag_Hammadi_coptic.gif/170px-Nag_Hammadi_coptic.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Nag_Hammadi_coptic.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Last page of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> from Nag Hammadi, containing the account of Jesus's reaffirmation of Mary's authority to Peter<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006211–213-101">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>, usually dated to the late first or early second century, was among the ancient texts discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1992-102">[99]</a> The Gospel of Thomas consists entirely of 114 sayings attributed to Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210–211-103">[100]</a> Many of these sayings are similar to ones in the canonical gospels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210-104">[101]</a> but others are completely unlike anything found in the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210–211-103">[100]</a> Some scholars believe that at least a few of these sayings may authentically be traced back to the historical Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders199364-94">[91]</a> Two of the sayings reference a woman named "Mary", who is generally regarded as Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210–211-103">[100]</a> In saying 21, Mary herself asks Jesus, "Whom are your disciples like?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006211-105">[102]</a> Jesus responds, "They are like children who have settled in a field which is not theirs. When the owners of the field come, they will say, 'Let us have back our field.' They (will) undress in their presence in order to let them have back their field and to give it back to them." Following this, Jesus continues his explanation with a parable about the owner of a house and a thief, ending with the common rhetoric, "Whoever has ears to hear let him hear." Mary's mention in saying 114, however, has generated considerable controversy:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006211-105">[102]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Simon Peter said to them: Let Mary go forth from among us, for women are not worthy of the life. Jesus said: Behold, I shall lead her, that I may make her male, in order that she also may become a living spirit like you males. For every woman who makes herself male shall enter into the kingdom of heaven.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFMeyer1992">Meyer 1992</a></cite></div></blockquote> In the ancient world, many patriarchal cultures believed that women were inferior to men<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006211–213-101">[98]</a> and that they were, in essence, "imperfect men" who had not fully developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006211–213-101">[98]</a> When Peter challenges Mary's authority in this saying, he does so on the widely accepted premise that she is a woman and therefore an inferior human being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006213-106">[103]</a> When Jesus rebukes him for this, he bases his response on the same premise,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006213-106">[103]</a> stating that Mary and all faithful women like her will become men and that salvation is therefore open to all, even those who are presently women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006213-106">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel_of_Philip">Gospel of Philip</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gospel of Philip">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangelio_de_Felipe_%C2%B7_Codex_II,_3_%C2%B7_Biblioteca_Copta_de_Nag_Hammadi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evangelio_de_Felipe_%C2%B7_Codex_II%2C_3_%C2%B7_Biblioteca_Copta_de_Nag_Hammadi.png/170px-Evangelio_de_Felipe_%C2%B7_Codex_II%2C_3_%C2%B7_Biblioteca_Copta_de_Nag_Hammadi.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evangelio_de_Felipe_%C2%B7_Codex_II%2C_3_%C2%B7_Biblioteca_Copta_de_Nag_Hammadi.png/255px-Evangelio_de_Felipe_%C2%B7_Codex_II%2C_3_%C2%B7_Biblioteca_Copta_de_Nag_Hammadi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Evangelio_de_Felipe_%C2%B7_Codex_II%2C_3_%C2%B7_Biblioteca_Copta_de_Nag_Hammadi.png/340px-Evangelio_de_Felipe_%C2%B7_Codex_II%2C_3_%C2%B7_Biblioteca_Copta_de_Nag_Hammadi.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Text of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a>, dating from the second or third century, survives in part among the texts found in Nag Hammadi in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-OT&NT-107">[d]</a> In a manner very similar to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#19:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 19:25–26</a>, the Gospel of Philip presents Mary Magdalene among Jesus's female entourage, adding that she was his koinônos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006215-108">[104]</a> a Greek word variously translated in contemporary versions as 'partner, associate, comrade, companion':<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006215-108">[104]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There were three who always walked with the Lord: Mary, his mother, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">her sister</a>, and Magdalene, who was called his companion. His sister,<a href="#cite_note-confusing-110">[e]</a> his mother and his companion were each a Mary. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFGrant1961">Grant 1961</a>, pp. 129–140</cite></div></blockquote> The Gospel of Philip uses cognates of koinônos and Coptic equivalents to refer to the literal pairing of men and women in marriage and sexual intercourse, but also metaphorically, referring to a spiritual partnership, and the reunification of the Gnostic Christian with the divine realm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarjanen1996151–160-111">[106]</a> The Gospel of Philip also contains another passage relating to Jesus's relationship with Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006215-108">[104]</a> The text is badly fragmented, and speculated but unreliable additions are shown in brackets: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And the companion of the [saviour was] Mary Magdalene. [Christ] loved Mary more than [all] the disciples, [and used to] kiss her [often] on the [–].<a href="#cite_note-112">[f]</a> The rest of the disciples [were offended by it and expressed disapproval]. They said to him, "Why do you love her more than all of us?" The Saviour answered and said to them, "Why do I not love you like her? When a blind man and one who sees are both together in darkness, they are no different from one another. When the light comes, then he who sees will see the light, and he who is blind will remain in darkness."<a href="#cite_note-GospelOfPhilip-113">[107]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFGrant1961">Grant 1961</a>, pp. 129–140</cite></div></blockquote> For early Christians, kissing did not have a romantic connotation and it was common for Christians to kiss their fellow believers as a way of greeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson200695-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006216-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[g]</a> This tradition is still practiced in many Christian congregations today and is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">kiss of peace</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006215-108">[104]</a> Ehrman explains that, in the context of the Gospel of Philip, the kiss of peace is used as a symbol for the passage of truth from one person to another<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006215–216-117">[110]</a> and that it is not in any way an act of "divine <a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">foreplay</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006216-115">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel_of_Mary">Gospel of Mary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gospel of Mary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gospel_of_Mary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gospel_of_Mary.jpg/170px-Gospel_of_Mary.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gospel_of_Mary.jpg/255px-Gospel_of_Mary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gospel_of_Mary.jpg/340px-Gospel_of_Mary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_L_3525" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus L 3525">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus L 3525</a>, a fragment of the Greek text of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a></figcaption></figure> The Gospel of Mary is the only surviving apocryphal text named after a woman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006238-118">[111]</a> It contains information about the role of women in the early church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006239-119">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOM-120">[113]</a> The text was probably written over a century after the historical Mary Magdalene's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247-8">[7]</a> The text is not attributed to her and its author is anonymous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247-8">[7]</a> Instead, it received its title because it is about her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247-8">[7]</a> The main surviving text comes from a Coptic translation preserved in a fifth-century manuscript (Berolinensis Gnosticus 8052,1) discovered in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006238–249-121">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010535-122">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOM-120">[113]</a> As a result of numerous intervening conflicts, the manuscript was not published until 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006238-118">[111]</a> Roughly half the text of the gospel in this manuscript has been <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006249-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boer200552-124">[117]</a> the first six pages and four from the middle are missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006249-123">[116]</a> In addition to this Coptic translation, two brief third-century fragments of the gospel in the original Greek (<a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Rylands_463" title="Papyrus Rylands 463">P. Rylands 463</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_L_3525" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus L 3525">P. Oxyrhynchus 3525</a>) have also been discovered, which were published in 1938 and 1983 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010535-122">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-GOM-120">[113]</a> The first part of the gospel deals with Jesus's parting words to his followers after a post-resurrection appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006239–242-125">[118]</a> Mary first appears in the second part, in which she tells the other disciples, who are all in fright for their own lives: "Do not weep or grieve or be in doubt, for his grace will be with you all and will protect you. Rather, let us praise his greatness, for he has prepared us and made us truly human."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006242-126">[119]</a> Unlike in the Gospel of Thomas, where women can only be saved by becoming men, in the Gospel of Mary, they can be saved just as they are.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006242–243-127">[120]</a> Peter approaches Mary and asks her: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Sister we know that the Saviour loved you more than the rest of woman. Tell us the words of the Saviour which you remember which you know, but we do not, nor have we heard them". Mary answered and said, "What is hidden from you I will proclaim to you". And she began to speak to them these words: "I", she said, "I saw the Lord in a vision and I said to Him, Lord I saw you today in a vision".<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFde_Boer2005">de Boer 2005</a>, p. 74</cite></div></blockquote> Mary then proceeds to describe the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> cosmology in depth, revealing that she is the only one who has understood Jesus's true teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006243–245-128">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010535–536-129">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew the Apostle</a> challenges Mary, insisting, "Say what you think about what she said, but I do not believe the savior said this. These teachings are strange ideas."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006245-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010536-131">[124]</a> Peter responds, saying, "Did he really speak with a woman in private, without our knowledge? Should we all listen to her? Did he prefer her to us?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006245-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010536-131">[124]</a> Andrew and Peter's responses are intended to demonstrate that they do not understand Jesus's teachings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006245-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010536-131">[124]</a> and that it is really only Mary who truly understands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006245–246-132">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010536-131">[124]</a> Matthew the Apostle comes to Mary's defense, giving a sharp rebuke to Peter:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006245-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010536-131">[124]</a> "Peter, you are always angry. Now I see you arguing against this woman like an adversary. If the savior made her worthy, who are you to reject her? Surely the savior knows her well. That is why he loved her more than us."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006246-133">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010536-131">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borborite_scriptures">Borborite scriptures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Borborite scriptures">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Borborites" title="Borborites">Borborites</a>, also known as the Phibionites, were an early Christian <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> sect during the late fourth century who had numerous scriptures involving Mary Magdalene,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201537–39-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeConick2011139-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrongStrong200890-136">[129]</a> including The Questions of Mary, The Greater Questions of Mary, The Lesser Questions of Mary, and The Birth of Mary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201537–39-134">[127]</a> None of these texts have survived to the present,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201537–39-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrongStrong200890-136">[129]</a> but they are mentioned by the early Christian heretic-hunter <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim201537–39-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006235-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrongStrong200890-136">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epiphanius-138">[131]</a> Epiphanius says that the Greater Questions of Mary contained an episode in which, during a post-resurrection appearance, Jesus took Mary to the top of a mountain, where he pulled a woman out of his side and engaged in sexual intercourse with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006235-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epiphanius-138">[131]</a> Then, upon <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculating</a>, Jesus <a href="/wiki/Seminophagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminophagia">drank his own semen</a> and told Mary, "Thus we must do, that we may live."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006235-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeConick2011139-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epiphanius-138">[131]</a> Upon hearing this, Mary instantly fainted, to which Jesus responded by helping her up and telling her, "O thou of little faith, wherefore didst thou doubt?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006235-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeConick2011139-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epiphanius-138">[131]</a> This story was supposedly the basis for the Borborite <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> ritual in which they allegedly engaged in orgies and drank semen and menstrual blood as the "body and blood of Christ" respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006234–235-139">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeConick2011139-135">[128]</a> Ehrman casts doubt on the accuracy of Epiphanius's summary, commenting that "the details of Epiphanius's description sound very much like what you can find in the ancient rumor mill about secret societies in the ancient world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006235-137">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patristic_era">Patristic era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Patristic era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dura_Europos_baptistry_women_at_the_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dura_Europos_baptistry_women_at_the_tomb.jpg/260px-Dura_Europos_baptistry_women_at_the_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dura_Europos_baptistry_women_at_the_tomb.jpg/390px-Dura_Europos_baptistry_women_at_the_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dura_Europos_baptistry_women_at_the_tomb.jpg/520px-Dura_Europos_baptistry_women_at_the_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>This fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos_church" title="Dura-Europos church">Dura-Europos church</a> dates to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200559-140">[133]</a> and contains the oldest surviving depiction of Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200558–59-141">[134]</a> She is shown alongside two other women (the third now almost completely missing due to extensive damage),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200559-140">[133]</a> each holding a lit torch and a bowl of <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, as they approach <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Jesus's tomb</a>, which is still sealed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200558–61-142">[135]</a></figcaption></figure> Most of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> do not mention Mary Magdalene,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200486-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200590-144">[137]</a> and those who do mention her usually only discuss her very briefly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200486-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200590-144">[137]</a> In his anti-Christian polemic <a href="/wiki/The_True_Word" title="The True Word">The True Word</a>, written between 170 and 180, the pagan philosopher <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a> declared that Mary Magdalene was nothing more than "a hysterical female... who either dreamt in a certain state of mind and through wishful thinking had a hallucination due to some mistaken notion (an experience which has happened to thousands), or, which is more likely, wanted to impress others by telling this fantastic tale, and so by this cock-and-bull story to provide a chance for other beggars".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200484–85-145">[138]</a> The Church Father <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 184 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 253) defended Christianity against this accusation in his apologetic treatise <a href="/wiki/Against_Celsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Against Celsus">Against Celsus</a>, mentioning <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#28:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 28:1</a>, which lists Mary Magdalene and "the other Mary" both seeing the resurrected Jesus, thus providing a second witness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200485-146">[139]</a> Origen also preserves a statement from Celsus that some Christians in his day followed the teachings of a woman named "Mariamme", who is almost certainly Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200487-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006256-148">[141]</a> Origen merely dismisses this, remarking that Celsus "pours on us a heap of names".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200487-147">[140]</a> A sermon attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 170 – 235) refers to Mary of Bethany and her sister <a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a> seeking Jesus in the garden like Mary Magdalene in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#20:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 20</a>, indicating a conflation between Mary of Bethany and Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200485–86-149">[142]</a> The sermon describes the conflated woman as a "second <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>" who compensates for the disobedience of the first Eve through her obedience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200486-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200590-144">[137]</a> The sermon also explicitly identifies Mary Magdalene and the other women as "apostles".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBock2004143–144-150">[143]</a> The first clear identification of Mary Magdalene as a redeemed sinner comes from <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 306 – 373).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper200581-151">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlthaus-Reid200986-152">[145]</a> Part of the reason for the identification of Mary Magdalene as a sinner may derive from the reputation of her birthplace, Magdala,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200515-153">[146]</a> which, by the late first century, was infamous for its inhabitants' alleged vice and licentiousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200515-153">[146]</a> In one of his preserved sayings, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 330 – 395) identifies Mary Magdalene as "the first witness to the resurrection, that she might set straight again by her faith in the resurrection, what was turned over in her transgression".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200486–87-154">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 340 – 397), by contrast, not only rejected the conflation of Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany, and the anointing sinner,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199844-155">[148]</a> but even proposed that the authentic Mary Magdalene was, in fact, two separate people:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199844-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200593-156">[149]</a> one woman named Mary Magdalene who discovered the empty tomb and a different Mary Magdalene who saw the risen Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199844-155">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430) entertained the possibility that Mary of Bethany and the unnamed sinner from Luke might be the same person,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200593–94-157">[150]</a> but did not associate Mary Magdalene with either of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200594-158">[151]</a> Instead, Augustine praised Mary Magdalene as "unquestionably... surpassingly more ardent in her love than these other women who had administered to the Lord".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200594-158">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayal_as_a_prostitute">Portrayal as a prostitute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portrayal as a prostitute">edit</a>]</div> The portrayal of Mary Magdalene as a <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a> began in 591, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> identified Mary Magdalene, who was introduced in Luke 8:2, with <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a> (Luke 10:39) and the unnamed "sinful woman" who <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">anointed Jesus's feet</a> in Luke 7:36–50.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> Pope Gregory's Easter sermon resulted in a widespread belief that Mary Magdalene was a repentant prostitute or promiscuous woman.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers2000122Named_Women:_Mary_3_(Magdalene)-160">[153]</a> Her reputation in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> as being a repentant prostitute or loose woman are not supported by the canonical gospels, which at no point imply that she had ever been a prostitute or in any way notable for a sinful way of life.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2011-161">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006189–190-162">[155]</a> The misconception probably arose due to a conflation between Mary Magdalene, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a> (who <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">anoints Jesus's feet</a> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#11:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 11:1–12</a>), and the unnamed "sinful woman" who anoints Jesus's feet in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#7:36" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 7:36–50</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle2011-161">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow1999-163">[156]</a> As early as the third century, the Church Father <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 160 – 225) references the touch of "the woman which was a sinner" in effort to prove that Jesus "was not a phantom, but really a solid body".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200485-146">[139]</a> This may indicate that Mary Magdalene was already being conflated with the "sinful woman" in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#7:36" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 7:36–50</a>, though Tertullian never clearly identifies the woman of whom he speaks as Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200485-146">[139]</a> Elaborate medieval legends from Western Europe then emerged, which told exaggerated tales of Mary Magdalene's wealth and beauty, as well as of her alleged journey to southern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>). The identification of Mary Magdalene with Mary of Bethany and the unnamed "sinful woman" was still a major controversy in the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, and some Protestant leaders rejected it. During the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> emphasized Mary Magdalene as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>. In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> removed the identification of Mary Magdalene with Mary of Bethany and the "sinful woman" from the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a>, but the view of her as a former prostitute has persisted in popular culture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilman_Riemenschneider_Magdalena-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tilman_Riemenschneider_Magdalena-3.jpg/180px-Tilman_Riemenschneider_Magdalena-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tilman_Riemenschneider_Magdalena-3.jpg/270px-Tilman_Riemenschneider_Magdalena-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tilman_Riemenschneider_Magdalena-3.jpg/360px-Tilman_Riemenschneider_Magdalena-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ascension of Mary Magdalene by <a href="/wiki/Tilman_Riemenschneider" title="Tilman Riemenschneider">Tilman Riemenschneider</a> (1490–1492). A depiction of Mary Magdalene with <a href="/wiki/Feather_tights#Mary_Magdalene's_hair_suit" title="Feather tights">thick body hair</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_-_Maria_Magdalena_001_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carlo_Crivelli_-_Maria_Magdalena_001_%28Cropped%29.jpg/164px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_Maria_Magdalena_001_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carlo_Crivelli_-_Maria_Magdalena_001_%28Cropped%29.jpg/246px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_Maria_Magdalena_001_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carlo_Crivelli_-_Maria_Magdalena_001_%28Cropped%29.jpg/328px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_Maria_Magdalena_001_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1228" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mary Magdalene (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1480–1487), altarpiece in <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a> style by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a> showing her with long, blonde hair</div></div></div></div></div> The unnamed "sinful woman" in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#7:36" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 7:36–50</a> is never identified as a prostitute<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006189-164">[157]</a> and, in Jewish society at the time the gospel was written, "sinful" could have simply meant that she "did not assiduously observe the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">law of Moses</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006189-164">[157]</a> The notion of Mary Magdalene specifically being a former prostitute or loose woman dates to a narrative in an influential <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> ("Gregory the Great") in around 591,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper200581-151">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2006-165">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006189–190-162">[155]</a> in which he not only identifies Magdalene with the anonymous sinner with the perfume in Luke's gospel and with Mary of Bethany, the sister of Martha and <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006189–190-162">[155]</a> but also, for the first time, explicitly identifies her sins as ones of a sexual nature:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006189–190-162">[155]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">She whom Luke calls the sinful woman, whom John calls Mary, we believe to be the Mary from whom seven devils were ejected according to Mark. What did these seven devils signify, if not all the vices? It is clear, that the woman previously used the unguent to perfume her flesh in forbidden acts. What she therefore displayed more scandalously, she was now offering to God in a more praiseworthy manner. She had coveted with earthly eyes, but now through penitence these are consumed with tears. She displayed her hair to set off her face, but now her hair dries her tears. She had spoken proud things with her mouth, but in kissing the Lord's feet, she now planted her mouth on the Redeemer's feet. For every delight, therefore, she had had in herself, she now immolated herself. She turned the mass of her crimes to virtues, in order to serve God entirely in penance.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pope Gregory I (homily XXXIII), <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2006">Carroll 2006</a></cite></div></blockquote> In Pope Gregory's interpretation, the seven demons expelled from Mary Magdalene by Jesus are transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">seven deadly sins</a> of medieval Catholicism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow1999-163">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200514-166">[159]</a> leading Mary "to be condemned not only for lust, but for pride and covetousness as well".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow1999-163">[156]</a> The aspect of the repentant sinner became almost equally significant as the disciple in her persona as depicted in Western art and religious literature, fitting well with the great importance of <a href="/wiki/Penitence" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitence">penitence</a> in medieval theology. In subsequent religious legend, Mary's story became conflated with that of <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary of Egypt</a>, a repentant prostitute who then lived as a hermit. With that, Mary's image was, according to Susan Haskins, author of Mary Magdalene: Myth and Metaphor, "finally settled...for nearly fourteen hundred years",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins200595-167">[160]</a> although in fact the most important late medieval popular accounts of her life describe her as a rich woman whose life of sexual freedom is purely for pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> This composite depiction of Mary Magdalene was carried into the Mass texts for her feast day: in the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">collect</a> explicitly identifies her as Mary of Bethany by describing Lazarus as her brother, and the Gospel is the story of the penitent woman anointing Jesus's feet.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> The "composite Magdalene" was never accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches, who saw only Mary the disciple, and believed that after the Resurrection she lived as a companion to Mary the mother of Jesus, and not even in the West was it universally accepted. The <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> Order always celebrated Mary of Bethany together with Martha and Lazarus of Bethany on July 29, while Mary Magdalene was celebrated on July 22.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> Not only John Chrysostom in the East (Matthew, Homily 88), but also Ambrose (De virginitate 3,14; 4,15) in the West, when speaking of Mary Magdalene after the resurrection of Jesus Christ, far from calling her a harlot, suggest she was a virgin.<a href="#cite_note-Hufstader-171">[164]</a> Starting in around the eighth century, Christian sources record mention of a church in Magdala purported to have been built on the site of Mary Magdalene's house, where Jesus exorcized her of the seven demons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle199828-172">[165]</a> In an eastern tradition supported by the western bishop and historian <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 538 – 594), Mary Magdalene is said to have retired to <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> with Mary the mother of Jesus, where they both lived out the rest of their lives.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss197933-174">[167]</a> Gregory states that Mary Magdalene was buried in the city of Ephesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss197933-174">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modestus_of_Jerusalem" title="Modestus of Jerusalem">Modestus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch of Jerusalem</a> from 630 until 634, describes a slightly different tradition that Mary Magdalene had come to Ephesus to live with the apostle John following the death of Mary the mother of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoss197933-174">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Middle_Ages">High Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: High Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fictional_biographies">Fictional biographies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fictional biographies">edit</a>]</div> Starting in early <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, writers in western Europe began developing elaborate fictional biographies of Mary Magdalene's life, in which they heavily embellished upon the vague details given in the gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199846-175">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006183–184-176">[169]</a> Stories about <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a> saints were popular during this time period;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199846-175">[168]</a> accordingly, tales of Mary Magdalene's wealth and social status became heavily exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199846–47-177">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006183–184-176">[169]</a> In the tenth century, <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo of Cluny</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 880 – 942) wrote a sermon in which he described Mary as an extraordinarily wealthy noblewoman of royal descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199846–49-178">[171]</a> Some manuscripts of the sermon record that Mary's parents were named Syrus and Eucharia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847-179">[172]</a> and one manuscript goes into great detail describing her family's purported land holdings in Bethany, Jerusalem, and Magdala.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847-179">[172]</a> The theologian <a href="/wiki/Honorius_Augustodunensis" title="Honorius Augustodunensis">Honorius Augustodunensis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1080 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1151) embellished this tale even further, reporting that Mary was a wealthy noblewoman who was married in "Magdalum",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847-179">[172]</a> but that she committed adultery, so she fled to Jerusalem and became a "public sinner" (vulgaris meretrix).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847-179">[172]</a> Honorius mentions that, out of love for Jesus, Mary repented and withdrew into a life of quiet isolation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847-179">[172]</a> Under the influence of stories about other female saints, such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelagia" title="Pelagia">Pelagia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847-179">[172]</a> painters in Italy during the ninth and tenth centuries gradually began to develop the image of Mary Magdalene living alone in the desert as a penitent <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847-179">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMormando1999257–274-180">[173]</a> This portrayal became so popular that it quickly spread to Germany and England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847-179">[172]</a> From the twelfth century, Abbot Hugh of Semur (died 1109), Peter Abelard (died 1142), and Geoffrey of Vendôme (died 1132) all referred to Mary Magdalene as the sinner who merited the title apostolorum apostola (Apostle to the Apostles), with the title becoming commonplace during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200488-181">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alleged_burial_in_France">Alleged burial in France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alleged burial in France">edit</a>]</div> In western Europe, elaborate and conflicting legends began to develop, which said that Mary Magdalene had travelled to southern France and died there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcombe2002279-182">[175]</a> Starting in around 1050, the monks of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">Vézelay Abbey</a> of la Madaleine in Burgundy said they discovered Mary Magdalene's actual skeleton.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199848-184">[177]</a> At first, the existence of the skeleton was merely asserted,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199848-184">[177]</a> but, in 1265, the monks made a spectacular, public show of "discovering" it<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199848-184">[177]</a> and, in 1267, the bones were brought before the king of France, who venerated them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199848-184">[177]</a> On December 9, 1279, an excavation ordered by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II, King of Naples</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume" title="Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume">Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume</a>, Provence, led to the discovery of another purported burial of Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy201050-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199848-184">[177]</a> The shrine was purportedly found intact, with an explanatory inscription stating why the relics had been hidden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005129–132-186">[179]</a> Charles II commissioned the building of a new <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> on the site and, in return for providing accommodation for <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a>, the town's residents were exempt from taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonGitlitz2002562-187">[180]</a> Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume gradually displaced <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay" title="Vézelay">Vézelay</a> in popularity and acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005129–132-186">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copiebasiliquereliquaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Copiebasiliquereliquaire.jpg/170px-Copiebasiliquereliquaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Copiebasiliquereliquaire.jpg/255px-Copiebasiliquereliquaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Copiebasiliquereliquaire.jpg/340px-Copiebasiliquereliquaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>In 1279, the monks of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume" title="Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume">Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume</a> said they discovered Mary Magdalene's skeleton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy201050-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199848-184">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> at St. Maximin, created in the nineteenth century, contains her purported skull.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Golden_Legend">The Golden Legend</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Golden Legend">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/170px-Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/255px-Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/340px-Torun_SS_Johns_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a> Elevation of Mary Magdalene with angels raising her in <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist_and_St._John_the_Evangelist,_Toru%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, Toruń">SS. Johns' Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></figcaption></figure> The most famous account of Mary Magdalene's legendary life comes from <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">The Golden Legend</a>, a collection of medieval saints' stories compiled circa 1260 by the Italian writer and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1230 – 1298).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199848-184">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127-189">[182]</a> In this account, Mary Magdalene is, in Ehrman's words, "fabulously rich, insanely beautiful, and outrageously sensual",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a> but she gives up her life of wealth and sin to become a devoted follower of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127–8-190">[183]</a> Fourteen years after Jesus's crucifixion, some pagans throw Mary, Martha, <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a> (who, in this account, is their brother due to a conflation with Mary of Bethany), and two other Christians named <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_of_Aix" title="Maximinus of Aix">Maximin</a> and Cedonius onto a rudderless boat in the Mediterranean to die.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127-189">[182]</a> Miraculously, however, the boat washes ashore at <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> in southern France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127-189">[182]</a> Mary persuades the governor of the city not to offer sacrifices to a pagan god<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a> and later persuades him to convert to Christianity after she proves the Christian God's power by successfully praying to Him to make the governor's wife pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127-189">[182]</a> The governor and his wife sail for Rome to meet the apostle Peter in person,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a> but their ship is struck by a storm, which causes the wife to go into labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a> The wife dies in childbirth and the governor leaves her on an island with the still-living infant at her breast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a> The governor spends two years with Peter in Rome<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">[181]</a> and, on his way home, he stops at the same island to discover that, due to Mary Magdalene's miraculous long-distance intercession, his child has survived for two years on his dead mother's breast milk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184–185-191">[184]</a> Then the governor's wife rises from the dead and tells him that Mary Magdalene has brought her back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185-9">[8]</a> The whole family returns to Marseille, where they meet Mary again in person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185-9">[8]</a> Mary herself spends the last thirty years of her life alone as a penitent ascetic in a cave in a desert in the French region of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127-189">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead2001659-192">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxer1959-193">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2001172-195">[188]</a> At every <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hour</a>, the angels come and lift her up to hear their songs in Heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127-189">[182]</a> On the last day of her life, Maximin, now the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix</a>, comes to her and gives her the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127-189">[182]</a> Mary cries tears of joy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127-189">[182]</a> and, after taking it, she lies down and dies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErhardtMorris20127-189">[182]</a> De Voragine gives the common account of the transfer of Mary Magdalene's relics from her sepulchre in the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)" title="Oratory (worship)">oratory</a> of Saint Maximin at <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> to the newly founded <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay" title="Vézelay">Vézelay</a>;<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> the transportation of the relics is entered as undertaken in 771 by the founder of the abbey, identified as Gerard, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GoldenLegend-197">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spouse_of_John_the_Evangelist">Spouse of John the Evangelist</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spouse of John the Evangelist">edit</a>]</div> The monk and historian <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cavalca" title="Domenico Cavalca">Domenico Cavalca</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1270 – 1342), citing <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, suggested that Mary Magdalene was <a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">betrothed</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>: "I like to think that the Magdalene was the spouse of John, not affirming it... I am glad and blythe that St Jerome should say so."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2001151,_footnote_20_citing_Cavalca,_''Vita'',_329;_''Life'',_2–3.-198">[191]</a> They were sometimes thought to be the couple at the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a>, though the Gospel accounts say nothing of the ceremony being abandoned. In the Golden Legend, De Voragine dismisses talk of John and Mary being betrothed and John leaving his bride at the altar to follow Jesus as nonsense.<a href="#cite_note-GoldenLegend-197">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Late Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages and Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Donatello,_maria_maddalena_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Donatello%2C_maria_maddalena_02.JPG/200px-Donatello%2C_maria_maddalena_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Donatello%2C_maria_maddalena_02.JPG/300px-Donatello%2C_maria_maddalena_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Donatello%2C_maria_maddalena_02.JPG/400px-Donatello%2C_maria_maddalena_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Penitent_Magdalene_(Donatello)" title="Penitent Magdalene (Donatello)">Penitent Magdalene</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1454) by <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, showing her as "an old, emaciated and toothless woman... worn down by years of hard solitude in her cave".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016231-199">[192]</a> The sculpture is an "extreme" example of Mary Magdalene's usual portrayal as a penitent ascetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012188-200">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016231-199">[192]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Giampetrino-Leonardo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giampetrino-Leonardo.jpg/200px-Giampetrino-Leonardo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giampetrino-Leonardo.jpg/300px-Giampetrino-Leonardo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giampetrino-Leonardo.jpg/400px-Giampetrino-Leonardo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Mary Magdalene (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1515), traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s student <a href="/wiki/Giampietrino" title="Giampietrino">Giampietrino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016235–336-201">[194]</a> This painting shows a very different image of Mary Magdalene as "a woman who repents of nothing, who feels no shame or guilt".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016337-202">[195]</a></div></div></div></div></div> The thirteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> monk and chronicler <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Vaux_de_Cernay" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Vaux de Cernay">Peter of Vaux de Cernay</a> said it was part of <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharist</a> belief that the earthly Jesus Christ had a relationship with Mary Magdalene, described as his <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubine</a>: "Further, in their secret meetings they said that the Christ who was born in the earthly and visible Bethlehem and crucified at Jerusalem was "evil", and that Mary Magdalene was his concubine – and that she was the woman taken in adultery who is referred to in the Scriptures."<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> A document, possibly written by Ermengaud of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a>, undated and anonymous and attached to his Treatise against Heretics,<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> makes a similar statement:<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Also they [the Cathars] teach in their secret meetings that Mary Magdalene was the wife of Christ. She was the Samaritan woman to whom He said, "Call thy husband". She was the woman taken into adultery, whom Christ set free lest the Jews stone her, and she was with Him in three places, in the temple, at the well, and in the garden. After the Resurrection, He appeared first to her.<a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a></blockquote> In the middle of the fourteenth century, a Dominican friar wrote a biography of Mary Magdalene in which he described her brutally mutilating herself after giving up prostitution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012188-200">[193]</a> clawing at her legs until they bled, tearing out clumps of her hair, and beating her face with her fists and her breasts with stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012188-200">[193]</a> This portrayal of her inspired the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1386 – 1466) to portray her as a gaunt and beaten ascetic in his wooden sculpture <a href="/wiki/Penitent_Magdalene_(Donatello)" title="Penitent Magdalene (Donatello)">Penitent Magdalene</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1454) for the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistery" title="Florence Baptistery">Florence Baptistery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012188-200">[193]</a> In 1449, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">King René d'Anjou</a> gave to <a href="/wiki/Angers_Cathedral" title="Angers Cathedral">Angers Cathedral</a> the <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a> in which Jesus changed water to wine, acquiring it from the nuns of Marseilles, who told him that Mary Magdalene had brought it with her from Judea, relating to the legend where she was the jilted bride at the wedding after which John the Evangelist received his calling from Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-207">[h]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation">Reformation and Counter-Reformation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reformation and Counter-Reformation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RubensSimonCyreneCarriesCross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RubensSimonCyreneCarriesCross.jpg/240px-RubensSimonCyreneCarriesCross.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RubensSimonCyreneCarriesCross.jpg/360px-RubensSimonCyreneCarriesCross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/RubensSimonCyreneCarriesCross.jpg/480px-RubensSimonCyreneCarriesCross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ_and_the_Penitent_Sinners" title="Christ and the Penitent Sinners">Christ and the Penitent Sinners</a> (1617) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> is a typical example of how Mary Magdalene was portrayed during the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> era, emphasizing her erotic allure and blurring the lines between religious and <a href="/wiki/Erotic_art" title="Erotic art">erotic art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199863–65-208">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1517, on the brink of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the leading French <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanist">Renaissance humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a> published his book De Maria Magdalena et triduo Christi disceptatio (Disputation on Mary Magdalene and the Three Days of Christ), in which he argued against the conflation of Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany, and the unnamed sinner in Luke.<a href="#cite_note-Hufstader-171">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250-209">[201]</a> Various authors published a flurry of books and pamphlets in response, the vast majority of which opposed Lefèvre d'Étaples.<a href="#cite_note-Hufstader-171">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250–251-210">[202]</a> In 1521, the theology faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> formally condemned the idea that the three women were separate people as heretical,<a href="#cite_note-Hufstader-171">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250–251-210">[202]</a> and debate died down, overtaken by the larger issues raised by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hufstader-171">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250–251-210">[202]</a> Luther and <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> (1484–1531) both supported the composite Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-Henderson_2004,_pp._8–14-211">[203]</a> Luther, whose views on sexuality were much more liberal than those of his fellow reformers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoper2016295–296-212">[204]</a> reportedly once joked to a group of friends that "even pious Christ himself" had committed adultery three times: once with Mary Magdalene, once with the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman at the well</a>, and once with <a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">the adulteress he had let off so easily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoper2016295-213">[205]</a> Because the cult of Mary Magdalene was inextricably associated with the Catholic teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession of saints</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249-214">[206]</a> it came under particularly harsh criticism by Protestant leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249-214">[206]</a> Zwingli demanded for the cult of Mary Magdalene to be abolished and all images of her to be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249-214">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> (1509–1564) not only rejected the composite Magdalene,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249-214">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henderson_2004,_pp._8–14-211">[203]</a> but criticized Catholics as ignorant for having ever believed in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249-214">[206]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, Roman Catholicism began to strongly emphasize Mary Magdalene's role as a penitent sinner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865-215">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005251–252-216">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMormando1999b107–135-217">[209]</a> Her medieval role as a patron and advocate became minimized<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865-215">[207]</a> and her penitence became regarded as her most important aspect, especially in France and in the Catholic portions of southern Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865-215">[207]</a> A massive number of <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> paintings and sculptures depict the penitent Magdalene,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865-215">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005251–253-218">[210]</a> often showing her naked or partially naked, with a strong emphasis on her erotic beauty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199863–65-208">[200]</a> Poems about Mary Magdalene's repentance were also popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865–66-219">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Giulio_Brignole-Sale" title="Anton Giulio Brignole-Sale">Anton Giulio Brignole-Sale</a>'s Maria Maddalena peccatrice convertita (1636) is considered one of the masterpieces of the 17th-century religious novel, depicting the Magdalen's tormented journey to repentance convincingly and with psychological subtlety.<a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a> Estates of nobles and royalty in southern Germany were equipped with so-called "Magdalene cells", small, modest <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)" title="Hermitage (religious retreat)">hermitages</a> that functioned as both chapels and dwellings, where the nobility could retreat to find religious solace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199867–70-221">[213]</a> They were usually located in wild areas away from the rest of the property<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199867-222">[214]</a> and their exteriors were designed to suggest vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199867-222">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">Not she with <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">trait'rous kiss</a> her Saviour stung, Not she <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">denied Him with unholy tongue</a>; She, while apostles shrank, could danger brave, Last at His cross, and earliest at His grave.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Eaton_Stannard_Barrett" title="Eaton Stannard Barrett">Eaton Stannard Barrett</a>, Woman (1810), Part I, lines 141–145</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Maddalena,_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Maria_Maddalena%2C_1893.jpg/170px-Maria_Maddalena%2C_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Maria_Maddalena%2C_1893.jpg/255px-Maria_Maddalena%2C_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Maria_Maddalena%2C_1893.jpg/340px-Maria_Maddalena%2C_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3981" data-file-height="5925" /></a><figcaption>Penitent Magdalene (1893) by <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Tommasi" title="Adolfo Tommasi">Adolfo Tommasi</a></figcaption></figure> Because of the legends saying that Mary Magdalene had been a prostitute, she became the patroness of "wayward women", and, in the eighteenth century, moral reformers established <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylums</a> to help save women from prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Saltus" title="Edgar Saltus">Edgar Saltus</a>'s historical fiction novel Mary Magdalene: A Chronicle (1891) depicts her as a heroine living in a castle at Magdala, who moves to Rome becoming the "toast of the tetrarchy", telling <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> she will "drink pearls... sup on peacock's tongues". St Peter Julian Eymard calls her "the patroness and model of a life spent in the adoration and service of Jesus in the sacrament of His Love".<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> The common identification of Mary Magdalene with other New Testament figures was omitted in the <a href="/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis" title="Mysterii Paschalis">1969 revision</a> of the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a>, with the comment regarding her <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">liturgical</a> celebration on July 22: "No change has been made in the title of today's <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(liturgy)" title="Memorial (liturgy)">memorial</a>, but it concerns only Saint Mary Magdalene, to whom Christ appeared after his resurrection. It is not about the sister of Saint Martha, nor about the sinful woman whose sins the Lord forgave."<a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a> Elsewhere it said of the Roman liturgy of July 22 that "it will make mention neither of Mary of Bethany nor of the sinful woman of Luke 7:36–50, but only of Mary Magdalene, the first person to whom Christ appeared after his resurrection".<a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a> According to historian Michael Haag, these changes were a quiet admission from the Vatican that the Church's previous teaching of Mary Magdalene as a repentant whore had been wrong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag20161–2-229">[221]</a> Mary of Bethany's feast day and that of her brother Lazarus is now on July 29, the memorial of their sister Martha.<a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a> Nonetheless, despite the Vatican's rejection of it, the view of Mary as a repentant prostitute only grew more prevalent in popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag20162-231">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006181–182-232">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang200333–34-233">[225]</a> She is portrayed as one in <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>'s 1955 novel <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(novel)" title="The Last Temptation of Christ (novel)">The Last Temptation of Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(film)" title="The Last Temptation of Christ (film)">1988 film adaptation</a> of it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006181–182-232">[224]</a> in which Jesus, as he is dying on the cross, has a vision from <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> of what it would be like if he married Mary Magdalene and raised a family with her instead of dying for humanity's sins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006181–182-232">[224]</a> Mary is likewise portrayed as a reformed prostitute in <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Rice" title="Tim Rice">Tim Rice</a>'s 1971 <a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">rock opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar" title="Jesus Christ Superstar">Jesus Christ Superstar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006179–180-234">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag20162-231">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang200334-235">[227]</a> In Superstar, Mary describes her sexual attraction to Jesus in the song "<a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Know_How_to_Love_Him" title="I Don't Know How to Love Him">I Don't Know How to Love Him</a>", which shocked many of the play's original viewers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006180–181-236">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag20162-231">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ki_Longfellow" title="Ki Longfellow">Ki Longfellow</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Magdalene" title="The Secret Magdalene">The Secret Magdalene</a> (2005) draws on the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> gospels and other sources to portray Mary as a brilliant and dynamic woman who studies at the fabled <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">library of Alexandria</a>, and shares her knowledge with Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Judas_(Lady_Gaga_song)" title="Judas (Lady Gaga song)">Judas</a>" (2011) is sung from Mary's perspective, portraying her as a prostitute who is "beyond repentance".<a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a> The 2018 film <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_(2018_film)" title="Mary Magdalene (2018 film)">Mary Magdalene</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Rooney_Mara" title="Rooney Mara">Rooney Mara</a> as the eponymous character, sought to reverse the centuries-old portrayal of Mary Magdalene as a repentant prostitute, while also combating the conspiracy statements of her being Jesus's wife or sexual partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018-239">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailes2018-240">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2018-241">[233]</a> Instead, the film portrays her as Jesus's closest disciple<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018-239">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailes2018-240">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2018-241">[233]</a> and the only one who truly understands his teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018-239">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailes2018-240">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2018-241">[233]</a> This portrayal is partially based on the Gnostic Gospel of Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2018-241">[233]</a> The film, which has been described as having a "strongly feminist bent",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailes2018-240">[232]</a> was praised for its music score and cinematography,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2018-242">[234]</a> its surprising faithfulness to the Biblical narrative,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailes2018-240">[232]</a> and its acting,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailes2018-240">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018-239">[231]</a> but was criticized as slow-moving,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018-239">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailes2018-240">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2018-242">[234]</a> overwritten,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2018-242">[234]</a> and too solemn to be believable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018-239">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2018-242">[234]</a> It was also criticized by many Christians, who were offended by the film's use of extracanonical source material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2018-241">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Western_art">In Western art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In Western art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_Reni_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Guido_Reni_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Guido_Reni_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Guido_Reni_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Guido_Reni_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Guido_Reni_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Guido_Reni_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5886" data-file-height="7242" /></a><figcaption>Penitent Magdalene (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1635) by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, showing her as a penitent<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a></figcaption></figure> The early notion of Mary Magdalene as a sinner and adulteress was reflected in Western medieval Christian art, where she was the most commonly depicted female figure after the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. She may be shown either as very extravagantly and fashionably dressed, unlike other female figures wearing contemporary styles of clothes, or alternatively as completely naked but covered by very long blonde or reddish-blonde hair. The latter depictions represent the <a href="/wiki/Penitent_Magdalene_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Penitent Magdalene (disambiguation)">Penitent Magdalene</a>, according to the medieval legend that she had spent a period of repentance as a desert hermit after leaving her life as a follower of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcombe2002279-182">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976134–135-244">[236]</a> Her story became conflated in the West with that of <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary of Egypt</a>, a fourth-century prostitute turned hermit, whose clothes wore out and fell off in the desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcombe2002279-182">[175]</a> The widespread artistic representations of Mary Magdalene in tears are the source of the modern English word maudlin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang200333-245">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugelmann1983151-246">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005xi-247">[239]</a> meaning 'sickeningly sentimental or emotional'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang200333-245">[237]</a> In medieval depictions Mary's long hair entirely covers her body and preserves her modesty (supplemented in some German versions such as one by <a href="/wiki/Tilman_Riemenschneider" title="Tilman Riemenschneider">Tilman Riemenschneider</a> by <a href="/wiki/Feather_tights#Mary_Magdalene's_hair_suit" title="Feather tights">thick body hair</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcombe2002282-248">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976135-249">[241]</a> but, from the sixteenth century, some depictions, like those by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, show part of her naked body, the amount of nudity tending to increase in successive periods. Even if covered, she often wears only a drape pulled around her, or an undergarment. In particular, Mary is often shown naked in the legendary scene of her "Elevation", where she is sustained in the desert by angels who raise her up and feed her heavenly manna, as recounted in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcombe2002282-248">[240]</a> Mary Magdalene at the foot of the cross during the Crucifixion appears in an eleventh-century English manuscript "as an expressional device rather than a historical motif", intended as "the expression of an emotional assimilation of the event, that leads the spectator to identify himself with the mourners".<a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a> Other isolated depictions occur, but, from the thirteenth century, additions to the Virgin Mary and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> as the spectators at the Crucifixion become more common, with Mary Magdalene as the most frequently found, either kneeling at the foot of the cross clutching the shaft, sometimes kissing Christ's feet, or standing, usually at the left and behind Mary and John, with her arms stretched upwards towards Christ in a gesture of grief, as in a damaged painting by <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_d%27Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi">upper church at Assisi</a> of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1290. A kneeling Magdalene by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1305) was especially influential.<a href="#cite_note-251">[243]</a> As Gothic painted crucifixions became crowded compositions, the Magdalene became a prominent figure, with a halo and identifiable by her long unbound blonde hair, and usually a bright red dress. As the <a href="/wiki/Swooning_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Swooning Virgin Mary">swooning Virgin Mary</a> became more common, generally occupying the attention of John, the unrestrained gestures of Magdalene increasingly represented the main display of the grief of the spectators.<a href="#cite_note-252">[244]</a> According to Robert Kiely, "No figure in the Christian Pantheon except Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and John the Baptist has inspired, provoked, or confounded the imagination of painters more than the Magdalene."<a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a> Apart from the Crucifixion, Mary was often shown in scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a>, when mentioned in the Gospels, such as the Crucifixion, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross" title="Christ Carrying the Cross">Christ Carrying the Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noli_me_Tangere" class="mw-redirect" title="Noli me Tangere">Noli me Tangere</a>, but usually omitted in other scenes showing the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>. As Mary of Bethany, she is shown as present at the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Lazarus">Resurrection of Lazarus</a>, her brother, and in the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_at_the_home_of_Martha_and_Mary" title="Jesus at the home of Martha and Mary">scene with Jesus</a> and her sister <a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a>, which began to be depicted often in the seventeenth century, as in <a href="/wiki/Christ_in_the_House_of_Martha_and_Mary_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" title="Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (Velázquez)">Christ in the House of Martha and Mary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vel%C3%A1zquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Velázquez">Velázquez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[246]</a> Gallery <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelico,_noli_me_tangere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noli me tangere (c. 1440 – 1442), fresco by Fra Angelico"><img alt="Noli me tangere (c. 1440 – 1442), fresco by Fra Angelico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Angelico%2C_noli_me_tangere.jpg/206px-Angelico%2C_noli_me_tangere.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Angelico%2C_noli_me_tangere.jpg/310px-Angelico%2C_noli_me_tangere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Angelico%2C_noli_me_tangere.jpg/413px-Angelico%2C_noli_me_tangere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="2956" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1440 – 1442), fresco by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_leyendo,_por_Piero_di_Cosimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Magdalene Reading (c. 1500 – 1510) by Piero di Cosimo"><img alt="Mary Magdalene Reading (c. 1500 – 1510) by Piero di Cosimo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_leyendo%2C_por_Piero_di_Cosimo.jpg/197px-Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_leyendo%2C_por_Piero_di_Cosimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_leyendo%2C_por_Piero_di_Cosimo.jpg/295px-Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_leyendo%2C_por_Piero_di_Cosimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_leyendo%2C_por_Piero_di_Cosimo.jpg/394px-Mar%C3%ADa_Magdalena_leyendo%2C_por_Piero_di_Cosimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="3133" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary Magdalene Reading (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 – 1510) by <a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_050.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noli me tangere (c. 1512) by Titian"><img alt="Noli me tangere (c. 1512) by Titian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tizian_050.jpg/219px-Tizian_050.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tizian_050.jpg/329px-Tizian_050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tizian_050.jpg/438px-Tizian_050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2494" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere_(Titian)" title="Noli me tangere (Titian)">Noli me tangere</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1512) by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambrosius_Benson_-_Mary_Magdalene_-_WGA1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Magdalene (early 1500s) by Ambrosius Benson"><img alt="Mary Magdalene (early 1500s) by Ambrosius Benson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ambrosius_Benson_-_Mary_Magdalene_-_WGA1890.jpg/214px-Ambrosius_Benson_-_Mary_Magdalene_-_WGA1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ambrosius_Benson_-_Mary_Magdalene_-_WGA1890.jpg/320px-Ambrosius_Benson_-_Mary_Magdalene_-_WGA1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ambrosius_Benson_-_Mary_Magdalene_-_WGA1890.jpg/427px-Ambrosius_Benson_-_Mary_Magdalene_-_WGA1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3906" data-file-height="4937" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary Magdalene (early 1500s) by <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Benson" title="Ambrosius Benson">Ambrosius Benson</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Giampietrino_Magdalena_penitente_Hermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magdalena Penitente (early 1500s) by Giampietrino"><img alt="Magdalena Penitente (early 1500s) by Giampietrino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Giampietrino_Magdalena_penitente_Hermitage.jpg/215px-Giampietrino_Magdalena_penitente_Hermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Giampietrino_Magdalena_penitente_Hermitage.jpg/323px-Giampietrino_Magdalena_penitente_Hermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Giampietrino_Magdalena_penitente_Hermitage.jpg/430px-Giampietrino_Magdalena_penitente_Hermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magdalena Penitente (early 1500s) by <a href="/wiki/Giampietrino" title="Giampietrino">Giampietrino</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maino_Magdalena_penitente_1615_col_par_Ginebra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Magdalene (1615) by Juan Bautista Maíno"><img alt="Mary Magdalene (1615) by Juan Bautista Maíno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Maino_Magdalena_penitente_1615_col_par_Ginebra.jpg/180px-Maino_Magdalena_penitente_1615_col_par_Ginebra.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Maino_Magdalena_penitente_1615_col_par_Ginebra.jpg/270px-Maino_Magdalena_penitente_1615_col_par_Ginebra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Maino_Magdalena_penitente_1615_col_par_Ginebra.jpg/360px-Maino_Magdalena_penitente_1615_col_par_Ginebra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="750" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary Magdalene (1615) by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Ma%C3%ADno" title="Juan Bautista Maíno">Juan Bautista Maíno</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penitent Magdalene (c. 1576 – 1578) by El Greco"><img alt="Penitent Magdalene (c. 1576 – 1578) by El Greco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/El_Greco_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/210px-El_Greco_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/El_Greco_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/314px-El_Greco_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/El_Greco_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/419px-El_Greco_-_The_Penitent_Magdalene_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4199" data-file-height="5408" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penitent_Magdalene_(El_Greco)" title="Penitent Magdalene (El Greco)">Penitent Magdalene</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1576 – 1578) by <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemisia_Gentileschi_Mary_Magdalene_Pitti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Magdalene (1615–1616 or 1620–1625) by Artemisia Gentileschi"><img alt="Mary Magdalene (1615–1616 or 1620–1625) by Artemisia Gentileschi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Artemisia_Gentileschi_Mary_Magdalene_Pitti.jpg/201px-Artemisia_Gentileschi_Mary_Magdalene_Pitti.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Artemisia_Gentileschi_Mary_Magdalene_Pitti.jpg/301px-Artemisia_Gentileschi_Mary_Magdalene_Pitti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Artemisia_Gentileschi_Mary_Magdalene_Pitti.jpg/401px-Artemisia_Gentileschi_Mary_Magdalene_Pitti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary Magdalene (1615–1616 or 1620–1625) by <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille_Pdba_rubens_marie_madeleine.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy (c. 1619 – 1620) by Peter Paul Rubens"><img alt="St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy (c. 1619 – 1620) by Peter Paul Rubens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lille_Pdba_rubens_marie_madeleine.JPG/189px-Lille_Pdba_rubens_marie_madeleine.JPG" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lille_Pdba_rubens_marie_madeleine.JPG/283px-Lille_Pdba_rubens_marie_madeleine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lille_Pdba_rubens_marie_madeleine.JPG/377px-Lille_Pdba_rubens_marie_madeleine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="2300" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene_in_Ecstasy" title="St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy">St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1619 – 1620) by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Magdalene (1641) by José de Ribera"><img alt="Mary Magdalene (1641) by José de Ribera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_024.jpg/219px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_024.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_024.jpg/328px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_024.jpg/438px-Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera_024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2474" data-file-height="3051" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary Magdalene (1641) by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Ribera">José de Ribera</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_de_La_Tour_-_Magdalen_of_Night_Light_-_WGA12337.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magdalene with the Smoking Flame (c. 1640) by Georges de La Tour"><img alt="Magdalene with the Smoking Flame (c. 1640) by Georges de La Tour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Georges_de_La_Tour_-_Magdalen_of_Night_Light_-_WGA12337.jpg/198px-Georges_de_La_Tour_-_Magdalen_of_Night_Light_-_WGA12337.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Georges_de_La_Tour_-_Magdalen_of_Night_Light_-_WGA12337.jpg/297px-Georges_de_La_Tour_-_Magdalen_of_Night_Light_-_WGA12337.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Georges_de_La_Tour_-_Magdalen_of_Night_Light_-_WGA12337.jpg/396px-Georges_de_La_Tour_-_Magdalen_of_Night_Light_-_WGA12337.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1226" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_with_the_Smoking_Flame" title="Magdalene with the Smoking Flame">Magdalene with the Smoking Flame</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1640) by <a href="/wiki/Georges_de_La_Tour" title="Georges de La Tour">Georges de La Tour</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Cristo_appare_a_Maria_Maddalena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalene (between 1640 and 1650) by Pietro da Cortona"><img alt="Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalene (between 1640 and 1650) by Pietro da Cortona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Cristo_appare_a_Maria_Maddalena.jpg/251px-Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Cristo_appare_a_Maria_Maddalena.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Cristo_appare_a_Maria_Maddalena.jpg/376px-Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Cristo_appare_a_Maria_Maddalena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Cristo_appare_a_Maria_Maddalena.jpg/501px-Pietro_da_Cortona_-_Cristo_appare_a_Maria_Maddalena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1474" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalene (between 1640 and 1650) by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_The_Magdalene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Magdalene (before 1792) by George Romney"><img alt="The Magdalene (before 1792) by George Romney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_The_Magdalene.jpg/223px-George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_The_Magdalene.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_The_Magdalene.jpg/335px-George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_The_Magdalene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_The_Magdalene.jpg/447px-George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_The_Magdalene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="550" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Magdalene (before 1792) by <a href="/wiki/George_Romney_(painter)" title="George Romney (painter)">George Romney</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariya_Magdalena.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Magdalene (1858–1860) by Frederick Sandys"><img alt="Mary Magdalene (1858–1860) by Frederick Sandys" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mariya_Magdalena.jpg/224px-Mariya_Magdalena.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mariya_Magdalena.jpg/336px-Mariya_Magdalena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mariya_Magdalena.jpg/448px-Mariya_Magdalena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="894" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_(Sandys)" title="Mary Magdalene (Sandys)">Mary Magdalene</a> (1858–1860) by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sandys" title="Frederick Sandys">Frederick Sandys</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Stevens_(1823%E2%80%931906)_-_Maria_Magdalena_-_1887_-_MSK_Gent_17-03-2009_12-18-27.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarah Bernhardt as Maria Magdalena (1887) by Alfred Stevens"><img alt="Sarah Bernhardt as Maria Magdalena (1887) by Alfred Stevens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alfred_Stevens_%281823%E2%80%931906%29_-_Maria_Magdalena_-_1887_-_MSK_Gent_17-03-2009_12-18-27.JPG/180px-Alfred_Stevens_%281823%E2%80%931906%29_-_Maria_Magdalena_-_1887_-_MSK_Gent_17-03-2009_12-18-27.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alfred_Stevens_%281823%E2%80%931906%29_-_Maria_Magdalena_-_1887_-_MSK_Gent_17-03-2009_12-18-27.JPG/270px-Alfred_Stevens_%281823%E2%80%931906%29_-_Maria_Magdalena_-_1887_-_MSK_Gent_17-03-2009_12-18-27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alfred_Stevens_%281823%E2%80%931906%29_-_Maria_Magdalena_-_1887_-_MSK_Gent_17-03-2009_12-18-27.JPG/360px-Alfred_Stevens_%281823%E2%80%931906%29_-_Maria_Magdalena_-_1887_-_MSK_Gent_17-03-2009_12-18-27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1922" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a> as <a href="/wiki/Maria_Magdalena_(Stevens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Magdalena (Stevens)">Maria Magdalena</a> (1887) by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stevens_(painter)" title="Alfred Stevens (painter)">Alfred Stevens</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_Christ_and_Mary_Magdalene,_a_Finnish_Legend_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ and Mary Magdalene (1890) by Albert Edelfelt in a Finnish locale"><img alt="Christ and Mary Magdalene (1890) by Albert Edelfelt in a Finnish locale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Christ_and_Mary_Magdalene%2C_a_Finnish_Legend_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/185px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Christ_and_Mary_Magdalene%2C_a_Finnish_Legend_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Christ_and_Mary_Magdalene%2C_a_Finnish_Legend_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/278px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Christ_and_Mary_Magdalene%2C_a_Finnish_Legend_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Albert_Edelfelt_-_Christ_and_Mary_Magdalene%2C_a_Finnish_Legend_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/371px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_Christ_and_Mary_Magdalene%2C_a_Finnish_Legend_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="4001" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christ and Mary Magdalene (1890) by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Albert Edelfelt</a> in a Finnish locale</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Marochetti,_La_Madeleine_du_groupe_sculptural_le_Ravissement_de_sainte_Marie-Madeleine._1843._Marbre._Ma%C3%AEtre-autel_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_de_la_Madeleine_de_Paris._Photo,_Jamie_Mulherron.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ecstasay of Mary Magdalene (1843) by Carlo Marochetti, located in La Madeleine"><img alt="The Ecstasay of Mary Magdalene (1843) by Carlo Marochetti, located in La Madeleine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Carlo_Marochetti%2C_La_Madeleine_du_groupe_sculptural_le_Ravissement_de_sainte_Marie-Madeleine._1843._Marbre._Ma%C3%AEtre-autel_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_de_la_Madeleine_de_Paris._Photo%2C_Jamie_Mulherron.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Carlo_Marochetti%2C_La_Madeleine_du_groupe_sculptural_le_Ravissement_de_sainte_Marie-Madeleine._1843._Marbre._Ma%C3%AEtre-autel_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_de_la_Madeleine_de_Paris._Photo%2C_Jamie_Mulherron.jpg/270px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Carlo_Marochetti%2C_La_Madeleine_du_groupe_sculptural_le_Ravissement_de_sainte_Marie-Madeleine._1843._Marbre._Ma%C3%AEtre-autel_de_l%27%C3%A9glise_de_la_Madeleine_de_Paris._Photo%2C_Jamie_Mulherron.jpg/360px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Ecstasay of Mary Magdalene (1843) by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Marochetti" title="Carlo Marochetti">Carlo Marochetti</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">La Madeleine</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Byzantine composer <a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassia</a> wrote the only penitential hymn for Mary Magdalene, Kyrie hē en pollais.<a href="#cite_note-255">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>:<a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a> <ul><li>Magdalena lugens voce sola cum symphonia, H.343 & H.343 a, motet for 1 voice, 2 treble instruments and continuo (1686–1687).</li> <li>For Mary Magdalene, H.373, motet for 2 voices, 2 flutes and continuo (date unknown).</li> <li>Magdalena lugens, H.388, motet for 3 voices and continuo (date unknown).</li> <li>Dialogus inter Magdalena et Jesum 2 vocibus Canto e Alto cum organo, H.423, for 2 voices and continuo (date unknown).</li></ul></li> <li>American recording artist <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> assumes the role of Mary Magdalene, whom she found a "feminine force", in her 2011 song "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_Mary_(song)" title="Bloody Mary (song)">Bloody Mary</a>".<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a></li> <li>English singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/FKA_Twigs" title="FKA Twigs">FKA Twigs</a> released album <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_(album)" title="Magdalene (album)">Magdalene</a> in 2019, saying that she related to the way Mary Magdalene's narrative was revised.<a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Magdalene_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Maria_Magdalene_icon.jpg/170px-Maria_Magdalene_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Maria_Magdalene_icon.jpg/255px-Maria_Magdalene_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Maria_Magdalene_icon.jpg/340px-Maria_Magdalene_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of Mary Magdalene as a <a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearer</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> has never identified Mary Magdalene with <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a> or the "sinful woman" who anoints Jesus in Luke 7:36–50<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201425–29-259">[251]</a> and has always taught that Mary was a virtuous woman her entire life, even before her conversion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201425–29-259">[251]</a> They have never celebrated her as a penitent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201425–29-259">[251]</a> Mary Magdalene's image did not become conflated with other women mentioned in Biblical texts until Pope Gregory the Great's sermon in the sixth century, and even then this only occurred in Western traditions. Instead, she has traditionally been honored as a "<a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearer</a>" (Μυροφόρος; the equivalent of the western <a href="/wiki/Three_Marys" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Marys">Three Marys</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201427-260">[252]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Equal-to-apostles" title="Equal-to-apostles">Equal to the Apostles</a>" (ἰσαπόστολος).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201427-260">[252]</a> For centuries, it has been the custom of many Eastern Orthodox Christians to share <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">dyed and painted eggs</a>, particularly on <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a>. The eggs represent new life, and Christ bursting forth from the tomb. Among <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a> this sharing is accompanied by the proclamation <a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">"Christ is risen!"</a> One folk tradition concerning Mary Magdalene says that following the death and resurrection of Jesus, she used her position to gain an invitation to a banquet given by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> in Rome. When she met him, she held a plain egg in her hand and exclaimed, "Christ is risen!". The emperor laughed, and said that Christ rising from the dead was as likely as the egg in her hand turning red while she held it. Before he finished speaking, the egg in her hand turned a bright red and she continued proclaiming the Gospel to the entire imperial house.<a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Roman Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erhart-madalena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Erhart-madalena.jpg/170px-Erhart-madalena.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Erhart-madalena.jpg/255px-Erhart-madalena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Erhart-madalena.jpg/340px-Erhart-madalena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Magdalene_(Erhart)" title="Saint Mary Magdalene (Erhart)">Mary Magdalene</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Erhart" title="Gregor Erhart">Gregor Erhart</a> (died 1525)</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and Baroque periods (late 16th and 17th centuries), the description "penitent" was added to the indication of her name on her feast day, July 22. It had not yet been added at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine calendar</a> of 1569 and is no longer found in the present <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> but, once added, it remained until the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">General Roman Calendar of 1960</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_(liturgy)" title="Gospel (liturgy)">Gospel reading</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> was Luke 7:36–50<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> (the sinful woman anointing the feet of Jesus), while in the present version of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> it is John 20:1–2, 11–18<a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a> (meeting of Mary Magdalene with Jesus after his resurrection).<a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-267">[259]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holy_Women_at_the_Sepulchre_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Holy_Women_at_the_Sepulchre_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/220px-The_Holy_Women_at_the_Sepulchre_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Holy_Women_at_the_Sepulchre_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/330px-The_Holy_Women_at_the_Sepulchre_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Holy_Women_at_the_Sepulchre_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg/440px-The_Holy_Women_at_the_Sepulchre_by_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Marys" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Marys">Three Marys</a> at the Tomb by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, with Mary Magdalene in red</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Bock" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrell Bock">Darrell Bock</a>, the title of apostola apostolorum first appears in the 10th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBock2004143–144-150">[143]</a> but Katherine Ludwig Jansen says she found no reference to it earlier than the 12th century, by which time it was already commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen200163-268">[260]</a> She mentions in particular <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Cluny" title="Hugh of Cluny">Hugh of Cluny</a> (1024–1109), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> (1079–1142), and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> (1090–1153) among those who gave Mary Magdalene the title of apostolorum apostola (apostle of the apostles). Jane Schaberg adds <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Geoffrey of Vendôme">Geoffrey of Vendôme</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1065/70 – 1132).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200488-181">[174]</a> The equivalent of the phrase apostolorum apostola may have appeared already in the 9th century. Chapter XXVII of the Life of Mary Magdalene attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hrabanus_Maurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrabanus Maurus">Hrabanus Maurus</a> (c. 780 – 784 February 856) is headed: Ubi Magdalenam Christus ad apostolos mittit apostolam (Wherein Christ sends Magdalene as an apostle to the apostles).<a href="#cite_note-269">[261]</a> The same chapter says she did not delay in exercising the office of apostolate with which he had been honored (apostolatus officio quo honorata fuerat fungi non distulit).<a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a>, commenting on this fact, remarks that Hrabanus Maurus frequently applies the word "apostle" to Mary Magdalene in this work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1979190-271">[263]</a> However the work is actually no earlier than the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a> Because of Mary Magdalene's position as an apostle, though not one of those who became official witnesses to the resurrection, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> honored her by reciting the <a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo" title="Gloria in excelsis Deo">Gloria</a> on her feast day – the only female saint so honored apart from Mary, the mother of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1979189–190-273">[265]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a> <a href="/wiki/Mulieris_Dignitatem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulieris Dignitatem">Mulieris Dignitatem</a> ("On the dignity and vocation of women", parts 67–69) dated August 15, 1988, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> dealt with the Easter events in relation to the women being present at the tomb after the Resurrection, in a section entitled 'First Witnesses of the Resurrection': <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The women are the first at the tomb. They are the first to find it empty. They are the first to hear 'He is not here. He has risen, as he said.'<a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a> They are the first to embrace his feet.<a href="#cite_note-275">[267]</a> The women are also the first to be called to announce this truth to the Apostles.<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a> The Gospel of John<a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a> emphasizes the special role of Mary Magdalene. She is the first to meet the Risen Christ. [...] Hence she came to be called "the apostle of the Apostles". Mary Magdalene was the first eyewitness of the Risen Christ, and for this reason she was also the first to bear witness to him before the Apostles. This event, in a sense, crowns all that has been said previously about Christ entrusting divine truths to women as well as men.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Paul II<a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a></cite></div></blockquote> On June 10, 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a> issued a decree which elevated Mary's liturgical commemoration from an obligatory memorial to a <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a>, like that of most of the Apostles (Peter and Paul are jointly commemorated with a <a href="/wiki/Solemnity" title="Solemnity">solemnity</a>).<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass (Catholic Church)">Mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> (Divine Office) remain the same as they were, except that a specific <a href="/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)" title="Preface (liturgy)">preface</a> was added to the Mass to refer to her explicitly as the "Apostle to the Apostles".<a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Protestantism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasnetsov_Maria_Magdalene.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vasnetsov_Maria_Magdalene.JPG/170px-Vasnetsov_Maria_Magdalene.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vasnetsov_Maria_Magdalene.JPG/255px-Vasnetsov_Maria_Magdalene.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vasnetsov_Maria_Magdalene.JPG/340px-Vasnetsov_Maria_Magdalene.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> of Saint Mary Magdalene depicted as one of the <a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a> with the words "<a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Christ is Risen</a>" in Greek at the top, depicting her discovery of the empty tomb</figcaption></figure> The 1549 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> had on July 22 a feast of Saint Mary Magdalene, with the same Scripture readings as in the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> and with a newly composed <a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">collect</a>: "Merciful father geue us grace, that we neuer presume to synne through the example of anye creature, but if it shall chaunce vs at any tyme to offende thy dyuine maiestie: that then we maye truly repent, and lament the same, after the example of Mary Magdalene, and by lyuelye faythe obtayne remission of all oure sinnes: throughe the onely merites of thy sonne oure sauiour Christ." The 1552 edition omitted the feast of Saint Mary Magdalene, which was restored to the Book of Common Prayer only after some 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a> Modern Protestants honor her as a disciple and friend of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a> Anglican Christians refer to her as a saint and may follow her example of repentance;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetti2013-283">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boer199794f-284">[276]</a> While some interpret the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> as forbidding them to call upon her for intercession,<a href="#cite_note-285">[277]</a> other Anglicans, citing the Episcopal burial service, say they can ask the saint to pray for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkham200967-286">[278]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> honors Mary Magdalene on July 22 as an apostle.<a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a> Her feast day is marked as a lesser festival, which are defined as "days when we celebrate the life of Christ, the witness of those who accompanied and testified to him, and the gifts of God in the church".<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a> honor her as the "apostle to the apostles"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneva_Press2008139-289">[281]</a> and, in the book Methodist Theology, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson_(theologian)" title="Kenneth Wilson (theologian)">Kenneth Wilson</a> describes her as, "in effect", one of the "first missionaries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201199-290">[282]</a> Mary Magdalene is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Festival (Anglicanism)">Festival</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a> with a Major Feast on July 22.<a href="#cite_note-291">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith">edit</a>]</div> There are many references to Mary Magdalene in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, where she enjoys an exalted status as a heroine of faith and the "archetypal woman of all cycles".<a href="#cite_note-293">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a>, the son of the founder of the religion, said that she was "the channel of confirmation" to Jesus's disciples, a "heroine" who "re-established the faith of the apostles" and was "a light of nearness in his kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a> `Abdu'l-Bahá also wrote that "her reality is ever shining from the horizon of Christ", "her face is shining and beaming forth on the horizon of the universe forevermore" and that "her candle is, in the assemblage of the world, lighted till eternity".<a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> `Abdu'l-Bahá considered her to be the supreme example of how women are completely equal with men in the sight of God and can at times even exceed men in holiness and greatness.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> Indeed he said that she surpassed all the men of her time,<a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a> and that "crowns studded with the brilliant jewels of guidance" were upon her head.<a href="#cite_note-298">[290]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">Baháʼí writings</a> also expand upon the scarce references to her life in the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">canonical Gospels</a>, with a wide array of extra-canonical stories about her and sayings which are not recorded in any other extant historical sources. `Abdu'l-Bahá said that Mary traveled to Rome and spoke before the emperor Tiberius, which is presumably why Pilate was later recalled to Rome for his cruel treatment of the Jews (a tradition also attested to in the Eastern Orthodox Church).<a href="#cite_note-299">[291]</a> Baháʼís have noted parallels between Mary Magdalene and the Babí heroine-poet <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1hirih" title="Táhirih">Táhirih</a>. The two are similar in many respects, with Mary Magdalene often being viewed as a Christian antecedent of the latter, while Táhirih in her own right could be described as the spiritual return of the Magdalene; especially given their common, shared attributes of "knowledge, steadfastness, courage, virtue and will power", in addition to their importance within the religious movements of Christianity and the Baháʼí Faith as female leaders.<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relics">Relics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Relics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Mary_Magdalene" title="Relics of Mary Magdalene">Relics of Mary Magdalene</a></div> Many of the alleged relics of the saint are held in Catholic churches in France, especially at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume" title="Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume">Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume</a>, where her skull (see <a href="#The_Golden_Legend">above</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">noli me tangere</a> are on display; the latter being a piece of forehead flesh and skin said to be from the spot touched by Jesus at the post-resurrection encounter in the garden.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawlor-302">[294]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> also kept at Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume is the object of an annual procession.<a href="#cite_note-Lawlor-302">[294]</a> Her left hand relic is kept in the <a href="/wiki/Simonopetra" title="Simonopetra">Simonopetra</a> Monastery on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-left-303">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speculations">Speculations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Speculations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Jesus bloodline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beloved_Disciple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloved Disciple">Beloved Disciple</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semiradsky_Christ_Martha_Maria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Semiradsky_Christ_Martha_Maria.jpg/280px-Semiradsky_Christ_Martha_Maria.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Semiradsky_Christ_Martha_Maria.jpg/420px-Semiradsky_Christ_Martha_Maria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Semiradsky_Christ_Martha_Maria.jpg/560px-Semiradsky_Christ_Martha_Maria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>Christ with Martha and Mary (1886) by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Siemiradzki" title="Henryk Siemiradzki">Henryk Siemiradzki</a>, showing the conflated "composite Magdalene" sitting at Jesus's feet while her sister Martha performs chores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006249–150-304">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010544–545-305">[297]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1998, Ramon K. Jusino proposed an unprecedented argument that the "<a href="/wiki/Beloved_Disciple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloved Disciple">Beloved Disciple</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> is Mary Magdalene. Jusino based his argument largely on the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi" title="Nag Hammadi">Nag Hammadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> books, rejecting the view of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> that these books were later developments, and maintaining instead that the extant Gospel of John is the result of modification of an earlier text that presented Mary Magdalene as the Beloved Disciple.<a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a> The gospel, at least in its current form, clearly and consistently identifies the disciple as having masculine gender, only ever referring to him using words inflected in the masculine. There are no <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">textual variants</a> in extant New Testament manuscripts to contradict this,<a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a> and thus no physical evidence of this hypothetical earlier document. Richard J. Hooper does not make the Jusino thesis his own, but says: "Perhaps we should not altogether reject the possibility that some Johannine Christians considered Mary Magdalene to be 'the disciple whom Jesus loved'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooper2005223-308">[300]</a> Esther A. de Boer likewise presents the idea as "one possibility among others", not as a definitive solution to the problem of the identity of the anonymous disciple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Boer2004190-309">[301]</a> There is a theological interpretation of Mary as the Magdala, The Elegant Tower and certain churches honor her as a heroine of the faith in their teachings.<a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dan_Brown" title="Dan Brown">Dan Brown</a>'s 2003 bestselling mystery thriller novel <a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a> popularized a number of erroneous ideas about Mary Magdalene,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004xii–xvii-311">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201025–26,_544–545-312">[304]</a> including that she was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a>, that she was Jesus's wife, that she was pregnant at the crucifixion, and that she gave birth to Jesus's child, who became the founder of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">a bloodline</a> which survives to this very day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004xii–xv-313">[305]</a> There is no historical evidence (from the canonical or apocryphal gospels, other early Christian writings, or any other ancient sources) to support these statements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004xii–xv-313">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201025–26-314">[306]</a> The Da Vinci Code also purports that the figure of the "beloved disciple" to Jesus's right in <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper_(Leonardo_da_Vinci)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)">Last Supper</a> is Mary Magdalene, disguised as one of the male disciples;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012183–184-315">[307]</a> art historians maintain that the figure is, in reality, the apostle John, who only appears feminine due to Leonardo's characteristic fascination with blurring the lines between the sexes, a quality which is found in his other paintings, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Leonardo)" title="Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo)">Saint John the Baptist</a> (painted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1513 – 1516).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012189–191-316">[308]</a> Furthermore, according to Ross King, an expert on Italian art, Mary Magdalene's appearance at the last supper would not have been controversial and Leonardo would have had no motive to disguise her as one of the other disciples,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012187–189-317">[309]</a> since she was widely venerated in her role as the "apostle to the apostles" and patron of the Dominican Order, for whom The Last Supper was painted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012187–189-317">[309]</a> There would have even been precedent for it, since the earlier Italian Renaissance painter <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> had included her in his painting of the Last Supper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012187–188-318">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="Criticism of The Da Vinci Code">Numerous works were written</a> in response to the historical inaccuracies in The Da Vinci Code,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004xiii–xvi-319">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201026-320">[312]</a> but the novel still exerted massive influence on how members of the general public viewed Mary Magdalene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004xvi-321">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey201025–26-314">[306]</a> In 2012, scholar <a href="/wiki/Karen_L._King" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen L. King">Karen L. King</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Jesus%27_Wife" title="Gospel of Jesus' Wife">Gospel of Jesus's Wife</a>, a purported <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> papyrus fragment in which Jesus says: "My wife ... she will be able to be my disciple." The overwhelming consensus of scholars is that the fragment is a modern forgery,<a href="#cite_note-322">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabar2016-324">[316]</a> and in 2016, King herself said that the alleged Gospel was probably a forgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabar2016-324">[316]</a> Ehrman states that the historical sources reveal absolutely nothing about <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality of Jesus">Jesus's sexuality</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006248-325">[317]</a> and that there is no evidence whatsoever to support the idea that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were married or that they had any kind of sexual or romantic relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006248-325">[317]</a> None of the canonical gospels imply such a thing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006248–249-326">[318]</a> and, even in the late Gnostic gospels, where Mary is shown as Jesus's closest disciple,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006248–249-326">[318]</a> the relationship between them is not sexual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006248–249-326">[318]</a> The extremely late Greater Questions of Mary, which has not survived, allegedly portrayed Mary not as Jesus's wife or partner, but rather as an unwilling <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006249-123">[116]</a> Ehrman says that the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, a contemporary Jewish sect who shared many views with Jesus, and the apostle Paul, Jesus's later follower, both lived in unmarried celibacy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006249–150-304">[296]</a> so it is not unreasonable to conclude that Jesus did as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006249–150-304">[296]</a> Furthermore, according to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#12:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 12:25</a>, Jesus taught that marriage would not exist at all in the coming kingdom of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006250-327">[319]</a> Since Jesus taught that people should live as though the kingdom had already arrived, this teaching implied a life of unmarried celibacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006250–251-328">[320]</a> Ehrman says that, if Jesus had been married to Mary Magdalene, the authors of the gospels would definitely have mentioned it, since they mention all his other family members, including his mother Mary, his father <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">four brothers</a>, and his at least two sisters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006251-329">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Maurice Casey</a> rejects the idea of Mary Magdalene as Jesus's wife as nothing more than wild popular <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010544–545-305">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_J._Kripal" title="Jeffrey J. Kripal">Jeffrey J. Kripal</a> writes that "the historical sources are simply too contradictory and simultaneously too silent" to make absolute declarations regarding Jesus's sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripal200652-330">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Madeleine" title="Cathedral of the Madeleine">Cathedral of the Madeleine</a> (Salt Lake City, Utah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27_interactions_with_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus' interactions with women">Jesus' interactions with women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Madeleine,_Paris" title="La Madeleine, Paris">La Madeleine, Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism/Patron_Archive/July_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/July 22">Mary Magdalene, patron saint archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a> – Mandaean heroine that some equate with Mary Magdalene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">New Testament people named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere_casket" title="Noli me tangere casket">Noli me tangere casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sarah" title="Saint Sarah">Saint Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Magdalene%27s_flood" title="St. Mary Magdalene's flood">St. Mary Magdalene's flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magdalen_Reading" title="The Magdalen Reading">The Magdalen Reading</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pronounce-1"><a href="#cite_ref-pronounce_1-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmæɡdəlɪn, -iːn/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: מרים המגדלית; original Biblical <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνή, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: María hē Magdalēnē, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مريم المجدلية, literally "Mary the <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdalene</a>", Μαρία η Μαγδαληνή in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_27:56" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew 27:56">Matthew 27:56</a>; <a href="/wiki/Matthew_27:61" title="Matthew 27:61">27:61</a>; <a href="/wiki/Matthew_28:1" title="Matthew 28:1">28:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:40&version=nrsv">Mark 15:40</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:47&version=nrsv">15:47</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:1&version=nrsv">16:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:9&version=nrsv">16:9</a> replaces "η" with "τη" because of the case change. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%208:1&version=nrsv">Luke 8:1</a> says "Μαρία ... η Μαγδαληνή" and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:10&version=nrsv">24:10</a> says "η Μαγδαληνή Μαρία". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:25&version=nrsv">John 19:25</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_20:1" title="John 20:1">20:1</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_20:18" title="John 20:18">20:18</a> all say "Μαρία η Μαγδαληνή". </li> <li id="cite_note-Migdal-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Migdal_16-0">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> Migdal (מגדל) means 'tower', 'fortress'; in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, Magdala means 'tower' or 'elevated, great, magnificent'. <a href="#CITEREFMeyerde_Boer2009">Meyer & de Boer 2009</a>, pp. 74–96 provide an overview of the source texts excerpted in an essay "Should we all turn and listen to her? Mary Magdalene in the spotlight". Interpreters since the time of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> have suggested that Mary was called Magdalene because of her stature and faith, i.e. because she was like a tower: "Mary Magdalene received the epithet 'fortified with towers' because of her earnestness and strength of faith, and was privileged to see the rising of Christ first even before the apostles" (<a href="#CITEREFHaskins2005">Haskins 2005</a>, p. 406). Other interpreters have seen Magdalene as referring to a kind of hairstyle. This translation stems from certain passages in uncensored versions of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, where a woman, esoterically identified as Jesus's mother, is called hamegadela se'ar nasha, which has been translated "Miriam, the dresser of women's hair", possibly a euphemism for "prostitute". See <a href="#CITEREFHerford2006">Herford 2006</a>, p. 40. The Talmudic passages are at tractate <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a> 67a and tractate <a href="/wiki/Hagigah" title="Hagigah">Hagigah</a> 4b of the Babylonian Talmud; cf. tractate <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a> 104b. The English theologian John Lightfoot (1602–1675) noted these passages and commented: "Whence she was called Magdalene, doth not so plainly appear; whether from Magdala, a town on the lake of Gennesaret, or from the word which signifies a plaiting or curling of the hair, a thing usual with harlots." (<a href="#CITEREFLightfoot1989">Lightfoot 1989</a>, p. 373) </li> <li id="cite_note-MMname-19"><a href="#cite_ref-MMname_19-0">^</a> Mary Magdalene's name is mostly given as Μαρία (Maria), but in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:1&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:1</a> as Μαριάμ (Mariam), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+28:1–10&version=sblgnt">Matthew 28:1–10</a>, both of which are regarded as Greek forms of <a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a>, the Hebrew name for <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>' sister. The name was extremely popular during the first century due to its connections to the ruling <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Dynasty">Herodian</a> dynasties (<a href="#CITEREFGood2005">Good 2005</a>, pp. 9–10). In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, Mary Magdalene is also referred to simply as "Mary" at least twice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:11&version=nrsv">John 20:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:16&version=nrsv">20:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OT&NT-107"><a href="#cite_ref-OT&NT_107-0">^</a> The Old and New Testament and Gnostic contexts and the text are discussed by <a href="#CITEREFGrant1961">Grant 1961</a>, pp. 129–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-confusing-110"><a href="#cite_ref-confusing_110-0">^</a> This confusing reference is already in the original manuscript. It is not clear, if the text refers to Jesus's or his mother's sister, or whether the intention is to say something else. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Its still disputed till date on which body part was mentioned here </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> See, for instance, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Thessalonians#5:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians 5:26</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Romans#16:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Romans">Romans 16:16</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#16:20" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 16:20</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Corinthians#13:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians 13:12</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#14:43" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 14:43–45</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#26:47" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 26:47–50</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#22:48" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 22:48</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#5:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Peter">1 Peter 5:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansen2001">Jansen 2001</a> citing Jacques Levron, Le bon roi René (Paris: Arthaud, 1972). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BBC-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/history/marymagdalene.shtml">"Mary Magdalene, the clichés"</a>. BBC, Religions. 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Retrieved December 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnosis.org&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Philip+-+The+Nag+Hammadi+Library+-+Marvin+Meyer+Translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2FGPhilip-Meyer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010475Maisch19989Ehrman2006185–187-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010475Maisch19989Ehrman2006185–187_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 475; <a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 185–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185–187,_247-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185–187,_247_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 185–187, 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006247_8-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185_9-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016152-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag2016152_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaag2016">Haag 2016</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010543–544-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010543–544_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010543–544_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010543–544_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, pp. 543–544. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185–187,_218Hurtado2005267,_355-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006185–187,_218Hurtado2005267,_355_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 185–187, 218; <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 267, 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010193-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010193_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010193_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010193_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010193_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010193_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010193_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010193_13-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006197-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006197_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006197_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch19982-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch19982_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006197–198-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006197–198_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch19982–3-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch19982–3_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-greek3137-20"><a href="#cite_ref-greek3137_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/greek/3137.htm">"3137. Maria or Mariam"</a>. Strong's Concordance. Bible Hub. 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id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#8:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 8:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010192–193-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010192–193_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010192–193_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010192–193_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, pp. 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006206–207_27-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilton200525–28-28">^ <a 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G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51978108">Jesus remembered</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51978108">51978108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+remembered&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=339&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51978108&rft.isbn=0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F51978108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993276–280_65-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, pp. 276–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014137–143-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014137–143_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, pp. 137–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010456–457-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010456–457_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010456–457_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, pp. 456–457. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014142–143-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014142–143_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1993277-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1993277_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders1993">Sanders 1993</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014137–140-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014137–140_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, pp. 137–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinkle2003446_71-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinkle2003">Hinkle 2003</a>, p. 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010461–462-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010461–462_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, pp. 461–462. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006228-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006228_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006228_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006228_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006228_73-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010463-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010463_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010463_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010463_74-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 463. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010463–464-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010463–464_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010463–464_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010463–464_75-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, pp. 463–464. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006226–227-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006226–227_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010464-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010464_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010464_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 464. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253_78-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253_78-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227,_253-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227,_253_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006227,_253_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 227, 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253,_228-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006253,_228_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 253, 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarson1991642-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarson1991642_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarson1991">Carson 1991</a>, p. 642. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey2010477-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010477_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010477_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010477_82-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010477_82-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010477_82-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey2010477_82-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasey2010">Casey 2010</a>, p. 477. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006229-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006229_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006255-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006255_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006255_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006255_84-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006226–227,_255–256-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006226–227,_255–256_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 226–227, 255–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2003607-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2003607_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2003">Wright 2003</a>, p. 607. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014164–169-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014164–169_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014164–169_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014164–169_87-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, pp. 164–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014166-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014166_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014166–169-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014166–169_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, pp. 166–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014166–167-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2014166–167_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2014">Ehrman 2014</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006209_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006209_100-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006211–213-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006211–213_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006211–213_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006211–213_101-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 211–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1992-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1992_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer1992">Meyer 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210–211-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210–211_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210–211_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210–211_103-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 210–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006210_104-0">a</a> <a 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Early Christian Writings. Peter Kirby. 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September 6, 2015. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847_179-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847_179-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847_179-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847_179-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847_179-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199847_179-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMormando1999257–274-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMormando1999257–274_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMormando1999">Mormando 1999</a>, p. 257–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaberg200488-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaberg200488_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaberg200488_181-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaberg2004">Schaberg 2004</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcombe2002279-182">^ <a 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href="#CITEREFMcCarthy2010">McCarthy 2010</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005129–132-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005129–132_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005129–132_186-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaskins2005">Haskins 2005</a>, pp. 129–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsonGitlitz2002562-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsonGitlitz2002562_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidsonGitlitz2002">Davidson & Gitlitz 2002</a>, p. 562. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184_188-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184_188-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184_188-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184_188-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006184_188-7">h</a> <a 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<a href="#cite_ref-GoldenLegend_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoldenLegend_197-1">b</a> Golden Legend </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJansen2001151,_footnote_20_citing_Cavalca,_''Vita'',_329;_''Life'',_2–3.-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJansen2001151,_footnote_20_citing_Cavalca,_''Vita'',_329;_''Life'',_2–3._198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJansen2001">Jansen 2001</a>, p. 151, footnote 20 citing Cavalca, Vita, 329; Life, 2–3.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag2016231-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag2016231_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag2016231_199-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaag2016">Haag 2016</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2012188-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2012188_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2012188_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2012188_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2012188_200-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2012">King 2012</a>, p. 188. </li> <li 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A. Sibly, M. D. Sibly, The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's "Historia Albigensis" (Boydell, 1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-658-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-658-4">0-85115-658-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Churches_of_God" class="citation web cs1">Christian Churches of God. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccg.org/english/s/b8.html">"The Treatise of Ermengaudus (No. B8)"</a>. Ccg.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521061308/http://www.ccg.org/english/s/B8.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treatise+of+Ermengaudus+%28No.+B8%29&rft.pub=Ccg.org&rft.au=Christian+Churches+of+God&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccg.org%2Fenglish%2Fs%2Fb8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Townsend, Anne Bradford (2008). The Cathars of Languedoc as heretics: From the perspectives of five contemporary scholars (Thesis). p. 147. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/304835631">304835631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Cathars+of+Languedoc+as+heretics%3A+From+the+perspectives+of+five+contemporary+scholars&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Anne+Bradford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Walter L. Wakefield, Austin P. Evans, Heresies of the High Middle Ages: Translated with Notes, page 234 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-02743-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-02743-5">0-231-02743-5</a>. The authors speculate on page 230 that this could have been the source used by Peter of Vaux de Cernay. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199863–65-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199863–65_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199863–65_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, pp. 63–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaskins2005">Haskins 2005</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250–251-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250–251_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250–251_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005250–251_210-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaskins2005">Haskins 2005</a>, pp. 250–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson_2004,_pp._8–14-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_2004,_pp._8–14_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_2004,_pp._8–14_211-1">b</a> Henderson (2004), pp. 8–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoper2016295–296-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoper2016295–296_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoper2016">Roper 2016</a>, pp. 295–296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoper2016295-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoper2016295_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoper2016">Roper 2016</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249_214-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249_214-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005249_214-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaskins2005">Haskins 2005</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865_215-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865_215-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005251–252-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005251–252_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaskins2005">Haskins 2005</a>, pp. 251–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMormando1999b107–135-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMormando1999b107–135_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMormando1999b">Mormando 1999b</a>, p. 107–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005251–253-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005251–253_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaskins2005">Haskins 2005</a>, pp. 251–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865–66-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199865–66_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapucci2002" class="citation book cs1">Capucci, M. (2002). "Brignole Sale, Anton Giulio". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198183327.001.0001/acref-9780198183327-e-506">The Oxford Companion to Italian Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818332-7"><bdi>978-0-19-818332-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brignole+Sale%2C+Anton+Giulio&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Italian+Literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-818332-7&rft.aulast=Capucci&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198183327.001.0001%2Facref-9780198183327-e-506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199867–70-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199867–70_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, pp. 67–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaisch199867-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199867_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaisch199867_222-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaisch1998">Maisch 1998</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> John Trigilio Jr., Kenneth Brighenti, Saints For Dummies, pages 52–53 (Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2010). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-53358-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-53358-1">978-0-470-53358-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Robert Kiefer Webb, Richard J. Helmstadter (editors), Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: Essays in Honor of R.K. Webb, p. 119 (London: Routledge, 1991). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07625-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07625-0">0-415-07625-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltus1891" class="citation book cs1">Saltus, Edgar (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6738080M/Mary_Magdalen">Mary Magdalen: a chronicle</a>. New York: Belford company. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6738080M">6738080M</a> – via Open Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Magdalen%3A+a+chronicle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Belford+company&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6738080M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Saltus&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6738080M%2FMary_Magdalen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#7:36" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 7:36–50</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Calendarium Romanum (1969), p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag20161–2-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag20161–2_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaag2016">Haag 2016</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-7210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-7210-3">978-88-209-7210-3</a>), p. 398 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaag20162-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag20162_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag20162_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaag20162_231-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaag2016">Haag 2016</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006181–182-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006181–182_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006181–182_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006181–182_232-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang200333–34-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang200333–34_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang2003">Lang 2003</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006179–180-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006179–180_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 179–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang200334-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang200334_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang2003">Lang 2003</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006180–181-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006180–181_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesecretmagdalene.com/index.html">"The Secret Magdalene"</a>. 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May 5, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131108092526/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/05/lady-gaga-judas-video_n_858153.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Lady+Gaga+%27Judas%27+Video+Leaked&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F05%2F05%2Flady-gaga-judas-video_n_858153.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018_239-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018_239-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018_239-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018_239-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2018_239-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradshaw2018">Bradshaw 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHailes2018-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailes2018_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailes2018_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailes2018_240-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailes2018_240-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailes2018_240-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailes2018_240-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHailes2018_240-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHailes2018">Hailes 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2018-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2018_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2018_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2018_241-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2018_241-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2018_241-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarr2018">Carr 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2018-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2018_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2018_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2018_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2018_242-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalton2018">Dalton 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/40183">"The Penitent Magdalene"</a>. The Walters Art Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517050215/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/40183">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Penitent+Magdalene&rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F40183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976134–135-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976134–135_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1976">Ferguson 1976</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang200333-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang200333_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang200333_245-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang2003">Lang 2003</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugelmann1983151-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKugelmann1983151_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKugelmann1983">Kugelmann 1983</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005xi-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskins2005xi_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaskins2005">Haskins 2005</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitcombe2002282-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcombe2002282_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitcombe2002282_248-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitcombe2002">Witcombe 2002</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976135-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1976135_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1976">Ferguson 1976</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Schiller, II, 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Schiller, II, 152–154 </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Schiller, II, 154–158 </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiely2010" class="citation news cs1">Kiely, Robert (September 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/picturing-magdalene">"Picturing the Magdalene: How Artists Imagine the Apostle to the Apostles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commonweal_(magazine)" title="Commonweal (magazine)">Commonweal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130035242/https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/picturing-magdalene">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Picturing+the+Magdalene%3A+How+Artists+Imagine+the+Apostle+to+the+Apostles&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft.aulast=Kiely&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Fpicturing-magdalene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Schiller, Gertud, Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I, pp. 158–159, 1971 (English trans from German), Lund Humphries, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85331-270-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85331-270-2">0-85331-270-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouliatos2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Touliatos, Diane (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040895">"Kassia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40895">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40895</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kassia&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40895&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Touliatos&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required) </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Wiley_Hitchcock" title="H. 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Garnier fratres. 1878. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314094112/https://archive.org/stream/patrologiaecurs22goog#page/n742/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2016. 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Mt 28:9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:1–10&version=nrsv">Mt 28:1–10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2024:–11&version=nrsv">Lk 24:–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> cf. also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:9&version=nrsv">Mk 16:9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1988/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081988_mulieris-dignitatem.html">"Mulieris Dignitatem, John Paul II, 15 August 1988 – Apostolic Letter"</a>. Vatican.va. 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Retrieved April 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican+News&rft.atitle=St.+Mary+Magdalene%2C+Disciple+of+the+Lord+%E2%80%93+Information+on+the+Saint+of+the+Day&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticannews.va%2Fen%2Fsaints%2F07%2F22%2Fst--mary-magdalene--disciple-of-the-lord-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoly_See_Press_Office2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a> (June 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2016/06/10/160610b.html">"The liturgical memory of Mary Magdalene becomes a feast, like that of the other apostles, 10.06.2016"</a>. 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Retrieved June 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+See&rft.atitle=The+liturgical+memory+of+Mary+Magdalene+becomes+a+feast%2C+like+that+of+the+other+apostles%2C+10.06.2016&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft.au=Holy+See+Press+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fen%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2016%2F06%2F10%2F160610b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfrankhenderson.com/pdf/Disappearance_Feast_MaryMagdalene.pdf">"J. 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Hymns Ancient and Modern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04185-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-04185-6"><bdi>978-0-334-04185-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberation+Theology+and+Sexuality&rft.pub=Hymns+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-334-04185-6&rft.aulast=Althaus-Reid&rft.aufirst=Marcella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIimfR3MWc2AC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock2004" class="citation cs2">Bock, Darrell L. 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Brown">Brown, Raymond Edward</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRCdxOJWvcQC&pg=PA190">The Community of the Beloved Disciple</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2174-8"><bdi>978-0-8091-2174-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Community+of+the+Beloved+Disciple&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2174-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoRCdxOJWvcQC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2009" class="citation cs2">Campbell, Lorne (2009), "The New Pictorial Language of Rogier van der Weyden", in Campbell, Lorne; Van der Stock, Jan (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVxHAQAAIAAJ&q=The+New+Pictorial+Language+of+Rogier+van+der+Weyden">Rogier Van Der Weyden: 1400–1464 : Master of Passions</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, pp. 2–64, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789085261056" title="Special:BookSources/9789085261056"><bdi>9789085261056</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+Pictorial+Language+of+Rogier+van+der+Weyden&rft.btitle=Rogier+Van+Der+Weyden%3A+1400%E2%80%931464+%3A+Master+of+Passions&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=2-64&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789085261056&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVxHAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BNew%2BPictorial%2BLanguage%2Bof%2BRogier%2Bvan%2Bder%2BWeyden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2018" class="citation cs2">Carr, Flora (March 30, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5210705/mary-magdalene-controversial/">"The Real Reason Why Mary Magdalene Is Such a Controversial Figure"</a>, Time, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180608004703/http://time.com/5210705/mary-magdalene-controversial/">archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2018, retrieved June 8, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Real+Reason+Why+Mary+Magdalene+Is+Such+a+Controversial+Figure&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Flora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5210705%2Fmary-magdalene-controversial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2006" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, James (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-was-mary-magdalene-119565482/#ixzz2PdkNRoyp">"Who Was Mary Magdalene?"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved July 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Who+Was+Mary+Magdalene%3F&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwho-was-mary-magdalene-119565482%2F%23ixzz2PdkNRoyp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1991" class="citation cs2">Carson, D. A. (1991), The Gospel According to John, Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3683-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3683-6"><bdi>0-8028-3683-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+John&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8028-3683-6&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Casey" title="Maurice Casey">Casey, Maurice</a> (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXK0auknD0YC&q=Mary+Magdalene+supported+Jesus%27s+ministry&pg=PA194">Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching</a>, New York and London, England: T & T Clark, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64517-3"><bdi>978-0-567-64517-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+An+Independent+Historian%27s+Account+of+His+Life+and+Teaching&rft.place=New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64517-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXK0auknD0YC%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%2Bsupported%2BJesus%2527s%2Bministry%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColetti2013" class="citation book cs1">Coletti, Theresa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2gYAgAAQBAJ">Mary Magdalene and the Drama of Saints: Theater, Gender, and Religion in Late Medieval England</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0164-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-0164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Magdalene+and+the+Drama+of+Saints%3A+Theater%2C+Gender%2C+and+Religion+in+Late+Medieval+England&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0164-2&rft.aulast=Coletti&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2gYAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan1995" class="citation cs2">Crossan, John Dominic (1995), Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography, San Francisco, California: HarperOne, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-061662-5"><bdi>978-0-06-061662-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-061662-5&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/goldenlegend/GoldenLegend-Volume4.asp#Mary%20Magdalene">"Life of Mary Magdalen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011221259/http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/basis/goldenlegend/GoldenLegend-Volume4.asp#Mary%20Magdalene">Archived</a> October 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a>'s English version of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilton2005" class="citation cs2">Chilton, Bruce (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d7feX5LOMfoC&q=Mary+Magdalene">Mary Magdalene: A Biography</a>, New York, London, England, Toronto, Ontario, Sydney, Australia, and Auckland, New Zealand: Image Doubleday, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51318-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51318-0"><bdi>978-0-385-51318-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Magdalene%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+London%2C+England%2C+Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+Sydney%2C+Australia%2C+and+Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Image+Doubleday&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51318-0&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd7feX5LOMfoC%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2018" class="citation cs2">Dalton, Stephen (February 27, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/mary-magdalene-review-1088785">"Mary Magdalene: Film Review"</a>, The Hollywood Reporter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141926/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/mary-magdalene-review-1088785">archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018, retrieved June 8, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Mary+Magdalene%3A+Film+Review&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Freview%2Fmary-magdalene-review-1088785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonGitlitz2002" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Linda Kay; Gitlitz, David Martin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PA562">Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-004-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-004-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-004-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage%3A+From+the+Ganges+to+Graceland+%3A+an+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-004-8&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Linda+Kay&rft.au=Gitlitz%2C+David+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVYkrNhPMQkC%26pg%3DPA562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Boer1997" class="citation book cs1">de Boer, Esther (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80lKAAAACAAJ">Mary Magdalene: Beyond the Myth</a>. Translated by John Bowden. SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02690-7"><bdi>978-0-334-02690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Magdalene%3A+Beyond+the+Myth&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-334-02690-7&rft.aulast=de+Boer&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80lKAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Boer2004" class="citation book cs1">de Boer, Esther A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0-vAwAAQBAJ">The Gospel of Mary: Beyond a Gnostic and a Biblical Mary Magdalene</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-26200-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-26200-4"><bdi>978-0-567-26200-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Mary%3A+Beyond+a+Gnostic+and+a+Biblical+Mary+Magdalene&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-26200-4&rft.aulast=de+Boer&rft.aufirst=Esther+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0-vAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Boer2005" class="citation book cs1">de Boer, Esther (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQja9B4f2H8C&pg=PA74">The Gospel of Mary: Listening to the Beloved Disciple</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8001-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-8001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Mary%3A+Listening+to+the+Beloved+Disciple&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8001-9&rft.aulast=de+Boer&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQja9B4f2H8C%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeConick2011" class="citation cs2">DeConick, April D. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvyoAwAAQBAJ&q=Greater+Questions+of+Mary+Magdalene&pg=PA139">Holy Misogyny: Why the Sex and Gender Conflicts in the Early Church Still Matter</a>, New York and London, England: Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9602-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9602-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-9602-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Misogyny%3A+Why+the+Sex+and+Gender+Conflicts+in+the+Early+Church+Still+Matter&rft.place=New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9602-6&rft.aulast=DeConick&rft.aufirst=April+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvyoAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DGreater%2BQuestions%2Bof%2BMary%2BMagdalene%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2006" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, John P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vu0vAAAACAAJ">The Christ Files: How Historians Know what They Know about Jesus</a>. Blue Bottle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921137-54-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921137-54-9"><bdi>978-1-921137-54-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christ+Files%3A+How+Historians+Know+what+They+Know+about+Jesus&rft.pub=Blue+Bottle&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-921137-54-9&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvu0vAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2011" class="citation web cs1">Doyle, Ken (September 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120416001954/http://ct.dio.org/comment-and-dialogue/question-corner/apostle-to-the-apostles-the-story-of-mary-magdalene.html">"Apostle to the apostles: The story of Mary Magdalene"</a>. Catholic Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ct.dio.org/comment-and-dialogue/question-corner/apostle-to-the-apostles-the-story-of-mary-magdalene.html">the original</a> on April 16, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostle+to+the+apostles%3A+The+story+of+Mary+Magdalene&rft.pub=Catholic+Times&rft.date=2011-09-11&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fct.dio.org%2Fcomment-and-dialogue%2Fquestion-corner%2Fapostle-to-the-apostles-the-story-of-mary-magdalene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA339">Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making</a>. Vol. 1. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3931-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-3931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered%3A+Christianity+in+the+Making&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4qpnvoautgC%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSHZKvCw0MEC&q=Mary+Magdalene+Last+Supper">Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518140-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518140-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Fiction+in+The+Da+Vinci+Code%3A+A+Historian+Reveals+What+We+Really+Know+about+Jesus%2C+Mary+Magdalene%2C+and+Constantine&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518140-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSHZKvCw0MEC%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%2BLast%2BSupper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHDNe8KmMAIC&pg=PA230">Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975668-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975668-1"><bdi>978-0-19-975668-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975668-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHDNe8KmMAIC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2006" class="citation cs2">Ehrman, Bart D. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tlvgp7WggvEC&q=Ehrman+%22to+you+as+apostles%22&pg=PA253">Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend</a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530013-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530013-0"><bdi>978-0-19-530013-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%2C+Paul%2C+and+Mary+Magdalene%3A+The+Followers+of+Jesus+in+History+and+Legend&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530013-0&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlvgp7WggvEC%26q%3DEhrman%2B%2522to%2Byou%2Bas%2Bapostles%2522%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2014" class="citation cs2">Ehrman, Bart D. (2014), How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee, New York: HarperOne, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-177818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-177818-6"><bdi>978-0-06-177818-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jesus+Became+God%3A+The+Exaltation+of+a+Jewish+Preacher+from+Galilee&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-06-177818-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErhardtMorris2012" class="citation cs2">Erhardt, Michelle; Morris, Amy (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5eTCY1nZuYC&q=Mary+Magdalene+Golden+Legend&pg=PA7">"Introduction"</a>, Mary Magdalene: Iconographic Studies from the Middle Ages to the Baroque, Studies in Religion and the Arts, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23224-2"><bdi>978-90-04-23224-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Mary+Magdalene%3A+Iconographic+Studies+from+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+Baroque&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.series=Studies+in+Religion+and+the+Arts&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23224-2&rft.aulast=Erhardt&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Morris%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5eTCY1nZuYC%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%2BGolden%2BLegend%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1976" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, George (1976) [1954], "St. Mary Magdalene", Signs and Symbols in Christian Art, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 134–135</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Mary+Magdalene&rft.btitle=Signs+and+Symbols+in+Christian+Art&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss1979" class="citation cs2">Foss, Clive (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6Q8AAAAIAAJ&q=Mary+magdalene+buried+at+Ephesus&pg=PA33">Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine and Turkish City</a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22086-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22086-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephesus+After+Antiquity%3A+A+Late+Antique%2C+Byzantine+and+Turkish+City&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22086-6&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6Q8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DMary%2Bmagdalene%2Bburied%2Bat%2BEphesus%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneva_Press2008" class="citation cs2">Geneva Press (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RMFgUlGyxwC&q=Mary+Magdalene&pg=PA138">The Presbyterian Handbook for Pastors</a>, Louisville, Kentucky: Geneva Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-50299-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-50299-7"><bdi>978-0-664-50299-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presbyterian+Handbook+for+Pastors&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Geneva+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-664-50299-7&rft.au=Geneva+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RMFgUlGyxwC%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood2005" class="citation book cs1">Good, Deirdre Joy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGpiPiiAPbkC&pg=PA9">Mariam, the Magdalen, and the Mother</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34533-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34533-2"><bdi>0-253-34533-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mariam%2C+the+Magdalen%2C+and+the+Mother&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-253-34533-2&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Deirdre+Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGpiPiiAPbkC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1961" class="citation journal cs1">Grant, Robert M. (September 1961). "The Mystery of Marriage in the Gospel of Philip". Vigiliae Christianae. 15 (3): 129–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007261X00137">10.1163/157007261X00137</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1582682">1582682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+Marriage+in+the+Gospel+of+Philip&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=129-140&rft.date=1961-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007261X00137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1582682%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2014" class="citation cs2">Green, Mary E. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LalUBAAAQBAJ&q=Mary+Magdalene+Myrrhbearer&pg=PA27">"Mary Magdalene, the Myrrh Bearer"</a>, Eyes to See: The Redemptive Purpose of Icons, New York, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Denver Colorado: Morehouse Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2939-7"><bdi>978-0-8192-2939-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+Magdalene%2C+the+Myrrh+Bearer&rft.btitle=Eyes+to+See%3A+The+Redemptive+Purpose+of+Icons&rft.place=New+York%2C+Harrisburg%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+and+Denver+Colorado&rft.pub=Morehouse+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-2939-7&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLalUBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%2BMyrrhbearer%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaag2016" class="citation cs2">Haag, Michael (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDOVBgAAQBAJ&q=Mary+Magdalene">The Quest For Mary Magdalene: History & Legend</a>, London, England: Profile Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847659385" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847659385"><bdi>978-1847659385</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+For+Mary+Magdalene%3A+History+%26+Legend&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1847659385&rft.aulast=Haag&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDOVBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHailes2018" class="citation cs2">Hailes, Sam (March 6, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premierchristianity.com/Blog/Why-Mary-Magdalene-is-the-Hollywood-film-Christians-have-been-waiting-for">"Why Mary Magdalene is the Hollywood film Christians have been waiting for: This new movie paints a clear picture of Jesus, says Sam Hailes"</a>, Premiere Christianity, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140222/https://www.premierchristianity.com/Blog/Why-Mary-Magdalene-is-the-Hollywood-film-Christians-have-been-waiting-for">archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018, retrieved June 8, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Premiere+Christianity&rft.atitle=Why+Mary+Magdalene+is+the+Hollywood+film+Christians+have+been+waiting+for%3A+This+new+movie+paints+a+clear+picture+of+Jesus%2C+says+Sam+Hailes&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.aulast=Hailes&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premierchristianity.com%2FBlog%2FWhy-Mary-Magdalene-is-the-Hollywood-film-Christians-have-been-waiting-for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskins2005" class="citation book cs1">Haskins, Susan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOyE9BY5-ToC">Mary Magdalen: Myth and Metaphor</a>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-004-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-004-0"><bdi>978-1-84595-004-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Magdalen%3A+Myth+and+Metaphor&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84595-004-0&rft.aulast=Haskins&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuOyE9BY5-ToC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead2001" class="citation book cs1">Head, Thomas F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDD_0GztLYkC&pg=PA659">Medieval Hagiography: An Anthology</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93753-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93753-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Hagiography%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93753-5&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDD_0GztLYkC%26pg%3DPA659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerford2006" class="citation book cs1">Herford, Robert Travers (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2uXn-8ZB-oC&pg=PA40">Christianity in Talmud and Midrash</a>. KTAV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-930-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-930-8"><bdi>978-0-88125-930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Talmud+and+Midrash&rft.pub=KTAV&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-930-8&rft.aulast=Herford&rft.aufirst=Robert+Travers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2uXn-8ZB-oC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog2005" class="citation cs2">Herzog, William R. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHXMZ_V9zyQC&q=Prophet+and+Teacher%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Historical+Jesus">Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus</a>, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22528-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22528-5"><bdi>978-0-664-22528-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+and+Teacher%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+Knox+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22528-5&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHXMZ_V9zyQC%26q%3DProphet%2Band%2BTeacher%253A%2BAn%2BIntroduction%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHistorical%2BJesus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinkle2003" class="citation cs2">Hinkle, Mary (2003) [1986], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&q=Mary+Magdalene+mistakes+Jesus+for+the+gardener&pg=PA446">"Mary Magdalene"</a>, in Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milič; Mbiti, John; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Vischer, Lukas; Bromiley, Geoffrey W.; Barrett, David B. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Christianity, J–O, vol. 3, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Cambridge, England, Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston, Massachusetts: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company and Brill, pp. 446–448, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2415-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+Magdalene&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity%2C+J%E2%80%93O&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan%2C+Cambridge%2C+England%2C+Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands%2C+and+Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=446-448&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company+and+Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2415-8&rft.aulast=Hinkle&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ly4DgtT3LkC%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%2Bmistakes%2BJesus%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bgardener%26pg%3DPA446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2005" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, Richard J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5VDyVgP2TsC&pg=PA81">The Crucifixion of Mary Magdalene: The Historical Tradition of the First Apostle and the Ancient Church's Campaign to Suppress it</a>. Sanctuary. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9746995-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9746995-4-7"><bdi>978-0-9746995-4-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crucifixion+of+Mary+Magdalene%3A+The+Historical+Tradition+of+the+First+Apostle+and+the+Ancient+Church%27s+Campaign+to+Suppress+it&rft.pub=Sanctuary&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9746995-4-7&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt5VDyVgP2TsC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_W._Hurtado" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry W. Hurtado">Hurtado, Larry W.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC&pg=PA267">Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3167-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-3167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3167-5&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk32wZRMxltUC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtakHurtak1999" class="citation book cs1">Hurtak, J.J.; Hurtak, Desiree (1999). Pistis Sophia: A Coptic Text of Gnosis with Commentary. Los Gatos, California: Academy for Future Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pistis+Sophia%3A+A+Coptic+Text+of+Gnosis+with+Commentary.&rft.place=Los+Gatos%2C+California&rft.pub=Academy+for+Future+Science&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hurtak&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.au=Hurtak%2C+Desiree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2001" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Katherine Ludwig (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAxSQ7O4WogC&pg=PA63">The Making of the Magdalen: Preaching and Popular Devotion in the Later Middle Ages</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-08987-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-08987-6"><bdi>0-691-08987-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Magdalen%3A+Preaching+and+Popular+Devotion+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-691-08987-6&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAxSQ7O4WogC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Johnston, Barbara, "Sacred Kingship and Royal Patronage in the La Vie de la Magdalene: Pilgrimage, Politics, Passion Plays, and the Life of Louise of Savoy" (Florida State), R. Neuman, Dissertation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055937/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07092007-221421/unrestricted/02bjjohnstondissertation.pdf">PDF</a>, 88–93</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesPenny1983" class="citation cs2">Jones, Roger; Penny, Nicholas (1983), Raphael, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300040524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300040524"><bdi>978-0300040524</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raphael&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0300040524&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Penny%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2006" class="citation cs2">Kelly, Henry Ansgar (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&q=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&pg=PA12">Satan: A Biography</a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521604024" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521604024"><bdi>978-0521604024</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satan%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521604024&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ansgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPIpQg0lRbMC%26q%3Dintitle%3Asatan%2Binauthor%3Akelly%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2011" class="citation cs2">Kent, Grenville J.R. (2011), "Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany and the sinful woman of Luke 7: The same person?", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Asia_Adventist_Seminary" title="Journal of Asia Adventist Seminary">Journal of Asia Adventist Seminary</a>, 13 (1): 13–28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asia+Adventist+Seminary&rft.atitle=Mary+Magdalene%2C+Mary+of+Bethany+and+the+sinful+woman+of+Luke+7%3A+The+same+person%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-28&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Grenville+J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2015" class="citation cs2">Kim, Young Richard (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrR0CgAAQBAJ&q=Borborites+Epiphanius+of+Salamis&pg=PA37">Epiphanius of Cyprus: Imagining an Orthodox World</a>, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, pp. 37–39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11954-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11954-7"><bdi>978-0-472-11954-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epiphanius+of+Cyprus%3A+Imagining+an+Orthodox+World&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=37-39&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11954-7&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Young+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrrR0CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBorborites%2BEpiphanius%2Bof%2BSalamis%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1998" class="citation journal cs1">King, Karen L. (1998). "Women In Ancient Christianity: The New Discoveries". Frontline.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Women+In+Ancient+Christianity%3A+The+New+Discoveries&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Karen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2012" class="citation cs2">King, Ross (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pE_CAwAAQBAJ&q=Mary+Magdalene">Leonardo and the Last Supper</a>, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9947-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-9947-0"><bdi>978-0-7475-9947-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonardo+and+the+Last+Supper&rft.place=New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-9947-0&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpE_CAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKripal2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_J._Kripal" title="Jeffrey J. Kripal">Kripal, Jeffrey J.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sPfgswEACAAJ">The Serpent's Gift: Gnostic Reflections on the Study of Religion</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45380-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45380-4"><bdi>978-0-226-45380-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent%27s+Gift%3A+Gnostic+Reflections+on+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-45380-4&rft.aulast=Kripal&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsPfgswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugelmann1983" class="citation cs2">Kugelmann, Robert (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFXOyltvC6IC&q=maudlin+Mary+Magdalene&pg=PA151">The Windows of Soul: Psychological Physiology of the Human Eye and Primary Glaucoma</a>, London, England and Toronto, Canada: Associated University Presses, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5035-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8387-5035-3"><bdi>978-0-8387-5035-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Windows+of+Soul%3A+Psychological+Physiology+of+the+Human+Eye+and+Primary+Glaucoma&rft.place=London%2C+England+and+Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8387-5035-3&rft.aulast=Kugelmann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFXOyltvC6IC%26q%3Dmaudlin%2BMary%2BMagdalene%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2003" class="citation cs2">Lang, J. Stephen (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qputB4k78JQC&q=maudlin+Mary+Magdalene&pg=PA33">What the Good Book Didn't Say: Popular Myths and Misconceptions About the Bible</a>, New York City New York: Citadel Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2460-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2460-3"><bdi>978-0-8065-2460-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Good+Book+Didn%27t+Say%3A+Popular+Myths+and+Misconceptions+About+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York+City+New+York&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2460-3&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=J.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqputB4k78JQC%26q%3Dmaudlin%2BMary%2BMagdalene%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineAllisonCrossan2006" class="citation cs2">Levine, Amy-Jill; Allison, Dale C. Jr.; Crossan, John Dominic (October 16, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC">The Historical Jesus in Context</a>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00992-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00992-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00992-6&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Amy-Jill&rft.au=Allison%2C+Dale+C.+Jr.&rft.au=Crossan%2C+John+Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMbEyeDSQQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lightfoot, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commentaryonnewt0002ligh/page/372/mode/2up?q=called+Magdalene">A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Hebraica</a>. Vol. 2: Matthew – Mark. Hendrickson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943575-26-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943575-26-1"><bdi>978-0-943575-26-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament+from+the+Talmud+and+Hebraica&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-943575-26-1&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommentaryonnewt0002ligh%2Fpage%2F372%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dcalled%2BMagdalene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaisch1998" class="citation cs2">Maisch, Ingrid (1998) [1996], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8R1h7Te-cC&q=Mary+Magdalene">Mary Magdalene: The Image of a Woman through the Centuries</a>, translated by Maloney, Linda M., Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2471-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2471-5"><bdi>978-0-8146-2471-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Magdalene%3A+The+Image+of+a+Woman+through+the+Centuries&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-2471-5&rft.aulast=Maisch&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo8R1h7Te-cC%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjanen1996" class="citation book cs1">Marjanen, A. S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TalC9sUIgE0C">The Woman Jesus Loved: Mary Magdalene in the Nag Hammadi Library and Related Documents</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10658-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10658-8"><bdi>90-04-10658-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman+Jesus+Loved%3A+Mary+Magdalene+in+the+Nag+Hammadi+Library+and+Related+Documents&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10658-8&rft.aulast=Marjanen&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTalC9sUIgE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkham2009" class="citation book cs1">Markham, Ian S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9_l9FLSKtkC&pg=PT67">Liturgical Life Principles: How Episcopal Worship Can Lead to Healthy and Authentic Living</a>. Church Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2324-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2324-1"><bdi>978-0-8192-2324-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liturgical+Life+Principles%3A+How+Episcopal+Worship+Can+Lead+to+Healthy+and+Authentic+Living&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-2324-1&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9_l9FLSKtkC%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayMetzger1977" class="citation book cs1">May, Herbert G; Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVxzgEACAAJ">The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocrypha</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528348-8"><bdi>978-0-19-528348-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Oxford+annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocrypha&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528348-8&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Herbert+G&rft.au=Metzger%2C+Bruce+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyVxzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2010" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Rebecca Lea (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIRJkAbmaiEC&pg=PA50">Origins of the Magdalene Laundries: An Analytical History</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5580-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5580-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-5580-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Magdalene+Laundries%3A+An+Analytical+History&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5580-5&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIRJkAbmaiEC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2000" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Carol L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8F5NewAACAAJ">Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament</a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-70936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-70936-8"><bdi>978-0-395-70936-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Scripture%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Named+and+Unnamed+Women+in+the+Hebrew+Bible%2C+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+Books%2C+and+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-395-70936-8&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Carol+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8F5NewAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1992" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Marvin W. 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HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-196595-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-196595-1"><bdi>978-0-06-196595-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospels+of+Mary%3A+The+Secret+Tradition+of+Mary+Magdalene%2C+the+Companion+of+Jesus&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-196595-1&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Marvin+W.&rft.au=de+Boer%2C+Esther+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mV0MccBWykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMormando1999" class="citation book cs1">Mormando, Franco (1999). "Virtual Death in the Middle Ages: The Apotheosis of Mary Magdalene in Popular Preaching". In Edelgard E. DuBruck; Barbara I. 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Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-4127-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-4127-6"><bdi>978-0-8204-4127-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virtual+Death+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+The+Apotheosis+of+Mary+Magdalene+in+Popular+Preaching&rft.btitle=Death+and+Dying+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-4127-6&rft.aulast=Mormando&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4f2wAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMormando1999b" class="citation book cs1">Mormando, Franco (1999b). "Teaching the Faithful to Fly: Mary Magdalene and Peter in Baroque Italy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TzqDvgEACAAJ">Saints & Sinners: Caravaggio & the Baroque Image</a>. McMullen Museum of Art, Boston College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-892850-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-892850-00-3"><bdi>978-1-892850-00-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teaching+the+Faithful+to+Fly%3A+Mary+Magdalene+and+Peter+in+Baroque+Italy&rft.btitle=Saints+%26+Sinners%3A+Caravaggio+%26+the+Baroque+Image&rft.pub=McMullen+Museum+of+Art%2C+Boston+College&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-892850-00-3&rft.aulast=Mormando&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTzqDvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow1999" class="citation cs2">Morrow, Carol Ann (November 30, 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liguori.org/st-mary-magdalene-redeeming-her-gospel-reputation.html">"St. Mary Magdalene: Redeeming Her Gospel Reputation"</a>, Catholic Update Newsletter, retrieved July 23, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Update+Newsletter&rft.atitle=St.+Mary+Magdalene%3A+Redeeming+Her+Gospel+Reputation&rft.date=1999-11-30&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Carol+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liguori.org%2Fst-mary-magdalene-redeeming-her-gospel-reputation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1998" class="citation cs2">Powell, Mark Allen (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC">Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee</a>, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, p. 168, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25703-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25703-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313202515/https://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC">archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2017, retrieved April 16, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+a+Figure+in+History%3A+How+Modern+Historians+View+the+Man+from+Galilee&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25703-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJP4DRCVaUMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, Denys</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA28">"Magdala"</a>, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus, vol. II: L–Z (excluding Tyre), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39037-8"><bdi>978-0-521-39037-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magdala&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+A+Corpus&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39037-8&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Y0tA0xLzwEC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicci1994" class="citation book cs1">Ricci, Carla (1994) [First published in Italian 1991, as Maria di Magdala e le molte altre]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marymagdaleneman00ricc/page/71">Mary Magdalene and Many Others: Women Who Followed Jesus</a>. 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Minneapolis: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2718-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2718-0"><bdi>0-8006-2718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Magdalene+and+Many+Others%3A+Women+Who+Followed+Jesus&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8006-2718-0&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarymagdaleneman00ricc%2Fpage%2F71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoper2016" class="citation cs2">Roper, Lyndal (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3301DAAAQBAJ&q=Martin+Luther+pious+Christ+Mary+Magdalene+adultery&pg=PT295">Martin Luther: Renegade and Prophet</a>, New York: Random House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812996203" title="Special:BookSources/9780812996203"><bdi>9780812996203</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+Renegade+and+Prophet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780812996203&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=Lyndal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3301DAAAQBAJ%26q%3DMartin%2BLuther%2Bpious%2BChrist%2BMary%2BMagdalene%2Badultery%26pg%3DPT295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabar2016" class="citation cs2">Sabar, Ariel (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/karen-king-responds-to-the-unbelievable-tale-of-jesus-wife/487484/">"The Scholar Who Discovered the 'Jesus's Wife' Fragment Now Says It's Likely a Fake"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401060236/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/karen-king-responds-to-the-unbelievable-tale-of-jesus-wife/487484/">archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2017, retrieved April 20, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Scholar+Who+Discovered+the+%27Jesus%27s+Wife%27+Fragment+Now+Says+It%27s+Likely+a+Fake&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sabar&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2016%2F06%2Fkaren-king-responds-to-the-unbelievable-tale-of-jesus-wife%2F487484%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1993), The Historical Figure of Jesus, London, England, New York City, New York, Ringwood, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, and Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014499-4"><bdi>978-0-14-014499-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.place=London%2C+England%2C+New+York+City%2C+New+York%2C+Ringwood%2C+Australia%2C+Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+and+Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014499-4&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxer1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saxer, Victor (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aswrAAAAIAAJ">Le Culte de Marie Madeleine en Occident: Des Origines À la Fin Du Moyen Âge</a> [The Cult of Mary Magdalene in the West : From the Origins to the Late Middle Ages] (in French). Société des Fouilles Archéologiques et des Monuments Historiques de l'Yonne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Culte+de+Marie+Madeleine+en+Occident%3A+Des+Origines+%C3%80+la+Fin+Du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Fouilles+Arch%C3%A9ologiques+et+des+Monuments+Historiques+de+l%27Yonne&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Saxer&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaswrAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaberg2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Schaberg" title="Jane Schaberg">Schaberg, Jane</a> (2004) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tNioAwAAQBAJ&q=Mary+Magdalene+Origen&pg=PA86">The Resurrection of Mary Magdalene: Legends, Apocrypha, and the Christian Testament</a>. New York and London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1645-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1645-2"><bdi>978-0-8264-1645-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection+of+Mary+Magdalene%3A+Legends%2C+Apocrypha%2C+and+the+Christian+Testament&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1645-2&rft.aulast=Schaberg&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNioAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%2BOrigen%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrongStrong2008" class="citation cs2">Strong, Steven; Strong, Evan (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sjn9lqew20YC">Mary Magdalene's Dreaming: A Comparison of Aboriginal Wisdom and Gnostic Scripture</a>, Lanham, Maryland, Boulder, Colorado, New York City, New York, Toronto, Ontario, and Plymouth, England: University Press of America, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4281-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4281-1"><bdi>978-0-7618-4281-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Magdalene%27s+Dreaming%3A+A+Comparison+of+Aboriginal+Wisdom+and+Gnostic+Scripture&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland%2C+Boulder%2C+Colorado%2C+New+York+City%2C+New+York%2C+Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+and+Plymouth%2C+England&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-4281-1&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Strong%2C+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsjn9lqew20YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1995" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Mary R. 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Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3573-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3573-8"><bdi>978-0-8091-3573-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+of+Magdala%3A+Apostle+and+Leader&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3573-8&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Mary+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvNfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2011" class="citation cs2">Wilson, Kenneth (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h87eBAAAQBAJ&q=Mary+Magdalene+Methodism&pg=PA99">Methodist Theology</a>, Doing Theology, London, England and New York City, New York: Bloomsbury T & T Clark, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5670-8135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5670-8135-3"><bdi>978-0-5670-8135-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Theology&rft.place=London%2C+England+and+New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=Doing+Theology&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-5670-8135-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh87eBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DMary%2BMagdalene%2BMethodism%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitcombe2002" class="citation cs2">Witcombe, Christopher L. C. E. (June 2002), "The Chapel of the Courtesan and the Quarrel of the Magdalens", <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art Bulletin">The Art Bulletin</a>, 84 (2): 273–292, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177269">10.2307/3177269</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177269">3177269</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Chapel+of+the+Courtesan+and+the+Quarrel+of+the+Magdalens&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-292&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177269&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177269%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Witcombe&rft.aufirst=Christopher+L.+C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, N. T.</a> (March 1, 2003), The Resurrection of the Son of God, Christian Origins and the Question of God, vol. 3, Eugene, Oregon: Fortress Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800626792" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800626792"><bdi>978-0800626792</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection+of+the+Son+of+God&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.series=Christian+Origins+and+the+Question+of+God&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0800626792&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Acocella, Joan. "The Saintly Sinner: The Two-Thousand-Year Obsession with Mary Magdalene". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, February 13 & 20, 2006, p. 140–49. Prompted by controversy surrounding Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code.</li></ul> Almond, Philip C., 'Mary Magdalene: A Cultural History.' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023). <ul><li>Brock, Ann Graham. Mary Magdalene, The First Apostle: The Struggle for Authority. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00966-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00966-5">0-674-00966-5</a>. Discusses issues of apostolic authority in the gospels and the Gospel of Peter the competition between Peter and Mary, especially in chapter 7, "The Replacement of Mary Magdalene: A Strategy for Eliminating the Competition".</li> <li>Burstein, Dan, and Arne J. De Keijzer. Secrets of Mary Magdalene. New York: CDS Books, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59315-205-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-59315-205-1">1-59315-205-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäggman1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Häggman, Ann-Mari (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/urn:NBN:fi-fd2019-00022683">"Magdalena på källebro : en studie i finlandssvensk vistradition med utgångspunkt i visan om Maria Magdalena / Ann-Mari Häggman"</a>. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland (in Swedish). Helsinki: Society of Swedish Literature in Finland. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6842">0039-6842</a>. Wikidata Q113529928.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skrifter+utgivna+av+Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.atitle=Magdalena+p%C3%A5+k%C3%A4llebro+%3A+en+studie+i+finlandssvensk+vistradition+med+utg%C3%A5ngspunkt+i+visan+om+Maria+Magdalena+%2F+Ann-Mari+H%C3%A4ggman.&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0039-6842&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4ggman&rft.aufirst=Ann-Mari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2Furn%3ANBN%3Afi-fd2019-00022683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jacobovici, Simcha and <a href="/wiki/Barrie_Wilson" title="Barrie Wilson">Barrie Wilson</a>, "The Lost Gospel" (New York: Pegasus, 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht,_Friedrich_Justus1910" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/XXV._The_Penitent_Magdalen">"The Penitent Magdalen" </a>. A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Penitent+Magdalen&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Knecht%2C+Friedrich+Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoltmannMoltmann-Wendel1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jurgen_Moltmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurgen Moltmann">Moltmann, Jurgen</a>; Moltmann-Wendel, E. (1984). Humanity in God. London: SCM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanity+in+God&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Moltmann&rft.aufirst=Jurgen&rft.au=Moltmann-Wendel%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pearson, Birger A. "Did Jesus Marry?". Bible Review, Spring 2005, pp 32–39 & 47. Discussion of complete texts.</li> <li>Picknett, Lynn, and Clive Prince. <a href="/wiki/The_Templar_Revelation" title="The Templar Revelation">The Templar Revelation</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-593-03870-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-593-03870-3">0-593-03870-3</a>. Presents a hypothesis that Mary Magdalene was a priestess who was Jesus's partner in a sacred marriage.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pope, Hugh (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Mary_Magdalen">"St. Mary Magdalen" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Mary+Magdalen&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shoemaker, Stephen J. "Rethinking the 'Gnostic Mary': Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Magdala in Early Christian Tradition". in Journal of Early Christian Studies, 9 (2001) pp 555–595.</li> <li>Thiering, Barbara. Jesus the Man: Decoding the Real Story of Jesus and Mary Magdalene. New York: Simon & Schulster (Atria Books), 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4165-4138-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4165-4138-1">1-4165-4138-1</a>.</li> <li>Wellborn, Amy. De-coding Mary Magdalene: Truth, Legend, and Lies. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59276-209-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59276-209-3">1-59276-209-3</a>. A straightforward accounting of what is well-known of Mary Magdalene.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Magdalene&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mary_Magdalene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Mary_Magdalene" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/221.html">St. Mary Magdalene</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/magdalen.pdf">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024131800/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/magdalen.pdf">Archived</a> October 24, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Alban_Butler" title="Alban Butler">Fr. Alban Butler</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/">Lives of the Saints</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/367559/Saint-Mary-Magdalene">"Saint Mary Magdalene".</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725054058/http://www.jerusalem-mission.org/convent_magdalene.html">Convent of Saint Mary Magdalene</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenazareneway.com/life_of_st_mary_magdalene.htm">Legends of Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psyche.com/psyche/lex/qbl/mary_magdalene.html">Miriam/Myriam M'Gadola: Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/marygosp.htm">Gospel of Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0717j1r">In Our Time</a> on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>, February 25, 2016</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Mary_Magdalene">"Mary Magdalene" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+Magdalene&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Magdalene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43435051/Mary_Magdalene_The_Unsuspected_Truth_or_Why_Mary_Magdalene_cannot_have_been_the_Wife_of_Jesus_Interview_by_Nicolas_Koberich_2020_130_p._Translated_from_French_by_Thierry_Murcia_">Mary Magdalene: The Unsuspected Truth or Why Mary Magdalene cannot have been the Wife of Jesus</a>, Interview by Nicolas Koberich, Translated from French by Thierry Murcia, PDF, La vie des Classiques (Les Belles Lettres publisher), 2020, 130 p. (free online).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a> (1964 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a> (1971 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Mark" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template talk:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Mark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_1" title="Mark 1">Mark 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_2" title="Mark 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_3" title="Mark 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4" title="Mark 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5" title="Mark 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6" title="Mark 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7" title="Mark 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8" title="Mark 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_9" title="Mark 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_10" title="Mark 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_11" title="Mark 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12" title="Mark 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_14" title="Mark 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed" title="Parable of the Growing Seed">Parable of the Growing Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_cleansing_a_leper" title="Jesus cleansing a leper">Cleansing a leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Entombment/Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings of Jesus on the cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_(biblical_figure)" title="Rufus (biblical figure)">Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmanutha" title="Dalmanutha">Dalmanutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-source_hypothesis" title="Three-source hypothesis">three-source hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertextual_production_of_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Intertextual production of the Gospel of Mark">Intertextual production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(attributed_to_Keiser)" title="St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)">St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion,_BWV_247" title="St Mark Passion, BWV 247">St Mark Passion, BWV 247 (J. S. Bach)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pasi%C3%B3n_seg%C3%BAn_San_Marcos_(Golijov)" title="La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)">La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(N._Matthes)" title="St Mark Passion (N. Matthes)">St Mark Passion (N. Matthes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">Papyrus 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_88" title="Papyrus 88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_137" title="Papyrus 137">137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment" title="Fayyum Fragment">Fayyum Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuscule_2427" title="Minuscule 2427">Minuscule 2427 (forgery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5 (disputed)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Μάρκον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Marcus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Marcus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Mark">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Mark">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Mark">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Luke" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template talk:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Luke" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Luke_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Luke chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">Luke 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_4" title="Luke 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_5" title="Luke 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_6" title="Luke 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_7" title="Luke 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_8" title="Luke 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_9" title="Luke 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_10" title="Luke 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_11" title="Luke 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_12" title="Luke 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_13" title="Luke 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_14" title="Luke 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_15" title="Luke 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_16" title="Luke 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_17" title="Luke 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_18" title="Luke 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_19" title="Luke 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_20" title="Luke 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_21" title="Luke 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22" title="Luke 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_23" title="Luke 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_24" title="Luke 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22:43%E2%80%9344" title="Luke 22:43–44">Luke 22:43–44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation to Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">and the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">John the Baptist's Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation at the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_the_cost" title="Counting the cost">Counting the cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wine_into_Old_Wineskins" title="New Wine into Old Wineskins">New Wine into Old Wineskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis (Song of Simeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Unjust_Steward" title="Parable of the Unjust Steward">Parable of the Unjust Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_four_woes_of_Jesus" title="The four woes of Jesus">The four woes of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_of_Bethany" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha of Bethany">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip (apostle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip (tetrarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Caesar">Tiberius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abilene (biblical)">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_(biblical_village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany (biblical village)">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_school_hypothesis" title="Jerusalem school hypothesis">Jerusalem school hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiizas:_di_Buk_We_Luuk_Rait_bout_Im" title="Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im">Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion,_BWV_246" title="St Luke Passion, BWV 246">St Luke Passion, BWV 246</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion_(Penderecki)" title="St Luke Passion (Penderecki)">St Luke Passion</a> (Penderecki, 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_(1979_film)" title="Jesus (1979 film)">Jesus</a> (1979 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witness:_Five_Plays_from_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke">Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke</a> (2007, radio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Savior_(2014_film)" title="The Savior (2014 film)">The Savior</a> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_3" title="Papyrus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_7" title="Papyrus 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_42" title="Papyrus 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_69" title="Papyrus 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_82" title="Papyrus 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_97" title="Papyrus 97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_111" title="Papyrus 111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Λουκάν">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Lucas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Lucas">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Luke">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Luke">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Luke">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_John" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_John" title="Template talk:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_John" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of John chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1">John 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Signs" title="Book of Signs">Book of Signs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_2" title="John 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_4" title="John 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_5" title="John 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_8" title="John 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_9" title="John 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_12" title="John 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Glory" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Glory">Book of Glory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_13" title="John 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_14" title="John 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_15" title="John 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_16" title="John 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_17" title="John 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18" title="John 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_20" title="John 20">20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">Epilogue: 21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_verses" title="Category:Gospel of John verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:20" title="John 1:20">20</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:23" title="John 1:23">23</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:25" title="John 1:25">25</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:33" title="John 1:33">33</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:35" title="John 1:35">35</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:42" title="John 1:42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">3:16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">14:6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18:38" title="John 18:38">18:38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_20" title="Category:John 20">20:1–31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events (chronological)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_man_blind_from_birth" title="Healing the man blind from birth">Healing a blind man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_paralytic_at_Bethesda" title="Healing the paralytic at Bethesda">Healing a paralytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_royal_official%27s_son" title="Healing the royal official's son">Healing a sick son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">Jesus and the woman taken in adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">Raising of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">Restoration of Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo" title="Ecce homo">Ecce homo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Feast of Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Commandment" title="New Commandment">"Love one another"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_wept" title="Jesus wept">Jesus wept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quod_scripsi,_scripsi" title="Quod scripsi, scripsi">Quod scripsi, scripsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_they_all_may_be_one" title="That they all may be one">That they all may be one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_truth_will_set_you_free" title="The truth will set you free">The truth will set you free</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Ænon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well" title="Jacob's Well">Jacob's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Sychar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Ego_eimi" title="Ego eimi">I AM</a>" sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_(biblical_term)" title="I am (biblical term)">I am (biblical term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">Gate for the Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">Resurrectio et Vita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Vine" title="True Vine">True Vine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Johannine_literature" title="Holy Spirit in Johannine literature">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_John" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of John">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_John" title="Second Apocalypse of John">Second Apocalypse of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_John_(Pillar_New_Testament_Commentary)" title="The Gospel According to John (Pillar New Testament Commentary)">Pillar New Testament Commentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a> (J. S. Bach, 1724) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_structure" title="St John Passion structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_discography" title="St John Passion discography">Discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passio_(P%C3%A4rt)" title="Passio (Pärt)">Passio</a> (Pärt, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2003_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2003 film)">The Gospel of John</a> (2003 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2014_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2014 film)">The Gospel of John</a> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_6" title="Papyrus 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_22" title="Papyrus 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_28" title="Papyrus 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_36" title="Papyrus 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_39" title="Papyrus 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_55" title="Papyrus 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_59" title="Papyrus 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_60" title="Papyrus 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_63" title="Papyrus 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_66" title="Papyrus 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_76" title="Papyrus 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_80" title="Papyrus 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_90" title="Papyrus 90">90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_93" title="Papyrus 93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_95" title="Papyrus 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_106" title="Papyrus 106">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_107" title="Papyrus 107">107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_108" title="Papyrus 108">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_109" title="Papyrus 109">109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_119" title="Papyrus 119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_120" title="Papyrus 120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_121" title="Papyrus 121">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_122" title="Papyrus 122">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_128" title="Papyrus 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ιωάννην">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/John">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/John">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/John">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man (Bethsaida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief ("Dismas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief ("Gestas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judaea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000385315011">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/221986199">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32964/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxQR7kt7T8HwJMpJwV4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118577840">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000201567">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810529920705606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007313739605171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527319906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1437932X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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