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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Deeds of conveyance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deeds_of_conveyance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deeds of conveyance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deeds_of_conveyance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_and_special_warranty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_special_warranty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General and special warranty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_special_warranty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bargain_and_sale_deed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bargain_and_sale_deed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bargain and sale deed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bargain_and_sale_deed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quitclaim_deed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quitclaim_deed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Quitclaim deed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quitclaim_deed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deed_of_trust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deed_of_trust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Deed of trust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deed_of_trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deeds_as_alternatives_to_bankruptcy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deeds_as_alternatives_to_bankruptcy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Deeds as alternatives to bankruptcy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deeds_as_alternatives_to_bankruptcy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sanad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanad_of_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanad_of_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Sanad of adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanad_of_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recording</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recording-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recording subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joint_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Joint ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_tenants_with_rights_of_survivor-ship_vs._joint_tenants_in_common" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_tenants_with_rights_of_survivor-ship_vs._joint_tenants_in_common"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Joint tenants with rights of survivor-ship vs. joint tenants in common</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_tenants_with_rights_of_survivor-ship_vs._joint_tenants_in_common-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pardon_as_deed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardon_as_deed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pardon as deed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardon_as_deed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_deed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_deed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Title deed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_deed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difference_between_a_deed_and_an_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_between_a_deed_and_an_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Difference between a deed and an agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difference_between_a_deed_and_an_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wild_deeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_deeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Wild deeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_deeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fungible_tokens_as_deeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fungible_tokens_as_deeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-fungible tokens as deeds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-fungible_tokens_as_deeds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-fungible tokens as deeds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-fungible_tokens_as_deeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_of_use-case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_of_use-case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Background of use-case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_of_use-case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use-case_in_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use-case_in_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Use-case in practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-case_in_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality_around_NFTs_as_deeds_(or_similar_property_rights_vehicles)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality_around_NFTs_as_deeds_(or_similar_property_rights_vehicles)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Legality around NFTs as deeds (or similar property rights vehicles)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality_around_NFTs_as_deeds_(or_similar_property_rights_vehicles)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Deed</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akte" title="Akte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%83_(%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86)" title="صك (قانون) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صك (قانون)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="দলিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দলিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escriptura_(document)" title="Escriptura (document) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escriptura (document)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listina_(diplomatika)" title="Listina (diplomatika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Listina (diplomatika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekendtg%C3%B8relse" title="Bekendtgørelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bekendtgørelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkunde" title="Urkunde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urkunde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed" title="Deed – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deed" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomo" title="Diplomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diplomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%ADomhas" title="Gníomhas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gníomhas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%8F%99%EC%82%B0_%EC%96%91%EB%8F%84%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="부동산 양도문서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부동산 양도문서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96" title="विलेख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलेख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akta" title="Akta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed" title="Deed – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deed" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="שטר קניין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שטר קניין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სიგელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიგელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82_(%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Акт (құжаттама) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акт (құжаттама)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatimiliki" title="Hatimiliki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hatimiliki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Акт (документ) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акт (документ)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okirat" title="Okirat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Okirat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekjentgj%C3%B8relse" title="Bekjentgjørelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bekjentgjørelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uurkunde" title="Uurkunde – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Uurkunde" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Књига тапија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига тапија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainhuuto" title="Lainhuuto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lainhuuto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urkund" title="Urkund – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urkund" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Акт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Акт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senet_(hukuk)" title="Senet (hukuk) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Senet (hukuk)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Акт (документ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акт (документ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E5%A5%91" title="屋契 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="屋契" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q705914#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/150px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/225px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/300px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">Real property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned property</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Acquisition</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_(law)" title="Gift (law)">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_(property_law)" title="Accession (property law)">Accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property" title="Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property">Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">Treasure trove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">Alienation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estates in land</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">Fee tail</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">Life estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeasible_estate" title="Defeasible estate">Defeasible estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future interest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">remainder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">Condominiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser" title="Bona fide purchaser"><i>Bona fide</i> purchaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Strata_title" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeds_registration" title="Deeds registration">Deeds registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed" title="Estoppel by deed">Estoppel by deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim" title="Quitclaim">Quitclaim deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_conversion" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_title" title="Quiet title">Action to quiet title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">Escheat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future use</a> control</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">Restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities" title="Rule against perpetuities">Rule against perpetuities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case" title="Rule in Shelley's Case">Rule in <i>Shelley's Case</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title" title="Doctrine of worthier title">Doctrine of worthier title</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land" title="Nonpossessory interest in land">Nonpossessory interest</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(real_property)" title="Profit (real property)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">Usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_servitude" title="Equitable servitude">Equitable servitude</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">Fixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_(law)" title="Waste (law)">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(law)" title="Partition (law)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practicing_without_a_license" title="Practicing without a license">Practicing without a license</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support" title="Lateral and subjacent support">Lateral and subjacent support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet" title="Nemo dat quod non habet">Nemo dat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quicquid_plantatur_solo,_solo_cedit" title="Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit">Quicquid plantatur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_property_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict of property laws">Conflict of property laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackacre" title="Blackacre">Blackacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_deposit" title="Security deposit">Security deposit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher category:</i> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Property_law" title="Template:Property law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Property_law" title="Template talk:Property law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>deed</b> is a legal document that is signed and delivered, especially concerning the ownership of property or legal rights. Specifically, in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, a deed is any <a href="/wiki/Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">legal instrument</a> in writing which passes, affirms or confirms an <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Right">right</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> and that is signed, attested, delivered, and in some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdictions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">sealed</a>. It is commonly associated with transferring (<a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">conveyancing</a>) <a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title to property</a>. The deed has a greater <a href="/wiki/Presumption" title="Presumption">presumption</a> of validity and is less <a href="/wiki/Rebuttable_presumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebuttable presumption">rebuttable</a> than an instrument signed by the party to the deed. A deed can be unilateral or bilateral. Deeds include <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">conveyances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">commissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diplomas</a>, and conditionally <a href="/wiki/Power_of_attorney" title="Power of attorney">powers of attorney</a> if executed as deeds. The deed is the modern descendant of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a>, and delivery is thought to symbolically replace the ancient ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Livery_of_seisin" title="Livery of seisin">livery of seisin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional phrase <i>signed, sealed and delivered</i> refers to the practice of using seals; however, attesting witnesses have replaced seals to some extent. Agreements under seal are also called <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a> by deed or <i>specialty</i>; in the United States, a specialty is enforceable without <a href="/wiki/Consideration" title="Consideration">consideration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some jurisdictions, specialties have a <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a> limitation period of double that of a <a href="/wiki/Simple_contract" title="Simple contract">simple contract</a> and allow for a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_beneficiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party beneficiary">third party beneficiary</a> to enforce an undertaking in the deed, thereby overcoming the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Privity_of_contract" title="Privity of contract">privity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialties, as a form of contract, are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bilateral" class="extiw" title="wikt:bilateral">bilateral</a> and can therefore be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">covenants</a>, which, being also under seal, are unilateral promises. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, to be valid and enforceable, a deed must meet several requirements: </p> <ul><li>It must state on its face that it is a deed, using wording like "This Deed..." or "executed as a deed".</li> <li>It must indicate that the instrument itself conveys some privilege or thing to someone.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantor">grantor</a> must have the legal ability to grant the thing or privilege, and the <a href="/wiki/Grantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantee">grantee</a> must have the legal capacity to receive it.</li> <li>It must be executed by the grantor in presence of the prescribed number of witnesses, known as instrumentary witnesses (this is known as being <b>in solemn form</b>).</li> <li>In some jurisdictions, a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seal</a> must be affixed to it. Originally, affixing seals made persons parties to the deed and signatures optional, but seals are now outdated in most jurisdictions, so the signatures of the grantor and witnesses are primary.</li> <li>It must be delivered to (<b>delivery</b>) and, in some jurisdictions, accepted by the grantee (<b>acceptance</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of England and Wales">law of England and Wales</a>, a deed may be delivered or otherwise handled in one of three ways: </p> <ul><li>it may be delivered as an unconditional deed,</li> <li>it may be delivered as a deed in <a href="/wiki/Escrow" title="Escrow">escrow</a>, or</li> <li>it may be handed to an agent who has instructions to deal with it in a certain manner.<sup id="cite_ref-stirrup_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stirrup-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Deeds delivered unconditionally are irrevocable.<sup id="cite_ref-stirrup_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stirrup-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 46(2) of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Companies_Act_2006" title="Companies Act 2006">Companies Act 2006</a> states that a document executed as a deed by a company is presumed to be delivered upon execution, but this presumption can be rebutted if a contrary intention is proved.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conditions attached to the acceptance of a deed are known as <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">covenants</a>. A <b>deed indented</b> or <b>indenture</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one executed in two or more parts according to the number of parties, which were formerly separated by cutting in a curved or indented line known as the chirograph.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <b><a href="/wiki/Deed_poll" title="Deed poll">deed poll</a></b> is one executed in one part, by one party, having the edge polled or cut even, and includes simple grants and appointments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deeds_of_conveyance">Deeds of conveyance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deeds of conveyance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deed" title="Special:EditPage/Deed">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Deed%22">"Deed"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Deed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Deed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Deed%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Deed%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Deed%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_special_warranty">General and special warranty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General and special warranty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warranty_deed" title="Warranty deed">Warranty deed</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Providence,_Rhode_Island,_Original_Deed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg/220px-Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg/330px-Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg/440px-Providence%2C_Rhode_Island%2C_Original_Deed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption>The original 1636 <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Aboriginal title in the United States">Indian deed</a> creating the Colony of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> signed by Native American Chief <a href="/wiki/Canonicus" title="Canonicus">Canonicus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Williams (theologian)">Roger Williams</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the transfer of real estate, a deed conveys ownership from the old owner (the grantor) to the new owner (the grantee), and can include various <a href="/wiki/Warranty" title="Warranty">warranties</a>. The precise name and nature of these warranties differ by jurisdiction. Often, however, the basic differences between them is the degree to which the grantor warrants the title. The grantor may give a general warranty of title against any claims, or the warranty may be limited to only claims which occurred after the grantor obtained the real estate. The latter type of deed is usually known as a <i>special <a href="/wiki/Warranty_deed" title="Warranty deed">warranty deed</a></i>. While a <i>general warranty deed</i> was normally used for residential real estate sales and transfers, special warranty deeds are becoming more common and are more commonly used in commercial transactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bargain_and_sale_deed">Bargain and sale deed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bargain and sale deed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bargain_and_sale_deed" title="Bargain and sale deed">Bargain and sale deed</a></div> <p>A third type of deed, known as a <i>bargain and sale deed</i>, implies that the grantor has the right to convey title but makes no warranties against encumbrances. This type of deed is most commonly used by court officials or <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciaries</a> that hold the property by force of law rather than title, such as properties seized for unpaid taxes and sold at <a href="/wiki/Sheriff%27s_sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheriff's sale">sheriff's sale</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quitclaim_deed">Quitclaim deed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quitclaim deed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quitclaim_deed" class="mw-redirect" title="Quitclaim deed">Quitclaim deed</a></div> <p>A so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim_deed" class="mw-redirect" title="Quitclaim deed">quitclaim deed</a></i> is (in most jurisdictions) actually not a deed at all—it is actually an <a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">estoppel</a> disclaiming rights of the person signing it to property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deed_of_trust">Deed of trust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Deed of trust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some jurisdictions, a <a href="/wiki/Trust_deed_(real_estate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust deed (real estate)">deed of trust</a> is used as an alternative to a <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">mortgage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deed of trust is not used to transfer property directly. It is commonly used in some states — California, for example — to transfer title to land to a “trustee”, usually a trust or title company, which holds the title as security ("in <a href="/wiki/Escrow" title="Escrow">escrow</a>") for a loan. When the loan is paid off, title is transferred to the borrower by recording a release of the obligation, and the trustee's contingent ownership is extinguished. Otherwise, upon default, the trustee will liquidate the property with a new deed and offset the lender's loss with the proceeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deeds_as_alternatives_to_bankruptcy">Deeds as alternatives to bankruptcy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deeds as alternatives to bankruptcy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deed of arrangement – document setting out an arrangement for a debtor to pay part or all outstanding debts, as an alternative to bankruptcy; (Australian law).<sup id="cite_ref-lawbook_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawbook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Deed of assignment – document in which a debtor appoints a trustee to take charge of property to pay debts, partly or wholly, as an alternative to bankruptcy; (Australian law).<sup id="cite_ref-lawbook_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawbook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanad">Sanad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sanad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narain_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Narain_1936.jpg/220px-Narain_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Narain_1936.jpg/330px-Narain_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Narain_1936.jpg/440px-Narain_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="4120" /></a><figcaption>A <i>sanad</i> issued by the governor of the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a> during the British Raj</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_lapse" title="Doctrine of lapse">Doctrine of lapse</a></div> <p><i>Sanad</i>, also spelt as <i>sunnud</i>, was a deed granted to the rulers of native <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> in British India confirming them in their ruling position in return for their allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanad_of_adoption">Sanad of adoption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sanad of adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the extinction of the royal bloodline would be a ground for <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> of a principality by the British,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some rulers were also granted <i>sanads</i> of adoption. Devised as a reward for loyalty to British rule in India, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian rebellion of 1857">Indian rebellion of 1857</a>, such deeds gave a ruler the right to adopt chosen heirs from local noble families in case of lack of direct issue.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the rulers that were given sanads of adoption, <a href="/wiki/Takht_Singh" title="Takht Singh">Takht Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh_of_Bharatpur" title="Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur">Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur</a>, as well as the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Nagod_State" title="Nagod State">Nagod State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samthar_State" title="Samthar State">Samthar State</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaube_Jagirs" title="Chaube Jagirs">Chaube Jagirs</a> are worth mentioning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deed" title="Special:EditPage/Deed">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Deed%22">"Deed"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Deed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Deed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Deed%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Deed%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Deed%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The main clauses of a deed of conveyance are: </p> <ul><li>Premises <ul><li>Parties clause – sets out the names, addresses, and descriptions (vendor/purchaser, grantor/grantee, transferor/transferee) of parties</li> <li>Recitals – narrates in chronological order the previous ownership of the property being conveyed, starting with the earliest deed of title down to the contract of sale the conveyance gives effect to</li> <li>Testatum – a command to witness which acknowledges the payment and receipt of the consideration and signals the beginning of the operative part; usually begins with "Now this Deed witnesseth"</li></ul></li> <li>Operative part <ul><li>Operative clause – vendor gives effect to the contract of sale by conveying his interest in land to the purchaser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parcels_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Parcels clause">Parcels clause</a> – clause detailing the location and description of the property being conveyed</li> <li>Habendum – clause indicating the estate (freehold, etc.) or interest to be taken by the grantee<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tenendum – "to have and to hold", formerly referring to the tenure by which the estate granted was to be held, though now completely symbolic</li> <li>Reddendum – reserves something to grantor out of thing granted, such as rent, under the formula "yielding and paying".</li> <li>Conditions</li> <li>Warranty – grantor warrants the title to the grantee <ul><li>general: when the warrant is against all persons</li> <li>special: when it is only against the grantor, his heirs and those claiming under him</li></ul></li> <li>Covenants – binding limitations or promises</li></ul></li> <li>Conclusion (or <a href="/wiki/Eschatocol" title="Eschatocol">eschatocol</a>) – execution and date <ul><li>Testimonium (Scotland: <i>testing clause</i>) – attests to the due execution of a deed or instrument. <ul><li>Examples: <ul><li>England & Wales: <i>In Witness Whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands and seals</i>.</li> <li>Ireland: <i>In Witness Whereof the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals [the day and year first herein written]</i>.</li> <li>Scotland: <i>IN WITNESS WHEREOF these presents, consisting of this and the preceding pages, are subscribed by [me] at [place] on the [day] day of [month] Two thousand and [year] in the presence of [name] of [address]</i>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording">Recording</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recording_(real_estate)" title="Recording (real estate)">Recording (real estate)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Deed" title="Special:EditPage/Deed">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Deed%22">"Deed"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Deed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Deed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Deed%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Deed%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Deed%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Usually the transfer of ownership of real estate is registered at a <a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">cadastre</a> in the United Kingdom. In most parts of the United States, deeds must be submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_deeds" title="Recorder of deeds">recorder of deeds</a>, who acts as a cadastre, to be registered. An unrecorded deed may be valid proof of ownership between the parties, but may have no effect upon third-party claims until disclosed or recorded. A local statute may prescribe a period beyond which unrecorded deeds become void as to third parties, at least as to intervening acts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_ownership">Joint ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Joint ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ownership transfer may also be crafted within deeds to pass by demise, as where a property is held in <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">concurrent estate</a> such as "joint tenants with right of survivor-ship" (JTWROS) or "tenants by the entirety". In each case, the title to the property immediately and automatically vests in the named survivor(s) upon the death of the other tenant(s). </p><p>In most states joint tenancy with the right of survivor-ship requires all owners to have equal interests in the property, meaning upon sale or partition of the property, all owners would receive an equal distribution of the proceeds. </p><p>Joint ownership may also be by tenants in common (TIC). In some states, joint ownership is presumed to be as tenants in common unless the parties are married and the deed so states or the deed sets for joint tenants with right of survivor-ship. Upon death, the decedent's share passes to his or her estate. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">life estate</a> is the right to use, possess and enjoy the property for a period of time measured by the natural life of a person or persons. When all life tenants are dead, the remainder-man holds full title. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_tenants_with_rights_of_survivor-ship_vs._joint_tenants_in_common">Joint tenants with rights of survivor-ship vs. joint tenants in common</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Joint tenants with rights of survivor-ship vs. joint tenants in common"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When deeds are taken as joint tenants with rights of survivor-ship (JTWROS) or joint tenants in common (TIC), any co-owner can file a petition for partition to dissolve the tenancy relationship. JTWROS deed holders always take the property in equal shares; therefore, if the partnership is dissolved through partition, the proceeds must be equally distributed between all of the co-owners without regard to how much each co-owner contributed to the purchase price of the property. No credits would be allowed for any excess contributions to the purchase price. For example, if A and B co-own property as JTWROS and A contributed 80% of the purchase price, A and B would still receive equal distributions upon partition. On the other hand, TIC deed holders may be granted at partition a credit for unequal contributions to purchase price. During either partition, credits may be awarded to any co-owner who may have contributed in excess of his share to the property expenses after taking deed to the property. Credits may be allowed for utilities and maintenance; however, credits for improvements may not be allowed unless the improvements actually added substantial value to the property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pardon_as_deed">Pardon as deed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pardon as deed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, a <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> was once considered to be a deed and thus needed to be accepted by the recipient. This made it impossible to grant a pardon posthumously. However, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ossian_Flipper" title="Henry Ossian Flipper">Henry Ossian Flipper</a>, this view was altered when President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> pardoned him in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_deed">Title deed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Title deed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Germany</a> operates a 'property register'. Title deeds are documents showing ownership, as well as rights, obligations, or mortgages on the property. Since around 2000, compulsory registration has been required for all properties mortgaged or transferred. The details of rights, obligations, and covenants referred to in deeds will be transferred to the register, a contract describing the property ownership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difference_between_a_deed_and_an_agreement">Difference between a deed and an agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Difference between a deed and an agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main difference between a deed and an agreement is that the deed is generally signed by only one person / party. Examples of a deed are deeds of hyphenation for creating charge on movable properties in favor of the banks/financial institutions etc. </p><p>An agreement by its name suggests that there should be at least two parties signing/approving the same. Examples of an agreement are agreement to sale, loan agreement etc. </p><p>At common law, ownership was proven via an unbroken chain of title deeds. The <a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a> system is an alternative way of proving ownership. First introduced in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> in 1858 by Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Richard_Torrens" title="Robert Richard Torrens">Robert Torrens</a> and adopted later by the other Australian states and other countries, ownership under Torrens title is proven by possession of a certificate of title and the corresponding entry in the property register. This system removes risks associated with unregistered deeds and fraudulent or otherwise incorrect transactions. It is much easier and cheaper to administer, lowering transaction costs. Some Australian properties are still conveyed using a chain of title deeds – usually properties that have been owned by the same family since the nineteenth century – and these are often referred to as 'Old System' deeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_deeds">Wild deeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wild deeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A deed that is recorded, but is not connected to the chain of title of the property, is called a <b>wild deed</b>. A wild deed does not provide constructive notice to later purchasers of the property, because subsequent bona fide purchasers cannot reasonably be expected to locate the deed while investigating the chain of title to the property. Haupt has stated that </p> <blockquote><p>Because title searching relies on the grantor/grantee indexes, it's possible that a deed won't be discovered even though it was recorded. "Example: Atwood sells his land to Burns, but Burns does not record his deed. Burns later sells the land to Cooper, and Cooper records her deed. But because the previous deed (the deed from Atwood to Burns) was not recorded, Cooper's deed is outside the chain of title. In a title search, someone looking up Atwood's name in the grantor index would find no indication that Atwood conveyed the property, and nothing would lead the searcher to Cooper's deed." A deed that is outside the chain of title is called a wild deed. The general rule is that a subsequent purchaser is not held to have constructive notice of a wild deed. In the example, Cooper's title is unprotected against subsequent good faith purchasers. Suppose Atwood were to fraudulently sell the same property to another person, Dunn. A court would rule that Dunn has good title to the property, not Cooper.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A wild deed has been described as a deed "executed by a stranger to the record title hung out in the air like Mahomet's coffin".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahomet is an archaic spelling of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. There is a legend that the Prophet Muhammad's coffin was suspended without visible support from the ceiling of his tomb, just as a wild deed just hangs there, not touching the chain of title.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-fungible_tokens_as_deeds">Non-fungible tokens as deeds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-fungible tokens as deeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_of_use-case">Background of use-case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Background of use-case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">Blockchain technology</a> has emerged with the potential to innovate and support the function of deeds in specific contexts. By design, blockchains contain an immutable <a href="/wiki/Ledger" title="Ledger">ledger</a> of transactions, recording transfers of information among users. Within this system, a particular type of transferable object, known as a <a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">non-fungible token (NFT)</a>, can be created. These NFTs are unique, verifiable, and protected against arbitrary tampering, thanks to the immutable nature of the blockchain. By incorporating <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> (additional information embedded in the object), NFTs can be tailored to reference and represent a wide range of assets in both digital and physical worlds. The blockchain’s immutability, proof of transfer and data transparency (information on the blockchain is generally publicly available to view) provide functions akin to those of a notary, such as ensuring the integrity and permanence of records. However, it is important to recognize that it does not replicate the full scope of legal authority and personal verification typically associated with notarial services. Nevertheless, proposals exist to further develop blockchain infrastructure, potentially expanding its use as a notarial mechanism in certain applications.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use-case_in_practice">Use-case in practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Use-case in practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association" title="New York State Bar Association">New York State Bar Association</a> has stated that blockchain technology can be employed "to hold and secure records to land deeds"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Morton, attorney at <a href="/wiki/Pillsbury_Winthrop_Shaw_Pittman" title="Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman">Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman</a> told <i>Fortune Magazine</i> that NFTs "operate "in many respects exactly like a deed would in real estate transactions"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legality_around_NFTs_as_deeds_(or_similar_property_rights_vehicles)"><span id="Legality_around_NFTs_as_deeds_.28or_similar_property_rights_vehicles.29"></span>Legality around NFTs as deeds (or similar property rights vehicles)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legality around NFTs as deeds (or similar property rights vehicles)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While instances like the house sales in South Carolina and Florida have demonstrated the practical application of NFTs functioning like land deeds in real estate, the legal framework surrounding such transactions remains in a state of development. As of now, the use of blockchain and NFTs to serve a deed-like purpose, as in real estate, operates in a legal gray area, with no direct legal statutes explicitly supporting or regulating this method of property transfer. This emerging field continues to evolve, with legal experts, industry stakeholders, and legislators examining the implications and potential need for regulatory measures. The future of NFTs as a deed or similar vehicle of property rights, therefore, represents a dynamic intersection of technology, law, and property rights, warranting close observation and study as it progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Deed" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Deed">Deed</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deeds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deeds">Deeds</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/deed" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/deed">deed</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_occupancy_(land_tenure)" title="Certificate of occupancy (land tenure)">Certificate of occupancy (land tenure)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">Covenant (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed_of_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Deed of settlement">Deed of settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed_poll" title="Deed poll">Deed poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_deed" title="Grant deed">Grant deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim_deed" class="mw-redirect" title="Quitclaim deed">Quitclaim deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warranty_deed" title="Warranty deed">Warranty deed</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1987" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, E. Rory (1987). <i>The Irish Notary</i>. Dublin: Professional Books. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Notary&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Professional+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=E.+Rory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/contract-under-seal/">"Contract under Seal Law & Legal Definition"</a>. <i>USLegal.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503225201/http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/contract-under-seal">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USLegal.com&rft.atitle=Contract+under+Seal+Law+%26+Legal+Definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefinitions.uslegal.com%2Fc%2Fcontract-under-seal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2005" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Andrew (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contractingwithc00grif"><i>Contracting With Companies</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Hart_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart Publishing">Hart Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contractingwithc00grif/page/n40">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841131542" title="Special:BookSources/9781841131542"><bdi>9781841131542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contracting+With+Companies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Hart+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781841131542&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontractingwithc00grif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1881" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, Henry Wade (1 January 1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5057&context=fss_papers">"Delivery and Acceptance of Deeds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151218013158/http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5057&context=fss_papers">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delivery+and+Acceptance+of+Deeds&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1881-01-01&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Henry+Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5057%26context%3Dfss_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stirrup-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stirrup_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stirrup_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stirrup, C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hsfnotes.com/litigation/2011/02/16/important-lessons-for-settlement-deeds/">Important lessons for settlement deeds</a>, published 16 February 2011, accessed 16 August 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK Legislation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/section/46">Companies Act 2006, section 46</a>, accessed 16 August 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Deed"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Deed">"Deed" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deed&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=921&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStimpson1881" class="citation book cs1">Stimpson, Frederic Jesup (1881). "Deed". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4C8WAAAAYAAJ"><i>Glossary of Technical Terms, Phrases, and Maxims of the Common Law</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown and Co.">Little, Brown and Co.</a> p. 108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124154135/http://books.google.com/books?id=4C8WAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deed&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Technical+Terms%2C+Phrases%2C+and+Maxims+of+the+Common+Law&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Stimpson&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Jesup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4C8WAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/deed_of_trust">"deed of trust"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=deed+of+trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fdeed_of_trust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawbook-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lawbook_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lawbook_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918044925/http://www2.lawhandbookonline.com.au/content/LHB10-glossary.48.1.html">"Glossary"</a>. Law Handbook Online. 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Real_estate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Real_estate" title="Template:Real estate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Real_estate" title="Template talk:Real estate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Real_estate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Real estate"><abbr title="Edit this 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title="Real estate in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Italy" title="Real estate in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Kenya" title="Real estate in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Pakistan" title="Real estate in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Panama" title="Real estate in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Real estate in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_property" title="Commercial property">Commercial property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial building">Commercial building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Real_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate Real Estate">Corporate Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_real_estate" title="International real estate">International real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lease_administration" title="Lease administration">Lease administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_real_estate" title="Niche real estate">Niche real estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_real_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden real estate">Garden real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_real_estate" title="Healthcare real estate">Healthcare real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacation_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacation property">Vacation property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">Arable land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_property" title="Golf property">Golf property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_real_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury real estate">Luxury real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-plan_property" title="Off-plan property">Off-plan property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_equity_real_estate" title="Private equity real estate">Private equity real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_owned" title="Real estate owned">Real estate owned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential property">Residential property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investing" title="Real estate investing">Real estate investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flipping" title="Flipping">Real estate flipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relocation_service" title="Relocation service">Relocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Law</a> and regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_of_title" title="Chain of title">Chain of title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_(real_estate)" title="Closing (real estate)">Closing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_sale" title="Conditional sale">Conditional sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encumbrance" title="Encumbrance">Encumbrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreclosure" title="Foreclosure">Foreclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_registration" title="Land registration">Land registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">Lease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_abstract" title="Property abstract">Property abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_transaction" title="Real estate transaction">Real estate transaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_contract" title="Real estate contract">Real estate contract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">Real property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation" title="Rent regulation">Rent regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_(land)" title="Severance (land)">Severance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics, financing<br />and valuation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset-based_lending" title="Asset-based lending">Asset-based lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalization_rate" title="Capitalization rate">Capitalization rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_gross_income" title="Effective gross income">Effective gross income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_rent_multiplier" title="Gross rent multiplier">Gross rent multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_money_loan" title="Hard money loan">Hard money loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_and_best_use" title="Highest and best use">Highest and best use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_equity_loan" title="Home equity loan">Home equity loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_rating_for_real_estate" title="Investment rating for real estate">Investment rating for real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_insurance" title="Mortgage insurance">Mortgage insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">Mortgage loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_derivative" title="Real estate derivative">Real estate derivative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate bubble">Real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_valuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate valuation">Real estate valuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remortgage" title="Remortgage">Remortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rental_value" title="Rental value">Rental value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_appraisal" title="Real estate appraisal">Appraiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyer agent">Buyer agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer_broker" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyer broker">Buyer broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Surveyor" title="Chartered Surveyor">Chartered Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_buyer_agent" title="Exclusive buyer agent">Exclusive buyer agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">Land banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">Landlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_company" title="Moving company">Moving company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_manager" title="Property manager">Property manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">Real estate broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_club" title="Real estate investment club">Real estate investment club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_investment_trust" title="Real estate investment trust">Real estate investment trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Real property administrator">Real property administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Tenant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_companies" title="Category:Real estate companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Graduate real estate education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Green belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_indices" title="Category:Real estate indices">Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Real_estate_industry_trade_groups" title="Category:Real estate industry trade groups">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_real_estate_investment_firms" title="List of real estate investment firms">Investment firms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">Land banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_in_real_estate" title="Category:Businesspeople in real estate">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_cycle" title="Property cycle">Property cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_trends" title="Real estate trends">Real estate trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_real_estate_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate real estate 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