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Mons</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="قمة اسكريوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قمة اسكريوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гара Аскрыйская – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гара Аскрыйская" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC" title="Ասկրիաուս լեռ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասկրիաուս լեռ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeusfjall" title="Ascraeusfjall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ascraeusfjall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E5%B1%B1" title="アスクレウス山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アスクレウス山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Гора Аскрийская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гора Аскрийская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ascraeus Mons" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гора Аскрійська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гора Аскрійська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="艾斯克雷爾斯山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾斯克雷爾斯山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ascraeus_Mons&params=11.92_N_255.92_E_globe:mars_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°55′N</span> <span class="longitude">255°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.92°N 255.92°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.92; 255.92</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Martian volcano</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Ascraeus Mons</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascraeus_Mons.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems"><img alt="Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ascraeus_Mons.png/195px-Ascraeus_Mons.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ascraeus_Mons.png/293px-Ascraeus_Mons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ascraeus_Mons.png/390px-Ascraeus_Mons.png 2x" data-file-width="7047" data-file-height="6645" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feature type</th><td class="infobox-data">Shield volcano</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Central <a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis Rise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ascraeus_Mons&params=11.92_N_255.92_E_globe:mars_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°55′N</span> <span class="longitude">255°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.92°N 255.92°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.92; 255.92</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-GPN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>15 km (9.3 mi) 49,000 ft (15,000 m) local <a href="/wiki/Terrain#Relief" title="Terrain">relief</a></li></ul> <ul><li>18.2 km (11.3 mi) above <a href="/wiki/Datum_(geodesy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Datum (geodesy)">datum</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discoverer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Eponym</th><td class="infobox-data">Latin – <i>Ascraeus Mountain</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ascraeus Mons</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> is a large <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. It is the northernmost and tallest of three shield volcanoes collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Tharsis_Montes" title="Tharsis Montes">Tharsis Montes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascraeus_Mons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The volcano's location corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">classical albedo feature</a> Ascraeus Lacus. </p><p>Ascraeus Mons was discovered by the <a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a> spacecraft in 1971. The volcano was originally called North Spot<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it was the northernmost of only four spots visible on the surface due to a global dust storm that was then enshrouding the planet. As the dust cleared, the spots were revealed to be extremely tall volcanoes whose summits had projected above the dust-laden, lower atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascraeus_Mons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Ascraeus Lacus</a> had been named after Ascra, the rustic birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>; in Greek, the word "ascraeus" is a poetic metonym for "rural."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volcano's name officially became Ascraeus Mons in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-GPN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascraeus_Mons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tharsis_Quadrangle_map-la.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tharsis_Quadrangle_map-la.svg/340px-Tharsis_Quadrangle_map-la.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tharsis_Quadrangle_map-la.svg/510px-Tharsis_Quadrangle_map-la.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tharsis_Quadrangle_map-la.svg/680px-Tharsis_Quadrangle_map-la.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">Tharsis quadrangle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascraeus_mons_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ascraeus_mons_topo.jpg/250px-Ascraeus_mons_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ascraeus_mons_topo.jpg/375px-Ascraeus_mons_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ascraeus_mons_topo.jpg/500px-Ascraeus_mons_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>Colorized <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">MOLA</a> topography of Ascraeus Mons and its neighbourhood. Note the broad lava aprons at the southwestern and northeastern edges of the volcano. Also, note that the surrounding lava plains to the northwest have a much lower elevation than plains to the southeast.</figcaption></figure> <p>The volcano is located in the southeast-central portion of the <a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">Tharsis quadrangle</a> at 11.8°N, 255.5°E in Mars' western hemisphere. A group of three smaller volcanoes (the <a href="/wiki/Uranius_group_of_volcanoes" title="Uranius group of volcanoes">Ceraunius-Uranius group</a>) lies about 700 km to the northeast, and <a href="/wiki/Pavonis_Mons" title="Pavonis Mons">Pavonis Mons</a> (the middle volcano of the Tharsis Montes) lies 500 km to the southwest. The 70-km diameter crater Poynting is located 300 km to the west-southwest. </p><p>Ascraeus Mons is roughly 480 km in diameter<sup id="cite_ref-GPN_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the second highest mountain on Mars, with a summit elevation of 18.1 km. The volcano has a very low profile with an average flank slope of 7°.<sup id="cite_ref-Plescia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plescia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slopes are steepest in the middle portion of the flanks, flattening out toward the base and near the top where a broad summit plateau and <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> (collapse crater) complex are located.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volcanic vents, located on the northeastern and southwestern edges of the volcano, are sources for broad lava aprons, or fans, that bury nearby portions of the volcano and extend over 100 km out into the surrounding plains.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southwest–northeast orientation of the aprons matches the orientation of the Tharsis Montes, suggesting that a major fissure or rift in the Martian crust is responsible for the orientation of both the aprons and the Tharsis Montes chain. The presence of the lava aprons causes some disagreement in the actual dimensions of the volcano. If the aprons are included as part of the edifice then Ascraeus Mons has dimensions closer to 375 × 870 km.<sup id="cite_ref-Plescia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plescia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most of the Tharsis region, Ascraeus Mons has a high <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> (reflectivity) and low <a href="/wiki/Thermal_inertia" title="Thermal inertia">thermal inertia</a>, indicating that the volcano and surrounding areas are covered with large amounts of fine dust. (See the <a href="/wiki/Martian_Surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Surface">Martian Surface</a>.) The dust forms a mantle over the surface that obscures or mutes much of the fine-scale topography and geology of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tharsis is probably dusty because of its high elevations. The atmospheric density is too low to mobilize and remove dust once it is deposited.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atmospheric pressure at the summit of Ascraeus Mons averages 100 pascal (1.0 mbar);<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is only 17% of the average surface pressure of 600 pascal. </p><p>Ascraeus Mons is surrounded by lava flow plains that are mid to late <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a> in age.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elevation of the plains averages about 3 km above datum (Martian "sea" level), giving the volcano an average vertical relief of 15 km.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the elevation of the plains varies considerably. The plains northwest of the volcano are less than 2 km in elevation. The plains are highest (>3 km) southeast of the volcano. </p><p>The lava plains northwest of Ascraeus Mons are notable for having two dark collapse pits photographed by the <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> camera on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (MRO) in November 2010 (pictured in gallery below). The pits resemble those imaged around <a href="/wiki/Arsia_Mons" title="Arsia Mons">Arsia Mons</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a> spacecraft. The two pits measure about 180 and 310 m wide,<sup id="cite_ref-Gulick_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulick-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the larger pit is approximately 180 meters deep.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern walls of the pits consist of steep, overhanging ledges. The bottoms of both pits contain sediments and large boulders.<sup id="cite_ref-Gulick_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gulick-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rimless pit craters are believed to form by collapse of surface material into a subsurface void created either by a <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dike</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">lava tube</a>. They are analogous to volcanic <a href="/wiki/Pit_crater" title="Pit crater">pit craters</a> on Earth, such as the Devil's Throat crater on the upper east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, they may mark skylights/entrances to subsurface <a href="/wiki/Lava_cave" title="Lava cave">lava caves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascraeus_Mons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ascraeus Mons was built by many thousands of fluid <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> lava flows. Except for its great size, it resembles terrestrial shield volcanoes like those that form the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>. The flanks of Ascraeus Mons are covered with narrow, lobate lava flows<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lava channels. Many of the lava flows have levees along their margins. Levees are parallel ridges formed at the edges of lava flows. The cooler, outer margins of the flow solidify, leaving a central trough of molten, flowing lava. Partially collapsed lava tubes are visible as chains of pit craters. </p><p>By examining the morphologies of lava flow structures on Ascraeus Mons, geologists are able to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheological</a> properties of the lava and estimate the rate at which it poured out during eruption (effusion rate). Results show that the lava was highly fluid (low <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>) with low <a href="/wiki/Yield_(engineering)" title="Yield (engineering)">yield strength</a>, resembling Hawaiian and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> basaltic lavas. Average effusion rates are about 185 m<sup>3</sup>/s. These rates are comparable to those seen in Hawaii and Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earth-based radar studies show that Ascraeus Mons has a higher radar echo strength than other volcanic structures on the planet. This could indicate that the lava flows on the flanks of Ascraeus Mons consist of rough <a href="/wiki/Aa_(lava_flow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aa (lava flow)">ʻAʻā</a>-type flows,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a conclusion supported by photogeologic analysis of lava flow morphologies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascraeus_Mons_Flank_Terraces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ascraeus_Mons_Flank_Terraces.jpg/340px-Ascraeus_Mons_Flank_Terraces.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ascraeus_Mons_Flank_Terraces.jpg/510px-Ascraeus_Mons_Flank_Terraces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ascraeus_Mons_Flank_Terraces.jpg/680px-Ascraeus_Mons_Flank_Terraces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Flank terraces on slopes of Ascraeus Mons give the volcano's northwestern (left) and southeastern flanks (right) a rumpled appearance. Note the numerous depressions and channels on the volcano's southwestern flank (bottom). Vertical exaggeration is 3x. Image is <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Thermal Emission Imaging System">THEMIS</a> IR daytime mosaic overlain on <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">MOLA</a> topography.</figcaption></figure> <p>The flanks of Ascraeus Mons have a rumpled appearance caused by numerous low, rounded <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(geology)" title="Terrace (geology)">terrace</a>-like structures arranged concentrically around the summit of the volcano. The terraces are spaced 30 to 50 km apart,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have lengths up to 100 km, radial widths of 30 km, and heights of about 3 km. Individual terraces are not continuous around the volcano, but instead consist of arcuate segments that overlap with each other, forming an <a href="/wiki/Imbrication_(sedimentology)" title="Imbrication (sedimentology)">imbricate</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are interpreted to be the surface expression of <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrust faults</a> that formed due to compression along the volcano's flanks. Flank terraces are also common on <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a> and the other Tharsis shield volcanoes. The source of the compressive stresses is still debated. The flank terraces may be due to compressional failure of the volcano, flexing of the underlying <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> due to the volcano's massive weight, cycles of <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chamber</a> inflation and deflation, or shallow <a href="/wiki/Slump_(geology)" title="Slump (geology)">gravitational slumping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FSD_Ascraeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/FSD_Ascraeus.jpg/300px-FSD_Ascraeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/FSD_Ascraeus.jpg/450px-FSD_Ascraeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/FSD_Ascraeus.jpg/600px-FSD_Ascraeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System" title="Thermal Emission Imaging System">THEMIS</a> IR daytime mosaic of fan-shaped deposit at western edge of Ascraeus Mons. The deposits are believed to be glacial moraines formed by mountain glaciers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fissures, or flank vents, at the southwestern and northeastern edges of the volcano are the sources of the lava aprons that spread out across the surrounding plains. The fissures seem to have formed by the merger of numerous, narrow <a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">rille</a>-like depressions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In places, the depressions form sinuous channels with islands and other features suggestive of erosion by a fluid. Whether the channels were formed predominately by water or lava is still a topic of debate,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though extensive study of analogous environments (e.g. Hawaii, the Moon, elsewhere on Mars) and morphologic features by multiple researchers has led to the conclusion that a volcanic origin is most probable.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The caldera complex consists of a central caldera surrounded by four coalesced calderas. The central caldera measures about 24 km across and 3.4 km deep and is the youngest of the collapse structures.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crater counting indicates that the central caldera is about 100 million years (Myr) old. The surrounding calderas have ages of about 200, 400, and 800 Myr old, or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small, partly preserved depression southeast of the main caldera may be as old as 3.8 billion years (Gyr). If the dates are valid, then Ascraeus Mons may have been active through most of Mars' history.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An area of peculiar, fan-shaped deposits (FSD) lies on the volcano's western flank. The FSD consists of a zone of knobby terrain outlined by a semicircular zone of concentric ridges. Similar deposits are also found at the northwestern edges of the other two Tharsis Montes, Pavonis Mons and Arsia Mons, as well as on Olympus Mons. The FSD at Ascraeus Mons is the smallest of those on the Tharsis Montes, covering an area of 14,000 km<sup>2</sup> and extending outward from the volcano's base for about 100 km. The origin of these deposits has been debated for decades. However, recent geologic evidence suggests that FSDs are deposits left by <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a>, which covered portions of the volcanoes during a recent period of high <a href="/wiki/Obliquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliquity">obliquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During periods of high obliquity (axial tilt) the polar regions receive higher levels of sunlight. More water from the poles enters the atmosphere and condenses as ice or snowfall in the cooler equatorial regions. Mars changes its obliquity from about 15° to 35° in cycles of 120,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascraeus_Mons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascraeus_Lava_Flow_PIA04289.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbital Camera (MOC) image of lobate lava flows on flank of Ascraeus Mons."><img alt="Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbital Camera (MOC) image of lobate lava flows on flank of Ascraeus Mons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ascraeus_Lava_Flow_PIA04289.jpg/67px-Ascraeus_Lava_Flow_PIA04289.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ascraeus_Lava_Flow_PIA04289.jpg/101px-Ascraeus_Lava_Flow_PIA04289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ascraeus_Lava_Flow_PIA04289.jpg/135px-Ascraeus_Lava_Flow_PIA04289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="1790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> Mars Orbital Camera (MOC) image of lobate lava flows on flank of Ascraeus Mons.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_Channel_Ascraeus_Mons_PIA07436.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) image of lava channel on the northeastern summit of Ascraeus Mons."><img alt="Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) image of lava channel on the northeastern summit of Ascraeus Mons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lava_Channel_Ascraeus_Mons_PIA07436.jpg/119px-Lava_Channel_Ascraeus_Mons_PIA07436.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lava_Channel_Ascraeus_Mons_PIA07436.jpg/179px-Lava_Channel_Ascraeus_Mons_PIA07436.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lava_Channel_Ascraeus_Mons_PIA07436.jpg/238px-Lava_Channel_Ascraeus_Mons_PIA07436.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="692" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) image of lava channel on the northeastern summit of Ascraeus Mons.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascraeus_Lava_Channel_Levvee_ESP_018665_1920_RED.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HiRISE image of channelized lava flow with levees on Northern flank of Ascraeus Mons."><img alt="HiRISE image of channelized lava flow with levees on Northern flank of Ascraeus Mons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ascraeus_Lava_Channel_Levvee_ESP_018665_1920_RED.jpg/90px-Ascraeus_Lava_Channel_Levvee_ESP_018665_1920_RED.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ascraeus_Lava_Channel_Levvee_ESP_018665_1920_RED.jpg/135px-Ascraeus_Lava_Channel_Levvee_ESP_018665_1920_RED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ascraeus_Lava_Channel_Levvee_ESP_018665_1920_RED.jpg/179px-Ascraeus_Lava_Channel_Levvee_ESP_018665_1920_RED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="4103" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> image of channelized lava flow with levees on Northern flank of Ascraeus Mons.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Pits_ESP_019997_1975_RED.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HiRISE image of dark rimless pits northwest of Ascraeus Mons."><img alt="HiRISE image of dark rimless pits northwest of Ascraeus Mons." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dark_Pits_ESP_019997_1975_RED.jpg/112px-Dark_Pits_ESP_019997_1975_RED.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dark_Pits_ESP_019997_1975_RED.jpg/168px-Dark_Pits_ESP_019997_1975_RED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dark_Pits_ESP_019997_1975_RED.jpg/224px-Dark_Pits_ESP_019997_1975_RED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> image of dark rimless pits northwest of Ascraeus Mons.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_Pit2_ESP_019997_1975_cut2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of pit northwest of Ascraeus Mons. Contrast has been stretched to reveal interior features."><img alt="Closeup of pit northwest of Ascraeus Mons. Contrast has been stretched to reveal interior features." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dark_Pit2_ESP_019997_1975_cut2.jpg/178px-Dark_Pit2_ESP_019997_1975_cut2.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dark_Pit2_ESP_019997_1975_cut2.jpg/267px-Dark_Pit2_ESP_019997_1975_cut2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dark_Pit2_ESP_019997_1975_cut2.jpg/356px-Dark_Pit2_ESP_019997_1975_cut2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="965" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closeup of pit northwest of Ascraeus Mons. Contrast has been stretched to reveal interior features.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascraeus_Mons2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Channels on the northwest side of Ascraeus Mons. Some may be collapsed lava tubes."><img alt="Channels on the northwest side of Ascraeus Mons. Some may be collapsed lava tubes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ascraeus_Mons2.JPG/190px-Ascraeus_Mons2.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ascraeus_Mons2.JPG/285px-Ascraeus_Mons2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ascraeus_Mons2.JPG/380px-Ascraeus_Mons2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Channels on the northwest side of Ascraeus Mons. Some may be collapsed <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">lava tubes</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentine_Cave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Valentine_Cave.JPG/280px-Valentine_Cave.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Valentine_Cave.JPG/420px-Valentine_Cave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Valentine_Cave.JPG/560px-Valentine_Cave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Valentine Cave in <a href="/wiki/Lava_Beds_National_Monument" title="Lava Beds National Monument">Lava Beds National Monument</a>, California. This shows the classic tube shape; the grooves on the wall mark former flow levels. Pits near volcanic regions of Mars may be openings to caves like this.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascraeus_Mons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars_by_height" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains on Mars by height">List of mountains on Mars by height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">Tharsis quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_mountains_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of tallest mountains in the Solar System">List of tallest mountains in the Solar System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascraeus_Mons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ascraeus_Mons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ascraeus Mons">Ascraeus Mons</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GPN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPN_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/417">http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/417</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarr1973" class="citation journal cs1">Carr, Michael H. 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University of Arizona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_011386_2065">http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_011386_2065</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">USGS. (2007). Hawawaiian Volcano Observatory Website. First Descent into Devil's Throat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erz/devilsthroat.html">http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/gallery/kilauea/erz/devilsthroat.html</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Geographic Daily News.</i> Pictures: Giant Mars Pits Revealed in Sharp Detail. December 21, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224161939/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/photogalleries/101221-mars-pits-pictures-photos-science-nasa-space-caves/#/mars-pits-larger_30636_600x450.jpg">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouginis-MarkWilsonZuber1992" class="citation book cs1">Mouginis-Mark, P.J.; Wilson, L.; Zuber, M.T. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mars0000unse/page/426">"The physical Volcanology of Mars"</a>. In Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S. (eds.). <i>Mars</i>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mars0000unse/page/426">426</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1257-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1257-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-1257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+physical+Volcanology+of+Mars&rft.btitle=Mars&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1257-7&rft.aulast=Mouginis-Mark&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+L.&rft.au=Zuber%2C+M.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmars0000unse%2Fpage%2F426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiesingerReissDudeOhm2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hiesinger, H.; Reiss, D.; Dude, S.; Ohm, C.; Neukum, G.; Head, J. W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2008/pdf/1277.pdf">"Arsia, Pavonis, and Ascraeus Mons, Mars: Rheological Properties of Young Lava Flows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lunar and Planetary Science</i>. <b>XXIV</b> (1391). p. 1277, Abstract #1277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008LPI....39.1277H">2008LPI....39.1277H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=Arsia%2C+Pavonis%2C+and+Ascraeus+Mons%2C+Mars%3A+Rheological+Properties+of+Young+Lava+Flows&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=1391&rft.pages=p.+1277%2C+Abstract+%231277&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008LPI....39.1277H&rft.aulast=Hiesinger&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Reiss%2C+D.&rft.au=Dude%2C+S.&rft.au=Ohm%2C+C.&rft.au=Neukum%2C+G.&rft.au=Head%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2008%2Fpdf%2F1277.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCattermole2001" class="citation book cs1">Cattermole, P.J. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marsmysteryunfol00catt/page/80"><i>Mars: The Mystery Unfolds</i></a></span>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marsmysteryunfol00catt/page/80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521726-1"><bdi>978-0-19-521726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mars%3A+The+Mystery+Unfolds&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521726-1&rft.aulast=Cattermole&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarsmysteryunfol00catt%2Fpage%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonMoore1989" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, T.W.; Moore, H.J. (1989). "A Model for Depolarized Radar Echoes from Mars". <i>Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">402–</span>422. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989LPSC...19..409T">1989LPSC...19..409T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Lunar+Planet.+Sci.+Conf.&rft.atitle=A+Model+for+Depolarized+Radar+Echoes+from+Mars&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E402-%3C%2Fspan%3E422&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989LPSC...19..409T&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=T.W.&rft.au=Moore%2C+H.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span> Cited in Mouginis-Mark <i>et al.</i> (1992), p. 433, Table 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiesingerHeadNeukumHRSC_Co-Investigator_Team2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hiesinger, H.; Head, J.W.; Neukum, G.; HRSC Co-Investigator Team (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1727.pdf">"Rheological Properties of Late-Stage Lava Flows on Ascraeus Mons: New Evidence from HRSC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lunar and Planetary Science</i>. <b>XXXVI</b>. p. 1727, Abstract #1727. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005LPI....36.1727H">2005LPI....36.1727H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=Rheological+Properties+of+Late-Stage+Lava+Flows+on+Ascraeus+Mons%3A+New+Evidence+from+HRSC&rft.volume=XXXVI&rft.pages=p.+1727%2C+Abstract+%231727&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005LPI....36.1727H&rft.aulast=Hiesinger&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Head%2C+J.W.&rft.au=Neukum%2C+G.&rft.au=HRSC+Co-Investigator+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2005%2Fpdf%2F1727.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimblemanJohnstonLovettJenson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Zimbleman, J.R.; Johnston, A.; Lovett, C.; Jenson, D. (1996). "Geologic Map of the Ascraeus Mons Volcano, Mars". <i>Lunar and Planetary Science</i>. <b>XXVII</b>: 1497. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27.1497Z">1996LPI....27.1497Z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=Geologic+Map+of+the+Ascraeus+Mons+Volcano%2C+Mars&rft.volume=XXVII&rft.pages=1497&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996LPI....27.1497Z&rft.aulast=Zimbleman&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+A.&rft.au=Lovett%2C+C.&rft.au=Jenson%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnevan_Wyk_de_VriesMurrayTroll2009" class="citation journal cs1">Byrne, Paul K.; van Wyk de Vries, Benjamin; Murray, John B.; Troll, Valentin R. (2009-04-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X09000776">"The geometry of volcano flank terraces on Mars"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>281</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009E&PSL.281....1B">2009E&PSL.281....1B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2009.01.043">10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.043</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-821X">0012-821X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=The+geometry+of+volcano+flank+terraces+on+Mars&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.issn=0012-821X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2009.01.043&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009E%26PSL.281....1B&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft.au=van+Wyk+de+Vries%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Murray%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Troll%2C+Valentin+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0012821X09000776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrneMurrayVan_Wyk_De_VriesTroll2007" class="citation journal cs1">Byrne, P.K.; Murray, J. B.; Van Wyk De Vries, B.; Troll, V. R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/2380.pdf">"Flank Terrace Architecture of Martian Shield Volcanoes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lunar and Planetary Science</i>. <b>XXXVIII</b> (1338). p. 2380, Abstract #2380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007LPI....38.2380B">2007LPI....38.2380B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=Flank+Terrace+Architecture+of+Martian+Shield+Volcanoes&rft.volume=XXXVIII&rft.issue=1338&rft.pages=p.+2380%2C+Abstract+%232380&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007LPI....38.2380B&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rft.au=Murray%2C+J.+B.&rft.au=Van+Wyk+De+Vries%2C+B.&rft.au=Troll%2C+V.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2007%2Fpdf%2F2380.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2006" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Michael H. (2006). <i>The Surface of Mars</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87201-0"><bdi>978-0-521-87201-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Surface+of+Mars&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87201-0&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For volcanic argument example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleacherDe_WetGarryZimbelman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bleacher, J.B.; De Wet, A. P.; Garry, W. B.; Zimbelman, J. R.; Trumble, M. E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/1612.pdf">"Volcanic or Fluvial: Comparison of an Ascraeus Mons, Mars, Braided and Sinuous Channel with Features of the 1859 Mauna Loa Flow and Mare Imbrium Flows"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lunar and Planetary Science</i>. <b>41</b> (1533). p. 1612, Abstract #1612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010LPI....41.1612B">2010LPI....41.1612B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=Volcanic+or+Fluvial%3A+Comparison+of+an+Ascraeus+Mons%2C+Mars%2C+Braided+and+Sinuous+Channel+with+Features+of+the+1859+Mauna+Loa+Flow+and+Mare+Imbrium+Flows&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1533&rft.pages=p.+1612%2C+Abstract+%231612&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010LPI....41.1612B&rft.aulast=Bleacher&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft.au=De+Wet%2C+A.+P.&rft.au=Garry%2C+W.+B.&rft.au=Zimbelman%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Trumble%2C+M.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2010%2Fpdf%2F1612.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span><br />For fluvial argument example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayvan_Wyk_de_VriesMarquezWilliams2010" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, J.B.; van Wyk de Vries, B.; Marquez, A.; Williams, D.A.; Byrne, P.; Muller, J.-P.; Kim, J.-R. (2010). "Late-stage water eruptions from Ascraeus Mons volcano, Mars: Implications for its structure and history". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>249</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">479–</span>491. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010E&PSL.294..479M">2010E&PSL.294..479M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2009.06.020">10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Late-stage+water+eruptions+from+Ascraeus+Mons+volcano%2C+Mars%3A+Implications+for+its+structure+and+history&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E479-%3C%2Fspan%3E491&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2009.06.020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010E%26PSL.294..479M&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft.au=van+Wyk+de+Vries%2C+B.&rft.au=Marquez%2C+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Byrne%2C+P.&rft.au=Muller%2C+J.-P.&rft.au=Kim%2C+J.-R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscraeus+Mons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsDeWetBleacherSchierl2012" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, A.; DeWet, A.; Bleacher, J.; Schierl, Z.; Schwans, B.; Signorella, J.; Judge, S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/1686.pdf">"A comparison and analog-based analysis of sinuous channels on the rift aprons of Ascraeus Mons and Pavonis Mons volcanoes, Mars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference</i> (1659). 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_general_circulation_model" title="Mars general circulation model">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dust_devils" title="Martian dust devils">Dust devil tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_methane_on_Mars" title="Natural methane on Mars">Methane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Mars" title="List of terrae on Mars">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Mars)" title="Cerberus (Mars)">Cerberus (Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Lake" title="Eridania Lake">Eridania Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iani_Chaos" title="Iani Chaos">Iani Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" title="Tempe Terra">Tempe Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria">Terra Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea">Terra Sabaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander#Landing_zone" title="Mars Polar Lander">Ultimi Scopuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_surface_features_of_Mars" title="Common surface features of Mars">Physical<br />features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">"Canals"</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_canals" title="List of Martian canals">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasma#Mars" title="Chasma">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_terrain" title="Chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars" title="List of craters on Mars">Craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)" title="Fossa (planetary nomenclature)">Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensa_(geology)" title="Mensa (geology)">Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature#Descriptor_terms_(feature_types)" title="Planetary nomenclature">Labyrinthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">by height</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Observed rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars" title="List of plains on Mars">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_terrain" title="Brain terrain">Brain terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_chaos_terrain_on_Mars" title="List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill" title="Concentric crater fill">Concentric crater fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">Dark slope streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dichotomy" title="Martian dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretted_terrain" title="Fretted terrain">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">Geysers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_lava_tube" title="Martian lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobate_debris_apron" title="Lobate debris apron">Lobate debris apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Meteorites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_cracks_on_Mars" title="Mud cracks on Mars">Mud cracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Polar_Basin_(Mars)" title="North Polar Basin (Mars)">North Polar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_theory" title="Mars ocean theory">Ocean theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars" title="Ore resources on Mars">Ore resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Polar caps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander_on_Mars" title="True polar wander on Mars">polar wander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Recurring slope lineae (RSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mold_crater" title="Ring mold crater">Ring mold craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_spherules" title="Martian spherules">Spherules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features" title="Swiss cheese features">"Swiss cheese" feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening" title="Terrain softening">Terrain softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis#Location_and_Size" title="Tharsis">Tharsis bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperian" title="Hesperian">Hesperian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachian" title="Noachian">Noachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">Observation history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Classical albedo features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_on_Mars" title="Astronomy on Mars">Astronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stickney_(crater)" title="Stickney (crater)">Stickney crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtoc" title="Limtoc">Limtoc crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Monolith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(Deimian_crater)" title="Swift (Deimian crater)">Swift crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire_(crater)" title="Voltaire (crater)">Voltaire crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Mars" title="Solar eclipses on Mars">Solar eclipses on Mars</a></li> <li>Satellite transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Phobos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Phobos from Mars">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Deimos from Mars">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planetary transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars" title="Transit of Earth from Mars">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars" title="Transit of Mercury from Mars">Mercury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars-crossers</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_WD5" title="2007 WD5">2007 WD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5261_Eureka" title="5261 Eureka">5261 Eureka</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(101429)_1998_VF31" title="(101429) 1998 VF31">1998 VF<sub>31</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(121514)_1999_UJ7" title="(121514) 1999 UJ7">1999 UJ<sub>7</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(311999)_2007_NS2" title="(311999) 2007 NS2">2007 NS<sub>2</sub></a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">Orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft">Missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Artificial objects on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#Mars" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_in_fiction" title="Mars in fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_on_Mars" title="List of films set on Mars">List of films set on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_scientist" title="Martian scientist">Martian scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mars" title="Flag of Mars">Flag of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Timekeeping on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sol" title="Mars sol">Sol (day on Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian calendar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img 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