CINXE.COM

Alfred G. Gilman - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alfred G. Gilman - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )simplewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6780f5d7-40f5-467d-9494-aed29c9fa96f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alfred_G._Gilman","wgTitle":"Alfred G. Gilman","wgCurRevisionId":9366283,"wgRevisionId":9366283,"wgArticleId":455655,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the JsonConfig extension","Articles with hCards","American people stubs","Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners","1941 births","2015 deaths","American biochemists","Jewish American scientists","American pharmacologists","Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alfred_G._Gilman","wgRelevantArticleId":455655,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":2000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q296423","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1420"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="947"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="757"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alfred G. Gilman - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="change this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//simple.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.simple"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alfred_G_Gilman rootpage-Alfred_G_Gilman skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Getting around </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_start" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Simple start</span></a></li><li id="n-Simple-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk"><span>Simple talk</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="The list of new changes in the wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>New changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Show any page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Show any page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to get help"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-simple.svg" width="101" height="18" style="width: 6.3125em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Alfred+G.+Gilman" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Alfred+G.+Gilman" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Alfred+G.+Gilman" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Alfred+G.+Gilman" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred G. Gilman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ألفريد جيلمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفريد جيلمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C._%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلفرد جی. گیلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلفرد جی. گیلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অ্যালফ্রেড জি. গিলম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালফ্রেড জি. গিলম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Алфрэд Гілман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алфрэд Гілман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman" title="Alfred Goodman Gilman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Goodman Gilman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman" title="Alfred Goodman Gilman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Goodman Gilman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfred Gilman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C._%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلفرد جی. گیلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد جی. گیلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C_G._%EA%B8%B8%EB%A8%BC" title="알프레드 G. 길먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알프레드 G. 길먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्फ्रेड जी॰ गिलमैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्फ्रेड जी॰ गिलमैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman" title="Alfred Goodman Gilman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfred Goodman Gilman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Gilman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="אלפרד גילמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד גילמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Альфред Гилман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альфред Гилман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alfred Gilman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredus_G._Gilman" title="Alfredus G. Gilman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfredus G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C._%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلفرد جی. گیلمان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلفرد جی. گیلمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Альфред Гилман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Альфред Гилман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman" title="Alfred Goodman Gilman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Goodman Gilman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="アルフレッド・ギルマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレッド・ギルマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%88_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایلفرڈ گلمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایلفرڈ گلمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman" title="Alfred Goodman Gilman – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Alfred Goodman Gilman" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred Gilman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Gilman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Гилман, Альфред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гилман, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93._%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Алфред Г. Гилман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфред Г. Гилман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gilman" title="Alfred Gilman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred Gilman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்பிரட் ஜி. கில்மன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்பிரட் ஜி. கில்மன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Әлфред Гилмен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әлфред Гилмен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Алфред Гилман – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алфред Гилман" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Альфред Гілман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред Гілман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="الفرڈ جی گلمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الفرڈ جی گلمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alfred G. Gilman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%88%BE%E4%BD%9B%E5%88%97%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC" title="艾爾佛列·古曼·吉爾曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾爾佛列·古曼·吉爾曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q296423#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion about the content page (not yet started) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alfred_G._Gilman" rel="nofollow" title="New changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;oldid=9366283" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;id=9366283&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlfred_G._Gilman"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlfred_G._Gilman"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Alfred+G.+Gilman"><span>Make a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Page for printing</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alfred_G._Gilman" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q296423" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Alfred G. Gilman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alfred Goodman Gilman</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1941-06-01</span>)</span>June 1, 1941<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Facts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 24, 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-12-24)</span> (aged&#160;74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known&#160;for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Globular_protein" title="Globular protein">G-proteins</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Case_Western_Reserve_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Case Western Reserve University (not yet started)">Case Western Reserve University</a> (MD-Ph.D., 1969)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Goodman Gilman</b> (July 1, 1941 &#8211; December 23, 2015) was an <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a>. </p><p>He discovered <a href="/wiki/Globular_protein" title="Globular protein">G-proteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For his discovery, Gilman won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1994. He shared the prize with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a><sup id="cite_ref-Facts_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilman died of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> on December 23, 2015 at the age of 74.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Facts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Facts_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Facts_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Facts_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Facts_1-3">1.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1994/gilman-facts.html">"Alfred G. Gilman - Facts"</a>. Nobelprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Alfred+G.+Gilman+-+Facts&amp;rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1994%2Fgilman-facts.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+G.+Gilman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/25/us/dr-alfred-g-gilman-whose-work-on-proteins-won-nobel-prize-dies-at-74.html?_r=0">"Dr. Alfred G. Gilman, Whose Work on Proteins Won Nobel Prize, Dies at 74"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dr.+Alfred+G.+Gilman%2C+Whose+Work+on+Proteins+Won+Nobel+Prize%2C+Dies+at+74&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Times.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F25%2Fus%2Fdr-alfred-g-gilman-whose-work-on-proteins-won-nobel-prize-dies-at-74.html%3F_r%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+G.+Gilman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <i>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">short article</a> about a&#160;<a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_stubs" title="Category:American people stubs">person</a>&#160;from the United States can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;action=edit">adding to it</a></i>.</div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winners_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winners_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Winners of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1901 – 1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Behring</a> (1901)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ross</a> (1902)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Finsen</a> (1903)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Pavlov</a> (1904)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Koch</a> (1905)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Ramón y Cajal</a> (1906)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Laveran" title="Alphonse Laveran">Laveran</a> (1907)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Mechnikov" title="Ilya Mechnikov">Mechnikov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> (1908)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Kocher</a> (1909)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Kossel</a> (1910)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Gullstrand</a> (1911)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrel</a> (1912)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Richet" title="Charles Robert Richet">Richet</a> (1913)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" title="Robert Bárány">Bárány</a> (1914)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Bordet</a> (1919)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">Krogh</a> (1920)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Meyerhof</a> (1922)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod" title="John Macleod">Macleod</a> (1923)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Einthoven</a> (1924) </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1926 – 1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Fibiger</a> (1926)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Wagner-Jauregg</a> (1927)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Nicolle</a> (1928)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hopkins" title="Frederick Hopkins">Hopkins</a> (1929)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Landsteiner</a> (1930)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Warburg</a> (1931)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Adrian</a> (1932)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a> (1933)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">Murphy</a> (1934)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Spemann</a> (1935)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Loewi</a> (1936)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi</a> (1937)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Heymans</a> (1938)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Domagk</a> (1939)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Doisy</a> (1943)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gasser" title="Herbert Gasser">Gasser</a> (1944)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Florey</a> (1945)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/H._J._Muller" title="H. J. Muller">Muller</a> (1946)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">C.Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">G.Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Houssay</a> (1947)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Müller</a> (1948)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">Moniz</a> (1949)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Hench</a> (1950) </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1951 – 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Theiler</a> (1951)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Waksman</a> (1952)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs" title="Hans Krebs">Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Lipmann</a> (1953)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Enders">Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Robbins</a> (1954)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Theorell</a> (1955)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" class="mw-redirect" title="André Frédéric Cournand">Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Richards</a> (1956)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Bovet</a> (1957)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a> (1958)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Severo Ochoa">Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Kornberg</a> (1959)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Medawar</a> (1960)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy</a> (1961)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" title="James D. Watson">Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Wilkins</a> (1962)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Huxley</a> (1963)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen">Lynen</a> (1964)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" class="mw-redirect" title="André Michel Lwoff">Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Monod</a> (1965)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Huggins</a> (1966)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">Wald</a> (1967)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Nirenberg</a> (1968)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Luria</a> (1969)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Axelrod">Axelrod</a> (1970)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Sutherland</a> (1971)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Porter</a> (1972)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Niko_Tinbergen" title="Niko Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> (1973)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">Palade</a> (1974)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Temin" title="Howard Temin">Temin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Dulbecco</a> (1975) </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1976 – 2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Gajdusek</a> (1976)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Yalow">Yalow</a> (1977)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Smith" title="Hamilton Smith">Smith</a> (1978)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Allan_McLeod_Cormack" title="Allan McLeod Cormack">Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Hounsfield</a> (1979)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">Snell</a> (1980)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sperry" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Sperry">Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Hubel" title="David Hubel">Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Wiesel</a> (1981)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Vane" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robert Vane">Vane</a> (1982)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">McClintock</a> (1983)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" class="mw-redirect" title="César Milstein">Milstein</a> (1984)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Goldstein</a> (1985)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen" title="Stanley Cohen">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Levi-Montalcini</a> (1986)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Tonegawa</a> (1987)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/James_Black" title="James Black">Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">Hitchings</a> (1988)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Varmus" title="Harold Varmus">Varmus</a> (1989)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" title="Joseph Murray">Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">Thomas</a> (1990)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Sakmann</a> (1991)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Krebs</a> (1992)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roberts" title="Richard Roberts">Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Sharp" title="Phillip Sharp">Sharp</a> (1993)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Rodbell</a> (1994)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Wieschaus</a> (1995)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" title="Peter C. Doherty">Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Zinkernagel</a> (1996)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Prusiner</a> (1997)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Murad</a> (1998)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Blobel</a> (1999)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> (2000) </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2001 – present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hartwell" title="Lee Hartwell">Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Nurse</a> (2001)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">Sulston</a> (2002)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (2003)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Buck</a> (2004)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Warren</a> (2005)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Mello</a> (2006)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Smithies</a> (2007)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Barré-Sinoussi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">zur Hausen</a> (2008)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Greider" title="Carol Greider">Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Szostak" title="Jack Szostak">Szostak</a> (2009)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards" title="Robert Edwards">Edwards</a> (2010)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hoffmann" title="Jules Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steinman" title="Ralph Steinman">Steinman</a> (2011)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Yamanaka</a> (2012)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Südhof</a> (2013)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe" title="John O&#39;Keefe">O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">M-B. Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">E. Moser</a> (2014)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Youyou</a> (2015)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Ohsumi</a> (2016)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Young</a> (2017)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Honjo</a> (2018)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">Kaelin Jr.</a> (2019)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Atler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton" title="Michael Houghton">Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Rice</a> (2020)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Patapoutian</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">Julius</a> (2021)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Pääbo</a> (2022)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Weissman</a> (2023)&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Ruvkun</a> (2024) </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6ff99495b7‐2t9g4 Cached time: 20241106005033 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.361 seconds Real time usage: 0.745 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2429/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 56635/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2598/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13285/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.193/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4319379/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 430.295 1 -total 47.23% 203.239 1 Template:Infobox_scientist 45.87% 197.397 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.47% 101.003 1 Template:Reflist 19.98% 85.981 2 Template:Cite_web 19.79% 85.149 5 Template:Br_separated_entries 13.93% 59.926 1 Template:Birth_date 13.65% 58.721 1 Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine 13.32% 57.333 2 Template:Nobelprize 12.75% 54.873 1 Template:Navbox --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key simplewiki:pcache:idhash:455655-0!canonical and timestamp 20241106005033 and revision id 9366283. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;oldid=9366283">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;oldid=9366283</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine_winners" title="Category:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_births" title="Category:1941 births">1941 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2015_deaths" title="Category:2015 deaths">2015 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_biochemists" title="Category:American biochemists">American biochemists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_scientists" title="Category:Jewish American scientists">Jewish American scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_pharmacologists" title="Category:American pharmacologists">American pharmacologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_from_New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="Category:Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut">Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_stubs" title="Category:American people stubs">American people stubs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 18 February 2024, at 21:38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/simple.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_G._Gilman&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-j2bhb","wgBackendResponseTime":138,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.361","walltime":"0.745","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2429,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":56635,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2598,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":13285,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 430.295 1 -total"," 47.23% 203.239 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 45.87% 197.397 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 23.47% 101.003 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.98% 85.981 2 Template:Cite_web"," 19.79% 85.149 5 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 13.93% 59.926 1 Template:Birth_date"," 13.65% 58.721 1 Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"," 13.32% 57.333 2 Template:Nobelprize"," 12.75% 54.873 1 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.193","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4319379,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6ff99495b7-2t9g4","timestamp":"20241106005033","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alfred G. Gilman","url":"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfred_G._Gilman","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q296423","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q296423","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-06-29T01:16:39Z","dateModified":"2024-02-18T21:38:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7f\/Alfred_Goodman_Gilman_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"American pharmacologist (1941-2015)"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10