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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribe_Bignonieae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribe_Bignonieae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tribe Bignonieae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribe_Bignonieae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crescentiina_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crescentiina_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Crescentiina group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crescentiina_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tabebuia_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabebuia_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span><i>Tabebuia</i> alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabebuia_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleotropical_clade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleotropical_clade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Paleotropical clade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleotropical_clade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolete_genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolete_genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Obsolete genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolete_genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bignoniaceae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بغنونيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بغنونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqnoniyakimil%C9%99r" title="Biqnoniyakimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biqnoniyakimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="বিগ্নোনিয়াসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিগ্নোনিয়াসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бігноніевыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бігноніевыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoni%C3%A0cies" title="Bignoniàcies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bignoniàcies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truba%C4%8Dovit%C3%A9" title="Trubačovité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trubačovité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompettr%C3%A6-familien" title="Trompettræ-familien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trompettræ-familien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompetenbaumgew%C3%A4chse" title="Trompetenbaumgewächse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trompetenbaumgewächse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoonialised" title="Bignoonialised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bignoonialised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniacoj" title="Bignoniacoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bignoniacoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیچ‌اناریان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیچ‌اناریان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8A%A5%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94%EA%B3%BC" title="능소화과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="능소화과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փողածաղկազգիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փողածաղկազգիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="बिग्नोनिएन्सी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बिग्नोनिएन्सी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalpovke" title="Katalpovke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katalpovke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ביגנוניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביגנוניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბიგნონიასებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიგნონიასებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бигнония котыр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бигнония котыр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%AEleya_pelgo%C5%9Faran" title="Famîleya pelgoşaran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Famîleya pelgoşaran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignonijiniai" title="Bignonijiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bignonijiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szivarfaf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Szivarfafélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szivarfafélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80" title="ബിഗ്നോണിയേസീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിഗ്നോണിയേസീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბიგნონიაშობურეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიგნონიაშობურეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بنيونيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنيونيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompetboomfamilie" title="Trompetboomfamilie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trompetboomfamilie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A9%E7%A7%91" title="ノウゼンカズラ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノウゼンカズラ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompeetenbuumplaanten" title="Trompeetenbuumplaanten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Trompeetenbuumplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompettrefamilien" title="Trompettrefamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trompettrefamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniyadoshlar" title="Bignoniyadoshlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bignoniyadoshlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%92" title="توتنی بوٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="توتنی بوٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бигнония котыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Бигнония котыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniowate" title="Bignoniowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bignoniowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniacee" title="Bignoniacee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bignoniacee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waranway_yura_rikch%27aq_ayllu" title="Waranway yura rikch'aq ayllu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Waranway yura rikch'aq ayllu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Бигнониевые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бигнониевые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniakasvit" title="Bignoniakasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bignoniakasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalpav%C3%A4xter" title="Katalpaväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katalpaväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF" title="బిగ్నోనియేసి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బిగ్నోనియేసి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="วงศ์แคหางค่าง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศ์แคหางค่าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Біньйонієві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біньйонієві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Ch%C3%B9m_%E1%BB%9Bt" title="Họ Chùm ớt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Chùm ớt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bignoniaceae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%91%B3%E7%A7%91" title="紫葳科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紫葳科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%91%B3%E7%A7%91" title="紫葳科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紫葳科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bignoniaceae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Bignonia_family_plants" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213453" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Bignoniaceae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Recent</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.89230769231px; width:18.107692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.89230769231px; width:18.107692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.89230769231px; width:16.107692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphitecna_macrophylla5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Amphitecna_macrophylla5.jpg/220px-Amphitecna_macrophylla5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Amphitecna_macrophylla5.jpg/330px-Amphitecna_macrophylla5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Amphitecna_macrophylla5.jpg/440px-Amphitecna_macrophylla5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Bigleaf black calabash (<i><a href="/wiki/Amphitecna_macrophylla" title="Amphitecna macrophylla">Amphitecna macrophylla</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bignoniaceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bignoniaceae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Juss.</a><sup id="cite_ref-apgiii_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apgiii-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Bignonia" title="Bignonia">Bignonia</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Monophyletic groups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacarandeae" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacarandeae">Jacarandeae</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourrettieae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourrettieae (page does not exist)">Tourrettieae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tecomeae" title="Tecomeae">Tecomeae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Delostoma" title="Delostoma">Delostoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bignonieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bignonieae">Bignonieae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Oroxyleae" title="Oroxyleae">Oroxyleae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crescentiina" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescentiina">Crescentiina</a></li><li>  <i>Tabebuia</i> alliance</li><li>  <a href="/wiki/Paleotropical_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleotropical clade">Paleotropical clade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Astianthus" title="Astianthus">Astianthus</a></i></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Crescentiaceae <small><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Charles_Joseph_Dumortier" title="Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier">Dumortier</a></small></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Bignoniaceae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a> commonly known as the <b>bignonias</b> or <b>trumpet vines</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-fpfw2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fpfw2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known to which of the other families in the order it is most closely related.<sup id="cite_ref-apweb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apweb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all of the Bignoniaceae are <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>, but a few are subwoody, either as <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">subshrubs</a>. A few more are <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plants</a> of high-<a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> <a href="/wiki/Montane_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane ecology">montane</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, in three exclusively herbaceous <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Tourrettia" title="Tourrettia">Tourrettia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argylia" title="Argylia">Argylia</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Incarvillea" title="Incarvillea">Incarvillea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmstead2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family includes many <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">lianas</a>, climbing by <a href="/wiki/Tendril" title="Tendril">tendrils</a>, by twining, or rarely, by <a href="/wiki/Aerial_root" title="Aerial root">aerial roots</a>. The largest <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> in the family, called Bignonieae, consists mostly of lianas and is noted for its unique <a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">wood anatomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family has a nearly <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>, but is mostly <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a>, with a few <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">native</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate zones</a>. Its greatest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a> is in northern South America.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family has been covered in some major <a href="/wiki/Floristics" title="Floristics">floristic</a> projects, such as <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">Flora of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_Malesiana" title="Flora Malesiana">Flora Malesiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flora_Neotropica" title="Flora Neotropica">Flora Neotropica</a>. It has not yet been covered in some others, such as <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia_(series)" title="Flora of Australia (series)">Flora of Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">Flora of North America</a>. </p><p>Bignoniaceae are most noted for <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamentals</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jacaranda" title="Jacaranda">Jacaranda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tabebuia" title="Tabebuia">Tabebuia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spathodea" title="Spathodea">Spathodea</a></i>, grown for their conspicuous, tubular flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-staples2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staples2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great many species are known in <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">cultivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rhs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various other uses have been made of members of this family.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1980_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1980-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species were of great importance to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">American tropics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fridericia_elegans" title="Fridericia elegans">Fridericia elegans</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanaecium_bilabiata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanaecium bilabiata (page does not exist)">Tanaecium bilabiata</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanaecium_excitosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanaecium excitosum (page does not exist)">Tanaecium excitosum</a></i> are <a href="/wiki/Poisonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisonous">poisonous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> and have caused severe <a href="/wiki/Pure_economic_loss" title="Pure economic loss">losses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to different accounts, the number of species in the family is about 810<sup id="cite_ref-mabberley2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mabberley2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 860.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> of the entire family was published in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">work</a>, 104 genera were recognized. Since that time, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">studies</a> have greatly clarified relationships within the family, and the number of accepted genera is now between 80 and 85.<sup id="cite_ref-iplants_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iplants-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bignoniaceae_Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bignoniaceae_Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg/220px-Bignoniaceae_Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bignoniaceae_Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg/330px-Bignoniaceae_Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bignoniaceae_Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg/440px-Bignoniaceae_Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Bignoniaceae in <a href="/wiki/Bagh-e-Jinnah,_Lahore" title="Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore">Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tecomaria_capensis_W_IMG_1601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Tecomaria_capensis_W_IMG_1601.jpg/190px-Tecomaria_capensis_W_IMG_1601.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Tecomaria_capensis_W_IMG_1601.jpg/285px-Tecomaria_capensis_W_IMG_1601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Tecomaria_capensis_W_IMG_1601.jpg/380px-Tecomaria_capensis_W_IMG_1601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tecomaria_capensis" title="Tecomaria capensis">Tecomaria capensis</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Members of this family are mostly <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">lianas</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, and rarely <a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">subshrubs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbs</a>. </p><p>Lianas of the tribe Bignonieae have a unique <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">structure</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> arms extend downward into the <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> because certain segments of the <a href="/wiki/Cambium_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambium (botany)">cambium</a> cease the production of xylem at an early stage of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">development</a>. The number of these arms is four or a multiple thereof, up to 32.<sup id="cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lohmann2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When four, the phloem arms appear as a cross, hence, the <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> "cross vine". The phloem in the arms has wider <a href="/wiki/Sieve_tube_element" title="Sieve tube element">sieve tubes</a> and less <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a> than the ordinary phloem.<sup id="cite_ref-pace2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pace2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiolate</a>. Leaf arrangement usually is <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Arrangement_on_the_stem" title="Leaf">opposite</a>, or rarely <a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">alternate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#verticillate" title="Glossary of botanical terms">verticillate</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a>). Leaves are usually <a href="/wiki/Compound_leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound leaf">compound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#bifoliate" title="Glossary of botanical terms">bifoliate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Divisions_of_the_blade" title="Leaf">trifoliate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Divisions_of_the_blade" title="Leaf">palmate</a>, or rarely <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Divisions_of_the_blade" title="Leaf">simple</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">Stipules</a> are absent, but persistent; enlarged <a href="/wiki/Axil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axil">axillary</a> <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">bud</a> <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">scales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#pseudostipule" title="Glossary of botanical terms">pseudostipules</a>) are often present. <a href="/wiki/Domatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Domatia">Domatia</a> occur in some genera. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolichandrone_falcata_W2_IMG_9458.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dolichandrone_falcata_W2_IMG_9458.jpg/190px-Dolichandrone_falcata_W2_IMG_9458.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dolichandrone_falcata_W2_IMG_9458.jpg/285px-Dolichandrone_falcata_W2_IMG_9458.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dolichandrone_falcata_W2_IMG_9458.jpg/380px-Dolichandrone_falcata_W2_IMG_9458.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichandrone_falcata" title="Dolichandrone falcata">Dolichandrone falcata</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad, India</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a> are solitary or in <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescences</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">raceme</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence#Determinate_or_Cymose" title="Inflorescence">helicoid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence#Determinate_or_Cymose" title="Inflorescence">dichasial</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyme_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyme (botany)">cyme</a>. Inflorescences bear persistent or <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> or bractlets. The flowers are <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">hypogynous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">zygomorphic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sexuality">bisexual</a>, and usually conspicuous. The <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a> are distinct. The calyx is <a href="/wiki/Synsepalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Synsepalous">synsepalous</a>, with five <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a>. The corolla is <a href="/wiki/Sympetalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympetalous">sympetalous</a>, with five <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#bilabiate" title="Glossary of botanical terms">bilabiate</a>. Corolla lobes are <a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">imbricate</a> in bud, or rarely <a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">valvate</a>, and usually much shorter than the corolla tube. <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamens</a> are inserted on the corolla tube, alternating with corolla lobes. The four stamens are <a href="/wiki/Stamen#Descriptive_terms" title="Stamen">didynamous</a>, members of each pair often <a href="/wiki/Connation" title="Connation">connivent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology#General_plant_terms" title="Glossary of plant morphology">adaxial</a> stamen is usually <a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">staminodial</a> or absent; rarely with five fertile stamens or with two fertile and three staminodial stamens. The <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a> is bilobed, and usually <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#sensitive" title="Glossary of botanical terms">sensitive</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> is present. The <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovary</a> is <a href="/wiki/Superior_ovary" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior ovary">superior</a>, usually surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Nectary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectary">nectary</a> disk, composed of two <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">bilocular</a> and with a septum, except unilocular in <i>Tourrettia</i> and quadrilocular in <i>Eccremocarpus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Placentation#Placentation_in_plants" title="Placentation">Placentation</a> is axile, except parietal in <i>Tourrettia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovules</a> are numerous. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bignoni%C3%A1ceas_en_Trenque_Lauquen_-_planta_01_foto_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bignoni%C3%A1ceas_en_Trenque_Lauquen_-_planta_01_foto_01.JPG/220px-Bignoni%C3%A1ceas_en_Trenque_Lauquen_-_planta_01_foto_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bignoni%C3%A1ceas_en_Trenque_Lauquen_-_planta_01_foto_01.JPG/330px-Bignoni%C3%A1ceas_en_Trenque_Lauquen_-_planta_01_foto_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bignoni%C3%A1ceas_en_Trenque_Lauquen_-_planta_01_foto_01.JPG/440px-Bignoni%C3%A1ceas_en_Trenque_Lauquen_-_planta_01_foto_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Bignoniaceae flower, upper lip removed. Notice the <a href="/wiki/Stamen#Descriptive_terms" title="Stamen">didynamous</a> 4 stamens and the style-stigma, all in dorsal position.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is usually a <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#valve" title="Glossary of botanical terms">bivalved</a> <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a>, often with a <a href="/wiki/Replum" class="mw-redirect" title="Replum">replum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">Dehiscence</a> is <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)#Septicidal_and_loculicidal_dehiscence" title="Dehiscence (botany)">septicidal</a> or loculicidal. The three exceptions are the genera <i>Kigelia</i>, <i>Crescentia</i> and its close relatives, and <i>Colea</i> and its close relatives. In these, the fruit is indehiscent, not a capsule, and the seeds are not <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#W" title="Glossary of botanical terms">winged</a>. The fruit is a <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">berry</a> in <i>Colea</i>. <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seeds</a> are usually flat and winged. <a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">Aril</a> is absent. <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a> usually absent, and sometimes sparse.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lapachol" title="Lapachol">Lapachol</a>, a yellow, skin-irritating naphthoquinone, is often found in the <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>. Other naphthoquinones, as well as <a href="/wiki/Natural_anthraquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural anthraquinone">anthraquinones</a>, are also present in various parts of the plant. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacaranone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacaranone (page does not exist)">Jacaranone</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Quinonoid_zwitterion" title="Quinonoid zwitterion">quinonoid</a> from <i>Jacaranda</i>. True <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> are not present. <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigments</a> are mostly <a href="/wiki/Flavones" title="Flavones">flavones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hegnauer1989_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hegnauer1989-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iridoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridoids">Iridoids</a> are usually present.<sup id="cite_ref-vonposer2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonposer2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> detected in Bignoniaceae include <a href="/wiki/Verbascoside" title="Verbascoside">verbascosides</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornoside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornoside (page does not exist)">cornoside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ursolic_acid" title="Ursolic acid">ursolic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saponin" title="Saponin">saponins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catalpic_acid" title="Catalpic acid">catalpic acid</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome number">chromosome number</a> does not vary much in Bignoniaceae. The <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Base_chromosome_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Base chromosome number (page does not exist)">base chromosome number</a>) is 20 for nearly every species sampled, but some species have very small <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>, making an accurate count difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-goldblatt1979_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldblatt1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/B_chromosome" title="B chromosome">B chromosomes</a> are common in Bignoniaceae. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> is either <a href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">entomophilous</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_plant_morphology_terms#Ornithophilous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of plant morphology terms">ornithophilous</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Pollination_syndrome#Bat_pollination_(chiropterophily)" title="Pollination syndrome">chiropterophilous</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The family Bignoniaceae was first <a href="/wiki/Valid_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Valid publication">validly published</a> in the botanical literature (as Bignonieae) by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Antoine Laurent de Jussieu</a> in 1789 in his <a href="/wiki/Classic" title="Classic">classic</a> work, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu#Work" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu"><i>Genera Plantarum</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reveal_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reveal-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type</a> genus for this family is <i>Bignonia</i>, which was validated by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> in 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-ipnibignonia_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipnibignonia-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name originated with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a>, who named it for his benefactor, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Bignon" title="Jean-Paul Bignon">Jean-Paul Bignon</a>, in 1694, in his influential <i>Eléments de botanique ou méthode pour connaître les plantes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-quattrocchiI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quattrocchiI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important groundwork for future study of the family was laid down from 1789 to 1837, mostly by Jussieu, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Sigismund_Kunth" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Sigismund Kunth">Kunth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Bojer" title="Wenceslas Bojer">Bojer</a> and G.Don (<a href="/wiki/George_Don" title="George Don">George Don</a> (1798–1856) not <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Don_the_elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Don the elder (page does not exist)">George Don the elder</a> (1764–1814).<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1980_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1980-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Bentham" title="George Bentham">Bentham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker</a> surveyed the family in their <i>Genera Plantarum</i> in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-b&h1876_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b&h1876-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Moritz_Schumann" title="Karl Moritz Schumann">Karl Moritz Schumann</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> on Bignoniaceae in 1894 for <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gustav_Adolf_Engler" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler">Engler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Anton_Eugen_Prantl" title="Karl Anton Eugen Prantl">Prantl</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nat%C3%BCrlichen_Pflanzenfamilien" title="Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien">Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien</a></i>. After Schumann's monograph, no taxonomic treatment of the entire family was published until 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the number of known species gradually increased, a great deal of confusion developed over the delimitation of genera. New genera were frequently erected for species that did not clearly belong to any of the previously described genera. This resulted in a proliferation of monotypic genera. <a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Howard_Gentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwyn Howard Gentry">Gentry</a> reduced the number of genera in 1973, 1976, and 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lohmann2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the revision of 2004 described 104 genera, 38 of them monotypic.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This problem was especially acute in the tribe Bignonieae. In that tribe, many species of uncertain affinity were assigned to a vaguely defined <i>Arrabidaea</i>, turning that genus into a <a href="/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">dumping ground</a> of about 100 species.<sup id="cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lohmann2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2004, molecular phylogenetic studies have shown a substantial revision of the genera is necessary. Much work toward this goal can be viewed online,<sup id="cite_ref-iplants_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iplants-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but little of it has yet been published in scientific papers. </p><p>A detailed <a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">taxonomic history</a> of Bignoniaceae was published in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1980_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1980-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A summary of this history was published in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-spangler1999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spangler1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classification</a> for flowering plants, Bignoniaceae is one of the 24 families in the order Lamiales. (Lamiales has 25 families if Rehmanniaceae are accepted). Within the order, Bignoniaceae is in a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">group</a> of eight families consisting of <a href="/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a>, Bignoniaceae, <a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schaferhoff2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaferhoff2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group is described as a <a href="/wiki/Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomy</a>, meaning no two of its members are known to be more closely related to each other than to any of the others.<sup id="cite_ref-apweb_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apweb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling (statistics)">Statistical support</a> for this group remains weak, indicating insufficient <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> have been applied, or the group is an artifact of some <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">phylogenetic method</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Circumscription_(taxonomy)" title="Circumscription (taxonomy)">composition</a> of Bignoniaceae has been relatively stable and has not varied at all in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-reveal2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reveal2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, the only issues of circumscription were whether <a href="/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a> should be merged into Bignoniaceae, or accepted as separate families.<sup id="cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmstead2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paulowniaceae consist of one to four genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Paulownia" title="Paulownia">Paulownia</a></i>, <i>Shiuyinghua</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wightia_(plant)" title="Wightia (plant)">Wightia</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Brandisia" title="Brandisia">Brandisia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mabberley2008_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mabberley2008-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever their circumscription, Paulowniaceae are now known to be close to <a href="/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a>, rather than to Bignoniaceae. The family Schlegeliaceae has been included in Bignoniaceae, as tribe Schlegelieae, as recently as 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1980_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1980-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now accepted as a distinct family, but its relationships with several other families remain unresolved.<sup id="cite_ref-fpfw2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fpfw2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In molecular phylogenetic analyses, Bignoniaceae has surprisingly weak bootstrap support, given its morphological coherence. The tribe Jacarandeae (<i>Digomphia</i> and <i>Jacaranda</i>) is <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister</a> to the rest of the family, which is known as the Core Bignoniaceae. The Core Bignoniaceae is strongly supported in all molecular phylogenetic analyses, but has no known morphological <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmstead2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No subfamilies have been proposed for Bignoniaceae in recent <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, but in 2004, Fischer <i>et al.</i> divided the family into seven tribes: Tourrettieae, Eccremocarpeae, Tecomeae (<i>sensu lato</i>), Bignonieae, Oroxyleae, Crescentieae, and Coleeae.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, Tourrettieae and Eccremocarpeae have been merged under the name Tourrettieae.<sup id="cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmstead2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tecomeae<i> sensu lato</i> has been shown to be <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a>, consisting of the following groups: <i>Astianthus</i>, Jacarandeae, <i>Argylia</i>, <i>Delostoma</i>, <i>Perianthomega</i>, Catalpeae, Tecomeae <i>sensu stricto</i>, and all of Crescentiina except those genera placed in Crescentieae or Coleeae. All of these groups are monophyletic except Crescentiina <i>pro parte</i>. The whole Crescentiina is monophyletic. Crescentiina is one of a type of name with no definite <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic rank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kron1997_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kron1997-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crescentiina is composed of two strongly supported clades, <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">informally named</a> the <i>Tabebuia</i> alliance and the Paleotropical clade. The tribe Crescentieae is <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">embedded</a> in the <i>Tabebuia</i> alliance and might be expanded to include <i>Spirotecoma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-grose2007phylogeny_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grose2007phylogeny-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coleeae <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu" title="Sensu">sensu</a></i> Fischer <i>et al.</i> (2004) is polyphyletic because of the inclusion of <i>Kigelia</i>, and it is nested within the Paleotropical clade.<sup id="cite_ref-zjhra2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zjhra2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Perianthomega</i> has been transferred from Tecomeae <i>sensu stricto</i> to Bignonieae, where it is sister to the remainder of the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lohmann2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Bignoniaceae can be <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Genera">divided into 10 monophyletic groups</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> shown below is based on the results of four phylogenetic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmstead2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lohmann2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grose2007phylogeny_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grose2007phylogeny-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zjhra2004_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zjhra2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For all clades, <a href="/wiki/Posterior_probability" title="Posterior probability">posterior probability</a> is at least 0.95 and bootstrap support is at least 70%, except where indicated otherwise. </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:120%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Bignoniaceae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/wiki/Jacarandeae" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacarandeae">Jacarandeae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jacaranda" title="Jacaranda">Jacaranda</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Core Bignoniaceae  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourrettieae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourrettieae (page does not exist)">Tourrettieae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tourrettia" title="Tourrettia">Tourrettia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eccremocarpus" title="Eccremocarpus">Eccremocarpus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Argylia" title="Argylia">Argylia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Tecomeae" title="Tecomeae">Tecomeae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campsis" title="Campsis">Campsis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tecoma" title="Tecoma">Tecoma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Incarvillea" title="Incarvillea">Incarvillea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Podranea" title="Podranea">Podranea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lamiodendron" title="Lamiodendron">Lamiodendron</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Deplanchea" title="Deplanchea">Deplanchea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Campsidium" title="Campsidium">Campsidium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tecomanthe" title="Tecomanthe">Tecomanthe</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pandorea" title="Pandorea">Pandorea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> 63  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Delostoma" title="Delostoma">Delostoma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Bignonieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bignonieae">Bignonieae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Perianthomega" title="Perianthomega">Perianthomega</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Neojobertia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neojobertia">Neojobertia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Adenocalymma" title="Adenocalymma">Adenocalymma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stizophyllum" title="Stizophyllum">Stizophyllum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Manaosella" title="Manaosella">Manaosella</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pachyptera" title="Pachyptera">Pachyptera</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Callichlamys_(plant)" title="Callichlamys (plant)">Callichlamys</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tanaecium" title="Tanaecium">Tanaecium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lundia_(plant)" title="Lundia (plant)">Lundia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Xylophragma" title="Xylophragma">Xylophragma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fridericia_(plant)" title="Fridericia (plant)">Fridericia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tynanthus" title="Tynanthus">Tynanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cuspidaria_(plant)" title="Cuspidaria (plant)">Cuspidaria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichandra" title="Dolichandra">Dolichandra</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Martinella_(plant)" title="Martinella (plant)">Martinella</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pleonotoma" title="Pleonotoma">Pleonotoma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bignonia" title="Bignonia">Bignonia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Amphilophium" title="Amphilophium">Amphilophium</a></i> (syn. <i>Distictella</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mansoa_(plant)" title="Mansoa (plant)">Mansoa</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrostegia" title="Pyrostegia">Pyrostegia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Anemopaegma" title="Anemopaegma">Anemopaegma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Oroxyleae" title="Oroxyleae">Oroxyleae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Oroxylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroxylum">Oroxylum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hieris" title="Hieris">Hieris</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Millingtonia" title="Millingtonia">Millingtonia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctocalos" title="Nyctocalos">Nyctocalos</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalpeae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalpeae (page does not exist)">Catalpeae</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Chilopsis" title="Chilopsis">Chilopsis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Catalpa" title="Catalpa">Catalpa</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Crescentiina  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <i>Tabebuia</i> alliance  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sparattosperma" title="Sparattosperma">Sparattosperma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ekmanianthe" title="Ekmanianthe">Ekmanianthe</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tabebuia" title="Tabebuia">Tabebuia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cybistax" title="Cybistax">Cybistax</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Godmania" title="Godmania">Godmania</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zeyheria" title="Zeyheria">Zeyheria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Roseodendron" title="Roseodendron">Roseodendron</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Handroanthus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotecoma" title="Spirotecoma">Spirotecoma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parmentiera" title="Parmentiera">Parmentiera</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Crescentia" title="Crescentia">Crescentia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Amphitecna" title="Amphitecna">Amphitecna</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Paleotropical clade  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rhigozum" title="Rhigozum">Rhigozum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Catophractes" title="Catophractes">Catophractes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Spathodea" title="Spathodea">Spathodea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tecomella" title="Tecomella">Tecomella</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Radermachera" title="Radermachera">Radermachera</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kigelia" title="Kigelia">Kigelia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stereospermum" title="Stereospermum">Stereospermum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Newbouldia" title="Newbouldia">Newbouldia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Heterophragma" title="Heterophragma">Heterophragma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fernandoa" title="Fernandoa">Fernandoa</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichandrone" title="Dolichandrone">Dolichandrone</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Markhamia" title="Markhamia">Markhamia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodocolea" title="Rhodocolea">Rhodocolea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Phylloctenium" title="Phylloctenium">Phylloctenium</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Phyllarthron" title="Phyllarthron">Phyllarthron</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Colea" title="Colea">Colea</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genera">Genera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the last <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">taxonomic</a> revision of Bignoniaceae, 104 genera were described in <a href="/wiki/Kubitzki_system" title="Kubitzki system"><i>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</i></a>. Twenty-five of these genera, all in the tribe Bignonieae, were later <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonym (biology)">synonymized</a> under other genera, based on a <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> analysis of <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequences</a>, published in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lohmann2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Roseodendron</i> and <i>Handroanthus</i> were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurrection_(taxonomy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurrection (taxonomy) (page does not exist)">resurrected</a> from <i>Tabebuia</i> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-grose2007phylogeny_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grose2007phylogeny-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grose2007revisions_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grose2007revisions-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mayodendron</i> and <i>Pachyptera</i> have been resurrected.<sup id="cite_ref-iplants_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iplants-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> study divided Bignoniaceae into 10 <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">groups</a>, as shown in the genus list below.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Six of these groups have been recognized as tribes at one time or another, and are represented by their tribal names. Two of the groups are <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monogeneric</a> and are designated by their constituent genera, <i>Argylia</i> and <i>Delostoma</i>. The other two groups are given informal names, pending a formal revision of the infrafamilial <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classification</a>. </p><p><i>Astianthus</i> has never been <a href="/wiki/Sample_(material)" title="Sample (material)">sampled</a> for <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Plant_systematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant systematics">systematic position</a> within the family remains obscure. Likewise, the placement of <i>Romeroa</i> in the <i>Tabebuia</i> alliance and the placement of <i>Sphingiphila</i> in Bignonieae are in doubt. </p><p><i>Tecomaria</i> is not included in the list below, and its recognition is controversial. It is <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monotypic</a> (<i>Tecomaria capensis</i>), and had been long accepted, but was returned to <i>Tecoma</i> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1980_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1980-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A molecular phylogenetic study resolved it as <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister</a> to another <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> genus, <i>Podranea</i>, but with only weak <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(statistics)" title="Bootstrapping (statistics)">bootstrap</a> support.<sup id="cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olmstead2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tecomaria</i> has not yet been resurrected or transferred to another genus.<sup id="cite_ref-iplants_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iplants-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tribe Bignonieae has been the subject of considerable revision since 2006. Fischer <i>et al.</i> placed 46 genera in this tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward, <i>Perianthomega</i> was transferred to it from Tecomeae <i><a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lohmann2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Pachyptera</i> was resurrected from <i>Mansoa</i>. Twenty-five of the genera of Fischer have been subsumed into other genera as follows: <i>Gardnerodoxa</i> into <i>Neojobertia</i>; <i>Memora</i> into <i>Adenocalymma</i>; <i>Leucocalantha</i> into <i>Pachyptera</i>; <i>Pseudocatalpa, Paragonia, Periarrabidaea, Spathicalyx,</i> and <i>Ceratophytum</i> into <i>Tanaecium</i>; <i>Arrabidaea</i> and <i>Piriadacus</i> into <i>Fridericia</i>; <i>Clytostoma, Cydista, Macranthisiphon, Mussatia, Phryganocydia, Potamoganos, Roentgenia</i> and <i>Saritaea</i> into <i>Bignonia</i>; also <i>Distictis, Glaziovia, Haplolophium,</i> and <i>Pithecoctenium</i> into <i>Amphilophium</i>. Thus, 23 genera are now recognized in Bignonieae.<sup id="cite_ref-iplants_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iplants-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Astianthus" title="Astianthus">Astianthus</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Jacarandeae" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacarandeae">Jacarandeae</a>    </dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacaranda" title="Jacaranda">Jacaranda</a></i> (synonym <i>Digomphia</i>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourrettieae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourrettieae (page does not exist)">Tourrettieae</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eccremocarpus" title="Eccremocarpus">Eccremocarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tourrettia" title="Tourrettia">Tourrettia</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Argylia" title="Argylia">Argylia</a></i></dd> <dt>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Tecomeae" title="Tecomeae">Tecomeae</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Campsidium" title="Campsidium">Campsidium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campsis" title="Campsis">Campsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deplanchea" title="Deplanchea">Deplanchea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinklageodoxa" title="Dinklageodoxa">Dinklageodoxa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incarvillea" title="Incarvillea">Incarvillea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamiodendron" title="Lamiodendron">Lamiodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neosepicaea" title="Neosepicaea">Neosepicaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandorea" title="Pandorea">Pandorea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Podranea" title="Podranea">Podranea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tecoma" title="Tecoma">Tecoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tecomanthe" title="Tecomanthe">Tecomanthe</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Delostoma" title="Delostoma">Delostoma</a></i></dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribe_Bignonieae">Tribe <a href="/wiki/Bignonieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bignonieae">Bignonieae</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tribe Bignonieae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adenocalymma" title="Adenocalymma">Adenocalymma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphilophium" title="Amphilophium">Amphilophium</a></i> (synonym <i>Distictella</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anemopaegma" title="Anemopaegma">Anemopaegma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bignonia" title="Bignonia">Bignonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callichlamys_(plant)" title="Callichlamys (plant)">Callichlamys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuspidaria_(plant)" title="Cuspidaria (plant)">Cuspidaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichandra" title="Dolichandra">Dolichandra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fridericia_(plant)" title="Fridericia (plant)">Fridericia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lundia_(plant)" title="Lundia (plant)">Lundia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manaosella" title="Manaosella">Manaosella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mansoa_(plant)" title="Mansoa (plant)">Mansoa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martinella_(plant)" title="Martinella (plant)">Martinella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neojobertia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neojobertia">Neojobertia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachyptera" title="Pachyptera">Pachyptera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perianthomega" title="Perianthomega">Perianthomega</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleonotoma" title="Pleonotoma">Pleonotoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyrostegia" title="Pyrostegia">Pyrostegia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stizophyllum" title="Stizophyllum">Stizophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanaecium" title="Tanaecium">Tanaecium</a></i> (synonym <i>Sphingiphila</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tynanthus" title="Tynanthus">Tynanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xylophragma" title="Xylophragma">Xylophragma</a></i></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Oroxyleae" title="Oroxyleae">Oroxyleae</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hieris" title="Hieris">Hieris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millingtonia" title="Millingtonia">Millingtonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctocalos" title="Nyctocalos">Nyctocalos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oroxylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroxylum">Oroxylum</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalpeae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalpeae (page does not exist)">Catalpeae</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilopsis" title="Chilopsis">Chilopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalpa" title="Catalpa">Catalpa</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crescentiina_group"><a href="/wiki/Crescentiina" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescentiina">Crescentiina</a> group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crescentiina group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tabebuia_alliance"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabebuia_alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabebuia alliance (page does not exist)"><i>Tabebuia</i> alliance</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tabebuia alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphitecna" title="Amphitecna">Amphitecna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crescentia" title="Crescentia">Crescentia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cybistax" title="Cybistax">Cybistax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekmanianthe" title="Ekmanianthe">Ekmanianthe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godmania" title="Godmania">Godmania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Handroanthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paratecoma" title="Paratecoma">Paratecoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parmentiera" title="Parmentiera">Parmentiera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeroa" title="Romeroa">Romeroa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roseodendron" title="Roseodendron">Roseodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sparattosperma" title="Sparattosperma">Sparattosperma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirotecoma" title="Spirotecoma">Spirotecoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabebuia" title="Tabebuia">Tabebuia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zeyheria" title="Zeyheria">Zeyheria</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paleotropical_clade">Paleotropical clade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paleotropical clade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catophractes" title="Catophractes">Catophractes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colea" title="Colea">Colea</a></i> (synonym <i>Ophiocolea</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichandrone" title="Dolichandrone">Dolichandrone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fernandoa" title="Fernandoa">Fernandoa</a></i> (synonym <i>Haplophragma</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterophragma" title="Heterophragma">Heterophragma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kigelia" title="Kigelia">Kigelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markhamia" title="Markhamia">Markhamia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayodendron" title="Mayodendron">Mayodendron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newbouldia" title="Newbouldia">Newbouldia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pajanelia" title="Pajanelia">Pajanelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pauldopia" title="Pauldopia">Pauldopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perichlaena" title="Perichlaena">Perichlaena</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phyllarthron" title="Phyllarthron">Phyllarthron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phylloctenium" title="Phylloctenium">Phylloctenium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radermachera" title="Radermachera">Radermachera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhigozum" title="Rhigozum">Rhigozum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodocolea" title="Rhodocolea">Rhodocolea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tecomella" title="Tecomella">Tecomella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santisukia" title="Santisukia">Santisukia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spathodea" title="Spathodea">Spathodea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereospermum" title="Stereospermum">Stereospermum</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsolete_genera">Obsolete genera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Obsolete genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><i>Arrabidaea</i></li> <li><i>Ceratophytum</i></li> <li><i>Clytostoma</i></li> <li><i>Cydista</i></li> <li><i>Distictis</i></li> <li><i>Gardnerodoxa</i></li> <li><i>Glaziovia</i></li> <li><i>Haplolophium</i></li> <li><i>Leucocalantha</i></li> <li><i>Macfadyena</i></li> <li><i>Macranthisiphon</i></li> <li><i>Melloa</i></li> <li><i>Memora</i></li> <li><i>Mussatia</i></li> <li><i>Parabignonia</i></li> <li><i>Paragonia</i></li> <li><i>Periarrabidaea</i></li> <li><i>Phryganocydia</i></li> <li><i>Piriadacus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pithecoctenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithecoctenium">Pithecoctenium</a></i></li> <li><i>Potamoganos</i></li> <li><i>Pseudocatalpa</i></li> <li><i>Roentgenia</i></li> <li><i>Saritaea</i></li> <li><i>Spathicalyx</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many species of Bignoniaceae have some use, either <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercially</a> or ethnobotanically, but the most important, by far, are those <a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">planted</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamentals</a>, especially the flowering trees. <i>Jacaranda, Campsis, Pyrostegia, Tabebuia, Catalpa, Roseodendron, Handroanthus</i> and <i>Crescentia</i> all have species of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural</a> significance, at least in warm climates.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grose2007phylogeny_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grose2007phylogeny-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several others, including <i>Tecoma, Podranea, Pandorea, Bignonia</i> and <i>Mansoa</i> are frequently <a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">grown</a> as ornamentals, at least in certain areas of the tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-staples2005_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staples2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A great many species are known in cultivation, if only rarely.<sup id="cite_ref-rhs_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia" title="Jacaranda mimosifolia">Jacaranda mimosifolia</a></i> is common as an avenue tree. The winged petiole and <a href="/wiki/Trifoliate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifoliate">trifoliate</a> leaf of <i><a href="/wiki/Crescentia_alata" title="Crescentia alata">Crescentia alata</a></i> resembles a <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> cross, so is sometimes planted in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">religious symbol</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Handroanthus</a></i> and the unrelated <i><a href="/wiki/Guaiacum" title="Guaiacum">Guaiacum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a>) have the hardest, heaviest, and most durable wood of the American tropics. Important timber trees in <i>Handroanthus</i> include <i>H. heptaphyllus</i>, <i>H. serratifolius</i>, <i>H. guayacan</i>, <i>H. chrysanthus</i>, and <i>H. billbergii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tabebuia_rosea" title="Tabebuia rosea">Tabebuia rosea</a></i> (including <i>Tabebuia pentaphylla</i>) is harvested for <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-record1940_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record1940-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tabebuia_heterophylla" title="Tabebuia heterophylla">Tabebuia heterophylla</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabebuia_angustata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabebuia angustata (page does not exist)">Tabebuia angustata</a></i> are important sources of lumber for some of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean islands">Caribbean islands</a>. Several species of <i>Catalpa</i> are also important <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> trees. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Paratecoma" title="Paratecoma">Paratecoma</a></i> was once the most important timber tree of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> area, but relentless exploitation has brought it to the verge of extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the rare species of Bignoniaceae produce excellent wood, but are often not recognized by <a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">lumberjacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-record1940_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-record1940-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several uses of plants in Bignoniaceae are known locally. <i><a href="/wiki/Parmentiera_aculeata" title="Parmentiera aculeata">Parmentiera aculeata</a></i> is grown for its edible fruit in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and southern Mexico. The powdered seeds and sometimes the fruit pulp of <i><a href="/wiki/Crescentia_cujete" title="Crescentia cujete">Crescentia cujete</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Crescentia_alata" title="Crescentia alata">Crescentia alata</a></i> are used in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> to make a refresco called <i><a href="/wiki/Semilla_de_jicaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Semilla de jicaro">semilla de jicaro</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onion</a>-scented species of <i>Mansoa</i> and <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>-scented species of <i>Tynanthus</i> are used as <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In northern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, shavings of the stems of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolichandra_quadrivalvis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolichandra quadrivalvis (page does not exist)">Dolichandra quadrivalvis</a></i> are added to bait which is left overnight near the burrows of <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>. The crabs are <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralyzed</a> for a few hours after eating the bait and are picked up by crabbers in the morning. The crabs recover before they reach market, and no harm from eating them has been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanaecium_nocturnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanaecium nocturnum (page does not exist)">Tanaecium nocturnum</a></i> is the source of a <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogenic">hallucinogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ratsch2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratsch2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its crushed leaves and stems are used to enervate <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a> while gathering <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Fridericia_chica" title="Fridericia chica">Fridericia chica</a></i> is the source of a red <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a> for body paint and for <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> in basketry.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer2004_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Cybistax_antisyphilitica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybistax antisyphilitica">Cybistax antisyphilitica</a></i> is the source of a blue dye commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. The bark of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparattosperma_leucantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparattosperma leucantha (page does not exist)">Sparattosperma leucantha</a></i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> to produce a brown dye for staining <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> thread.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medical claims are innumerable and usually spurious. Gentry describes an especially ludicrous example.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Identification_(biology)" title="Identification (biology)">Misidentification</a> of plants, even by <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanists</a>, continues to be a big problem for ethnobotany, and it is especially severe for Bignoniaceae. <a href="/wiki/Voucher" title="Voucher">Voucher</a> <a href="/wiki/Biological_specimen" title="Biological specimen">specimens</a> are often <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">sterile</a> and fragmentary, making them nearly impossible to identify. False medical claims are often based on mistaken identification.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bark of several species of <i>Handroanthus</i> is sold in South American markets. Similar-looking bark is often fraudulently passed off as <i>Handroanthus</i>. It is used in various ways to relieve certain <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> of certain <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No evidence shows it prevents the disease or slows its progression, as is often claimed. </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenocalymma_flavida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenocalymma flavida (page does not exist)">Adenocalymma flavida</a></i> has been used to relieve the aching of joints and muscles. A root <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extract</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Martinella_(plant)" title="Martinella (plant)">Martinella</a></i> is useful in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a> and possibly other conditions of the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-gentry1984_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gentry1984-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilf2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wilf, Peter (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249526906">"Late Paleocene-early Eocene climate changes in southwestern Wyoming: Paleobotanical analysis"</a>. <i>Geological Society of America Bulletin</i>. <b>112</b> (2): 292–307. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GSAB..112..292W">2000GSAB..112..292W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%282000%29112%3C0292%3ALPEECC%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<0292:LPEECC>2.3.CO;2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Late+Paleocene-early+Eocene+climate+changes+in+southwestern+Wyoming%3A+Paleobotanical+analysis&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-307&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%282000%29112%3C0292%3ALPEECC%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000GSAB..112..292W&rft.aulast=Wilf&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249526906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apgiii-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apgiii_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngiosperm_Phylogeny_Group2009" class="citation cs2">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, <b>161</b> (2): 105–121, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10654%2F18083">10654/18083</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-121&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10654%2F18083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rft.au=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Bignoniaceae">"Bignoniaceae"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bignoniaceae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FBignoniaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fpfw2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fpfw2007_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fpfw2007_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. <i>Flowering Plant Families of the World</i>. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55407-206-4">978-1-55407-206-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apweb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apweb_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apweb_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Bignoniaceae" At: <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</a>. At: Botanical Databases At: <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a> Website. (see <i>External links</i> below)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olmstead2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olmstead2009_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsteadZjhraLohmannGrose2009" class="citation journal cs1">Olmstead, Richard G.; Zjhra, Michelle L.; Lohmann, Lúcia G.; Grose, Susan O.; Eckert, Andrew J. (2009). "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>96</b> (9): 1731–1743. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.0900004">10.3732/ajb.0900004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21622359">21622359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=A+molecular+phylogeny+and+classification+of+Bignoniaceae&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1731-1743&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.0900004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21622359&rft.aulast=Olmstead&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Zjhra%2C+Michelle+L.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+L%C3%BAcia+G.&rft.au=Grose%2C+Susan+O.&rft.au=Eckert%2C+Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fischer2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer2004_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eberhard Fischer, Inge Theisen, and Lúcia G. Lohmann. 2004. "Bignoniaceae". pages 9-38. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). <i>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</i> volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40593-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-40593-1">978-3-540-40593-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-staples2005-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-staples2005_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-staples2005_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58178-039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58178-039-0">978-1-58178-039-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhs-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rhs_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rhs_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Huxley" title="Anthony Huxley">Anthony Huxley</a>, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). <i>The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening</i>. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-47494-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-47494-5">978-0-333-47494-5</a> (set).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gentry1980-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1980_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1980_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1980_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1980_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1980_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentry1980" class="citation journal cs1">Gentry, Alwyn H. (1980). ""<i>Bignoniaceae: Part I (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae)". </i>Flora Neotropica". <i>Monograph</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 1–130. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393736">4393736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monograph&rft.atitle=%22Bignoniaceae%3A+Part+I+%28Crescentieae+and+Tourrettieae%29%22.+Flora+Neotropica&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-130&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4393736%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gentry&rft.aufirst=Alwyn+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gentry1992ambg-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gentry1992ambg_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentry1992" class="citation journal cs1">Gentry, Alwyn H. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/26740">"A Synopsis of Bignoniaceae Ethnobotany and Economic Botany"</a>. <i>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</i>. <b>79</b> (1): 53–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2399809">10.2307/2399809</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399809">2399809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Missouri+Botanical+Garden&rft.atitle=A+Synopsis+of+Bignoniaceae+Ethnobotany+and+Economic+Botany&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-64&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2399809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2399809%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gentry&rft.aufirst=Alwyn+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F26740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mabberley2008-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mabberley2008_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mabberley2008_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Mabberley. 2008. <i>Mabberley's Plant-Book</i> third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82071-4">978-0-521-82071-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iplants-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iplants_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iplants_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iplants_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iplants_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iplants_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lúcia G. Lohmann and Carmen U. Ulloa. 2007 onward. Bignoniaceae in iPlants prototype Checklist. (See <i>External links</i> below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lohmann2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lohmann2006_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohmann2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lohmann, Lúcia G. (2006). "Untangling the phylogeny of neotropical lianas (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae)". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>93</b> (2): 304–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.93.2.304">10.3732/ajb.93.2.304</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21646191">21646191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Untangling+the+phylogeny+of+neotropical+lianas+%28Bignonieae%2C+Bignoniaceae%29&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-318&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.93.2.304&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21646191&rft.aulast=Lohmann&rft.aufirst=L%C3%BAcia+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pace2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pace2011_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaceLohmannAngyalossy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pace, Marcelo R.; Lohmann, Lúcia G.; Angyalossy, Veronica (2011). "Evolution of disparity between the regular and variant phloem in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae)". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>98</b> (4): 602–618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1000269">10.3732/ajb.1000269</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21613161">21613161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+disparity+between+the+regular+and+variant+phloem+in+Bignonieae+%28Bignoniaceae%29&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=602-618&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.1000269&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21613161&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+R.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+L%C3%BAcia+G.&rft.au=Angyalossy%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hegnauer1989-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hegnauer1989_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hegnauer. 1989. <i>Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen</i> 8:128–138. Birkhäuser Verlag: Basel, Switzerland; Boston MA, USA; Berlin, Germany. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-1895-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-1895-6">978-3-7643-1895-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vonposer2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vonposer2000_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_PoserSchripsemaHenriquesRosendal_Jensen2000" class="citation journal cs1">von Poser, Gilsane Lino; Schripsema, Jan; Henriques, Amélia T.; Rosendal Jensen, Soren (2000). "The distribution of iridoids in Bignoniaceae". <i>Biochemical Systematics and Ecology</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 351–366. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BioSE..28..351L">2000BioSE..28..351L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0305-1978%2899%2900076-9">10.1016/s0305-1978(99)00076-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10725592">10725592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Systematics+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+iridoids+in+Bignoniaceae&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=351-366&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10725592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0305-1978%2899%2900076-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000BioSE..28..351L&rft.aulast=von+Poser&rft.aufirst=Gilsane+Lino&rft.au=Schripsema%2C+Jan&rft.au=Henriques%2C+Am%C3%A9lia+T.&rft.au=Rosendal+Jensen%2C+Soren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goldblatt1979-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goldblatt1979_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldblattGentry1979" class="citation journal cs1">Goldblatt, Peter; Gentry, Alwyn H. (1979). "Cytology of Bignoniaceae". <i>Botaniska Notiser</i>. <b>132</b> (4): 475–482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botaniska+Notiser&rft.atitle=Cytology+of+Bignoniaceae&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-482&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Goldblatt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Gentry%2C+Alwyn+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reveal-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reveal_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James L. Reveal. 2008on. "Bignoniaceae" In: A checklist of suprageneric names for extant vascular plants At: Home page of James L. Reveal & C. Rose Broome. (See <i>External links</i> below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipnibignonia-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipnibignonia_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bignonia</i> In: International Plant Names Index. (see <i>External links</i> below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quattrocchiI-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quattrocchiI_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. <i>CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names</i> volume I. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2675-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2675-2">978-0-8493-2675-2</a> (vol. I).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b&h1876-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b&h1876_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Bentham and Joseph D. Hooker. 1876. <i>Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita</i> vol. 2 part 2:1026-1053. Reeve & Co. London, England. (See <i>External links</i> below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spangler1999-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spangler1999_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell E. Spangler and Richard G. Olmstead. 1999. "Phylogenetic Analysis of Bignoniaceae Based on the cpDNA Gene Sequences of rbcL and ndhF". <i>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</i> <b>86</b>(1):33-46. (See <i>External links</i> below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schaferhoff2010-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schaferhoff2010_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäferhoffFleischmannFischerAlbach2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schäferhoff, Bastian; Fleischmann, Andreas; Fischer, Eberhard; Albach, Dirk C.; Borsch, Thomas; Heubl, Günther; Müller, Kai F. 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Park Street Press: Rochester VT, USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-978-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-978-2">978-0-89281-978-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gentry1984-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gentry1984_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentryCook1984" class="citation journal cs1">Gentry, Alwyn H.; Cook, Kathleen (1984). "<i>Martinella</i> (Bignoniaceae): a widely used eye medicine if South America". <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 337–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-8741%2884%2990079-5">10.1016/0378-8741(84)90079-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6482483">6482483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Martinella+%28Bignoniaceae%29%3A+a+widely+used+eye+medicine+if+South+America&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-343&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-8741%2884%2990079-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6482483&rft.aulast=Gentry&rft.aufirst=Alwyn+H.&rft.au=Cook%2C+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABignoniaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tecomeae)". <i>Flora Neotropica</i> Monograph <b>25</b>(2):1-150. (See <i>External links</i> below).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bignoniaceae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bignoniaceae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bignoniaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/bignonia.htm">Bignoniaceae</a> in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/"><i>The families of flowering plants</i>.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/bignoniaceae.gif">Distribution Map</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">And</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/bignoniaceaegen.html">Genus List</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiales">Lamiales</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/top/trees.gif">Trees</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html">APweb</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/alldb.shtml">botanical databases</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx">About Science & Conservation</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/">Missouri Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4393736?uid=3739632&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101515689401">Crescentieae and Tourrettieae</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i400020">Flora Neotropica 25(1)</a><span style="color:green;"> At: </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=florneot">Flora Neotropica</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ofn">Organization for Flora Neotropica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4393739?uid=3739632&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101515689401">tribe Tecomeae</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i400045">Flora Neotropica 25(2)</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=florneot">Flora Neotropica</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ofn">Organization for Flora Neotropica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399809">Bignoniaceae economic botany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?BIGNONIACEAE">List of genera in family Bignoniaceae</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html#D">Dicotyledons</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html">List Genera within a Family</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/vascplnt.html">Vascular Plant Families and Genera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915220115/http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/vascplnt.html">Archived</a> 2012-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/about.do">About the Checklist</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm">Data Sources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910162710/http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm">Archived</a> 2012-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epic.kew.org/index.htm">ePIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910161005/http://epic.kew.org/index.htm">Archived</a> 2012-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/data/">Scientific Databases</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/advsearch.do">Bignoniaceae</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/advanced.do">Advanced Search</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=DDBA5456114CA28530C469EF181730E1?checklist=iplants%40%40327221120120516622">Search Tool</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iplants.org/">iplants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827073527/http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileB.html">section B</a> <span style="color:green;"> In: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgnames.html">A checklist of suprageneric names (Alphabetical Listing by Genera)</a> <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030002020/http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/">Home page of James L. Reveal & C. Rose Broome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=4D5C243B1722512CAC5B970C264D464C?find_family=&find_genus=Bignonia&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch"><i>Bignonia</i></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do">Plant Names</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/">IPNI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326752">CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: A-C</a> <span style="color:green;">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A">Botany & Plant Science</a> <span style="color:green;">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF">Life Science</a> <span style="color:green;">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crcpress.com/">CRC Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/658188">Bignoniaceae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">In:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/657688"><i>Genera Plantarum</i> vol. 2 part 2 (Bentham & Hooker)</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747">View Record</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/G">Titles beginning with "G"</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles">Titles</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">At:</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2666216">Spangler & Olmstead (1999)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>angio<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>sperms</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabombaceae" title="Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrobaileyaceae">Austrobaileyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimeniaceae" title="Trimeniaceae">Trimeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisandraceae" title="Schisandraceae">Schisandraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="margin:+20px; position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiospermae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">Canellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saururaceae" title="Saururaceae">Saururaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myristicaceae" title="Myristicaceae">Myristicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himantandraceae" title="Himantandraceae">Himantandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupomatiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupomatiaceae">Eupomatiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siparunaceae" title="Siparunaceae">Siparunaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomortegaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomortegaceae">Gomortegaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherospermataceae" title="Atherospermataceae">Atherospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandiaceae" title="Hernandiaceae">Hernandiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monimiaceae" title="Monimiaceae">Monimiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Chloranthidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chloranthales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Lilidae</b> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoraceae">Acoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofieldiaceae" title="Tofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismataceae" title="Alismataceae">Alismataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Butomaceae">Butomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">Hydrocharitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheuchzeriaceae">Scheuchzeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponogetonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponogetonaceae">Aponogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaginaceae" title="Juncaginaceae">Juncaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundiaceae">Maundiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteraceae" title="Zosteraceae">Zosteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamogetonaceae" title="Potamogetonaceae">Potamogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidoniaceae">Posidoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruppiaceae">Ruppiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoceaceae" title="Cymodoceaceae">Cymodoceaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velloziaceae" title="Velloziaceae">Velloziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campynemataceae" title="Campynemataceae">Campynemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsiaceae" title="Corsiaceae">Corsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstroemeriaceae" title="Alstroemeriaceae">Alstroemeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philesiaceae" title="Philesiaceae">Philesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripogonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripogonaceae">Ripogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryaceae" title="Boryaceae">Boryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandfordiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandfordiaceae">Blandfordiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteliaceae" title="Asteliaceae">Asteliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanariaceae">Lanariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxidaceae" title="Hypoxidaceae">Hypoxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doryanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryanthaceae">Doryanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixioliriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixioliriaceae">Ixioliriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecophilaeaceae" title="Tecophilaeaceae">Tecophilaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronemataceae">Xeronemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasypogonaceae" title="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanguanaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguanaceae">Hanguanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philydraceae" title="Philydraceae">Philydraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederiaceae" title="Pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodoraceae" title="Haemodoraceae">Haemodoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliconiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiaceae">Heliconiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannaceae">Cannaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantaceae" title="Marantaceae">Marantaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costaceae" title="Costaceae">Costaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">Rapateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">Xyridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriocaulaceae" title="Eriocaulaceae">Eriocaulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayacaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayacaceae">Mayacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurniaceae" title="Thurniaceae">Thurniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinvilleaceae" title="Joinvilleaceae">Joinvilleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdeiocoleaceae" title="Ecdeiocoleaceae">Ecdeiocoleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Ceratophyllidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ceratophyllales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupteleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupteleaceae">Eupteleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circaeasteraceae" title="Circaeasteraceae">Circaeasteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardizabalaceae" title="Lardizabalaceae">Lardizabalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myrothamnaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrothamnaceae">Myrothamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunneraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rosids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vitales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisophylleaceae" title="Anisophylleaceae">Anisophylleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynocarpaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corynocarpaceae">Corynocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriariaceae">Coriariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramelaceae" title="Tetramelaceae">Tetramelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datiscaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Datiscaceae">Datiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quillajaceae" title="Quillajaceae">Quillajaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surianaceae" title="Surianaceae">Surianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticodendraceae">Ticodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeyaceae">Barbeyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingiaceae" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenolophonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolophonaceae">Ctenolophonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylaceae" title="Erythroxylaceae">Erythroxylaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochnaceae" title="Ochnaceae">Ochnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnetiaceae" title="Bonnetiaceae">Bonnetiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calophyllaceae" title="Calophyllaceae">Calophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podostemaceae" title="Podostemaceae">Podostemaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericaceae" title="Hypericaceae">Hypericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocaraceae" title="Caryocaraceae">Caryocaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putranjivaceae" title="Putranjivaceae">Putranjivaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroplacaceae" title="Centroplacaceae">Centroplacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatinaceae" title="Elatinaceae">Elatinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanopaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanopaceae">Balanopaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigoniaceae" title="Trigoniaceae">Trigoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichapetalaceae" title="Dichapetalaceae">Dichapetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphroniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphroniaceae">Euphroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiriaceae" title="Humiriaceae">Humiriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achariaceae" title="Achariaceae">Achariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goupiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Goupiaceae">Goupiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacistemataceae" title="Lacistemataceae">Lacistemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraceae" title="Peraceae">Peraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixonanthaceae" title="Ixonanthaceae">Ixonanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrodendraceae" title="Picrodendraceae">Picrodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpaceae" title="Elaeocarpaceae">Elaeocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalotaceae">Cephalotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelliaceae">Brunelliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaniaceae" title="Akaniaceae">Akaniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeolaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropaeolaceae">Tropaeolaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moringaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moringaceae">Moringaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setchellanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setchellanthaceae">Setchellanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberliniaceae">Koeberliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataceae">Bataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblingiaceae">Emblingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovariaceae">Tovariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrostemonaceae" title="Gyrostemonaceae">Gyrostemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomaceae" title="Cleomaceae">Cleomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphloiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphloiaceae">Aphloiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geissolomataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geissolomataceae">Geissolomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphyleaceae" title="Staphyleaceae">Staphyleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamatelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamatelaceae">Guamatelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachyuraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stachyuraceae">Stachyuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomataceae" title="Crossosomataceae">Crossosomataceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoaceae" title="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrardinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrardinaceae">Gerrardinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petenaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petenaeaceae">Petenaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapisciaceae" title="Tapisciaceae">Tapisciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipentodontaceae" title="Dipentodontaceae">Dipentodontaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntingiaceae" title="Muntingiaceae">Muntingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuradaceae" title="Neuradaceae">Neuradaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzateaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzateaceae">Alzateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaeaceae" title="Penaeaceae">Penaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biebersteiniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Biebersteiniaceae">Biebersteiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrariaceae" title="Nitrariaceae">Nitrariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aextoxicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aextoxicaceae">Aextoxicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidaceae" title="Berberidopsidaceae">Berberidopsidaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankeniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankeniaceae">Frankeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaricaceae" title="Tamaricaceae">Tamaricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdodendraceae">Rhabdodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsiaceae" title="Simmondsiaceae">Simmondsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physenaceae">Physenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropeiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteropeiaceae">Asteropeiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarthuriaceae" title="Macarthuriaceae">Macarthuriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microteaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microteaceae">Microteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achatocarpaceae" title="Achatocarpaceae">Achatocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegnospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegnospermataceae">Stegnospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeaceae">Limeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophiocarpaceae" title="Lophiocarpaceae">Lophiocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaceae">Kewaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeuiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeuiaceae">Barbeuiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisekiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisekiaceae">Gisekiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiveriaceae" title="Petiveriaceae">Petiveriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcobataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcobataceae">Sarcobataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluginaceae" title="Molluginaceae">Molluginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basellaceae" title="Basellaceae">Basellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophytaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytaceae">Halophytaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinaceae" title="Talinaceae">Talinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacampserotaceae" title="Anacampserotaceae">Anacampserotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiliaceae" title="Opiliaceae">Opiliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanophoraceae" title="Balanophoraceae">Balanophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Misodendraceae">Misodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoepfiaceae" title="Schoepfiaceae">Schoepfiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asterids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostachyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostachyaceae">Hydrostachyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrangeaceae" title="Hydrangeaceae">Hydrangeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loasaceae" title="Loasaceae">Loasaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtisiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtisiaceae">Curtisiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubbiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbiaceae">Grubbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornaceae" title="Cornaceae">Cornaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcgraviaceae" title="Marcgraviaceae">Marcgraviaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrameristaceae" title="Tetrameristaceae">Tetrameristaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouquieriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouquieriaceae">Fouquieriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sladeniaceae" title="Sladeniaceae">Sladeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphylacaceae" title="Pentaphylacaceae">Pentaphylacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenaceae" title="Ebenaceae">Ebenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplocaceae" title="Symplocaceae">Symplocaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapensiaceae" title="Diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styracaceae" title="Styracaceae">Styracaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roridulaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roridulaceae">Roridulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clethraceae" title="Clethraceae">Clethraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillaceae" title="Cyrillaceae">Cyrillaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncothecaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncothecaceae">Oncothecaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucommiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucommiaceae">Eucommiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryaceae" title="Garryaceae">Garryaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemiaceae" title="Gelsemiaceae">Gelsemiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliaceae">Vahliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiniaceae" title="Montiniaceae">Montiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenocleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenocleaceae">Sphenocleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroleaceae">Hydroleaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plocospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plocospermataceae">Plocospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlemanniaceae" title="Carlemanniaceae">Carlemanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachondraceae" title="Tetrachondraceae">Tetrachondraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceolariaceae" title="Calceolariaceae">Calceolariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaceae" title="Stilbaceae">Stilbaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linderniaceae" title="Linderniaceae">Linderniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byblidaceae">Byblidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bignoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaceae" title="Mazaceae">Mazaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennantiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantiaceae">Pennantiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelliaceae" title="Torricelliaceae">Torricelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Griseliniaceae">Griseliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">Pittosporaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myodocarpaceae" title="Myodocarpaceae">Myodocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stemonuraceae" title="Stemonuraceae">Stemonuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopteridaceae" title="Cardiopteridaceae">Cardiopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllonomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllonomaceae">Phyllonomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helwingiaceae">Helwingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifoliaceae">Aquifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rousseaceae" title="Rousseaceae">Rousseaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphragmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaphragmataceae">Pentaphragmataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylidiaceae" title="Stylidiaceae">Stylidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseuosmiaceae" title="Alseuosmiaceae">Alseuosmiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argophyllaceae" title="Argophyllaceae">Argophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyanthaceae" title="Menyanthaceae">Menyanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodeniaceae" title="Goodeniaceae">Goodeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyceraceae" title="Calyceraceae">Calyceraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columelliaceae" title="Columelliaceae">Columelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniaceae" title="Bruniaceae">Bruniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoxaceae" title="Adoxaceae">Adoxaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprifoliaceae" title="Caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_families" title="Category:Angiosperm families">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bignoniaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213453" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q213453">Q213453</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54668">54668</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Bignoniaceae.htm">Bignoniaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/99CSX">99CSX</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4421">4421</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1BIGF">1BIGF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22908">22908</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10102">10102</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10102">10102</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6655">6655</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=147">147</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48377">48377</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30000204-2">30000204-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115969">115969</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=34305">34305</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000159504">NBNSYS0000159504</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=24079">24079</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/debd9732-4feb-4d8f-a00c-5ee34f69f847">debd9732-4feb-4d8f-a00c-5ee34f69f847</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=900321">900321</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53856">53856</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD3C627A-FFEF-FFCF-FF40-FB66FE3EFA7D">FD3C627A-FFEF-FFCF-FF40-FB66FE3EFA7D</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000204-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000204-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/42000305">42000305</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/95">95</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/6c9cf17a-a029-4abd-8bf0-c0d3a34d621d">6c9cf17a-a029-4abd-8bf0-c0d3a34d621d</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Watson & Dallwitz: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/bignonia.htm">bignonia</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000000073">wfo-7000000073</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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