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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regional dialect of American English</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/New_York_English_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="New York English (disambiguation)">New York English (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">New York City English</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Various (see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_City" title="Demographics of New York City">Demographics of New York City</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">Ingvaeonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>New York City English</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/newy1234">newy1234</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-u-sd-usny</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> New York City English, or Metropolitan New York English,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a regional <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and some of its surrounding <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. It is described by sociolinguist <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> as the most recognizable regional dialect in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Labov_2006_p._18-2">[2]</a> Its pronunciation system—the <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accent</a>—is widely represented in American media by many public figures and fictional characters. Major features of the accent include a <a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">high</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">gliding</a> /ɔ/ vowel (in words like talk and caught); a <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_raising#New_York_City" title="/æ/ raising">split of the "short a" vowel /æ/</a> into two separate sounds; variable <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">dropping of r sounds</a>; and a lack of the <a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger">cot–caught</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary-marry-merry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary-marry-merry merger">Mary–marry–merry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hurry-furry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurry-furry merger">hurry–furry</a> mergers heard in many other American accents. Today, New York City English is associated particularly with urban New Yorkers of lower and middle <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> who are descended from 19th- and 20th-century European immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The dialect is spoken in all five <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">boroughs of the City</a> and throughout <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a>; it is also heard to varying degrees in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County</a> (Long Island), <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Westchester County">Westchester County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rockland_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockland County">Rockland County</a> of New York State plus <a href="/wiki/Hudson_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson County">Hudson County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen County">Bergen County</a>, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Essex County, New Jersey">Essex County</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern New Jersey">northeastern New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newman_2014_17-18-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The origins of many of New York City English's diverse features are probably not recoverable. New York City English, largely with the same major pronunciation system popularly recognized today, was first reproduced in literature and scientifically documented in the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It was then, and still mostly is, associated with ethnically diverse <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European-American</a> native-English speakers. The entire <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic States">Mid-Atlantic United States</a>, including both New York City and the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> (whose <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic American English">own distinct dialect</a> centers around <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>) shares certain key features, including a <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">high</a> /ɔ/ vowel with a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">glide</a> (sometimes called the aww vowel) as well as a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic split">phonemic split</a> of the short a vowel, /æ/ (making gas and gap, for example, have different vowels sounds)—New York City's split not identical though to Philadelphia's. Linguist <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> has pointed out that a similarly structured (though differently pronounced) <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">split</a> is found today even in the southern accents of England; thus, a single common origin of this split may trace back to colonial-era England.<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> New York City became an urban economic power in the eighteenth century, with the city's financial elites maintaining close ties with the British Empire even after the Revolutionary War. According to Labov, New York City speakers' <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">loss of the r sound after vowels</a> (incidentally, not found in the nearby Delaware Valley) began as a nineteenth-century imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Received_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Received pronunciation">prestigious British feature</a>, consistently starting among the upper classes in New York City before spreading to other socioeconomic classes.<a href="#cite_note-Labov_et_al.,_2006,_p._47-7">[6]</a> After World War II, social perceptions reversed and r-preserving (rhotic) pronunciations became the new American prestige standard, rejecting East Coast and British accent features,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> while postwar migrations transferred rhotic speakers directly to New York City from other regions of the country. The result is that non-rhoticity, which was once a high-status feature and later a city-wide feature, has been diminishing and now, since the mid-twentieth century onward, largely remains only among lower-status New Yorkers.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Today, New York City metropolitan accents are often rhotic or variably rhotic. Other features of the dialect, such as the dental pronunciations of d and t, and related <a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">th-stopping</a>, likely come from contact with foreign languages, particularly Italian and Yiddish, brought into New York City through its huge immigration waves of Europeans during the mid-to-late nineteenth century and twentieth century. Grammatical structures, such as the lack of inversion in indirect questions, similarly suggest contact with immigrant languages, plus several words common in the city are derived from such foreign languages.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_other_dialects">Influence on other dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influence on other dialects">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphians</a> born in the twentieth century exhibit a short-a split system that some linguists regard as a simplification of the very similar New York City short-a split.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Younger Philadelphians, however, are retreating from many of the traditional features shared in common with New York City.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Due to an influx of immigrants from New York City and neighboring New Jersey to <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">southern Florida</a>, some resident southern Floridians now speak with an accent reminiscent of a New York accent. Additionally, as a result of social and commercial contact between <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a> and New York City,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> the traditional accent of New Orleans, known locally as "<a href="/wiki/Yat_(New_Orleans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yat (New Orleans)">Yat</a>", bears distinctive similarities with the New York accent, including the (moribund) <a href="/wiki/Coil%E2%80%93curl_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil–curl merger">coil–curl merger</a>, raising of the /ɔ/ vowel to [ɔə], a similar split in the short-a system, and th-stopping. Similarly, dialectal similarities suggest that older New York City English also influenced <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, whose older speakers in particular may still exhibit a short-a split system that linguists suggest is an expanded or generalized variant of the New York City short-a system. Certain New York City dialect features also understandably appear in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recent developments">edit</a>]</div> Though <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> argued in 2010 that the New York City accent is basically stable at the moment,<a href="#cite_note-Labov_2010-14">[13]</a> some recent studies have revealed a trend of recession in most features of the accent, especially among younger speakers from middle-class or higher backgrounds. Documented loss of New York City accent features includes the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Coil%E2%80%93curl_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil–curl merger">coil–curl merger</a> (now almost completely extinct), non-rhoticity, and the extremely raised long vowel [ɔ] (as in talk, cough, or law). Researchers proposed that the motivation behind these recessive trends is the stigmatization of the typical New York City accent since the mid-1900s as being associated with a poorer or working-class background, often also corresponding with particular ethnic identities. While earlier projects detected trends of emphasizing New York City accents as part of a process of social identification, recent research attributes the loss of typical accent features to in-group ethnic distancing. In other words, many of the young generations of ethnic groups who formerly were the most representative speakers of the accent are currently avoiding its features to not stand out socially or ethnically.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accent</a></div> The pronunciation of New York City English, most popularly acknowledged by the term New York accent, is readily noticed and stereotyped, garnering considerable attention in American culture.<a href="#cite_note-Labov_et_al.,_2006,_p._233-16">[15]</a> Some distinctive phonological features include its traditional <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">dropping of r</a> except before vowels, a <a href="/wiki//%C3%A6/_tensing" class="mw-redirect" title="/æ/ tensing">short-a split system</a> (in which, for example, the a in gas is not <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonant</a> to the a in gap), a <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">high</a> <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">gliding</a> /ɔ/ vowel (in words like talk, thought, all, etc. and thus an absence of the <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught merger</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Labov_et_al.,_2006,_p._233-16">[15]</a> absence of the <a href="/wiki/Mary%E2%80%93marry%E2%80%93merry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary–marry–merry merger">Mary–marry–merry merger</a>, and the highly stigmatized (and largely now-extinct) <a href="/wiki/Coil%E2%80%93curl_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil–curl merger">coil–curl merger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_and_grammar">Vocabulary and grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocabulary and grammar">edit</a>]</div> These are some words or grammatical constructions used mainly in Greater New York City: <ul><li>bodega /boʊˈdeɪgə/: a small neighborhood convenience store; used in recent decades, particularly in New York City though not on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> generally; it comes from Spanish, originally meaning "a wine storehouse" via the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican Spanish</a> term for "small store; corner store"; by extension, "<a href="/wiki/Bodega_cat" title="Bodega cat">bodega cats</a>" is the term for the cats that inhabit such establishments.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> These small stores may also be called delis, which is the short form of <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">delicatessens</a>.</li> <li>bubkes /ˈbʌpkəs/: a worthless amount; little or nothing (from Yiddish; probably an abbreviation of kozebubkes, literally, "goat droppings")<a href="#cite_note-Newman-19">[18]</a></li> <li>dungarees: an older term for <a href="/wiki/Blue_jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue jeans">blue jeans</a><a href="#cite_note-DARE-20">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cream" title="Egg cream">egg cream</a>: a mixture of cold milk, chocolate or vanilla syrup, and seltzer (<a href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">carbonated water</a>)<a href="#cite_note-DARE-20">[19]</a></li> <li>have a catch: to <a href="/wiki/Catch_(game)" title="Catch (game)">play a game of catch</a><a href="#cite_note-DARE-20">[19]</a></li> <li>hero: a footlong sandwich or "<a href="/wiki/Submarine_sandwich" title="Submarine sandwich">sub</a>"<a href="#cite_note-DARE-20">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief_Night" title="Mischief Night">Mischief Night</a>: the night before <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li>on line: Metro New Yorkers tend to say they stand on line, whereas most other New York State and American English speakers tend to stand in line.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchball" title="Punchball">punchball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stickball" title="Stickball">stickball</a>: <a href="/wiki/Street_game" title="Street game">street variants</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, suitable for smaller urban areas, in which a fist or stick substitutes for the bat and a rubber ball (a "<a href="/wiki/Spaldeen" title="Spaldeen">Spaldeen</a>") is used<a href="#cite_note-DARE-20">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skell" title="Skell">skel(l)</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Vagrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrant">vagrant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beggar" class="mw-redirect" title="Beggar">beggar</a>, or small-time street criminal<a href="#cite_note-Newman-19">[18]</a></li> <li>s(c)hmuck: an insulting term for an unlikeable man (from Yiddish shmok: "penis")<a href="#cite_note-Newman-19">[18]</a></li></ul> The word punk tends to be used as a synonym for "weak", "someone unwilling or unable to defend himself" or perhaps "loser", though it appears to descend from an outdated New York <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> meaning of male receptive participant in anal sex.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversational_styles">Conversational styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conversational styles">edit</a>]</div> New York City speakers have some unique conversational styles. Linguistics professor Deborah Tannen notes in a New York Times article it has "an emphasis to involve the other person, rather than being considerate. It would be asking questions as a show of interest in the other person, whereas in other parts of [the] country, people don't ask because it might put the person on the spot." Metro New Yorkers "stand closer, talk louder, and leave shorter pauses between exchanges," Tannen said. "I call it 'cooperative overlap'. It's a way of showing interest and enthusiasm, but it's often mistaken for interrupting by people from elsewhere in the country." On the other hand, linguist William Labov demurs, "there's nothing known to linguists about 'normal New York City conversation.'"<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_speakers">Notable speakers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable speakers">edit</a>]</div> The New York City accent has a strong presence in media; pioneer <a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">variationist sociolinguist</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> describes it as the most recognizable variety of <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Labov_2006_p._18-2">[2]</a> The following famous people are native New York City–area speakers—including some speakers of other varieties native to the region—that all demonstrate typical features of the New York City accent. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Aiello" title="Danny Aiello">Danny Aiello</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Alda" title="Alan Alda">Alan Alda</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-curtains-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-backstage-34">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Apfel" title="Iris Apfel">Iris Apfel</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Armstrong_(basketball)" title="Jack Armstrong (basketball)">Jack Armstrong</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Caan_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Caan (actor)">James Caan</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sid_Caesar" title="Sid Caesar">Sid Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-teacher-40">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Robert Caro</a><a href="#cite_note-TClancy-44">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dice_Clay" title="Andrew Dice Clay">Andrew Dice Clay</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cohen_(lawyer)" title="Michael Cohen (lawyer)">Michael Cohen</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cosell" title="Howard Cosell">Howard Cosell</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Crystal" title="Billy Crystal">Billy Crystal</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a><a href="#cite_note-dems-52">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_David" title="Larry David">Larry David</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Dangerfield" title="Rodney Dangerfield">Rodney Dangerfield</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Danza" title="Tony Danza">Tony Danza</a><a href="#cite_note-teacher-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-funny-58">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_End_Kids" title="Dead End Kids">Dead End Kids</a><a href="#cite_note-bad-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-teacher-40">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Dimon" title="Jamie Dimon">Jamie Dimon</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_DiMucci" title="Dion DiMucci">Dion DiMucci</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Donovan" title="Billy Donovan">Billy Donovan</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-teacher-40">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a><a href="#cite_note-McClear2-63">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Dobson" title="Kevin Dobson">Kevin Dobson</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran_Drescher" title="Fran Drescher">Fran Drescher</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-curtains-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-bad-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-teacher-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bortolot-66">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Durante" title="Jimmy Durante">Jimmy Durante</a><a href="#cite_note-curtains-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-oy-67">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein" title="Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a><a href="#cite_note-TClancy-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Flay" title="Bobby Flay">Bobby Flay</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Francesa" title="Mike Francesa">Mike Francesa</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Frehley" title="Ace Frehley">Ace Frehley</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garfield" title="John Garfield">John Garfield</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Gottfried" title="Gilbert Gottfried">Gilbert Gottfried</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Hackett" title="Buddy Hackett">Buddy Hackett</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hamill" title="Pete Hamill">Pete Hamill</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyman" title="Paul Heyman">Paul Heyman</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Hirsch" title="Judd Hirsch">Judd Hirsch</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Kaufman" title="Wendy Kaufman">Wendy Kaufman</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Keitel" title="Harvey Keitel">Harvey Keitel</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">Peter King</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a><a href="#cite_note-curtains-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-oy-67">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper" title="Cyndi Lauper">Cyndi Lauper</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a><a href="#cite_note-Bortolot-66">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Lombardi" title="Vince Lombardi">Vince Lombardi</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Lyonne" title="Natasha Lyonne">Natasha Lyonne</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Madoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Madoff">Bernard Madoff</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Markowitz" title="Marty Markowitz">Marty Markowitz</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_Marshall" title="Garry Marshall">Garry Marshall</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Marshall" title="Penny Marshall">Penny Marshall</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marx_Brothers" title="Marx Brothers">Marx Brothers</a>; prominently <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mason" title="Jackie Mason">Jackie Mason</a><a href="#cite_note-curtains-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Matthau" title="Walter Matthau">Walter Matthau</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debi_Mazar" title="Debi Mazar">Debi Mazar</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_McCarthy" title="Garry McCarthy">Garry McCarthy</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Michaels" title="Al Michaels">Al Michaels</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_Wives" title="Mob Wives">Mob Wives</a> cast<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(basketball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Mullin (basketball)">Chris Mullin</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Peters" title="Bernadette Peters">Bernadette Peters</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Perez" title="Rosie Perez">Rosie Perez</a><a href="#cite_note-curtains-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-backstage-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-teacher-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-funny-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bortolot-66">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Perlman" title="Rhea Perlman">Rhea Perlman</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regis_Philbin" title="Regis Philbin">Regis Philbin</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Quinn" title="Colin Quinn">Colin Quinn</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raft" title="George Raft">George Raft</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marky_Ramone" title="Marky Ramone">Marky Ramone</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">Charles Rangel</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rapaport" title="Michael Rapaport">Michael Rapaport</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reiser" title="Paul Reiser">Paul Reiser</a><a href="#cite_note-backstage-34">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Remini" title="Leah Remini">Leah Remini</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Rickles" title="Don Rickles">Don Rickles</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelma_Ritter" title="Thelma Ritter">Thelma Ritter</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Rizzuto" title="Phil Rizzuto">Phil Rizzuto</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Romano" title="Ray Romano">Ray Romano</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxie_Rosenbloom" title="Maxie Rosenbloom">Maxie Rosenbloom</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Samuels" title="Lynn Samuels">Lynn Samuels</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage_(commentator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Savage (commentator)">Michael Savage</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telly_Savalas" title="Telly Savalas">Telly Savalas</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin_Scully" title="Vin Scully">Vin Scully</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Sedaka" title="Neil Sedaka">Neil Sedaka</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></li> <li>Judge <a href="/wiki/Judy_Sheindlin" title="Judy Sheindlin">Judy Sheindlin</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Silvers" title="Phil Silvers">Phil Silvers</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Sliwa" title="Curtis Sliwa">Curtis Sliwa</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a><a href="#cite_note-dems-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Spector" title="Phil Spector">Phil Spector</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Spector" title="Ronnie Spector">Ronnie Spector</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Stan" title="Sebastian Stan">Sebastian Stan</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Stang" title="Arnold Stang">Arnold Stang</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Stanley" title="Paul Stanley">Paul Stanley</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Steele" title="Peter Steele">Peter Steele</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Stern" title="Howard Stern">Howard Stern</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marisa_Tomei" title="Marisa Tomei">Marisa Tomei</a><a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Walken" title="Christopher Walken">Christopher Walken</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Wellman" title="Barry Wellman">Barry Wellman</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_West" title="Mae West">Mae West</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Wilkens" title="Lenny Wilkens">Lenny Wilkens</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Richard D. Wolff</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_characters">Fictional characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fictional characters">edit</a>]</div> Many fictional characters in popular films and television shows have used New York City English, whether or not the actors portraying them are native speakers of the dialect. Some examples are listed below. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Bickle" title="Travis Bickle">Travis Bickle</a><a href="#cite_note-posh-184">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bowery_Boys" title="The Bowery Boys">The Bowery Boys</a><a href="#cite_note-curtains-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-bad-59">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Bunker" title="Archie Bunker">Archie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edith_Bunker" title="Edith Bunker">Edith Bunker</a><a href="#cite_note-backstage-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-oy-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-newyorker-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-amny-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bortolot-66">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny" title="Bugs Bunny">Bugs Bunny</a><a href="#cite_note-bad-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honeymooners" title="The Honeymooners">The Honeymooners</a> cast<a href="#cite_note-manual-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-teach-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-newyorker-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-amny-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Malloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Terry Malloy">Terry Malloy</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meowth" class="mw-redirect" title="Meowth">Meowth</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(anime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon (anime)">Pokémon</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Morgenstern" title="Rhoda Morgenstern">Rhoda Morgenstern</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richman" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda Richman">Linda Richman</a><a href="#cite_note-bad-59">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld_(character)" title="Jerry Seinfeld (character)">Jerry Seinfeld</a><a href="#cite_note-amny-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Costanza" title="George Costanza">George Costanza</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a> cast<a href="#cite_note-newyorker-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Stooges" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Stooges">Three Stooges</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a></li> <li>Mona Lisa Vito from <a href="/wiki/My_Cousin_Vinny" title="My Cousin Vinny">My Cousin Vinny</a><a href="#cite_note-posh-184">[183]</a></li> <li>Joey Wheeler from <a href="/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!" title="Yu-Gi-Oh!">Yu-Gi-Oh!</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_boundaries">Geographic boundaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geographic boundaries">edit</a>]</div> The accent is not spoken in the rest of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York State</a> beyond the immediate New York City metropolitan area. Specifically, the upper <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> mixes New York City and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">Western New England accent</a> features, while <a href="/wiki/Central_New_York" title="Central New York">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a> belong to the same dialect region as Great Lakes cities such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, a dialect region known as the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_State">New York State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New York State">edit</a>]</div> New York City English is confined to a geographically small but densely populated area of New York State including all <a href="/wiki/Five_boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Five boroughs">five boroughs</a> of New York City as well as many parts of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>; the dialect region spans all of <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a> and some of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Newman_2014_17-18-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Moreover, the English of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> forms a continuum of speakers who exhibit more features of New York City English the closer they are to the city itself;<a href="#cite_note-Labov_et_al._2006-210">[209]</a> some of the dialect's features may be heard as far north as the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecticut">Connecticut</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Connecticut">edit</a>]</div> A small portion of southwestern <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> speaks a similar dialect, primarily speakers in <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield County, Connecticut">Fairfield County</a> and as far as <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut" title="New Haven County, Connecticut">New Haven County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Jersey">New Jersey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Jersey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_English" title="New Jersey English">New Jersey English</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Region" title="Gateway Region">northeastern quarter</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, prominently <a href="/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hudson County, New Jersey">Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_County,_New_Jersey" title="Union County, New Jersey">Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Essex County, New Jersey">Essex Counties</a>, including the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey" title="Weehawken, New Jersey">Weehawken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Middlesex County, New Jersey">Middlesex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monmouth County, New Jersey">Monmouth Counties</a>, are all within the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> and thus also home to the major features of New York City English. With the exception of New York City's immediate neighbors like Jersey City and Newark,<a href="#cite_note-Labov_et_al.,_2006,_p._47-7">[6]</a> the New York metropolitan dialect as spoken in New Jersey is <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">rhotic</a> (or fully r-pronouncing) so that, whereas a Brooklynite might pronounce "over there" something like "ovah theah/deah" [oʊvə ˈd̪ɛə], an <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a> native might say "over there/dare" [oʊvɚ ˈd̪ɛɚ]. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_North_American_English" title="The Atlas of North American English">The Atlas of North American English</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a> et al. shows that the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩">short-a</a> pattern of New York City has diffused to many r-pronouncing communities in northern New Jersey, like <a href="/wiki/Rutherford,_New_Jersey" title="Rutherford, New Jersey">Rutherford</a> (Labov's birthplace) and <a href="/wiki/North_Plainfield,_New_Jersey" title="North Plainfield, New Jersey">North Plainfield</a>. However, in these communities, the <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function word</a> constraint of the city's short-a pattern is lost, and the <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllable</a> constraint is used only variably.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_speakers_2">Notable speakers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable speakers">edit</a>]</div> The following is a list of notable lifelong native speakers of the New York City English of northeastern New Jersey, regardless of their level of <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Bon_Jovi" title="Jon Bon Jovi">Jon Bon Jovi</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_DeVito" title="Danny DeVito">Danny DeVito</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Diaz" title="Joey Diaz">Joey Diaz</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gandolfini" title="James Gandolfini">James Gandolfini</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Harris" title="Ed Harris">Ed Harris</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kind" title="Richard Kind">Richard Kind</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Liotta" title="Ray Liotta">Ray Liotta</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pesci" title="Joe Pesci">Joe Pesci</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Stanger" title="Patti Stanger">Patti Stanger</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Vitale" title="Dick Vitale">Dick Vitale</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakk_Wylde" title="Zakk Wylde">Zakk Wylde</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English_regional_vocabulary" title="American English regional vocabulary">American English regional vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_brogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission brogue">Mission brogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">North American English regional phonology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 173: "In NYC and the Mid-Atlantic region, short-a is split into a tense and lax class. There is reason to believe that the tense class /æh/ descends from the British /ah/ or 'broad-a' class." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Morén, Bruce (2000). Distinctiveness, Coercion and Sonority: A Unified Theory of Weight. Routledge. p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-Labov_2006_p._18-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labov_2006_p._18_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labov_2006_p._18_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLabov2006" class="citation book cs1">Labov, William (2006) [1966]. The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82122-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82122-3"><bdi>0-521-82122-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Stratification+of+English+in+New+York+City&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-82122-3&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Newman, 2014, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman_2014_17-18-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_2014_17-18_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_2014_17-18_4-1">b</a> Newman, 2014, pp. 17–18: "Although small, the [dialect] region is certainly populous. The 2010 US Census gives the population of New York City at 8,175,133. Nassau County, which is entirely within the dialect region, adds 1,339,532. The remaining counties are only partly inside. They include Suffolk (1,493,350), Westchester (949,113), and Rockland (311,687) in New York State and Hudson (905,113) and Bergen (905,116) in New Jersey ... Labov, et al. (2006) found that Newark, in Essex County, also had NYCE features." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMencken2012" class="citation book cs1">Mencken, H. L. (January 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIPoCHsgATUC">American Language</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80879-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-80879-0"><bdi>978-0-307-80879-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Language&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.isbn=978-0-307-80879-0&rft.aulast=Mencken&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIPoCHsgATUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labov_et_al.,_2006,_p._47-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labov_et_al.,_2006,_p._47_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labov_et_al.,_2006,_p._47_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Labov (1966/2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSȩn1979" class="citation journal cs1">Sȩn, Ann L. (1979). "English in the Big Apple: Historical Backgrounds of New York City Speech". The English Journal. 68 (8): 52–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F815156">10.2307/815156</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/815156">815156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Journal&rft.atitle=English+in+the+Big+Apple%3A+Historical+Backgrounds+of+New+York+City+Speech&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F815156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F815156%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=S%C8%A9n&rft.aufirst=Ann+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Labov (1972) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Ash, Sharon (2002). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/apr/09/usa">the original</a> on August 31, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=I%27m+in+tune+with+my+feelings&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft.au=Iley%2C+Chrissy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2007%2Fapr%2F09%2Fusa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips,_Andrew2003" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Andrew (January 16, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622021954/http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2003/01/16/Arts/Interview.Goodfellas.Ray.Liotta.And.How.I.Learned.That.You.Should.Never.Steal.Fr-346143.shtml">"INTERVIEW: Goodfellas Ray Liotta: and how I learned that you should never steal from a wise guy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GW_Hatchet" class="mw-redirect" title="GW Hatchet">GW Hatchet</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2003/01/16/Arts/Interview.Goodfellas.Ray.Liotta.And.How.I.Learned.That.You.Should.Never.Steal.Fr-346143.shtml">the original</a> on June 22, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GW+Hatchet&rft.atitle=INTERVIEW%3A+Goodfellas+Ray+Liotta%3A+and+how+I+learned+that+you+should+never+steal+from+a+wise+guy&rft.date=2003-01-16&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.gwhatchet.com%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper332%2Fnews%2F2003%2F01%2F16%2FArts%2FInterview.Goodfellas.Ray.Liotta.And.How.I.Learned.That.You.Should.Never.Steal.Fr-346143.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlumenfeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Blumenfeld, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEEhaJR6R3EC&q=%22newark-born%22">Accents: A Manual for Actors</a>. Vol. 1. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879109677" title="Special:BookSources/9780879109677"><bdi>9780879109677</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents%3A+A+Manual+for+Actors&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780879109677&rft.aulast=Blumenfeld&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAEEhaJR6R3EC%26q%3D%2522newark-born%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChilla2022" class="citation web cs1">Chilla, Mark (December 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianapublicmedia.org/afterglow/harry-tommy-axel-sinatras-years.php">"Harry, Tommy, and Axel: Sinatra's First Five Years | afterglow"</a>. Indiana Public Media. <q>But with his Italian heritage and lingering Hoboken accent, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Public+Media&rft.atitle=Harry%2C+Tommy%2C+and+Axel%3A+Sinatra%27s+First+Five+Years+%26%23124%3B+afterglow&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft.aulast=Chilla&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianapublicmedia.org%2Fafterglow%2Fharry-tommy-axel-sinatras-years.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKraszewski2017" class="citation book cs1">Kraszewski, Jon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vak0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">Reality TV</a>. New York, NY: Routledge – Taylor & Francis. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74197-2"><bdi>978-0-415-74197-2</bdi></a>. <q>Although matchmaker Patti Stanger dresses in expensive designer clothes and drives luxury cars, she retains a working-class New Jersey accent from her childhood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality+TV&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge+%E2%80%93+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-415-74197-2&rft.aulast=Kraszewski&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVak0DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker,_Ken1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Tucker, Ken (June 30, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/1995/06/30/welcome-back-kotter/">"TV Review: Welcome Back, Kotter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EW.com" class="mw-redirect" title="EW.com">EW.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070122003155/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,297811,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2007. 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Engulfed: The Death of Paramount Pictures and the Birth of Corporate Hollywood. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2202-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-2202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diller+Days&rft.btitle=Engulfed%3A+The+Death+of+Paramount+Pictures+and+the+Birth+of+Corporate+Hollywood&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2202-1&rft.au=Dick%2C+Bernard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBogage2020" class="citation news cs1">Bogage, Jacob (January 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/01/09/dick-vitale-voice-college-basketball/">"Dick Vitale wants to talk college basketball until he's 100. He's serious, baby"</a>. Washington Post. Nash Holdings. Retrieved July 12, 2023. <q>... that distinctive North Jersey accent has been the clarion call of college basketball.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Dick+Vitale+wants+to+talk+college+basketball+until+he%27s+100.+He%27s+serious%2C+baby.&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.aulast=Bogage&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2F2020%2F01%2F09%2Fdick-vitale-voice-college-basketball%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrow2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Grow, Kory (January 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/zakk-wylde-laughs-through-dark-times-for-aprils-black-vatican-lp-68421/">"Zakk Wylde Laughs Through Dark Times for April's 'Black Vatican' LP"</a>. Rolling Stone. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved July 11, 2023. <q>... Wylde's callous cackles show that there is more to his gruff, intimidating, North Jersey accent ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Zakk+Wylde+Laughs+Through+Dark+Times+for+April%27s+%27Black+Vatican%27+LP&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft.aulast=Grow&rft.aufirst=Kory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Fzakk-wylde-laughs-through-dark-times-for-aprils-black-vatican-lp-68421%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabbitt1896" class="citation journal cs1">Babbitt, Eugene H. (1896). "The English of the lower classes in New York City and vicinity". Dialect Notes. 1: 457–464.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialect+Notes&rft.atitle=The+English+of+the+lower+classes+in+New+York+City+and+vicinity&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E457-%3C%2Fspan%3E464&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Babbitt&rft.aufirst=Eugene+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Becker, Kara & Amy Wing Mei Wong. 2009. The short-a system of New York City English: An update. 'University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. Volume 15, Issue 2 Article 3. pp: 10–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol15/iss2/3/">http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol15/iss2/3/</a></li> <li>Becker, Kara & Elizabeth Coggshall. 2010. The vowel phonologies of white and African American New York Residents. In Malcah Yaeger-Dror and *Erik R. Thomas (eds.) African American English Speakers And Their Participation In Local Sound Changes: A Comparative Study. American Speech Volume Supplement 94, Number 1. Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press. pp: 101–128</li> <li>Becker, Kara & Elizabeth L. Coggshall. 2009. The Sociolinguistics of Ethnicity in New York City, 2009, Language and Linguistic Compass, 3(3): 751–766.4</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBecker2009" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Kara (2009). "/r/ and the construction of place identity on New York City's Lower East Side". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 13 (5): 634–658. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2009.00426.x">10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00426.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sociolinguistics&rft.atitle=%2Fr%2F+and+the+construction+of+place+identity+on+New+York+City%27s+Lower+East+Side&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E634-%3C%2Fspan%3E658&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2009.00426.x&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Becker, Kara. 2010. Regional Dialect Features on the Lower East Side of New York City: Sociophonetics, Ethnicity, and Identity. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, NYU.</li> <li>Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul. 2002. Race and the Rise of Standard American. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 214–225. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-1101-7189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-1101-7189-1">978-3-1101-7189-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCutler1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cutler, Cece (1999). "Yorkville Crossing: White teens, hip hop and African American English". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 3 (4): 428–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9481.00089">10.1111/1467-9481.00089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sociolinguistics&rft.atitle=Yorkville+Crossing%3A+White+teens%2C+hip+hop+and+African+American+English&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E428-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9481.00089&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Cece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cutler, Cece. 2007. Hip-hop language in sociolinguistics and beyond. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(5):519–538.</li> <li>Cutler, Cece. 2008 Brooklyn Style: hip-hop markers and racial affiliation among European immigrants. International Journal of Bilingualism, 12(1–2), 7–24.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2004" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Matthew (2004). Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities. Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110175325" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110175325"><bdi>978-3110175325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York%2C+Philadelphia+and+other+Northern+Cities&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3110175325&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hubell, Allan F. 1972. The Pronunciation of English in New York City. NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.</li> <li>Kurath, Hans and Raven I. McDavid. 1961. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</li> <li>Labov, William, <a href="/wiki/Paul_S._Cohen" title="Paul S. Cohen">Paul Cohen</a>, Clarence Robins, and John Lewis. 1968. A study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City, V. 1: Phonological and Grammatical Analysis. Washington, DC: Office of Education, Bureau of Research/ERIC.</li> <li>Labov, William, <a href="/wiki/Paul_S._Cohen" title="Paul S. Cohen">Paul Cohen</a>, Clarence Robins, and John Lewis. 1968. A study of the Non-Standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City', V. 2: The Use of Language in the Speech Community. Washington, DC: Office of Education, Bureau of Research/ERIC.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLabov1966" class="citation book cs1">Labov, William (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824011939/http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~bakovic/variation/Labov-2006.pdf">The Social Stratification of English in New York City</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~bakovic/variation/Labov-2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Stratification+of+English+in+New+York+City&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidiom.ucsd.edu%2F~bakovic%2Fvariation%2FLabov-2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Labov, William. 1972a. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li>Labov, William. 1972b. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li>Labov, William (1994) Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 1: Internal Factors Blackwell <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17914-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17914-3">0-631-17914-3</a></li> <li>Labov, William (2001) Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 2: Social Factors Blackwell <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17916-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17916-X">0-631-17916-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLabov2006" class="citation book cs1">Labov, William (2006). The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521528054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521528054"><bdi>978-0521528054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Stratification+of+English+in+New+York+City&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521528054&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016746-7"><bdi>978-3-11-016746-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+North+American+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton-de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016746-7&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ash%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Boberg%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Labov, William (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/TD.pdf">"Transmission and Diffusion"</a>, Language June 2007</li> <li>Newman, Michael (2005). "New York Talk" in American Voices Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward (eds.). p. 82–87. Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-2109-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-2109-2">1-4051-2109-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Michael (2010). "'Focusing, implicational scaling, and the dialect status of New York Latino English". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 14 (2): 207–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2010.00441.x">10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00441.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sociolinguistics&rft.atitle=%27Focusing%2C+implicational+scaling%2C+and+the+dialect+status+of+New+York+Latino+English&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9841.2010.00441.x&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schneider, E. W., Kortmann, B. (2005), A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multi-Media Reference Tool, Mouton de Gruyter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0">3-11-017532-0</a>, p. 284</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlomansonNewman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Slomanson, Peter; Newman, Michael (2004). "Peer Group Identification and Variation in New York Latino English Laterals". English World-Wide. 25 (2): 199–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.25.2.03slo">10.1075/eww.25.2.03slo</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35393553">35393553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+World-Wide&rft.atitle=Peer+Group+Identification+and+Variation+in+New+York+Latino+English+Laterals&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feww.25.2.03slo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35393553%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Slomanson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Newman%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1932" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, C. K. (1932). "Jewish dialect and New York Dialect". American Speech. 7 (5): 321–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F452953">10.2307/452953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/452953">452953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Jewish+dialect+and+New+York+Dialect&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F452953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F452953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=C.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1942" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, C. K. (1942). "Pronunciation in downstate New York". American Speech. 17 (1): 30–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F486854">10.2307/486854</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/486854">486854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Pronunciation+in+downstate+New+York&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F486854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F486854%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=C.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1947" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, C. K. (1947). "The place of New York City in American linguistic geography". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 33 (3): 314–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00335634709381312">10.1080/00335634709381312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Speech&rft.atitle=The+place+of+New+York+City+in+American+linguistic+geography&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00335634709381312&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=C.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Wolfram, Walt. 1974. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.</li> <li>Wolfram, Walt & Natalie Schilling Estes (2006) American English 2nd edition Blackwell <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1265-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1265-4">1-4051-1265-4</a></li> <li>Wolfram, Walt & Ward, Ben (2005) American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast Blackwell <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-2109-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-2109-2">1-4051-2109-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWong2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Amy (2007). "Two Vernacular Features in the English of Four American-Born Chinese". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 13 (2): 217–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Two+Vernacular+Features+in+the+English+of+Four+American-Born+Chinese&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+English" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Northeast/NewYorkEnglish/nyphon.html">Varieties of English: New York City phonology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419152609/http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Northeast/NewYorkEnglish/nyphon.html">Archived</a> April 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>'s Language Samples Project.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono-atlas/Icslp4.html">A paper by Labov on dialect diversity, including information on NY dialect phonology</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309100939/http://qcpages.qc.edu/LCD/faculty/newman/NYLE.html">The New York Latino English Project</a>. The website of the New York Latino English Project, which studies the native English spoken by New York Latinos.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050924090853/http://alt-usage-english.org/audio_archive.shtml">A site with samples of speech in various dialects, including NYC English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042348/http://www.amny.com/news/local/am-accentside0225,0,6082176.story">AM New York's feature on the New York accent</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBiIrBsV2rY">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. A demonstration of NYC English's raised and tensed /ɔ/, i.e., the THOUGHT vowel, in words like "coffee" and "sausage".</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_New_York_City-related_articles" title="Index of New York City-related articles">Index of New York City-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City" title="Timeline of New York City">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_New_York_City" title="Neighborhoods in New York City">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_ethnic_enclaves" title="New York City ethnic enclaves">ethnic enclaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_York_City" title="Architecture of New York City">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco_architecture_of_New_York_City" title="Art Deco architecture of New York City">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings,_sites,_and_monuments_in_New_York_City" title="List of buildings, sites, and monuments in New York City">monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City" title="List of tallest buildings in New York City">skyscrapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_York_City" title="List of people from New York City">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_New_York_City" title="Media in New York City">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_City" title="Economy of New York City">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_New_York_City" title="List of companies based in New York City">companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_City" title="Geography of New York City">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_York_City" title="Climate of New York City">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_New_York_City" title="Flags of New York City">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_New_York_City" title="Environmental issues in New York City">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_York_City" title="Environment of New York City">environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_water_in_New_York_City" title="Food and water in New York City">food and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rats_in_New_York_City" title="Rats in New York City">rats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_City" title="Demographics of New York City">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_New_York_City" title="Demographic history of New York City">history</a></li></ul></li> <li>Directories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_directories" title="Brooklyn directories">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_directories" title="New York City directories">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_directories" title="Queens directories">Queens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a> (Bronx County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> (Kings County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> (New York County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> (Queens County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> (Richmond County)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections" title="New York City mayoral elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_president" title="Borough president">Borough presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_New_York_City" title="Community boards of New York City">Community Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_City" title="Politics of New York City">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_agencies" title="List of New York City agencies">City agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_New_York_City" title="Toilets in New York City">Toilets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_New_York_City" title="List of hospitals in New York City">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City" title="Crime in New York City">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_York_City" title="Law enforcement in New York City">law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Emergency_Management" title="New York City Emergency Management">Emergency Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_City" title="Transportation in New York City">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transportation_in_New_York_City" title="History of transportation in New York City">History</a></li> <li>Entities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Transportation" title="New York City Department of Transportation">DOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Transportation" title="New York City Board of Transportation">former BOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Zero_(New_York_City)" title="Vision Zero (New York City)">Vision Zero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">Subway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations" title="MTA Regional Bus Operations">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway" title="Staten Island Railway">Staten Island Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)" title="PATH (rail system)">PATH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_and_tunnels_in_New_York_City" title="List of bridges and tunnels in New York City">Bridges and tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Streets_in_New_York_City" title="Category:Streets in New York City">Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Aviation in the New York metropolitan area">Airports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark Liberty International Airport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_York_City" title="Culture of New York City">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_arts_organizations" title="New York City arts organizations">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_about_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Books about New York City">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardens_in_New_York_City" title="Community gardens in New York City">Community gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City" title="Cuisine of New York City">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_markets_in_New_York_City" title="Farmers' markets in New York City">Farmers' markets</a></li> <li>Libraries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Public_Library" title="Brooklyn Public Library">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York (Manhattan, the Bronx, Staten Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Public_Library" title="Queens Public Library">Queens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_New_York_City" title="List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City" title="Music of New York City">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_New_York_City" title="Nicknames of New York City">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Apple" title="Big Apple">Big Apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_borough" title="Sixth borough">"Sixth borough"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Sports in the New York metropolitan area">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_New_York_City" title="Traditional games of New York City">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_York_City" title="Tourism in New York City">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_gardens" title="List of New York City gardens">gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_New_York_City_landmarks" title="Lists of New York City landmarks">landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_New_York_City" title="List of parks in New York City">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_City" title="Education in New York City">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">Dept. of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_elementary_schools_in_New_York_City" title="List of public elementary schools in New York City">Elementary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_New_York_City" title="List of high schools in New York City">High schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_New_York_City" title="List of colleges and universities in New York City">Colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City" title="Timeline of New York City">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(prehistory%E2%80%931664)" title="History of New York City (prehistory–1664)">Prehistory-1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1665%E2%80%931783)" title="History of New York City (1665–1783)">1665–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)" title="History of New York City (1784–1854)">1784–1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%E2%80%931897)" title="History of New York City (1855–1897)">1855–1897</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York City in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">Annexed District (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx expansion (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">1898 expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1898%E2%80%931945)" title="History of New York City (1898–1945)">1898–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1946%E2%80%931977)" title="History of New York City (1946–1977)">1946–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="History of New York City (1978–present)">1978–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 terror attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020–2021)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Day_(New_York_City)" title="Moving Day (New York City)">Moving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_York_City" title="Category:New York City">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_English" title="Maltese English">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America2312" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_American_Speech" title="Good American Speech">Good American Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_elite_accent" title="Northeastern elite accent">Northeastern elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_English" title="Antiguan and Barbudan English">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia481" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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109.604 3 Template:Harvp"," 5.52% 98.766 26 Template:Cite_magazine"," 5.48% 98.032 4 Template:Lang"," 4.97% 88.759 2 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.203","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17165148,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAli,_Lorraine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong,_Robert2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabbitt1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakht2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall,_Molly2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry,_Dan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattistella2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauers,_Sandy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin_Wallace_Wells2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger,_Daniel1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiography\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumenfeld,_Robert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumenfeld,_Robert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumenfeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogage2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBortolot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoulton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozzola,_Lucia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrady,_James2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrennan,_Sandra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaoili2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartner-Morley2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase,_Lisa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilla2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChown1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancy,_Frank1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins,_Glenn1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnelly,_Richard1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorasaniti2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurrie,_Duncan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzerwanka,_Justin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanaher,_Patricia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDansby,_Andrew2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson,_Justin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis,_Pamela2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean,_Gordon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick,_Bernard_F.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinkin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoll2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaison,_Seth1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine,_Marshall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishman,_Steve2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlaherty,_Mike2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlint_Marx,_Rebecca\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFong,_Joss2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederic_G._CassidyFrederic_GomesJoan_Houston_Hall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman,_Andrew2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGates,_Anita1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetlen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilson,_David2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden,_Tim1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGularte2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurewitsch,_Matthew2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuthmann,_Edward2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmetz,_Aljean1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeaf2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry,_George2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolden,_Stephen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward-Cooper,_Scott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHruska,_Bronwen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter,_Stephen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIley,_Chrissy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsackson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItalie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames,_Clive2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn,_Robert2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan,_James2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehr,_Dave2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKircher2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinghoffer,_David2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolbert,_Elizabeth1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraszewski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrewen,_Nick1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabov,_William1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabov1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabov2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLabov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabov2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabovRosenfelderFruehwald2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehman,_JeffreyPhelps,_Shirelle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeibovich,_Mark2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLombardi_Jr.,_Vince2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMardell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarin,_Rick2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks,_Peter1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks,_Peter1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClear2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMencken2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirkin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModel,_Betsy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorales,_Tatiana2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorley,_Paul2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray,_Rebecca2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNashawaty,_Chris2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaylor,_Brian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman,_Michael2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor,_John_J.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hehir,_Andrew2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsen,_Eric2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPareles,_Jon1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerez,_Rosie2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips,_Andrew2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimental2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlotinsky,_Benjamin_A.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPujol,_Rolando2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaju2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich,_Frank1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbinsPalitz,_Wendy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts,_Jerry2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts,_Steven_V.1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose,_Lisa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan,_Tim2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafire,_William1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScherer,_Michael2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiffman,_Jean1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott,_Mike2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeabrook,_John2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerpell,_Nick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevero,_Richard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevero,_Richard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafrir1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro,_Leonard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro,_Michael2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields,_David2003–2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSieberg,_Daniel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvers,_PhilSaffron,_Robert1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon,_John2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlayton,_Robert_A.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlomansonNewman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_Chris2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnook,_Raven2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSontag,_Deborah1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpears1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStamler,_Bernard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinhauer,_Jennifer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternbergh,_Adam2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson,_Jane2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSȩn1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatangelo,_Wade2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiku2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker,_Ken1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker,_Ken1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuska,_Jon1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVecsey,_George2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins,_Gwynne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaywell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinraub,_Bernard1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler,_Jeremy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheelwright,_Jeff1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiegand,_David2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinokur,_Mark2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitiw2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWohl,_Dan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZambito,_Thomas2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 87,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 65,\n [\"Dead YouTube link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"English dialects by continent\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA\"] = 14,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 5,\n [\"New York City\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobreak\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","13.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","13.8"],["?","140","12.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","100","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::lc","40","3.4"],["is_valid_date \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation:210\u003E","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:710\u003E","40","3.4"],["[others]","240","20.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.next-5757687cdd-xl76z","timestamp":"20250301072239","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"New York City English","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_City_English","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2741799","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2741799","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-23T05:07:50Z","dateModified":"2025-03-01T07:22:37Z","headline":"regional dialect of American English"}</script> </body> </html>