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href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorii_ale_consumismului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorii_ale_consumismului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teorii ale consumismului</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teorii_ale_consumismului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soluții" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soluții"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Soluții</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soluții-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Consum ostentativ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 25 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="استهلاك تفاخري – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استهلاك تفاخري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дэманстратыўнае спажыванне – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэманстратыўнае спажыванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrativn%C3%AD_spot%C5%99eba" title="Demonstrativní spotřeba – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Demonstrativní spotřeba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geltungskonsum" title="Geltungskonsum – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geltungskonsum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Conspicuous consumption" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumo_conspicuo" title="Consumo conspicuo – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consumo conspicuo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مصرف‌گرایی خودنمایانه – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصرف‌گرایی خودنمایانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerskakulutus" title="Kerskakulutus – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kerskakulutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consommation_ostentatoire" title="Consommation ostentatoire – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consommation ostentatoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDnineysla" title="Sýnineysla – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sýnineysla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumo_ostentativo" title="Consumo ostentativo – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consumo ostentativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თვალშისაცემი მოხმარება – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თვალშისაცემი მოხმარება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಸುವ್ಯಕ್ತ ಭೋಗ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುವ್ಯಕ್ತ ಭೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EC%8B%9C_%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84" title="과시 소비 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과시 소비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumsi_menjolok" title="Konsumsi menjolok – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konsumsi menjolok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opzichtige_consumptie" title="Opzichtige consumptie – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opzichtige consumptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prangende_forbruk" title="Prangende forbruk – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prangende forbruk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostentacyjna_konsumpcja" title="Ostentacyjna konsumpcja – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ostentacyjna konsumpcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumo_consp%C3%ADcuo" title="Consumo conspícuo – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consumo conspícuo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Демонстративное потребление – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демонстративное потребление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izra%C5%BEena_potro%C5%A1nja" title="Izražena potrošnja – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Izražena potrošnja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B6gonfallande_konsumtion" title="Iögonfallande konsumtion – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iögonfallande konsumtion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Демонстративне споживання – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Демонстративне споживання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%AAu_d%C3%B9ng_ph%C3%B4_tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Tiêu dùng phô trương – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiêu dùng phô trương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AB%E8%80%80%E6%80%A7%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB" title="炫耀性消費 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="炫耀性消費" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1360134#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div 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dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Veblen3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg/200px-Veblen3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg/300px-Veblen3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg/400px-Veblen3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> Sociologul și economistul <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a> a utilizat pentru prima dată termenul de <b>consum ostentativ</b> (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">conspicuous consumption</span>), fiind co-fondatorul mișcării numite <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/institutional_economics" class="extiw" title="en:institutional economics">institutional economics</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prin <b>consum ostentativ</b> sau <b>consum discreționar</b>, provenit din expresia din <a href="/wiki/Engleza_nord-american%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Engleza nord-americană">limba engleză</a>, <b>conspicuous consumption</b>, se înțelege cheltuirea de bani pentru achiziționarea de bunuri și servicii de lux în scopul afișării publice a bunăstării cumpărătorului acelor bunuri de lux. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie">Sociologic</a>, pentru consumatorul ostentativ, o astfel de afișare publică a sumelor de bani aflate discreționar la îndemâna sa denotă apartenența consumatorului la o anumită poziție socială. Mai departe, prin <b>consum de invidie</b>, conform termenului originar <b>invidious consumption</b>, care descrie un termen sociologic mai îngust specializat, se înțelege consumul ostentiv deliberat de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bun_de_consum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bun de consum — pagină inexistentă">bunuri</a> și servicii menit să epateze prin provocarea sentimentului de invidie ca o modalitate de relevare a statutului superior social-economic al consumatorului. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:John_Stuart_Mill_by_John_Watkins,_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/John_Stuart_Mill_by_John_Watkins%2C_1865.jpg/200px-John_Stuart_Mill_by_John_Watkins%2C_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/John_Stuart_Mill_by_John_Watkins%2C_1865.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption> În <a href="/wiki/Secolul_XIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XIX">secolul al 19-lea</a>, filozoful englez <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> recomanda taxarea practicării <b>consumului discreționar</b>. </figcaption></figure> <p>La sfârșitul <a href="/wiki/Secolul_XIX" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XIX">secolului al 19-lea</a>, economistul și sociologul <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a> (<a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a> – <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>), a introdus termenul de "consum discreționar" în cartea sa <i>"Teoria clasei fără griji"</i> (conform, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" class="extiw" title="en:The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</a>), pentru a descrie caracteristicile comportamentale ale noilor înbogățiți (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nouveau_riche" class="extiw" title="en:nouveau riche">nouveau riche</a></i> ori <i>new rich</i>), o clasă socială care apăruse ca rezultat al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acumulare_de_capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acumulare de capital — pagină inexistentă">acumulării de capital</a> de timpul celei de-a doua <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" class="extiw" title="en:Second Industrial Revolution">revoluții industriale</a> (circa <a href="/wiki/1860" title="1860">1860</a> – <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În acel context social și istoric, termenul de "consum discreționar/ostentativ" (conform originalului “conspicuous consumption”) a fost utilizat marginal pentru a descrie familiile bogate, respectiv bărbații și femeile bogați, care au folosit starea lor materială pentru a face o manifestare publică arogantă a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Putere_(filozofie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Putere (filozofie) — pagină inexistentă">puterii</a> lor, a puterii lor de cumpărare și a statutului lor social, real sau perceput. </p><p>Cei mai mulți dintre americani avuți au ales în schimb, de cele mai multe ori, o modalitate pragmatică de a trăi simplu și eficient, practicând un standard de viață mai degrabă modest, în ciuda disponibilității lor potențiale de a practica consumul ostentativ. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teorii_ale_consumismului">Teorii ale consumismului</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Teorii ale consumismului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Teorii ale consumismului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soluții"><span id="Solu.C8.9Bii"></span>Soluții</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Soluții" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Soluții"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Veblen, Thorstein. (1899) <i>Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions</i>. New York: Macmillan. 400 pp., also: 1994 Dover paperback edition, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0486280624" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-486-28062-4</a>, 1994 Penguin Classics edition, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0140187952" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-018795-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ldpaww5kkmoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22the+millionaire+next+door%22&ots=ykx9VaW-tt&sig=Mlwfm0TzeH9Ps1-QJld_2vKEU1k">Thomas J. Stanley, William D. Danko, <i>The Millionaire Next Door</i>, Simon and Schuster, 1998.</a> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/833"><i>Theory of the Leisure Class </i>by Thorstein Veblen<b></b></a><b> la <a href="/wiki/Proiectul_Gutenberg" title="Proiectul Gutenberg">Proiectul Gutenberg</a></b></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1902veblen00.html">Thorstein Veblen: Conspicuous Consumption, 1902</a> at Fordham University's "Modern History Sourcebook"</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-toystoreshooting29-2008nov29,0,5989270.story">Conspicuous consumption at its worst... shooting at Toys R Us on Black Friday</a>, <i>latimes.com</i></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/business/29walmart.html?hp">Wal-Mart employee trampled to death by shoppers hungry for deals</a>, <i>nytimes.com</i></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvvg.ro/studiaeconomia/images/2001/v1/62.%20COMPORTAMENTUL%20OSTENTATIV%20DE%20CONSUM%20IN%20VIZIUNEA%20LUI%20THORSTEIN%20VEBLEN.pdf">Comportamentul ostentativ de consum în viziunea lui Thorstein Veblen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029220318/http://www.uvvg.ro/studiaeconomia/images/2001/v1/62.%20COMPORTAMENTUL%20OSTENTATIV%20DE%20CONSUM%20IN%20VIZIUNEA%20LUI%20THORSTEIN%20VEBLEN.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-10-29">29 octombrie 2013</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>uvvg.ro</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consum_ostentativ&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bun_Veblen" title="Bun Veblen">Bun Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottainai" title="Mottainai">Mottainai</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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