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.vn-container{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;height:3rem;margin:0 auto;max-width:77.5rem;z-index:1}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-container{height:4.6875rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-container.lite{max-width:100%}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-container.lite{height:3.5rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:none;border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;line-height:1;padding:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn:not(.lite){margin-right:1.166875rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn:not(.lite){margin-right:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn i{font-size:2.25rem;width:2.25rem;overflow:hidden}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn svg{fill:currentColor;pointer-events:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-menu-btn.vn-search 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.vn-logo-container .vn-logo img:not(.lite){width:7.25rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-logo img{height:.875rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-logo img{height:1.4375rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-prog-logo img{height:.9375rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-logo-container.with-program .vn-prog-logo img{height:1.5625rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links{background:#f9f9fc;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;height:calc(100vh - 3rem);left:-140vw;overflow:auto;padding:.5rem;position:fixed;top:3rem;-webkit-transition:left .5s ease;transition:left .5s ease;width:100%;z-index:100}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links{max-width:25rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links.lite{height:calc(100vh - 3.5rem);top:3.5rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links:not(.lite){background:none;-webkit-box-orient:horizontal;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;height:100%;left:0;max-width:100%;overflow:visible;padding:0;position:relative;top:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links.open{left:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links.open.vn-slide-out{left:-100vw}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links.open.vn-slide-out{left:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:3rem;margin-bottom:.25rem;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:0;-ms-flex-order:-1;order:-1}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper:not(.lite){background:#fff;border:1px solid #c6cedb;border-radius:5px;opacity:0;-webkit-box-ordinal-group:2;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;position:absolute;right:2.8125rem;top:.8125rem;width:38%;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease;transition:all .3s ease;visibility:hidden}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-search-wrapper:not(.lite).vn-open{visibility:visible;opacity:1}.vn-wrapper 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i{font-size:.625rem;margin-left:.3125rem;-webkit-transition:transform .3s ease;transition:transform .3s ease}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:hover>a{background:#fff;color:#00157c}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:hover>a i{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:hover .vn-menu-section{left:0;opacity:1;visibility:visible}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:focus-visible>a,.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:has(:focus-visible)>a{background:#fff;color:#1b1b1b}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:focus-visible>a i,.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:has(:focus-visible)>a i{-webkit-transform:rotateX(180deg);transform:rotateX(180deg)}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:focus-visible .vn-menu-section,.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:has(:focus-visible) .vn-menu-section{left:0;opacity:1;visibility:visible}}@media(min-width:81.25rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-links-list:not(.lite)>li:not(:nth-child(7)){margin-right:1rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section{background:#f9f9fc;height:calc(100vh - 3rem);right:-140vw;overflow:auto;padding:0 1.5rem 6.25rem 1.5rem;position:fixed;top:3rem;-webkit-transition:all .5s ease;transition:all .5s ease;width:100%;z-index:10}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section.lite{height:calc(100vh - 3.5rem);top:3.5rem}@media(min-width:37.5rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section{max-width:25rem;left:-140vw;right:auto}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section.open{left:0;right:auto}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section.open{right:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-bottom:1px solid #c6cedb;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;padding:.75rem 0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header h3{color:#1b1b1b;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1;margin:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header a{color:#3557ff;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section .vn-menu-section-header a img{margin-right:.5rem;width:.8125rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul{margin:.75rem 0;list-style:none;padding:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li{font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:400}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li a{color:#1b1b1b;display:block;padding:.75rem 0;text-decoration:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li a:hover{color:#3557ff}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section ul li hr{border:1px solid #c6cedb}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite){background:#fff;border-radius:0 0 5px 5px;border-top:0;left:-20px;margin-left:-3.75rem;max-width:none;height:auto;opacity:0;padding:1.875rem 2.875rem;position:absolute;top:4.6875rem;width:18.75rem;visibility:hidden}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) hr{display:none}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul{margin:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li{border-bottom:1px solid #c6cedb}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li:last-of-type{border-bottom:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li.vn-see-all a{-webkit-box-align:baseline;-ms-flex-align:baseline;align-items:baseline;color:#3557ff;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:start;-ms-flex-pack:start;justify-content:flex-start}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite) ul li.vn-see-all a img{height:.75rem;margin-right:.5rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1{width:60.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul{-webkit-columns:4;-moz-columns:4;columns:4;-webkit-column-gap:2.875rem;-moz-column-gap:2.875rem;column-gap:2.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul li:nth-child(7),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul li:nth-child(14),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1 ul li:nth-child(21){border-bottom:0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3{width:35rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3 ul{-webkit-columns:2;-moz-columns:2;columns:2;-webkit-column-gap:2.875rem;-moz-column-gap:2.875rem;column-gap:2.875rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3 ul li:nth-child(8),.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-3 ul li:nth-child(16){border-bottom:0}}@media(min-width:64rem)and (max-width:81.25rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-menu-section:not(.lite).hdr-site-1{margin-left:-8.75rem}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-back{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;background:none;border:0;color:#3557ff;cursor:pointer;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:1rem 0}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-back i{font-size:.75rem;margin-right:.3125rem}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions{margin-top:1rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite){-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;border-left:1px solid #cccce7;display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:1.1875rem 0;padding-left:1.25rem}}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite).no-subscribe{border-left:none}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite).no-subscribe .vn-signin{padding-left:.9375rem}@media(min-width:64rem){.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions:not(.lite).no-subscribe .vn-signin{padding-left:0}}.vn-wrapper .vn-links .vn-actions 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data-chronicle="091e9c5e81394036" data-e2e="brdcrmb" data-module-type="link-list"><ul class="webmd-breadcrumb breadcrumb" aria-label="Breadcrumb" data-metrics-module="brdcrmb"><li class="webmd-breadcrumb__item"><span class="webmd-breadcrumb__inner" role><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/default.htm" data-metrics-link="1">Adult Vaccines</a></span><i class="webmd-breadcrumb__separator"></i></li><li class="webmd-breadcrumb__item"><span class="webmd-breadcrumb__inner" role><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/default.htm" data-metrics-link="2">COVID-19 Vaccine</a></span><i class="webmd-breadcrumb__separator"></i></li></ul><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Adult Vaccines","item":"https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/default.htm"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"COVID-19 Vaccine","item":"https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/default.htm"}]}</script></div></div><div class="webmd-row pane" style="" id="ContentPane30" tabindex="-1"><article class="article medref" data-chronicle="091e9c5e81e52a7d" data-e2e="dart-medref" data-page="1" data-module-type="dynamic-article" data-artid="091e9c5e81e83d68" style=""><script type="application/ld+json"></script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"MedicalWebPage","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/covid-19-vaccine","lastReviewed":"10/27/2022 00:00:00","reviewedBy":{"@type":"Person","name":"Melinda Ratini, MS, DO"},"about":"Coronavirus","datePublished":"03/18/2020 08:00:00","headline":"COVID-19 Vaccines","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Alexandra Benisek"},"dateModified":"10/27/2022 00:00:00","primaryImageOfPage":{"@type":"ImageObject","name":"1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg","description":"immunotherapy, needle and syringe, doctor, COVID 19, coronavirus,","license":"Getty Images","url":"https://img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/blog_posts/cancer/metastatic_lung_cancer_blog/1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg","thumbnailUrl":"https://img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/blog_posts/cancer/metastatic_lung_cancer_blog/1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"WebMD","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/logos/webmd/web/webmd_logo_53x12.gif"}}}</script><div class="inner-article-container"><header><h1>COVID-19 Vaccines</h1></header><div class="med-wrap"><div><div class="asset-med-rev"><div class="reviewer-info" data-chronicle="091e9c5e81e52a7d" data-e2e="asset-medical-review" data-metrics-module="rvdby-lnk"><span class="reviewer-photo-cont"><figure><img src="https://img.lb.wbmdstatic.com/vim/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/biographies/ratini_melinda_382x382.jpg?resize=51px:51px&output-quality=75" class="reviewer-photo"></figure></span><span class="reviewer-txt seperatorLine">Medically Reviewed by <a class="person" href="https://www.webmd.com/bio/melinda-ratini" data-metrics-link="0">Melinda Ratini, MS, DO</a><span class="no-link"></span><span class="revDate"> on October 27, 2022</span></span></div><div class="byline"><span><span class="authors" data-metrics-module="wrtnby-lnk">Written by <a href="https://www.webmd.com/bio/alexandra-benisek" class="person" data-metrics-link="0">Alexandra Benisek</a></span></span></div></div></div></div><aside class="oncology-article-nav" data-metrics-module="cwnav-art"><ul class="nav-items desktop"><li><a href="#091e9c5e81e83d68-1-2">Types of COVID-19 Vaccines</a></li><li><a href="#091e9c5e81e83d68-3-7">What Does a COVID-19 Vaccine Do?</a></li><li><a href="#091e9c5e81e83d68-4-8">Can You Get the Flu Vaccine and the COVID-19 Vaccine at the Same Time?</a></li><li><a href="#091e9c5e81e83d68-4-9">How Are Vaccines Developed?</a><div class="item-button"><a href="#"></a></div></li><li><a href="#091e9c5e81e83d68-5-11">How to Volunteer</a></li><li class="item-button"></li></ul></aside><div class="reading-wrapper"><div class="readtime"><span>7 min read</span></div><div id="audio-placeholder-091e9c5e81e83d68"></div></div><div class="article__body" data-metrics-module="embd-lnk"><div class="article-page active-page" data-page="1"><section><p>As the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus">coronavirus</a> continues to cause illness and death around the world, <a href="https://www.webmd.com/lung/covid-19-vaccine">vaccines</a> are seen as one of the best ways to stop it.</p></section><section><h2 class="jumplink-headers" id="091e9c5e81e83d68-1-2">Types of COVID-19 Vaccines</h2><p>The virus that causes COVID-19 only surfaced in late 2019. Normally, developing a vaccine for a new virus takes years, but scientists were able to get a boost from research on similar coronaviruses that cause <a href="https://www.webmd.com/lung/lung-what-is-sars" data-crosslink-type="article">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).</p><p>Experts say this coronavirus could eventually turn out to be seasonal, like <a href="https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/cold_overview_facts" data-crosslink-type="article">colds</a> and the flu. A vaccine is vital to helping control it.</p><p><a href="https://www.webmd.com/health-insurance/cm/rm-quiz-insurance-basics" data-crosslink-type="tools">Health care</a> workers and the elderly were the first to receive the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/covid-19-vaccine" data-crosslink-type="article">vaccine</a>. But after the success of mass production and distribution, the vaccines were made available to a broader population.</p><p>The CDC recommends everyone ages 6 months and older get vaccinated against COVID-19. And everyone 5 years and older should also get a COVID-19 booster, if eligible.</p><p>The CDC says the vaccines are safe for pregnant people, and there’s no indication they pose any danger to a fetus. There have been reports of adverse allergic reactions to some of the vaccines, but these are extremely rare.</p></section><section> <p>The CDC advises that anyone who had a severe <a href="https://www.webmd.com/allergies/allergic-reaction-causes" data-crosslink-type="article">allergic reaction</a> after getting Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines should not get another dose of either. Anyone who had a severe allergic reaction after receiving the Johnson & Johnson or the Novavax vaccines should not get a dose of that particular one. </p><p>There are four types of vaccines approved in the United States:</p><p><strong>Pfizer-BioNTech. </strong>This vaccine uses messenger RNA (mRNA). This is what carries instructions for making the “spike” protein that lets the virus enter human cells. The mRNA vaccine tells your immune cells to make just the protein and act as if they’ve already been infected with the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/covid/coronavirus" data-crosslink-type="article">coronavirus</a>, giving you some immunity against it.</p><p>This vaccine is approved for children and adults. The children’s dose is not as strong as the adult version. Children from 6 months to 4 years old get a three-dose primary series, and everyone age 5 and older gets a two-dose primary series.</p></section></div><div class="article-page " data-page="2"><section> <p>The CDC recommends the updated (bivalent)COVID-19 booster for everyone 5 years of age or older. The Pfizer-BioNTech updated (bivalent) booster can be given at least 2 months after the 2nd dose of the primary series or last booster to anyone 5 years old or older. People ages 6 years and up can get either a Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna booster.</p><p><strong>Moderna.</strong> This is an mRNA vaccine given in two doses, 4 to 8 weeks apart to people ages 6 months and older. The updated (bivalent) Moderna booster can be given to anyone ages 6 years or older at least 2 months after 2nd primary series dose or last booster. </p><p><strong>Johnson & Johnson vaccine.</strong> The J&J vaccine uses DNA that’s designed to trigger an immune response to the virus.</p><p>Johnson & Johnson’s COVID vaccine has a weakened version of the adenovirus, one of the viruses that causes the common cold. It’s been combined with genes from the new coronavirus’s spike protein to trigger your <a href="https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/immune-system-function" data-crosslink-type="article">immune system</a> to fight it.</p></section><section><pagebreak /> <p>Top health experts recommend you choose a COVID vaccine made with mRNA (like the ones from Pfizer and Moderna) rather than the J&J vaccine, which is made differently. Their recommendation is endorsed by the CDC and comes from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which reviewed the latest evidence on the effectiveness, safety, and rare side effects of available vaccines.</p><p>That said, if you can’t get an mRNA vaccine or you don’t want to, you should get the J&J vaccine. Receiving any COVID-19 vaccine is better than being unvaccinated, experts say.</p><p>If you got the J&J vaccine, the CDC recommends that if you are age 5 years or older, that you receive one updated (bivalent) booster as long as it has been at least 2 months since your last COVID-19 vaccine dose, whether that was:<br />your final primary series dose, or an original (monovalent) booster. Even if you got more than one original (monovalent) booster, you should get an updated (bivalent) booster.</p><p><strong>Novavax. </strong>The FDA has approved the emergency use of the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for people 18 years and older. Experts continue to study the vaccine for children as young as 12.</p></section></div><div class="article-page " data-page="3"><section> <p>This vaccine offers another option for those who haven’t gotten the Pfizer, Moderna, or J&J vaccine. The Novavax shot is like other vaccines that have been used in the U.S. for more than 30 years. It uses protein subunits, just like the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/digestive-diseases-hepatitis-b" data-crosslink-type="article">hepatitis B</a>, influenza, and <a href="https://www.webmd.com/children/whooping-cough-symptoms-treatment" data-crosslink-type="article">whooping cough</a> vaccines.</p><p>The CDC suggests Novavax if you prefer to get a vaccine that’s built on different technology than previous COVID-19 vaccines.</p><p>It includes a two-dose series. You’ll get your second shot 3 weeks after your first. The Novavax vaccine is different from the other three available COVID-19 vaccines. It contains:</p><ul><li><strong>The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. </strong>Scientists make this in lab-grown insect cells. It helps your body create an immune response. Unlike other COVID-19 shots, the Novavax vaccine puts a version of this spike protein directly into your body to create antibodies and T cells.</li><li><strong>Matrix-M adjuvant.</strong> This is a compound that boosts effectiveness of vaccines and other drugs.</li></ul><p><a href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/clincial-trial-guide-patients" data-crosslink-type="article">Clinical trials</a> show that the Novavax vaccine helped prevent some COVID-19 infections and lowered the likelihood of severe illness from the virus in 90% of cases.</p><p>Novavax boosters are available after 6 months for those 18 or older.</p><div id="art-091e9c5e81e83d68-em-bulletedlist-1" class="em-mod-bulletedlist" ref="art-091e9c5e81e83d68-em-bulletedlist-1"> <aside data-e2e="ia-bullet-list" align="middle" class="ia-module-container ia-bullet-list middle"> <p class="module_title" style="font-weight:bold"> NEWSLETTER </p> <p class="module_description"> </p> <ul class="bulletList"> <dt class="btitle">Stay Up-to-Date on COVID-19</dt><dd class="desc-wrapper"><div class= "desc-section"><div class="description"><p><a href=""https://www.webmd.com/subscribe?pg=1166&icd=wnl_cov_web_cons_instrmend"">Sign up for the latest coronavirus news.</a></p></div></div></dd> </ul> </aside> </div></section><section><h2 class="jumplink-headers" id="091e9c5e81e83d68-3-7">What Does a COVID-19 Vaccine Do?</h2><p>When you come in contact with viruses or bacteria, your body’s immune system makes antibodies to fight them off.</p><p>A vaccine forces your immune system to make antibodies against a specific disease, usually with a dead or weakened form of the germs. Then, if you come in contact with them again, your immune system knows what to do. The vaccine gives you <a href="https://www.webmd.com/diet/ss/slideshow-strengthen-immunity" data-crosslink-type="slideshows">immunity</a>, so you don’t get sick or so your illness is much milder than it otherwise would have been.</p><p>The vaccine should slow the spread of COVID-19 around the world. Fewer people should get sick, and more lives can be saved.</p><p>The Pfizer, Moderna, and Novavax vaccines have been shown to be at least 90% effective for adults. Johnson & Johnson’s COVID vaccine is more than 66% effective. But these numbers were from before new COVID-19 variants became common.</p><p>While these vaccines may not completely prevent you from getting infected with a COVID variant, they’ll likely protect you from getting severely ill.</p></section></div><div class="article-page " data-page="4"><section><h2 class="jumplink-headers" id="091e9c5e81e83d68-4-8">Can You Get the Flu Vaccine and the COVID-19 Vaccine at the Same Time?</h2><p>Yes. The CDC says you no longer have to wait 14 days between <a href="https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/ss/slideshow-vaccine-preventable-diseases" data-crosslink-type="slideshows">vaccinations</a>. Experts say that after getting the COVID-19 vaccine, your immune response – the process in which your body builds antibodies to protect you against the virus – is basically the same whether you take it alone or with the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/fact-sheet-vaccines" data-crosslink-type="article">flu vaccine</a>. Flu season in the U.S. typically lasts from October to May.</p><p>Possible common side effects like pain, redness, and swelling where you got the shot may last a day or so. These won’t change much if you get the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/video/truth-about-flu-shots" data-crosslink-type="video">flu vaccine</a>, too. Call 911 if you have a severe allergic reaction.</p></section><section><h2 class="jumplink-headers" id="091e9c5e81e83d68-4-9">How Are Vaccines Developed?</h2><p>The development of a vaccine against COVID-19 has taken place in an unparalleled pace. Usually such a process takes years, but the scope of the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/what-is-pandemic" data-crosslink-type="article">pandemic</a> triggered round-the-clock work by thousands of researchers working on over 100 forms of the vaccine.</p></section><section> <p>Before any <a href="https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/default.htm">vaccine</a> can be used widely, it must go through development and testing to make sure that it’s effective against the virus or bacteria and that it doesn’t cause other problems. The stages of development generally follow this timeline:</p><ul><li><strong>Exploratory stage.</strong> This is the start of lab research to find something that can treat or prevent a disease. It often lasts 2 to 4 years.</li><li><strong>Pre-clinical stage.</strong> Scientists use lab tests and testing in animals, such as mice or monkeys, to learn whether a vaccine might work. This stage usually lasts 1 to 2 years. Many potential vaccines don’t make it past this point. But if the tests are successful and the FDA signs off, it’s on to clinical testing.</li><li><strong>Clinical development. </strong>This is a three-phase process of testing in humans. Phase I usually lasts 1 to 2 years and involves fewer than 100 people. Phase II takes at least 2 years and includes several hundred people. Phase III lasts 3 or 4 years and involves thousands of people. Overall, the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/clincial-trial-guide-patients">clinical trial</a> process may stretch to 15 years or more. About a third of vaccines make it from phase I to final approval.</li><li><strong>Regulatory review and approval.</strong> Scientists with the FDA and CDC go over the data from the <a href="https://www.webmd.com/drug-medication/video/changes-in-how-new-drugs-are-tested" data-crosslink-type="video">clinical trials</a> and sign off.</li><li><strong>Manufacturing.</strong> The vaccine goes into production. The FDA inspects the factory and approves drug labels.</li><li><strong>Quality control.</strong> Scientists and government agencies keep tabs on the drug-making process and on people who get the vaccine. They want to make sure it keeps working safely.</li></ul><p> </p></section></div><div class="article-page " data-page="5"><section><h2 class="jumplink-headers" id="091e9c5e81e83d68-5-11">How to Volunteer</h2><p>If you're interested in volunteering for a COVID-19 vaccine trial, here are some sources of more information:</p><p>Government-sponsored sites:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.coronaviruspreventionnetwork.org/">COVID-19 Prevention Network</a> (CoVPN). This is funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and coordinated by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. Its goal is to enroll thousands of volunteers into COVID vaccine trials nationwide. Many research centers are using this site to find volunteers.</li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/">Clinicaltrials.gov</a>. This is a government database of public and private clinical studies done worldwide. The site also offers <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/about-studies/learn#Considerations">considerations</a> for joining a clinical trial.</li></ul><p>Sites that link volunteers with trials nationwide include:</p><ul><li><a href="https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/condition/1097/covid-19/">CenterWatch</a></li><li><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=COVID-19">Clinicaltrials.gov</a></li></ul><p>Individual hospitals, universities, research centers, and others may also provide opportunities to enroll in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. Some are:</p><ul><li><a href="https://kpstudysearch.kaiser.org/">Kaiser Permanente</a></li><li><a href="https://research.musc.edu/clinical-trials/coronavirus-clinical-trials">Medical University of South Carolina</a></li><li><a href="https://www.mcrmed.com/covid-19-vaccine-study/">Meridian Clinical Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/coronavirus/covid-19-clinical-trials">Penn Medicine</a></li><li><a href="https://www.slu.edu/medicine/internal-medicine/infectious-disease/vaccine-development/index.php">Saint Louis University</a></li><li><a href="https://saresearch.com/">SAResearch</a> (Clinical Trials of Texas)</li><li><a href="https://studypages.com/s/join-a-covid-19-vaccine-research-study-190759/">University of California, Davis</a></li><li><a href="https://medschool.ucsd.edu/research/actri/clinical/Pages/COVID-19-Prevention-Network-Study.aspx">University of California, San Diego</a></li></ul><p>You can also call or visit the website of your local hospital or research institution to find out if it is taking part in any trials.</p></section></div></div><div class="related-articles" data-metrics-module="cwnav-art" data-metrics-sel="li"><ul class="related-items"><span>RELATED ARTICLES:</span><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/covid-19-vaccine">COVID-19 Vaccines</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/covid-19-vaccine-booster">COVID Vaccine Boosters</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/covid-19-vaccine-myocarditis">COVID Vaccine Side Effects</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/covid-vaccine-pregnancy-breastfeeding">COVID-19 Vaccine & Pregnancy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/covid-19-vaccines-kids-what-to-know">COVID-19 Vaccine & Kids</a></li></ul></div><footer><div class="pub-info-and-share-bar"><div class="article__publication-sources"><section class="asset-footer"><div class="asset-footer-top"><div class="asset-footer-buttons"><button 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class="sources-wrapper" data-metrics-module="src"><p>SOURCES:</p><p>FDA: “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency Use in Adolescents in Another Important Action in Fight Against Pandemic,” “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines for Children Down to 6 Months of Age,” “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Emergency Use of Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted.”</p><p>Reuters: “Canada allows Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 12-15.”</p><p>Pfizer: “Pfizer-BioNTech Announce Positive Topline Results of Pivotal Covid-19 Vaccine Study in Adolescents.”</p><p>CDC: “Getting Your COVID-19 Vaccine,” “Possible Side Effects After Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine,” “The Flu Season,” “COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shots,” “CDC Endorses ACIP’s Updated COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations,” “What You Need to Know About Variants,” “Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine Overview and Safety,” “Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Overview and Safety,” “Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (also known as COMIRNATY) Overview and Safety,” “CDC Recommends Additional Boosters for Certain Individuals,” “mRNA Vaccines,” “CDC Recommends Novavax’s COVID-19 Vaccine for Adults.”</p><p>UpToDate: “COVID-19 adenovirus vector vaccines (United States and Canada: Authorized for use): Drug information.”</p><p>Yale Medicine: “COVID-19 Vaccines for Kids Under 5: What Parents Need to Know,” “Novavax's COVID-19 Vaccine: Your Questions Answered.”</p><p>University of Maryland Medical System: “COVID Variants and the Vaccine.”</p></div></div></div><div class="asset-footer-bottom"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/about-webmd-policies/about-privacy-policy" class="asset-footer-policy"> View privacy policy, copyright and trust info </a></div><div class="asset-footer-bottom-share"><div class="module module-social-share-footer" data-e2e="social-sharebar"><div class="socialshare-container" data-metrics-module="fm-shr"><div 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She holds a Bachelor of Arts in Communications\u002FJournalism from Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, GA. \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan lang=\"EN\"\u003EWhen she’s not creating new content, Benisek enjoys bodybuilding and traveling to faraway places.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"person_photo":{"directive":"imageurl","chronic_id":"9e1414cc-a5b0-4215-88ab-3a28ccfdb1c9","path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Farticles\u002Fbiographies\u002F382x382_alexandra_benisek.jpg","object_type":"wbmd_cons_img"},"related_links_header":"","related_links_text":{"#cdata-section":""}}},"link_friendlyurl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbio\u002Falexandra-benisek"}}},"wbmd_bus_ref":{"wbmd_disp_nm":"Medical Reference"},"wbmd_cpyrt":{"wbmd_copyright":{"wbmd_copyright_statement":"© 2022 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved."}},"wbmd_prim_med_revr":{"aspen_id":"35c12649-586e-4be9-b423-7db311d5b18c","wbmd_first_nm":"Melinda","wbmd_middle_name":"","wbmd_lst_nm":"Ratini","wbmd_person_prof_ttl":"","wbmd_bio_obj_id":{"directive":"friendlyurl","object_type":"wbmd_cons_article","chronic_id":"091e9c5e80a03c57","legacy_id":"091e9c5e80a03c57","link_friendlyurl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbio\u002Fmelinda-ratini","content_section":{"cons_bio":{"title":"Melinda Ratini, DO","bio_text":{"#cdata-section":"\u003Cp\u003EMelinda Ratini, DO, is a member of the WebMD medical review team and is responsible for ensuring the medical accuracy of WebMD’s news and feature stories. As a family practitioner, Ratini has been seeing patients since 1986. Remaining active in clinical practice has allowed her to identify firsthand the information needs of real patients and their families. She is also actively involved in the training of family practice residents as a clinical assistant professor in the department of family medicine at the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. Ratini is on staff at Lower Bucks Hospital, St. Mary Medical Center, and Aria Health in Bucks County, Pa. She is board-certified in both family practice and geriatrics. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn addition to being involved in direct patient care, she has devoted much of her professional career to the crafting of medical information in a way that allows the consumer to take steps toward getting and staying healthy. In this capacity, she has served as a medical director for the editorial division of one of the largest health care companies in the U.S., as well as serving as a medical consultant\u002Feditor for numerous medical communication, patient education, and population health management firms. Other areas of expertise include the development of interactive tools and programs that help demystify complicated medical topics. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERatini is also a well-respected editor of clinical material geared towards physicians. She has served as an editor for the American College of Osteopathic Family Practitioners. She was also a clinical editor for \u003Ci\u003EHarrison's Practice\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, the online version of one of the most recognized and well-respected medical textbooks for physicians.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHer medical degree is from West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, where she received the Glasgow Award from the American Medical Women’s Association. In addition, Ratini also holds an MS in information science from Drexel University and a BS in biology from Pennsylvania State University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"person_photo":{"directive":"imageurl","_chronic_id":"4c60d8bd-0c83-43be-9d4a-c253b474afe2","path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Farticles\u002Fbiographies\u002Fratini_melinda_382x382.jpg","object_type":"wbmd_cons_img"},"related_links_header":"","related_links_text":{"#cdata-section":""}}}},"wbmd_person_suffix_group":{"wbmd_person_suffix":[{"object_type":"wbmd_lookup","wbmd_lookup_type":"person_suffix","wbmd_storage_val":"52","wbmd_disp_nm":"MS"},{"object_type":"wbmd_lookup","wbmd_lookup_type":"person_suffix","wbmd_storage_val":"18","wbmd_disp_nm":"DO"}]},"name":"Melinda Ratini, MS, DO","photo":"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.lb.wbmdstatic.com\u002Fvim\u002Flive\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Farticles\u002Fbiographies\u002Fratini_melinda_382x382.jpg","bioUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fbio\u002Fmelinda-ratini","intro":"","header":""},"wbmd_prim_revw_dt":"10\u002F27\u002F2022 00:00:00","wbmd_orig_pub_dt":"03\u002F18\u002F2020 08:00:00","wbmd_first_live_dt":"03\u002F18\u002F2020 01:00:00","wbmd_c_sec_med_revw_dt":"","wbmd_suppress_infinite":"0"}},"module_data":{"content_section":{"cons_health_ref":{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccines","thumbnail_image":{"directive":"imageurl","_chronic_id":"cbdf915d-931e-4dc2-985f-018c84c35bcf","path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Farticle_thumbnails\u002Fblog_posts\u002Fcancer\u002Fmetastatic_lung_cancer_blog\u002F1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg","object_type":"wbmd_cons_img","name":"1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg","description":"immunotherapy, needle and syringe, doctor, COVID 19, coronavirus,","height":"1200","width":"1800","source":"VIM","credit":"Getty Images","contentURL":"\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Farticle_thumbnails\u002Fblog_posts\u002Fcancer\u002Fmetastatic_lung_cancer_blog\u002F1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg"},"media_asset":{"directive":"friendlyurl","_chronic_id":"cbdf915d-931e-4dc2-985f-018c84c35bcf","path":"\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Farticle_thumbnails\u002Fblog_posts\u002Fcancer\u002Fmetastatic_lung_cancer_blog\u002F1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg","object_type":"wbmd_cons_img","i_chronicle_id":"cbdf915d-931e-4dc2-985f-018c84c35bcf","r_object_id":"","r_object_type":"wbmd_cons_img","title":"1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg","wbmd_desc_user":"immunotherapy, needle and syringe, doctor, COVID 19, coronavirus,","wbmd_keywords":"","wbmd_c_alt_tag":"photo of immunotherapy vial","wbmd_c_width":"1800px","wbmd_c_ht":"1200px","name":"1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg","description":"immunotherapy, needle and syringe, doctor, COVID 19, coronavirus,","height":"1200","width":"1800","source":"VIM","credit":"Getty Images","contentURL":"\u002Fwebmd\u002Fconsumer_assets\u002Fsite_images\u002Farticle_thumbnails\u002Fblog_posts\u002Fcancer\u002Fmetastatic_lung_cancer_blog\u002F1800x1200_metastatic_lung_cancer_blog.jpg"},"section_groups":{"#cdata-section":"\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"mobile\" order=\"1\" \u002F\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"desktop\" order=\"1\" \u002F\u003E\u003Csection_header\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAs the \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Flung\u002Fcoronavirus\"\u003Ecoronavirus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E continues to cause illness and death around the world, \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Flung\u002Fcovid-19-vaccine\"\u003Evaccines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are seen as one of the best ways to stop it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Csection_header\u003ETypes of COVID-19 Vaccines\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe virus that causes COVID-19 only surfaced in late 2019. Normally, developing a vaccine for a new virus takes years, but scientists were able to get a boost from research on similar coronaviruses that cause \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Flung\u002Flung-what-is-sars\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Esevere acute respiratory syndrome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EExperts say this coronavirus could eventually turn out to be seasonal, like \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcold-and-flu\u002Fcold-guide\u002Fcold_overview_facts\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Ecolds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the flu. A vaccine is vital to helping control it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhealth-insurance\u002Fcm\u002Frm-quiz-insurance-basics\" crosslinktype=\"Tools\"\u003EHealth care\u003C\u002Fa\u003E workers and the elderly were the first to receive the \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvaccines\u002Fcovid-19-vaccine\u002Fcovid-19-vaccine\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Evaccine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But after the success of mass production and distribution, the vaccines were made available to a broader population.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe CDC recommends everyone ages 6 months and older get vaccinated against COVID-19. And everyone 5 years and older should also get a COVID-19 booster, if eligible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe CDC says the vaccines are safe for pregnant people, and there’s no indication they pose any danger to a fetus. There have been reports of adverse allergic reactions to some of the vaccines, but these are extremely rare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"mobile\" order=\"2\" \u002F\u003E\u003Csection_header is_continued=\"true\"\u003ETypes of COVID-19 Vaccines continued...\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe CDC advises that anyone who had a severe \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fallergies\u002Fallergic-reaction-causes\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Eallergic reaction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after getting Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines should not get another dose of either. Anyone who had a severe allergic reaction after receiving the Johnson & Johnson or the Novavax vaccines should not get a dose of that particular one. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are four types of vaccines approved in the United States:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPfizer-BioNTech. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EThis vaccine uses messenger RNA (mRNA). This is what carries instructions for making the “spike” protein that lets the virus enter human cells. The mRNA vaccine tells your immune cells to make just the protein and act as if they’ve already been infected with the \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcovid\u002Fcoronavirus\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Ecoronavirus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, giving you some immunity against it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis vaccine is approved for children and adults. The children’s dose is not as strong as the adult version. Children from 6 months to 4 years old get a three-dose primary series, and everyone age 5 and older gets a two-dose primary series.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"mobile\" order=\"3\" \u002F\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"desktop\" order=\"2\" \u002F\u003E\u003Csection_header is_continued=\"true\"\u003ETypes of COVID-19 Vaccines continued...\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe CDC recommends the updated (bivalent)COVID-19 booster for everyone 5 years of age or older. The Pfizer-BioNTech updated (bivalent) booster can be given at least 2 months after the 2nd dose of the primary series or last booster to anyone 5 years old or older. People ages 6 years and up can get either a Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna booster.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EModerna.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E This is an mRNA vaccine given in two doses, 4 to 8 weeks apart to people ages 6 months and older. The updated (bivalent) Moderna booster can be given to anyone ages 6 years or older at least 2 months after 2nd primary series dose or last booster. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJohnson & Johnson vaccine.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E The J&J vaccine uses DNA that’s designed to trigger an immune response to the virus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJohnson & Johnson’s COVID vaccine has a weakened version of the adenovirus, one of the viruses that causes the common cold. It’s been combined with genes from the new coronavirus’s spike protein to trigger your \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcold-and-flu\u002Fimmune-system-function\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Eimmune system\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to fight it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"mobile\" order=\"4\" \u002F\u003E\u003Cpagebreak \u002F\u003E\u003Csection_header is_continued=\"true\"\u003ETypes of COVID-19 Vaccines continued...\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETop health experts recommend you choose a COVID vaccine made with mRNA (like the ones from Pfizer and Moderna) rather than the J&J vaccine, which is made differently. Their recommendation is endorsed by the CDC and comes from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which reviewed the latest evidence on the effectiveness, safety, and rare side effects of available vaccines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat said, if you can’t get an mRNA vaccine or you don’t want to, you should get the J&J vaccine. Receiving any COVID-19 vaccine is better than being unvaccinated, experts say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf you got the J&J vaccine, the CDC recommends that if you are age 5 years or older, that you receive one updated (bivalent) booster as long as it has been at least 2 months since your last COVID-19 vaccine dose, whether that was:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003Eyour final primary series dose, or an original (monovalent) booster. Even if you got more than one original (monovalent) booster, you should get an updated (bivalent) booster.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENovavax. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EThe FDA has approved the emergency use of the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine for people 18 years and older. Experts continue to study the vaccine for children as young as 12.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"mobile\" order=\"5\" \u002F\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"desktop\" order=\"3\" \u002F\u003E\u003Csection_header is_continued=\"true\"\u003ETypes of COVID-19 Vaccines continued...\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis vaccine offers another option for those who haven’t gotten the Pfizer, Moderna, or J&J vaccine. The Novavax shot is like other vaccines that have been used in the U.S. for more than 30 years. It uses protein subunits, just like the \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fhepatitis\u002Fdigestive-diseases-hepatitis-b\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Ehepatitis B\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, influenza, and \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fchildren\u002Fwhooping-cough-symptoms-treatment\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Ewhooping cough\u003C\u002Fa\u003E vaccines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe CDC suggests Novavax if you prefer to get a vaccine that’s built on different technology than previous COVID-19 vaccines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt includes a two-dose series. You’ll get your second shot 3 weeks after your first. The Novavax vaccine is different from the other three available COVID-19 vaccines. It contains:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EScientists make this in lab-grown insect cells. It helps your body create an immune response. Unlike other COVID-19 shots, the Novavax vaccine puts a version of this spike protein directly into your body to create antibodies and T cells.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMatrix-M adjuvant.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E This is a compound that boosts effectiveness of vaccines and other drugs.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fa-to-z-guides\u002Fclincial-trial-guide-patients\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003EClinical trials\u003C\u002Fa\u003E show that the Novavax vaccine helped prevent some COVID-19 infections and lowered the likelihood of severe illness from the virus in 90% of cases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENovavax boosters are available after 6 months for those 18 or older.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cembeded_module class=\"wbmdembededmodule cke_widget_inline\" align=\"middle\" suppress_from_site=\"false\" suppress_from_fed=\"false\" asset_title=\"\" asset_description=\"\" module_title=\"NEWSLETTER\" module_description=\"\" type=\"bulletedlist\"\u003E\u003Cbulletlist\u003E\u003Cbulletitem\u003E\u003Cbtitle\u003EStay Up-to-Date on COVID-19\u003C\u002Fbtitle\u003E\u003Cdescription\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\""https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fsubscribe?pg=1166&icd=wnl_cov_web_cons_instrmend"\"\u003ESign up for the latest coronavirus news.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdescription\u003E\u003C\u002Fbulletitem\u003E\u003C\u002Fbulletlist\u003E\u003C\u002Fembeded_module\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"mobile\" order=\"6\" \u002F\u003E\u003Csection_header\u003EWhat Does a COVID-19 Vaccine Do?\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen you come in contact with viruses or bacteria, your body’s immune system makes antibodies to fight them off.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA vaccine forces your immune system to make antibodies against a specific disease, usually with a dead or weakened form of the germs. Then, if you come in contact with them again, your immune system knows what to do. The vaccine gives you \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdiet\u002Fss\u002Fslideshow-strengthen-immunity\" crosslinktype=\"Slideshows\"\u003Eimmunity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so you don’t get sick or so your illness is much milder than it otherwise would have been.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe vaccine should slow the spread of COVID-19 around the world. Fewer people should get sick, and more lives can be saved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Pfizer, Moderna, and Novavax vaccines have been shown to be at least 90% effective for adults. Johnson & Johnson’s COVID vaccine is more than 66% effective. But these numbers were from before new COVID-19 variants became common.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile these vaccines may not completely prevent you from getting infected with a COVID variant, they’ll likely protect you from getting severely ill.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"mobile\" order=\"7\" \u002F\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"desktop\" order=\"4\" \u002F\u003E\u003Csection_header\u003ECan You Get the Flu Vaccine and the COVID-19 Vaccine at the Same Time?\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYes. The CDC says you no longer have to wait 14 days between \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvaccines\u002Fss\u002Fslideshow-vaccine-preventable-diseases\" crosslinktype=\"Slideshows\"\u003Evaccinations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Experts say that after getting the COVID-19 vaccine, your immune response – the process in which your body builds antibodies to protect you against the virus – is basically the same whether you take it alone or with the \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcold-and-flu\u002Ffact-sheet-vaccines\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Eflu vaccine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Flu season in the U.S. typically lasts from October to May.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPossible common side effects like pain, redness, and swelling where you got the shot may last a day or so. These won’t change much if you get the \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcold-and-flu\u002Fvideo\u002Ftruth-about-flu-shots\" crosslinktype=\"Video\"\u003Eflu vaccine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, too. Call 911 if you have a severe allergic reaction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Csection_header\u003EHow Are Vaccines Developed?\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe development of a vaccine against COVID-19 has taken place in an unparalleled pace. Usually such a process takes years, but the scope of the \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fcold-and-flu\u002Fwhat-is-pandemic\" crosslinktype=\"Article\"\u003Epandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E triggered round-the-clock work by thousands of researchers working on over 100 forms of the vaccine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"mobile\" order=\"8\" \u002F\u003E\u003Csection_header is_continued=\"true\"\u003EHow Are Vaccines Developed? continued...\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBefore any \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fvaccines\u002Fdefault.htm\"\u003Evaccine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can be used widely, it must go through development and testing to make sure that it’s effective against the virus or bacteria and that it doesn’t cause other problems. The stages of development generally follow this timeline:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExploratory stage.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E This is the start of lab research to find something that can treat or prevent a disease. It often lasts 2 to 4 years.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPre-clinical stage.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Scientists use lab tests and testing in animals, such as mice or monkeys, to learn whether a vaccine might work. This stage usually lasts 1 to 2 years. Many potential vaccines don’t make it past this point. But if the tests are successful and the FDA signs off, it’s on to clinical testing.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EClinical development. \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EThis is a three-phase process of testing in humans. Phase I usually lasts 1 to 2 years and involves fewer than 100 people. Phase II takes at least 2 years and includes several hundred people. Phase III lasts 3 or 4 years and involves thousands of people. Overall, the \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fa-to-z-guides\u002Fclincial-trial-guide-patients\"\u003Eclinical trial\u003C\u002Fa\u003E process may stretch to 15 years or more. About a third of vaccines make it from phase I to final approval.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERegulatory review and approval.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Scientists with the FDA and CDC go over the data from the \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webmd.com\u002Fdrug-medication\u002Fvideo\u002Fchanges-in-how-new-drugs-are-tested\" crosslinktype=\"Video\"\u003Eclinical trials\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and sign off.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EManufacturing.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E The vaccine goes into production. The FDA inspects the factory and approves drug labels.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EQuality control.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Scientists and government agencies keep tabs on the drug-making process and on people who get the vaccine. They want to make sure it keeps working safely.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E\u003Csection_group\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"mobile\" order=\"9\" \u002F\u003E\u003Cpagebreak type=\"desktop\" order=\"5\" \u002F\u003E\u003Csection_header\u003EHow to Volunteer\u003C\u002Fsection_header\u003E\u003Csection_text\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf you're interested in volunteering for a COVID-19 vaccine trial, here are some sources of more information:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGovernment-sponsored sites:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.coronaviruspreventionnetwork.org\u002F\"\u003ECOVID-19 Prevention Network\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (CoVPN). This is funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and coordinated by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. Its goal is to enroll thousands of volunteers into COVID vaccine trials nationwide. Many research centers are using this site to find volunteers.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fclinicaltrials.gov\u002F\"\u003EClinicaltrials.gov\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This is a government database of public and private clinical studies done worldwide. The site also offers \u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fclinicaltrials.gov\u002Fct2\u002Fabout-studies\u002Flearn#Considerations\"\u003Econsiderations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for joining a clinical trial.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESites that link volunteers with trials nationwide include:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.centerwatch.com\u002Fclinical-trials\u002Flistings\u002Fcondition\u002F1097\u002Fcovid-19\u002F\"\u003ECenterWatch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fclinicaltrials.gov\u002Fct2\u002Fresults?cond=COVID-19\"\u003EClinicaltrials.gov\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIndividual hospitals, universities, research centers, and others may also provide opportunities to enroll in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. Some are:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkpstudysearch.kaiser.org\u002F\"\u003EKaiser Permanente\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fresearch.musc.edu\u002Fclinical-trials\u002Fcoronavirus-clinical-trials\"\u003EMedical University of South Carolina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mcrmed.com\u002Fcovid-19-vaccine-study\u002F\"\u003EMeridian Clinical Research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pennmedicine.org\u002Fcoronavirus\u002Fcovid-19-clinical-trials\"\u003EPenn Medicine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.slu.edu\u002Fmedicine\u002Finternal-medicine\u002Finfectious-disease\u002Fvaccine-development\u002Findex.php\"\u003ESaint Louis University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsaresearch.com\u002F\"\u003ESAResearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Clinical Trials of Texas)\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstudypages.com\u002Fs\u002Fjoin-a-covid-19-vaccine-research-study-190759\u002F\"\u003EUniversity of California, Davis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca link_friendlyurl=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedschool.ucsd.edu\u002Fresearch\u002Factri\u002Fclinical\u002FPages\u002FCOVID-19-Prevention-Network-Study.aspx\"\u003EUniversity of California, San Diego\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou can also call or visit the website of your local hospital or research institution to find out if it is taking part in any trials.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_text\u003E\u003Chighlights\u003E\u003C\u002Fhighlights\u003E\u003Cpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fpull_quotes\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection_group\u003E"},"citations":{"#cdata-section":"\u003Cp\u003ESOURCES:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFDA: “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for Emergency Use in Adolescents in Another Important Action in Fight Against Pandemic,” “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccines for Children Down to 6 Months of Age,” “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Emergency Use of Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EReuters: “Canada allows Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 12-15.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPfizer: “Pfizer-BioNTech Announce Positive Topline Results of Pivotal Covid-19 Vaccine Study in Adolescents.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECDC: “Getting Your COVID-19 Vaccine,” “Possible Side Effects After Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine,” “The Flu Season,” “COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shots,” “CDC Endorses ACIP’s Updated COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations,” “What You Need to Know About Variants,” “Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine Overview and Safety,” “Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Overview and Safety,” “Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (also known as COMIRNATY) Overview and Safety,” “CDC Recommends Additional Boosters for Certain Individuals,” “mRNA Vaccines,” “CDC Recommends Novavax’s COVID-19 Vaccine for Adults.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUpToDate: “COVID-19 adenovirus vector vaccines (United States and Canada: Authorized for use): Drug information.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYale Medicine: “COVID-19 Vaccines for Kids Under 5: What Parents Need to Know,” “Novavax's COVID-19 Vaccine: Your Questions Answered.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EUniversity of Maryland Medical System: “COVID Variants and the Vaccine.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"related_links_header":"","related_links_text":{"#cdata-section":""}}}}}},"staticPublicPath":"\u002Fstatic_vue\u002F091e9c5e81e52a7c\u002Fclient\u002F","isInteractivePage":false},"flow":{"flowInfo":{"legacyBundleArticle":{"assetId":"091e9c5e8221ca25","channelId":"93259","contentType":"Article"}}},"quiz":{"rmq":{}}}</script> <script>window.__INITIAL_STATE__.route.hash = window.location.hash; 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