CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="af" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Wys bron van Michail Gorbatsjof - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )afwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januarie","Februarie","Maart","April","Mei","Junie","Julie","Augustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"6063c7c1-6f16-4ca4-a4a9-d1719c2279ea","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Michail_Gorbatsjof","wgTitle":"Michail Gorbatsjof","wgCurRevisionId":2590206,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":24842,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"af","wgPageContentLanguage":"af","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Michail_Gorbatsjof","wgRelevantArticleId":24842,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"af","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"af"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":8000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.edit.collapsibleFooter","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1218"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg/800px-Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="812"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg/640px-Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="650"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Wys bron van Michail Gorbatsjof - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Wysig" href="/w/index.php?title=Michail_Gorbatsjof&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (af)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//af.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.af"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atoomvoer" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Michail_Gorbatsjof rootpage-Michail_Gorbatsjof skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Gaan na inhoud</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofkieslys" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofkieslys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Michail+Gorbatsjof&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Michail+Gorbatsjof&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Michail+Gorbatsjof&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Michail+Gorbatsjof&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wys bron van Michail Gorbatsjof</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Hierdie artikel bestaan slegs in hierdie taal. Voeg die artikel by vir ander tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voeg tale by</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Michail_Gorbatsjof" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michail_Gorbatsjof&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michail_Gorbatsjof&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michail_Gorbatsjof&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michail_Gorbatsjof&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michail_Gorbatsjof&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michail_Gorbatsjof&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Michail_Gorbatsjof" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Michail_Gorbatsjof" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michail_Gorbatsjof&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMichail_Gorbatsjof%26action%3Dedit"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMichail_Gorbatsjof%26action%3Dedit"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30487" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof" title="Michail Gorbatsjof">Michail Gorbatsjof</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>U het geen regte om om hierdie bladsy te wysig nie, vir die volgende rede: </p> <div class="permissions-errors"><div class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>Your IP address is in a range that has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis</a>.</b> <p>The block was made by <a href="/wiki/Gebruiker:Jon_Kolbert" title="Gebruiker:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a>. The reason given is <i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>. </p> <ul><li>Start of block: 15:12, 27 Augustus 2023</li> <li>Expiry of block: 15:12, 27 Augustus 2028</li></ul> <p>Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. The blocked range is 8.222.128.0/17. </p><p>Sluit asseblief al bogenoemde besonderhede in by enige navrae wat jy maak. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. </p> Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>U het toestemming om die bronteks te bekyk en te kopieer. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="af" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Inligtingraampie Ampsbekleër | naam = Michail Gorbatsjof [[Lêer:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]] | beeld = Mikhail Gorbachev 1987.jpg | beeldonderskrif = | orde = President van die Sowjetunie | termynaanvang = [[15 Maart]] [[1990]] | termyneinde = [[25 Desember]] [[1991]] | vise = [[Gennadi Janajef]] | voorganger = [[Andrei Gromiko]] | opvolger = [[Boris Jeltsin]] as President van Rusland | geboortedatum = [[2 Maart]] [[1931]] | geboorteplek = [[Priwolnoje]], [[Russiese Sosialistiese Federale Sowjetrepubliek|Russiese SFS]], [[Sowjetunie]] | sterftedatum = {{Death date and age|2022|08|30|1931|03|02|df=yes}} | sterfteplek = [[Moskou]], [[Rusland]] | party = Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie (1950-1991)<br />Sosiale Demokratiese Party van Rusland (2001-2004)<br />Unie van Sosiale Demokrate (2007 - nou)<br />Onafhanklike Demokratiese Party van Rusland (2008 - nou) | orde2 = 12de Voorsitter van die Presidium van die Opperste Sowjet van die Sowjetunie | termynaanvang2 = [[1 Oktober]] [[1988]] | termyneinde2 = [[25 Mei]] [[1989]] | vise2 = | eersteminister2 = [[Nikolai Tichonof]]<br />[[Nikolai Rizjkof]] | voorganger2 = | opvolger2 = | orde3 = 1ste Voorsitter van die Opperste Sowjet van die Sowjetunie | termynaanvang3 = [[25 Mei]] [[1989]] | termyneinde3 = [[15 Maart]] [[1990]] | vise3 = | voorganger3 = homself as Voorsitter van die Presidium van die Opperste Sowjet | opvolger3 = [[Anatoli Loekjanof]] as speaker van die Parlement<br />homself as staatshoof as die president van die Sowjetunie | orde4 = Lid van die Politburo | termynaanvang4 = [[1980]] | termyneinde4 = [[1991]] | eggenoot = Raisa Gorbatsjowa | professie = Regsgeleerde | kinders = | alma_mater = Staatsuniversiteit van Moskou | religie = Ateïs | handtekening = Mikhail Gorbachev Signature.svg | toekennings = [[Nobelprys vir Vrede]] (1990) }} '''Michail Sergejewitsj Gorbatsjof''' ([[Russies]]: '''Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв'''; 2 Maart 1931 – [[30 Augustus]] [[2022]]) was een van die invloedrykste [[Rusland|Russiese]] politici van die laaste kwart van die twintigste eeu. Onder sy politieke leierskap het die politieke, sosiale en ekonomiese landskap van die [[Sowjetunie]] drasties verander - die magtige [[Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie|Kommunistiese Party]] wat die USSR langer as sewentig jaar met 'n ystervuis regeer het, het binne ses jaar sy gesag verloor en die land het 'n nuwe politieke en ekonomiese bedeling ingeskiet. Die veranderinge in die USSR het 'n rimpeleffek op internasionale betrekkinge gehad: superkragbetrekkinge het verskuif met die beëindiging van die [[Koue Oorlog]], die [[wapenwedloop]] het beduidend afgeneem, die politieke kaart van [[Europa]] het vinnig verander en die [[Berlynse Muur]] het geval wat gelei het tot die hervereniging van Duitsland. Die wêreld van die tagtigerjare was nie dieselfde as dié van die negentigerjare nie omdat Gorbatsjof, wat nog sy hele lewe 'n lojale lid van die Kommunistiese Party was, die moed gehad het om sewentig jaar van kommunistiese ideologie te bevraagteken. Sy pogings om die Sowjetstelsel te hervorm het onder sy opvolger, [[Boris Jeltsin]], gelei tot die algehele aftakeling van kommunisme. Deur sy ampsbekleding as sekretaris-generaal van die Sentrale Komitee ([[1985]]—[[1990]]) en as president van die USSR ([[1990]]—[[1991]]), het Gorbatsjof twee beleide geïmplementeer wat verreikende gevolge gehad het: [[glasnost]] (openheid) en perestroika (herstrukturering). Onder glasnost het Gorbatsjof ongekende [[vryheid van spraak]] in die USSR ingestel. [[Perestroika]] was 'n poging om die politieke bestel te demokratiseer en 'n sukkelende, burokratiese en onproduktiewe ekonomie te verbeter deur beperkte vryemarkbeleide in te stel. In 1989 het Gorbatsjof se verdraagsaamheid teenoor die antikommunistiese protes in [[Oos-Berlyn]] gelei tot die verkrummeling van die Berlynse Muur - 'n gebeurtenis wat 'n sneeubaleffek gehad het in die oos-Europese state wat sedert die veertigerjare onderworpe was aan kommunistiese beheer. Dit het [[Bulgarye]], [[Tsjeggo-Slowakye]], [[Hongarye]], [[Pole]] en [[Roemenië]] aangemoedig om voor die einde van die jaar die kommunistiese beheer omver te werp. Gemotiveer deur die gebeure in [[Oos-Europa]], het die klein [[Litause SSR|Sowjetrepubliek van Litaue]] in 1990 die land se onafhanklikheid van die USSR aangekondig. In plaas daarvan om hierdie interne opstand gewelddadig te onderdruk, het Gorbatsjof met relatiewe selfbeheersing opgetree. 'n Golf van nasionalisme het deur die USSR beweeg en teen 1990 was elkeen van die vyftien Sowjet-republieke onafhanklik. In 1990 het Gorbatsjof die [[Nobelprys vir Vrede]] ontvang.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1990/index.html |access-date=6 Oktober 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629072730/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1990/index.html |archive-date=29 Junie 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Lewensgeskiedenis == [[Lêer:Михаил Горбачёв.jpg|duimnael|links|upright|Michail Gorbatsjof in 2004]] Michail Sergejewitsj Gorbatsjof is op [[2 Maart]] [[1931]] in [[Priwolnoje]] in [[Noord-Kaukasus-krai]] (vandag [[Stawropol-krai]]) gebore. Sy pa was 'n kleinboer wat voor die [[Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] as trekkerdrywer, en na die oorlog as ekonoom en amptenaar van die Kommunistiese Party gewerk het. Op die ouderdom van veertien jaar het Gorbatsjof in die somer as trekkerdrywer op 'n [[kolchos]] (kommune-plaas) gewerk. Hy het in [[1946]] 'n lid van die [[Komsomol]] (Kommunistiese Jeugliga) geword en in [[1950]] by die [[Moskouse Staatsuniversiteit]] se regsfakulteit begin waar hy Komsomol-sekretaris van die fakulteit was. In [[1952]] het hy 'n volle lid van die Kommunistiese Party geword en in die volgende drie dekades deur die Kommunistiese range opbeweeg. In [[1956]] het Gorbatsjof met Raisa Titorenko, ’n oudstudent van filosofie aan die [[Moskouse Staatsuniversiteit]], getrou. In dieselfde jaar is hul dogter Irina gebore. Raisa, wat intelligent en stylvol was, is positief deur die Weste ontvang en het daarom Gorbatsjof se internasionale beeld verbeter met besoeke aan verskeie belangrike Westerse leiers soos [[Ronald Reagan]] en [[Margaret Thatcher]]. Gorbatsjof het in [[1980]] lid van die Politburo geword en steeds sy mag gekonsolideer. Op [[11 Maart]] [[1985]] is hy verkies tot hoofsekretaris van die Sentrale Komitee van die Kommunistiese Party van die Sowjetunie - 'n pos wat hy tot [[1990]] beklee het toe hy president van die Sowjetunie geword het. Teen [[1991]] het Gorbatsjof se pogings om die Sowjetunie se politieke stelsel te demokratiseer en sy ekonomie te desentraliseer gelei tot 'n poging tot 'n staatsgreep deur volhardende Kommuniste wat nie van verandering gehou het nie. Die destydse Russiese president, [[Boris Jeltsin]], het egter die staatsgreep onderdruk. Op [[Kersdag]] [[1991]] het Gorbatsjof bedank as president van die USSR, wat onmiddellik daarna ontbind het. In [[1996]] het hy tot die politiek probeer terugkeer, maar 'n vernietigende nederlaag by die stembusse gely. == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Verdere leesstof == * Gorbachev, Mikhail. ''Memoirs''. Doubleday (1995). ISBN 0-385-40668-1 == Eksterne skakels == * [http://www.gorby.ru/en/ Die Gorbatsjof-stigting] * [http://journalisted.com/mikhail-gorbachev Argief by ''Journalisted''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119045112/http://journalisted.com/mikhail-gorbachev |date=19 November 2011 }} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/mikhailgorbachev Argief by ''The Guardian''] {{Commons-kategorie inlyn|Mikhail Gorbachev|Michail Gorbatsjof}} {{Leiers SuRu}} {{Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede}} {{Time-persone van die jaar}} {{Normdata}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gorbatsjof, Michail}} [[Kategorie:Russiese politici]] [[Kategorie:Kommuniste]] [[Kategorie:Presidente]] [[Kategorie:Sowjetse staatshoofde]] [[Kategorie:Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede]] [[Kategorie:Geboortes in 1931]] [[Kategorie:Sterftes in 2022]] [[Kategorie:Ontvangers van die Orde van Lenin]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Sjablone wat op hierdie bladsy gebruik word: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:!-" title="Sjabloon:!-">Sjabloon:!-</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:!-&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:!-">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Allow_wrap" title="Sjabloon:Allow wrap">Sjabloon:Allow wrap</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Allow_wrap&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Allow wrap">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">Sjabloon:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Color" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Color">Sjabloon:Color</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Color&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Color">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie_inlyn" title="Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie inlyn">Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie inlyn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie_inlyn&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie inlyn">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Date" title="Sjabloon:Date">Sjabloon:Date</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Date&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Date">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Death_date_and_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Death date and age">Sjabloon:Death date and age</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Death_date_and_age&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Death date and age">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata" title="Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata">Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Icon">Sjabloon:Icon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Icon&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Icon">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Ikoon" title="Sjabloon:Ikoon">Sjabloon:Ikoon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Ikoon&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Ikoon">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Inligtingraampie_Ampsbekle%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Inligtingraampie Ampsbekleër">Sjabloon:Inligtingraampie Ampsbekleër</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Inligtingraampie_Ampsbekle%C3%ABr&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Inligtingraampie Ampsbekleër">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Inligtingskas_Ampsbekle%C3%ABr" title="Sjabloon:Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër">Sjabloon:Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Inligtingskas_Ampsbekle%C3%ABr&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Inligtingskas Ampsbekleër">wys bronkode</a>) (beskermd)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Kleur" title="Sjabloon:Kleur">Sjabloon:Kleur</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Kleur&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Kleur">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Leiers_SuRu" title="Sjabloon:Leiers SuRu">Sjabloon:Leiers SuRu</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Leiers_SuRu&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Leiers SuRu">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:MAANDNAAM" title="Sjabloon:MAANDNAAM">Sjabloon:MAANDNAAM</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:MAANDNAAM&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:MAANDNAAM">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:MAANDNOMMER" title="Sjabloon:MAANDNOMMER">Sjabloon:MAANDNOMMER</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:MAANDNOMMER&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:MAANDNOMMER">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Navbox">Sjabloon:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navbox&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Navbox">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigasieboks" title="Sjabloon:Navigasieboks">Sjabloon:Navigasieboks</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigasieboks&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Navigasieboks">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Normdata" title="Sjabloon:Normdata">Sjabloon:Normdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Normdata&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Normdata">wys bronkode</a>) (half-beskerm)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Ouderdom" title="Sjabloon:Ouderdom">Sjabloon:Ouderdom</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Ouderdom&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Ouderdom">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Small" title="Sjabloon:Small">Sjabloon:Small</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Small&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Small">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Smaller" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Smaller">Sjabloon:Smaller</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Smaller&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjabloon:Smaller">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Sterfdatum_en_ouderdom" title="Sjabloon:Sterfdatum en ouderdom">Sjabloon:Sterfdatum en ouderdom</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Sterfdatum_en_ouderdom&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Sterfdatum en ouderdom">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Teksgrootte" title="Sjabloon:Teksgrootte">Sjabloon:Teksgrootte</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Teksgrootte&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Teksgrootte">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Time-persone_van_die_jaar" title="Sjabloon:Time-persone van die jaar">Sjabloon:Time-persone van die jaar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Time-persone_van_die_jaar&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Time-persone van die jaar">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Verwysings" title="Sjabloon:Verwysings">Sjabloon:Verwysings</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Verwysings&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Verwysings">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Webarchive" title="Sjabloon:Webarchive">Sjabloon:Webarchive</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Webarchive&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Webarchive">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Wenners_van_die_Nobelprys_vir_Vrede" title="Sjabloon:Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede">Sjabloon:Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Wenners_van_die_Nobelprys_vir_Vrede&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Wenners van die Nobelprys vir Vrede">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:%5C" title="Sjabloon:\">Sjabloon:\</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:%5C&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:\">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ikoon" title="Module:Ikoon">Module:Ikoon</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ikoon&action=edit" title="Module:Ikoon">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ikoon/data" title="Module:Ikoon/data">Module:Ikoon/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ikoon/data&action=edit" title="Module:Ikoon/data">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Kontroleer_vir_ongeldige_parameters" title="Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters">Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Kontroleer_vir_ongeldige_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar2" title="Module:Navbar2">Module:Navbar2</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar2&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar2">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navigasieboks" title="Module:Navigasieboks">Module:Navigasieboks</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navigasieboks&action=edit" title="Module:Navigasieboks">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:No_globals" title="Module:No globals">Module:No globals</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:No_globals&action=edit" title="Module:No globals">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Normdata" title="Module:Normdata">Module:Normdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Normdata&action=edit" title="Module:Normdata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ResolveEntityId" title="Module:ResolveEntityId">Module:ResolveEntityId</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ResolveEntityId&action=edit" title="Module:ResolveEntityId">wysig</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Keer terug na <a href="/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof" title="Michail Gorbatsjof">Michail Gorbatsjof</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof">https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privaatheidsbeleid</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oor">Inligting oor Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorwaardes">Vrywaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedragskode</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Ontwikkelaars</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/af.wikipedia.org">Statistieke</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Koekieverklaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michail_Gorbatsjof&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Selfoonweergawe</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vlr7t","wgBackendResponseTime":193,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.005","walltime":"0.006","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":706,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vlr7t","timestamp":"20241124045713","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>