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var a = axel * 10000000000000; document.write('<iframe src="https://2542116.fls.doubleclick.net/activityi;src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=ord=' + a + '?" width="1" height="1" frameborder="0" style="display:none"></iframe>'); //]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/'> <img height='50' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_color_150x54dp.png'/> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Testing Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='3420885653031257617' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/testing-on-toilet-dont-put-logic-in.html' itemprop='url' title='Testing on the Toilet: Don't Put Logic in Tests'> Testing on the Toilet: Don't Put Logic in Tests </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Thursday, July 31, 2014 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> by Erik Kuefler This article was adapted from a <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Google Testing on the Toilet</a> (TotT) episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1f-ISrr6ItyDCJCMaFXOyQBZmekBZwxQ0tZeksoWUZAo/edit?usp=sharing">printer-friendly version</a> of this TotT episode and post it in your office. Programming languages give us a lot of expressive power. Concepts like operators and conditionals are important tools that allow us to write programs that handle a wide range of inputs. But this flexibility comes at the cost of increased complexity, which makes our programs harder to understand. Unlike production code, simplicity is more important than flexibility in tests. Most unit tests verify that a single, known input produces a single, known output. Tests can avoid complexity by stating their inputs and outputs directly rather than computing them. Otherwise it's easy for tests to develop their own bugs. Let's take a look at a simple example. Does this test look correct to you? <pre style="background: #f0f0f0; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;">@Test public void shouldNavigateToPhotosPage() { String baseUrl = "http://plus.google.com/"; Navigator nav = new Navigator(baseUrl); nav.goToPhotosPage(); assertEquals(baseUrl + "/u/0/photos", nav.getCurrentUrl()); }</pre> The author is trying to avoid duplication by storing a shared prefix in a variable. Performing a single string concatenation doesn't seem too bad, but what happens if we simplify the test by inlining the variable? <pre style="background: #f0f0f0; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;">@Test public void shouldNavigateToPhotosPage() { Navigator nav = new Navigator("http://plus.google.com/"); nav.goToPhotosPage(); assertEquals("http://plus.google.com//u/0/photos", nav.getCurrentUrl()); // Oops! }</pre> After eliminating the unnecessary computation from the test, the bug is obvious—we're expecting two slashes in the URL! This test will either fail or (even worse) incorrectly pass if the production code has the same bug. We never would have written this if we stated our inputs and outputs directly instead of trying to compute them. And this is a very simple example—when a test adds more operators or includes loops and conditionals, it becomes increasingly difficult to be confident that it is correct. Another way of saying this is that, whereas production code describes a general strategy for computing outputs given inputs, tests are concrete examples of input/output pairs (where output might include side effects like verifying interactions with other classes). It's usually easy to tell whether an input/output pair is correct or not, even if the logic required to compute it is very complex. For instance, it's hard to picture the exact DOM that would be created by a Javascript function for a given server response. So the ideal test for such a function would just compare against a string containing the expected output HTML. When tests do need their own logic, such logic should often be moved out of the test bodies and into utilities and helper functions. Since such helpers can get quite complex, it's usually a good idea for any nontrivial test utility to have its own tests. <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> by Erik Kuefler This article was adapted from a <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Google Testing on the Toilet</a> (TotT) episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1f-ISrr6ItyDCJCMaFXOyQBZmekBZwxQ0tZeksoWUZAo/edit?usp=sharing">printer-friendly version</a> of this TotT episode and post it in your office. Programming languages give us a lot of expressive power. Concepts like operators and conditionals are important tools that allow us to write programs that handle a wide range of inputs. But this flexibility comes at the cost of increased complexity, which makes our programs harder to understand. Unlike production code, simplicity is more important than flexibility in tests. Most unit tests verify that a single, known input produces a single, known output. Tests can avoid complexity by stating their inputs and outputs directly rather than computing them. Otherwise it's easy for tests to develop their own bugs. Let's take a look at a simple example. Does this test look correct to you? <pre style="background: #f0f0f0; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;">@Test public void shouldNavigateToPhotosPage() { String baseUrl = "http://plus.google.com/"; Navigator nav = new Navigator(baseUrl); nav.goToPhotosPage(); assertEquals(baseUrl + "/u/0/photos", nav.getCurrentUrl()); }</pre> The author is trying to avoid duplication by storing a shared prefix in a variable. Performing a single string concatenation doesn't seem too bad, but what happens if we simplify the test by inlining the variable? <pre style="background: #f0f0f0; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;">@Test public void shouldNavigateToPhotosPage() { Navigator nav = new Navigator("http://plus.google.com/"); nav.goToPhotosPage(); assertEquals("http://plus.google.com//u/0/photos", nav.getCurrentUrl()); // Oops! }</pre> After eliminating the unnecessary computation from the test, the bug is obvious—we're expecting two slashes in the URL! This test will either fail or (even worse) incorrectly pass if the production code has the same bug. We never would have written this if we stated our inputs and outputs directly instead of trying to compute them. And this is a very simple example—when a test adds more operators or includes loops and conditionals, it becomes increasingly difficult to be confident that it is correct. Another way of saying this is that, whereas production code describes a general strategy for computing outputs given inputs, tests are concrete examples of input/output pairs (where output might include side effects like verifying interactions with other classes). It's usually easy to tell whether an input/output pair is correct or not, even if the logic required to compute it is very complex. For instance, it's hard to picture the exact DOM that would be created by a Javascript function for a given server response. So the ideal test for such a function would just compare against a string containing the expected output HTML. When tests do need their own logic, such logic should often be moved out of the test bodies and into utilities and helper functions. Since such helpers can get quite complex, it's usually a good idea for any nontrivial test utility to have its own tests. <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Testing on the Toilet: Don't Put Logic in Tests&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/testing-on-toilet-dont-put-logic-in.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/testing-on-toilet-dont-put-logic-in.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>14 comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/testing-on-toilet-dont-put-logic-in.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Erik%20Kuefler' rel='tag'> Erik Kuefler </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='8052289074541264722' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/the-deadline-to-sign-up-for-gtac-2014.html' itemprop='url' title='The Deadline to Sign up for GTAC 2014 is Jul 28'> The Deadline to Sign up for GTAC 2014 is Jul 28 </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Tuesday, July 22, 2014 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> Posted by <a href="http://anthonyvallone.com/">Anthony Vallone</a> on behalf of the GTAC Committee The deadline to sign up for GTAC 2014 is next Monday, July 28th, 2014. There is a great deal of interest to both attend and speak, and we’ve received many outstanding proposals. However, it’s not too late to add yours for consideration. If you would like to speak or attend, be sure to <a href="https://docs.google.com/a/google.com/forms/d/1HVm6KcFBdQAbhX_uh6LEjVYI1ZCCr-L9t7ocbtvLIMU/viewform">complete the form</a> by Monday. We will be making regular updates to our site over the next several weeks, and you can find conference details there:   <a href="http://developers.google.com/gtac">developers.google.com/gtac</a> For those that have already signed up to attend or speak, we will contact you directly in mid August. <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> Posted by <a href="http://anthonyvallone.com/">Anthony Vallone</a> on behalf of the GTAC Committee The deadline to sign up for GTAC 2014 is next Monday, July 28th, 2014. There is a great deal of interest to both attend and speak, and we’ve received many outstanding proposals. However, it’s not too late to add yours for consideration. If you would like to speak or attend, be sure to <a href="https://docs.google.com/a/google.com/forms/d/1HVm6KcFBdQAbhX_uh6LEjVYI1ZCCr-L9t7ocbtvLIMU/viewform">complete the form</a> by Monday. We will be making regular updates to our site over the next several weeks, and you can find conference details there:   <a href="http://developers.google.com/gtac">developers.google.com/gtac</a> For those that have already signed up to attend or speak, we will contact you directly in mid August. <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:The Deadline to Sign up for GTAC 2014 is Jul 28&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/the-deadline-to-sign-up-for-gtac-2014.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/the-deadline-to-sign-up-for-gtac-2014.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>No comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/the-deadline-to-sign-up-for-gtac-2014.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Anthony%20Vallone' rel='tag'> Anthony Vallone </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/GTAC' rel='tag'> GTAC </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='9102542563573191505' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/measuring-coverage-at-google.html' itemprop='url' title='Measuring Coverage at Google'> Measuring Coverage at Google </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Monday, July 14, 2014 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> By Marko Ivanković, Google Zürich <h3>Introduction</h3> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coverage">Code coverage</a> is a very interesting metric, covered by a <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22code+coverage%22">large body of research</a> that reaches somewhat contradictory results. Some people think it is an extremely useful metric and that a certain percentage of coverage should be enforced on all code. Some think it is a useful tool to identify areas that need more testing but don’t necessarily trust that covered code is truly well tested. Others yet think that measuring coverage is actively harmful because it provides a false sense of security. Our team’s mission was to collect coverage related data then develop and champion code coverage practices across Google. We designed an opt-in system where engineers could enable two different types of coverage measurements for their projects: daily and per-commit. With daily coverage, we run all tests for their project, where as with per-commit coverage we run only the tests affected by the commit. The two measurements are independent and many projects opted into both. While we did experiment with branch, function and statement coverage, we ended up focusing mostly on statement coverage because of its relative simplicity and ease of visualization. <h3> How we measured </h3> Our job was made significantly easier by the wonderful <a href="http://google-engtools.blogspot.ch/2011/08/build-in-cloud-how-build-system-works.html">Google build system</a> whose parallelism and flexibility allowed us to simply scale our measurements to Google scale. The build system had integrated various language-specific open source coverage measurement tools like <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Gcov.html">Gcov</a> (C++), <a href="http://emma.sourceforge.net/">Emma</a> / <a href="http://www.eclemma.org/jacoco/">JaCoCo</a> (Java) and <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/coverage/3.7.1">Coverage.py</a> (Python), and we provided a central system where teams could sign up for coverage measurement. For daily whole project coverage measurements, each team was provided with a simple cronjob that would run all tests across the project’s codebase. The results of these runs were available to the teams in a centralized dashboard that displays charts showing coverage over time and allows daily / weekly / quarterly / yearly aggregations and per-language slicing. On this dashboard teams can also compare their project (or projects) with any other project, or Google as a whole. For per-commit measurement, we hook into the Google code review process (<a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.ch/2014/01/the-google-test-and-development_21.html">briefly explained in this article</a>) and display the data visually to both the commit author and the reviewers. We display the data on two levels: color coded lines right next to the color coded diff and a total aggregate number for the entire commit. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh47CDtSWJ7AfsJ5J9fq9_PtHIaoNAHbEYFu5xnNgBE11fQjp6TgG3uaqFWjcwxhOXbXYc5sAKsEIipOseYx62Kr4uvxPzTdWYT5IQvI0zc7s12fgbumextd9Po4V6HZCdfuHPo/s1600/image01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh47CDtSWJ7AfsJ5J9fq9_PtHIaoNAHbEYFu5xnNgBE11fQjp6TgG3uaqFWjcwxhOXbXYc5sAKsEIipOseYx62Kr4uvxPzTdWYT5IQvI0zc7s12fgbumextd9Po4V6HZCdfuHPo/s1600/image01.png" width="400" /></a></div> Displayed above is a screenshot of the code review tool. The green line coloring is the standard diff coloring for added lines. The orange and lighter green coloring on the line numbers is the coverage information. We use light green for covered lines, orange for non-covered lines and white for non-instrumented lines. It’s important to note that we surface the coverage information before the commit is submitted to the codebase, because this is the time when engineers are most likely to be interested in improving it. <h3> Results</h3> One of the main benefits of working at Google is the scale at which we operate. We have been running the coverage measurement system for some time now and we have collected data for more than 650 different projects, spanning 100,000+ commits. We have a significant amount of data for C++, Java, Python, Go and JavaScript code. I am happy to say that we can share some preliminary results with you today: <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHD0LGE5yH176DcZSLpS6bpA5RpAA9MQFWglQoSYHVV4I4n_4v8q39xRseDvno3o_f8KnBL43lEKnk-bJz9smd2XYC9UEBjSFZV5Jhzid0rhNQq3bF4b6Utu8IrKQL8NeT9fc4/s1600/image00.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHD0LGE5yH176DcZSLpS6bpA5RpAA9MQFWglQoSYHVV4I4n_4v8q39xRseDvno3o_f8KnBL43lEKnk-bJz9smd2XYC9UEBjSFZV5Jhzid0rhNQq3bF4b6Utu8IrKQL8NeT9fc4/s1600/image00.png" width="640" /></a></div> The chart above is the histogram of average values of measured absolute coverage across Google. The median (50th percentile) code coverage is 78%, the 75th percentile 85% and 90th percentile 90%. We believe that these numbers represent a very healthy codebase. We have also found it very interesting that there are significant differences between languages: <table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid black; width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">C++</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">Java</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">Go</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">JavaScript</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">Python</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">56.6%</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">61.2%</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">63.0%</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">76.9%</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">84.2%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> The table above shows the total coverage of all analyzed code for each language, averaged over the past quarter. We believe that the large difference is due to structural, paradigm and best practice differences between languages and the more precise ability to measure coverage in certain languages. Note that these numbers should not be interpreted as guidelines for a particular language, the aggregation method used is too simple for that. Instead this finding is simply a data point for any future research that analyzes samples from a single programming language. The feedback from our fellow engineers was overwhelmingly positive. The most loved feature was surfacing the coverage information during code review time. This early surfacing of coverage had a statistically significant impact: our initial analysis suggests that it increased coverage by 10% (averaged across all commits). <h3> Future work</h3> We are aware that there are a few problems with the dataset we collected. In particular, the individual tools we use to measure coverage are not perfect. Large integration tests, end to end tests and UI tests are difficult to instrument, so large parts of code exercised by such tests can be misreported as non-covered. We are working on improving the tools, but also analyzing the impact of unit tests, integration tests and other types of tests individually. In addition to languages, we will also investigate other factors that might influence coverage, such as platforms and frameworks, to allow all future research to account for their effect. We will be publishing more of our findings in the future, so stay tuned. And if this sounds like something you would like to work on, why not apply on our <a href="//goo.gl/tFRejX">job site</a>? <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> By Marko Ivanković, Google Zürich <h3>Introduction</h3> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_coverage">Code coverage</a> is a very interesting metric, covered by a <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22code+coverage%22">large body of research</a> that reaches somewhat contradictory results. Some people think it is an extremely useful metric and that a certain percentage of coverage should be enforced on all code. Some think it is a useful tool to identify areas that need more testing but don’t necessarily trust that covered code is truly well tested. Others yet think that measuring coverage is actively harmful because it provides a false sense of security. Our team’s mission was to collect coverage related data then develop and champion code coverage practices across Google. We designed an opt-in system where engineers could enable two different types of coverage measurements for their projects: daily and per-commit. With daily coverage, we run all tests for their project, where as with per-commit coverage we run only the tests affected by the commit. The two measurements are independent and many projects opted into both. While we did experiment with branch, function and statement coverage, we ended up focusing mostly on statement coverage because of its relative simplicity and ease of visualization. <h3> How we measured </h3> Our job was made significantly easier by the wonderful <a href="http://google-engtools.blogspot.ch/2011/08/build-in-cloud-how-build-system-works.html">Google build system</a> whose parallelism and flexibility allowed us to simply scale our measurements to Google scale. The build system had integrated various language-specific open source coverage measurement tools like <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Gcov.html">Gcov</a> (C++), <a href="http://emma.sourceforge.net/">Emma</a> / <a href="http://www.eclemma.org/jacoco/">JaCoCo</a> (Java) and <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/coverage/3.7.1">Coverage.py</a> (Python), and we provided a central system where teams could sign up for coverage measurement. For daily whole project coverage measurements, each team was provided with a simple cronjob that would run all tests across the project’s codebase. The results of these runs were available to the teams in a centralized dashboard that displays charts showing coverage over time and allows daily / weekly / quarterly / yearly aggregations and per-language slicing. On this dashboard teams can also compare their project (or projects) with any other project, or Google as a whole. For per-commit measurement, we hook into the Google code review process (<a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.ch/2014/01/the-google-test-and-development_21.html">briefly explained in this article</a>) and display the data visually to both the commit author and the reviewers. We display the data on two levels: color coded lines right next to the color coded diff and a total aggregate number for the entire commit. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh47CDtSWJ7AfsJ5J9fq9_PtHIaoNAHbEYFu5xnNgBE11fQjp6TgG3uaqFWjcwxhOXbXYc5sAKsEIipOseYx62Kr4uvxPzTdWYT5IQvI0zc7s12fgbumextd9Po4V6HZCdfuHPo/s1600/image01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh47CDtSWJ7AfsJ5J9fq9_PtHIaoNAHbEYFu5xnNgBE11fQjp6TgG3uaqFWjcwxhOXbXYc5sAKsEIipOseYx62Kr4uvxPzTdWYT5IQvI0zc7s12fgbumextd9Po4V6HZCdfuHPo/s1600/image01.png" width="400" /></a></div> Displayed above is a screenshot of the code review tool. The green line coloring is the standard diff coloring for added lines. The orange and lighter green coloring on the line numbers is the coverage information. We use light green for covered lines, orange for non-covered lines and white for non-instrumented lines. It’s important to note that we surface the coverage information before the commit is submitted to the codebase, because this is the time when engineers are most likely to be interested in improving it. <h3> Results</h3> One of the main benefits of working at Google is the scale at which we operate. We have been running the coverage measurement system for some time now and we have collected data for more than 650 different projects, spanning 100,000+ commits. We have a significant amount of data for C++, Java, Python, Go and JavaScript code. I am happy to say that we can share some preliminary results with you today: <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHD0LGE5yH176DcZSLpS6bpA5RpAA9MQFWglQoSYHVV4I4n_4v8q39xRseDvno3o_f8KnBL43lEKnk-bJz9smd2XYC9UEBjSFZV5Jhzid0rhNQq3bF4b6Utu8IrKQL8NeT9fc4/s1600/image00.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHD0LGE5yH176DcZSLpS6bpA5RpAA9MQFWglQoSYHVV4I4n_4v8q39xRseDvno3o_f8KnBL43lEKnk-bJz9smd2XYC9UEBjSFZV5Jhzid0rhNQq3bF4b6Utu8IrKQL8NeT9fc4/s1600/image00.png" width="640" /></a></div> The chart above is the histogram of average values of measured absolute coverage across Google. The median (50th percentile) code coverage is 78%, the 75th percentile 85% and 90th percentile 90%. We believe that these numbers represent a very healthy codebase. We have also found it very interesting that there are significant differences between languages: <table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid black; width: 100%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">C++</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">Java</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">Go</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">JavaScript</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">Python</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">56.6%</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">61.2%</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">63.0%</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">76.9%</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; padding: 5px;">84.2%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> The table above shows the total coverage of all analyzed code for each language, averaged over the past quarter. We believe that the large difference is due to structural, paradigm and best practice differences between languages and the more precise ability to measure coverage in certain languages. Note that these numbers should not be interpreted as guidelines for a particular language, the aggregation method used is too simple for that. Instead this finding is simply a data point for any future research that analyzes samples from a single programming language. The feedback from our fellow engineers was overwhelmingly positive. The most loved feature was surfacing the coverage information during code review time. This early surfacing of coverage had a statistically significant impact: our initial analysis suggests that it increased coverage by 10% (averaged across all commits). <h3> Future work</h3> We are aware that there are a few problems with the dataset we collected. In particular, the individual tools we use to measure coverage are not perfect. Large integration tests, end to end tests and UI tests are difficult to instrument, so large parts of code exercised by such tests can be misreported as non-covered. We are working on improving the tools, but also analyzing the impact of unit tests, integration tests and other types of tests individually. In addition to languages, we will also investigate other factors that might influence coverage, such as platforms and frameworks, to allow all future research to account for their effect. We will be publishing more of our findings in the future, so stay tuned. And if this sounds like something you would like to work on, why not apply on our <a href="//goo.gl/tFRejX">job site</a>? <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Measuring Coverage at Google&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/measuring-coverage-at-google.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/measuring-coverage-at-google.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>15 comments</a> </div> <div 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href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/03/'> Mar </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/02/'> Feb </a> (1) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> (14) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/12/'> Dec </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/11/'> Nov </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> 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href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/12/'> Dec </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/11/'> Nov </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/10/'> Oct </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/09/'> Sep </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/08/'> Aug </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ▼  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/'> Jul </a> (3) <ul class='posts'> <li> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/testing-on-toilet-dont-put-logic-in.html'> Testing on the Toilet: Don't Put Logic in Tests </a> </li> <li> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/the-deadline-to-sign-up-for-gtac-2014.html'> The Deadline to Sign up for GTAC 2014 is Jul 28 </a> </li> <li> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/measuring-coverage-at-google.html'> Measuring Coverage at Google </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/06/'> Jun </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a 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collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> (16) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/12/'> Dec </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/11/'> Nov </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/10/'> Oct </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/08/'> Aug </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/07/'> Jul </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/06/'> Jun </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/'> Oct </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/09/'> Sep </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/08/'> Aug </a> (4) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> (39) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/11/'> Nov </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/10/'> Oct </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/09/'> Sep </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/08/'> Aug </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/07/'> Jul </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/01/'> Jan </a> (3) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/'> 2010 </a> (37) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/12/'> Dec </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/11/'> Nov </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/10/'> Oct </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> 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class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/08/'> Aug </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/07/'> Jul </a> (15) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/06/'> Jun </a> (8) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/05/'> May </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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style='margin-top: -16px;' width='92'/> </a> <ul> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/'> Google </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/privacy/'> Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/terms/'> Terms </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ // Social sharing popups. var postEl = document.getElementsByClassName('social-wrapper'); var postCount = postEl.length; for(i=0; i<postCount;i++){ postEl[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ var postUrl = this.getAttribute("data-href"); window.open( postUrl,'popUpWindow','height=500,width=500,left=10,top=10,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=yes,menubar=no,location=no,directories=no,status=yes'); });} //]]> </script> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ var BreakpointHandler = function() { this.initted = false; this.isHomePage = false; this.isMobile = false; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.finalizeSummary = function(summaryHtml, lastNode) { // Use $.trim for IE8 compatibility summaryHtml = $.trim(summaryHtml).replace(/( |\s)+$/,''); if (lastNode.nodeType == 3) { var lastChar = summaryHtml.slice(-1); if (!lastChar.match(/[.”"?]/)) { if (!lastChar.match(/[A-Za-z]/)) { summaryHtml = summaryHtml.slice(0, -1); } summaryHtml += ' ...'; } } else if (lastNode.nodeType == 1 && (lastNode.nodeName == 'I' || lastNode.nodeName == 'A')) { summaryHtml += ' ...'; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.generateSummaryFromContent = function(content, numWords) { var seenWords = 0; var summaryHtml = ''; for (var i=0; i < content.childNodes.length; i++) { var node = content.childNodes[i]; var nodeText; if (node.nodeType == 1) { if (node.hasAttribute('data-about-pullquote')) { continue; } nodeText = node.textContent; if (nodeText === undefined) { // innerText for IE8 nodeText = node.innerText; } if (node.nodeName == 'DIV' || node.nodeName == 'B') { // Don't end early if we haven't seen enough words. if (seenWords < 10) { continue; } if (i > 0) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, content.childNodes[i-1]); } break; } summaryHtml += node.outerHTML; } else if (node.nodeType == 3) { nodeText = node.nodeValue; summaryHtml += nodeText + ' '; } var words = nodeText.match(/\S+\s*/g); if (!words) { continue; } var remain = numWords - seenWords; if (words.length >= remain) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, node); break; } seenWords += words.length; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.detect = function() { var match, pl = /\+/g, search = /([^&=]+)=?([^&]*)/g, decode = function (s) { return decodeURIComponent(s.replace(pl, " ")); }, query = window.location.search.substring(1); var urlParams = {}; while (match = search.exec(query)) urlParams[decode(match[1])] = decode(match[2]); this.isListPage = $('html').hasClass('list-page'); this.isMobile = urlParams['m'] === '1'; this.isHomePage = window.location.pathname == '/'; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.initContent = function() { var self = this; $('.post').each(function(index) { var body = $(this).children('.post-body')[0]; var content = $(body).children('.post-content')[0]; $(content).addClass('post-original'); var data = $(content).children('script').html(); data = self.rewriteForSSL(data); // If exists, extract specified editor's preview. var match = data.match(/([\s\S]+?)<div data-is-preview.+?>([\s\S]+)<\/div>/m); if (match) { data = match[1]; } // Prevent big images from loading when they aren't needed. // This must be done as a pre-injection step, since image loading can't be // canceled once embedded into the DOM. if (self.isListPage && self.isMobile) { data = data.replace(/<(img|iframe) .+?>/g, ''); } // Insert template to be rendered as nodes. content.innerHTML = data; if (self.isListPage) { var summary = document.createElement('div'); $(summary).addClass('post-content'); $(summary).addClass('post-summary'); body.insertBefore(summary, content); if (match) { // Use provided summary. summary.innerHTML = match[2]; } else { // Generate a summary. // Summary generation relies on DOM, so it must occur after content is // inserted into the page. summary.innerHTML = self.generateSummaryFromContent(content, 30); } // Add read more link to summary. var titleAnchor = $(this).find('.title a')[0]; var link = titleAnchor.cloneNode(true); link.innerHTML = 'Read More'; $(link).addClass('read-more'); summary.appendChild(link); } }); // Firefox does not allow for proper styling of BR. if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Firefox') > -1) { $('.post-content br').replaceWith(''); } $('.loading').removeClass('loading'); }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.process = function() { if (!this.initted) { var makeInsecureImageRegex = function(hosts) { var whitelist = hosts.join('|').replace(/\./g,'\\.'); // Normal image tags, plus input images (yes, this is possible!) return new RegExp('(<(img|input)[^>]+?src=("|\'))http:\/\/(' + whitelist +')', 'g'); }; this.sslImageRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex(BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS); this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex([window.location.hostname]); this.detect(); this.initContent(); this.initted = true; } }; BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS = [ "www.google.org", "www.google.com", "services.google.com", "blogger.com", "draft.blogger.com", "www.blogger.com", "photos1.blogger.com", "photos2.blogger.com", "photos3.blogger.com", "blogblog.com", "img1.blogblog.com", "img2.blogblog.com", "www.blogblog.com", "www1.blogblog.com", "www2.blogblog.com", "0.bp.blogspot.com", "1.bp.blogspot.com", "2.bp.blogspot.com", "3.bp.blogspot.com", "4.bp.blogspot.com", "lh3.googleusercontent.com", "lh4.googleusercontent.com", "lh5.googleusercontent.com", "lh6.googleusercontent.com", "themes.googleusercontent.com", ]; BreakpointHandler.prototype.rewriteForSSL = function(html) { // Handle HTTP -> HTTPS source replacement of images, movies, and other embedded content. return html.replace(this.sslImageRegex, 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