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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ملحمة أسطورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملحمة أسطورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagues_dels_temps_antics" title="Sagues dels temps antics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sagues dels temps antics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornaldersaga" title="Fornaldersaga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fornaldersaga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorzeitsagas" title="Vorzeitsagas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorzeitsagas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagas_de_los_tiempos_antiguos" title="Sagas de los tiempos antiguos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sagas de los tiempos antiguos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagas_l%C3%A9gendaires" title="Sagas légendaires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sagas légendaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagas_lendarias" title="Sagas lendarias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sagas lendarias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%A0%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B4_%EC%82%AC%EA%B0%80" title="포르날다르 사가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르날다르 사가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornaldars%C3%B6gur" title="Fornaldarsögur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornaldarsögur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saghe_leggendarie" title="Saghe leggendarie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saghe leggendarie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of Norse saga</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fornalder,_peter_nicolai_arbo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fornalder%2C_peter_nicolai_arbo.jpg/300px-Fornalder%2C_peter_nicolai_arbo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fornalder%2C_peter_nicolai_arbo.jpg/450px-Fornalder%2C_peter_nicolai_arbo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fornalder%2C_peter_nicolai_arbo.jpg/600px-Fornalder%2C_peter_nicolai_arbo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption><i><b>Fornalder</b></i> ("times past"); painting by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicolai_Arbo" title="Peter Nicolai Arbo">Peter Nicolai Arbo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>legendary saga</b> or <i><b>fornaldarsaga</b></i> (literally, "story/history of the ancient era") is a <a href="/wiki/Norse_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse saga">Norse saga</a> that, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Icelanders%27_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelanders' sagas">Icelanders' sagas</a>, takes place before the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">settlement of Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-national_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some exceptions, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Yngvars_saga_v%C3%AD%C3%B0f%C3%B6rla" title="Yngvars saga víðförla">Yngvars saga víðförla</a></i>, which takes place in the 11th century. The sagas were probably all written in Iceland, from about the middle of the 13th century to about 1400, although it is possible that some may be of a later date,<sup id="cite_ref-kulturhistorisk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulturhistorisk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga_kraka" title="Hrólfs saga kraka">Hrólfs saga kraka</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_of_the_sagas">Description of the sagas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_saga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description of the sagas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of form, <i>fornaldarsögur</i> are similar to various other saga-genres, but tend towards fairly linear, episodic narratives. Like sagas in other genres, many quote verse, but in the <i>fornaldarsögur</i> that verse is almost invariably in the metre of <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddaic verse</a> (unlike the <a href="/wiki/Skaldic_verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic verse">skaldic verse</a> found in most other saga genres).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The setting is primarily <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> in the time prior to the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">settlement of Iceland</a> and the conversion of Scandinavia, but occasionally it moves temporarily to more distant and exotic locations or has its characters encounter Christian cultures (one example of both being <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rvar-Odds_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Örvar-Odds saga">Örvar-Odds saga</a></i>). There are also very often mythological elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Norse_dwarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse dwarves">dwarves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(fantasy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (fantasy)">magic</a>. In centuries past, they were considered to be reliable historic sources by Scandinavian scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-national_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since the 19th century, they have been considered to contain very little historic material.<sup id="cite_ref-handbok_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbok-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hall_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present consensus is that, although some of the sagas contain a small core which is not fiction, or are based on historical characters, the primary function of the legendary sagas was entertainment, and the aim of the sagas has not been to present a historically accurate tale.<sup id="cite_ref-handbok_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbok-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, however, it has been emphasized that the sagas are useful sources for the culture of 13th and 14th century Iceland, "in terms of the light that they can shed on the culture in which they were composed"<sup id="cite_ref-hall_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. Iceland in the later Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-handbok_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbok-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of Margaret Clunies Ross, </p> <dl><dd>The themes, characters and the whole world of the <i>fornaldarsaga</i> lend themselves to interpretation, not as realistic narratives, but rather as subjects dealing with deep and disturbing issues that cannot be approached from the perspective of the mundane world but must rather be enacted in a literary world in which often taboo subjects can be raised and aired, though not necessarily resolved. They may also be treated in a comic or parodic vein.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Some of the sagas are based on distant historic characters, and this is evident in cases where there are corroborating sources, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnars saga loðbrókar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yngvars_saga_v%C3%AD%C3%B0f%C3%B6rla" title="Yngvars saga víðförla">Yngvars saga víðförla</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Volsunga_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Volsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></i>. In the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga</a></i>, it conveys names of historical places in present <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> during the period c. 150-450,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the last part of the saga is used as a historic source for Swedish history.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, they often contain very old Germanic matter, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></i> which contains poetry about <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> that did not find its way into the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i> and which would otherwise have been lost (see the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lacuna" title="Great Lacuna">Great Lacuna</a>). Other sagas deal with heroes such as <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lf_Kraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrólf Kraki">Hrólf Kraki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orvar-Odd" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvar-Odd">Orvar-Odd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-national_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these respects, then, the <i>fornaldarsögur</i> overlap in genre and occasionally content with the <a href="/wiki/Kings%27_sagas" title="Kings' sagas">Kings' sagas</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hjalmar_friar_till_Ingeborg_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hjalmar_friar_till_Ingeborg_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg/250px-Hjalmar_friar_till_Ingeborg_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hjalmar_friar_till_Ingeborg_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg/375px-Hjalmar_friar_till_Ingeborg_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Hjalmar_friar_till_Ingeborg_by_Hugo_Hamilton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Hjorvard and Hjalmar propose to Ingeborg</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fornaldarsagas have great value for legend research, since they contain <a href="/wiki/Motif_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motif (literature)">motifs</a> and complexes of motifs from many types of legend of which there is otherwise no documentation in Scandinavia prior to the mid-19th century. They are also of great value for scholars studying medieval Scandinavian ballads, particularly the Faroese <a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Kvæði">kvæði</a>, which are often based on the same matters. Moreover, they are also very important for the study of Scandinavian and Germanic heroic legends together with <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i> which was based on the same heroic poetry and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-national_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philologists</a> have generally held the legendary sagas in less esteem, in terms of their literary value, than the Icelanders' sagas. The content is often less realistic, the characters more two-dimensional, and the sagas often borrow themes from each other, and from folk tales.<sup id="cite_ref-kulturhistorisk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulturhistorisk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-handbok_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbok-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these aspects of style and reception, the <i>fornaldarsögur</i> tend to overlap with the <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_sagas" title="Chivalric sagas">Chivalric sagas</a>, particularly those composed in medieval Iceland. </p><p>The legendary sagas have influenced later writers, for instance the Swede <a href="/wiki/Esaias_Tegn%C3%A9r" title="Esaias Tegnér">Esaias Tegnér</a>, who wrote <i>Frithiof's saga</i>, based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0%C3%BEj%C3%B3fs_saga_ins_fr%C5%93kna" class="mw-redirect" title="Friðþjófs saga ins frœkna">Friðþjófs saga ins frœkna</a></i>. One such saga was even forged in the early modern period: <i><a href="/wiki/Hjalmars_och_Hramers_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hjalmars och Hramers saga">Hjalmars och Hramers saga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_the_sagas">List of the sagas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_saga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of the sagas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a comprehensive list of the medieval <i>fornaldarsögur</i>, with information about manuscripts, bibliography, etc., see <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fasnl.net/">Stories for all time: The Icelandic fornaldarsögur</a></i>. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ns_saga_bogsveigis" title="Áns saga bogsveigis">Áns saga bogsveigis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81smundar_saga_kappabana" title="Ásmundar saga kappabana">Ásmundar saga kappabana</a></i> - A saga based on the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lay_of_Hildebrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay of Hildebrand">Lay of Hildebrand</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sa_saga_ok_Herrau%C3%B0s" title="Bósa saga ok Herrauðs">Bósa saga ok Herrauðs</a></i> - like <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> it has <a href="/wiki/Geatish" class="mw-redirect" title="Geatish">Geatish</a> heroes.</li> <li><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Egils_saga_einhenda_ok_%C3%81smundar_berserkjabana" title="Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana">Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eireks_saga_v%C3%AD%C3%B0f%C3%B6rla" title="Eireks saga víðförla">Eireks saga víðförla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A1_Fornj%C3%B3ti_ok_hans_%C3%A6ttm%C3%B6nnum" title="Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum">Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0%C3%BEj%C3%B3fs_saga_ins_fr%C5%93kna" class="mw-redirect" title="Friðþjófs saga ins frœkna">Friðþjófs saga ins frœkna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gautreks_saga" title="Gautreks saga">Gautreks saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADms_saga_lo%C3%B0inkinna" title="Gríms saga loðinkinna">Gríms saga loðinkinna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ngu-Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga" title="Göngu-Hrólfs saga">Göngu-Hrólfs saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1lfdanar_saga_Br%C3%B6nuf%C3%B3stra" title="Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra">Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1lfdanar_saga_Eysteinssonar" title="Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar">Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1lfs_saga_ok_H%C3%A1lfsrekka" title="Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka">Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka</a></i> - A Norwegian legend, the hero of which is compared to <a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lf_Kraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrólf Kraki">Hrólf Kraki</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hervarar saga">Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks</a></i> - a saga which may be of Swedish origin containing Swedish, Geatish and Gothic heroes. This saga still serves as a source for Swedish historians.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lm%C3%BE%C3%A9s_saga_ok_%C3%96lvis" title="Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis">Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga_Gautrekssonar" title="Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar">Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar</a></i> - A saga about a Swedish warrior princess who is won by a Geatish prince.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga_kraka" title="Hrólfs saga kraka">Hrólfs saga kraka</a></i>; A saga which is related to the Old English poem Beowulf.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3mundar_saga_Gripssonar" title="Hrómundar saga Gripssonar">Hrómundar saga Gripssonar</a></i></li> <li><i>*<a href="/wiki/Huldar_saga" title="Huldar saga">Huldar saga</a></i>, a lost saga, and also one of the names of a post-medieval <i>fornaldarsaga</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illuga_saga_Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0arf%C3%B3stra" title="Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra">Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra</a></i> A saga of the more traditional <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a> kind, where a young man delivers a troll woman and her beautiful daughter from a curse.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ketils_saga_h%C5%93ngs" title="Ketils saga hœngs">Ketils saga hœngs</a></i></li> <li>*<i>Ormars saga Fraðmarssonar</i>, thought to have existed as the source of <i><a href="/wiki/Ormars_r%C3%ADmur" title="Ormars rímur">Ormars rímur</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rvar-Oddr" title="Örvar-Oddr">Örvar-Odds</a> saga</i> (two versions)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnars saga loðbrókar</a></i> (two versions) - Sagas of <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a> a legendary Viking warrior and his sons.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturlaugs_saga_starfsama" title="Sturlaugs saga starfsama">Sturlaugs saga starfsama</a></i> - A prequel to Göngu-Hrólfs Saga.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6gubrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sögubrot">Sögubrot af fornkonungum</a></i> - A remnant of a larger work dealing with the Swedish and Danish kings of old.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6rla_saga_sterka" title="Sörla saga sterka">Sörla saga sterka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></i> - The Scandinavian version of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yngvars_saga_v%C3%AD%C3%B0f%C3%B6rla" title="Yngvars saga víðförla">Yngvars saga víðförla</a></i> - A late saga of Swedish origin, which takes place in the 11th century and the historic basis of which is indisputable thanks to the fact that there are corroborating historic sources.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejalar-J%C3%B3ns_saga" title="Þjalar-Jóns saga">Þjalar-Jóns saga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorsteins_saga_V%C3%ADkingssonar" title="Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar">Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Þættir_(short_stories)"><span id=".C3.9E.C3.A6ttir_.28short_stories.29"></span>Þættir (short stories)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_saga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Þættir (short stories)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Helga_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_%C3%9E%C3%B3rissonar" title="Helga þáttr Þórissonar">Helga þáttr Þórissonar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6kuls_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_B%C3%BAasonar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jökuls þáttr Búasonar (page does not exist)">Jökuls þáttr Búasonar</a></i></li> <li>'<span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Norna-Gests_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Norna-Gests þáttr">Norna-Gests þáttr</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ragnarssona_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnarssona þáttr">Ragnarssona þáttr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6rla_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Sörla þáttr">Sörla þáttr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3ka_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_T%C3%B3kasonar" title="Tóka þáttr Tókasonar">Tóka þáttr Tókasonar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsa_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Völsa þáttr">Völsa þáttr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorsteins_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_b%C3%A6jarmagns" title="Þorsteins þáttr bæjarmagns">Þorsteins þáttr bæjarmagns</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_saga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-national-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-national_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-national_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-national_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-national_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The article <i>Fornaldarsagor</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i> (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kulturhistorisk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kulturhistorisk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kulturhistorisk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Einar_%C3%93l._Sveinsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Einar Ól. Sveinsson">Einar Ól. Sveinsson</a>, "Fornaldarsögur", in <i>Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder fra vikingtid til reformasjonstid, bd. 4</i> (Copenhagen, 1959)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=13133">The Literary Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Clunies Ross, <i>The Cambridge Introduction to the Old Norse-Icelandic Saga</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbok-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbok_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbok_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbok_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbok_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Else Mundal, "Sagalitteraturen", in Odd Einar Haugen (ed.) <i>Handbok i norrøn filologi</i> (Bergen, 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hall-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hall_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFA._Hall2005" class="citation cs2">A. Hall (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/archive/2889/">"Changing style and changing meaning: Icelandic historiography and the medieval redactions of Heiðreks saga"</a>, <i>Scandinavian Studies</i>, <b>77</b>: at p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Studies&rft.atitle=Changing+style+and+changing+meaning%3A+Icelandic+historiography+and+the+medieval+redactions+of+Hei%C3%B0reks+saga&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=at+p.+1.&rft.date=2005&rft.au=A.+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.gla.ac.uk%2Farchive%2F2889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegendary+saga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Clunies Ross, <i>The Cambridge Introduction to the Old Norse-Icelandic Saga</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Pritsak, Omeljan</a>. (1981). <i>The origin of Rus'</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-64465-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-64465-4">0-674-64465-4</a> p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. in the article <i>Blot-Sven</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i> (1990), Larsson, Mats G (2002). <i>Götarnas Riken : Upptäcktsfärder Till Sveriges Enande</i>. Bokförlaget Atlantis AB <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7486-641-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7486-641-4">978-91-7486-641-4</a> pp. 154, 158, 160 and Lagerquist, Lars O. (1997). <i>Sveriges Regenter, från forntid till nutid</i>. Norstedts, Stockholm. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-1-963882-5" title="Special:BookSources/91-1-963882-5">91-1-963882-5</a> pp. 26, 42, 44, 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gödel, Vilhelm, “Hjalmars och Hramers saga. Ett literärt falsarium från 1690”, Svenska fornminnesföreningens tidskrift 9(2) (1896): 137–54.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_saga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaggoner2010" class="citation book cs1">Waggoner, Ben (2010). <i>Sagas of Giants and Heroes</i>. New Haven, CT: Troth Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0578059334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0578059334"><bdi>978-0578059334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sagas+of+Giants+and+Heroes&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Troth+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0578059334&rft.aulast=Waggoner&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegendary+saga" class="Z3988"></span> (Tale of Jokul Buason, pp. 53-64)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_saga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fasnl.ku.dk/bibl.aspx">Fornaldarsögur norðurlanda: A bibliography of manuscripts, editions, translations and secondary literature compiled by M. J. Driscoll & Silvia Hufnagel, Arnamagnæan Institute, Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Fornaldarsögur_Norðurlanda">Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda in Old Norse and modern Norwegian from heimskringla.no</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snerpa.is/net/forn/forn.htm">Online publication of the legendary sagas in the original language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanicmythology.com/FORNALDARSAGAS/FORNALDARSOGURMAIN.html">A presentation of the Fornaldarsögur in Old Norse with all available English translations online.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%C3%81smundar_saga_kappabana" title="Ásmundar saga kappabana">Ásmundar saga kappabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sa_saga_ok_Herrau%C3%B0s" title="Bósa saga ok Herrauðs">Bósa saga ok Herrauðs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egils_saga_einhenda_ok_%C3%81smundar_berserkjabana" title="Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana">Egils saga einhenda ok Ásmundar berserkjabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADks_saga_v%C3%AD%C3%B0f%C3%B6rla" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiríks saga víðförla">Eiríks saga víðförla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A1_Fornj%C3%B3ti_ok_hans_%C3%A6ttm%C3%B6nnum" title="Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum">Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fri%C3%B0%C3%BEj%C3%B3fs_saga_hins_fr%C5%93kna" class="mw-redirect" title="Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna">Friðþjófs saga frækna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautreks_saga" title="Gautreks saga">Gautreks saga ok Gjafa-Refs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADms_saga_lo%C3%B0inkinna" title="Gríms saga loðinkinna">Gríms saga loðinkinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ngu-Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga" title="Göngu-Hrólfs saga">Göngu-Hrólfs saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1lfdanar_saga_Br%C3%B6nuf%C3%B3stra" title="Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra">Hálfdanar saga Brönufóstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1lfdanar_saga_Eysteinssonar" title="Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar">Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1lfs_saga_ok_H%C3%A1lfsrekka" title="Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka">Hálfs saga konungs ok Hálfsrekka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga_ok_Hei%C3%B0reks" title="Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks">Heiðreks saga konungs ok Hervarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_%C3%9E%C3%B3rissonar" title="Helga þáttr Þórissonar">Helga þáttr Þórissonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lm%C3%BE%C3%A9s_saga_ok_%C3%96lvis" title="Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis">Hjálmþés saga ok Ölvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga_Gautrekssonar" title="Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar">Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga_kraka" title="Hrólfs saga kraka">Hrólfs saga kraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3mundar_saga_Gripssonar" title="Hrómundar saga Gripssonar">Hrómundar saga Gripssonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6rla_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Sörla þáttr">Högna saga Hálfdanarsonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuga_saga_Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0arf%C3%B3stra" title="Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra">Illuga saga Gríðarfóstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvars_saga_v%C3%AD%C3%B0f%C3%B6rla" title="Yngvars saga víðförla">Ingvars saga víðförla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketils_saga_h%C5%93ngs" title="Ketils saga hœngs">Ketils saga hængs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norna-Gests_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Norna-Gests þáttr">Norna-Gests þáttr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnars saga loðbrókar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Ragnar%27s_Sons" title="Tale of Ragnar's Sons">Ragnarssona þáttr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturlaugs_saga_starfsama" title="Sturlaugs saga starfsama">Sturlaugs saga starfsama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6gubrot_af_nokkrum_fornkonungum" title="Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum">Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum í Dana ok Svíaveldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6rla_saga_sterka" title="Sörla saga sterka">Sörla saga sterka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3ka_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_T%C3%B3kasonar" title="Tóka þáttr Tókasonar">Tóka þáttr Tókasonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejalar-J%C3%B3ns_saga" title="Þjalar-Jóns saga">Þjalar-Jóns saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorsteins_saga_V%C3%ADkingssonar" title="Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar">Þorsteins saga Víkingssonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorsteins_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr_b%C3%A6jarmagns" title="Þorsteins þáttr bæjarmagns">Þorsteins þáttr bæjarmagns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rvar-Odds_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Örvar-Odds saga">Örvar-Odds saga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other saga genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops' sagas">Bishops' sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_sagas" title="Chivalric sagas">Chivalric sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_sagas" title="Contemporary sagas">Contemporary sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings%27_sagas" title="Kings' sagas">Kings' sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Sagas of Icelanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints%27_sagas" title="Saints' sagas">Saints' sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%A1ttr" title="Þáttr">Short tales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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