Dairy product | Definition, Types, Nutritional Content, & Production

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data-icon="toc"></em> <a class="font-serif font-weight-bold text-black link-blue" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dairy-product">dairy product</a> </div> <button aria-label="Close" class="js-sections-close-button btn-link btn-sm btn d-lg-none position-absolute top-0 p-10 right-0" > <em class="material-icons font-26" data-icon="close"></em> </button> </div> <div class="section-content pl-10 pr-20 pl-sm-50 pr-sm-60 pl-lg-5 pr-lg-10 pt-10 pt-lg-0 bg-gray-50 clear-catfish-ad"> <div class="toc mb-20"> <div class="font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mx-15 mb-15 mt-20"> Table of Contents </div> <ul class="list-unstyled my-0" data-level="h1"><li data-target="#ref1"><div class="pl-25"><a class="link-gray-900 w-100" href="/topic/dairy-product">Introduction</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"></div></li><li data-target="#ref50410"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product#ref50410">Properties of milk</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50411"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product#ref50411">Nutrient composition</a><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50412"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Fat">Fat</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50413"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Fat#ref50413">Protein</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50414"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Fat#ref50414">Lactose</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50415"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Fat#ref50415">Vitamins and minerals</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50416"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Physical-and-biochemical-properties">Physical and biochemical properties</a></li></ul></div></li><li data-target="#ref50417"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Physical-and-biochemical-properties#ref50417">Fresh fluid milk</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50418"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Physical-and-biochemical-properties#ref50418">Quality concerns</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50419"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Physical-and-biochemical-properties#ref50419">Processing</a><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50420"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Physical-and-biochemical-properties#ref50420">Pasteurization</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50421"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Separation">Separation</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50422"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Separation#ref50422">Homogenization</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50423"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Packaging">Packaging</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50424"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Packaging#ref50424">Specialty milks</a></li></ul></div></li><li data-target="#ref50425"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Packaging#ref50425">Condensed and dried milk</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50426"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Packaging#ref50426">Condensed and evaporated milk</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50427"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Dry-milk-products">Dry milk products</a><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50428"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Dry-milk-products#ref50428">Drum dryers</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50429"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Dry-milk-products#ref50429">Spray dryers</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li data-target="#ref50430"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Dry-milk-products#ref50430">Butter</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50431"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Dry-milk-products#ref50431">Composition</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50432"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Dry-milk-products#ref50432">Production</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50433"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Dry-milk-products#ref50433">Quality concerns</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50434"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Dry-milk-products#ref50434">Additions and treatment</a></li></ul></div></li><li data-target="#ref50435"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Ice-cream-and-other-frozen-desserts">Ice cream and other frozen desserts</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50436"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Ice-cream-and-other-frozen-desserts#ref50436">Composition of frozen desserts</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50437"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Ice-cream-and-other-frozen-desserts#ref50437">Ice cream manufacture</a></li></ul></div></li><li data-target="#ref50438"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Cultured-dairy-foods">Cultured dairy foods</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50439"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Cultured-dairy-foods#ref50439">Buttermilk</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50440"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Cultured-dairy-foods#ref50440">Sour cream</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50441"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Cultured-dairy-foods#ref50441">Yogurt</a></li></ul></div></li><li data-target="#ref50442"><div class="d-flex align-items-center"><button class="h1-link-drawer-button btn btn-xs btn-circle d-flex rounded" type="button" aria-label="Toggle Heading"><em class="material-icons font-18" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></em></button><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Cheese">Cheese</a></div><div class="ml-40 toc-drawer sub-toc-drawer"><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50443"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Cheese#ref50443">Fundamentals of cheese making</a><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50444"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Cheese#ref50444">Inoculation and curdling</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50445"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Cheese#ref50445">Cutting and shrinking</a></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h3"><li data-target="#ref50446"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Ripening">Ripening</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="list-unstyled" data-level="h2"><li data-target="#ref50447"><a class="w-100 link-gray-900" href="/topic/dairy-product/Ripening#ref50447">Varieties of cheese</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dairy-product/additional-info">References & Edit History</a> <a class="toc-extra-link link-gray-900" href="/facts/dairy-product">Related Topics</a> </div> <div class="tlr-media-slider pb-10 mb-30"> <a class="section-header link-gray-900 font-serif font-14 font-weight-bold mb-10 mx-10" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dairy-product/images-videos">Images & Videos</a> <div class="slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100 "> <div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex overflow-hidden text-nowrap ml-15"> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/34/176234-050-0E0C55C6/Glass-milk.jpg" data-href="/media/1/149947/191967" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/34/176234-004-0DE7B2CD/Glass-milk.jpg" alt="milk" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/33/166933-050-1475B953/Stick-butter.jpg" data-href="/media/1/149947/191968" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/33/166933-004-2DF8CA94/Stick-butter.jpg" alt="butter" height="50" /> </a> <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/46/646-050-2680849B/Equipment-milk-pasteurization.jpg" 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src="https://cdn.britannica.com/22/179622-138-16C7DC25/Overview-cheese-holes-types-discussion.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Why does some cheese have holes?" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/video/How-Milk-Becomes-Cheese/279471" data-href="/media/1/149947/279471" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/87/240887-138-503741CA/How-Milk-Becomes-Cheese.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="How does milk become cheese?" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/video/chemistry-cheese-making-process/207465" data-href="/media/1/149947/207465" class="media-overlay-link d-inline-block mr-5"> <div class="position-relative --aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/74/186974-138-52D29E23/chemistry-cheese-making-process.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="How cheese is made" class="col-100" /> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%)"> <em class="material-icons font-14" data-icon="play_arrow" > </em> </div> </div> </a> </div> <button disabled class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Previous"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span> </button> <button disabled class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-blue " aria-label="Next"> <span class="material-icons md-24" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span> 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Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). </div> <div class="type-menu"> <label for="feedback-type" class="label mb-10">Feedback Type</label> <select id="feedback-type" class="form-select mb-30" name="feedbackTypeId" required> <option value="" selected="selected">Select a type (Required)</option> <option value="1">Factual Correction</option> <option value="2">Spelling/Grammar Correction</option> <option value="3">Link Correction</option> <option value="4">Additional Information</option> <option value="5">Other</option> </select> </div> <label for="feedback" class="label mb-10">Your Feedback</label> <textarea id="feedback" class="form-control mb-30" name="feedback" maxlength="3000" rows="7" required></textarea> <button class="btn btn-blue" type="submit">Submit Feedback</button> </form> <div class="success-messaging d-none mt-30"> <div class="title">Thank you for your feedback</div> <p>Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-websites-modal size-lg d-none"> <div class="md-modal-body"> <div class="h2 font-serif pb-15 border-bottom font-weight-bold"> External Websites </div> <div class="pb-20"> <ul class="list-unstyled mt-20 lh-lg"> <li><a class="external" href="https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/6-reasons-to-get-your-diary" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">WebMd - 6 Reasons to Get Your Dairy</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/is-dairy-bad-or-good" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">Healthline - All You Need to Know About Dairy in Your Diet</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6723869/" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Milk and Dairy Products and Their Nutritional Contribution to the Average Polish Diet</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/dairy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health - The Nutrition Source - Dairy</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Chemistry_of_Cooking_(Rodriguez-Velazquez)/06%3A_Dairy_Products" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">Chemistry LibreTexts - Dairy Products</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://www.fao.org/4/CA4076EN/CA4076EN_Chapter7_Dairy.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations - Dairy and dairy products</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-types/milk-and-dairy-nutrition/" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">NHS - Dairy and alternatives in your diet</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="https://www.academia.edu/92410455/Consumers_choice_and_preferences_of_dairy_based_products" target="_blank" rel="noopener ">Academia - Consumers' choice and preferences of dairy based products</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="toc-header-marker"></div> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 js-header-ai-ask-button d-none btn-sm btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 mr-0 mr-lg-10 ml-5 ml-sm-10 ml-lg-0 p-10"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> <div class="md-byline module-spacing "> <div class="font-serif font-12"> <span class="written-by text-gray-700"> Written by </span> <div class="editor-popover popover p-0"> <a class="d-block p-20 gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor" href="/contributor/David-K-Bandler/4158" > <div class="editor-title font-16 font-weight-bold">David K. Bandler</div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 clamp-description text-black">Professor of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Coauthor of <em>Milk Flavor and Quality: from Cow to Consumer.</em></div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> David K. Bandler</span>, <div class="editor-popover popover p-0"> <a class="d-block p-20 gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor" href="/contributor/R-Paul-Singh/4213" > <div class="editor-title font-16 font-weight-bold">R. Paul Singh</div> <div class="editor-description font-12 font-serif mt-5 clamp-description text-black">Professor of Food Engineering, University of California, Davis. Coauthor of <i>Introduction to Food Engineering.</i></div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> R. 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They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link font-12 "> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></div> <div class="last-updated font-12 font-serif"> <span class="text-gray-700"> Last Updated: <time datetime="2024-11-22T00:00:00CST" >Nov 22, 2024</time> •</span> <a class="byline-edit-history" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dairy-product/additional-info#history" rel="nofollow">Article History</a> </div></div> </div> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button d-none d-sm-block js-sections-inline-button module-spacing btn d-lg-none"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <div class="d-flex d-sm-none flex-row"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button js-sections-inline-button module-spacing"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 ai-ask-button btn border-2 module-spacing btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 p-10 ml-5"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="js-qf-module qf-module px-40 px-sm-20 py-15 mx-auto module-spacing font-14 bg-gray-50 rounded"> <div class="facts-list mt-10"> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Related Topics: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/cheese" topicid="108310">cheese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/topic/milk" topicid="382463">milk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/topic/ice-cream" topicid="281091">ice cream</a></dd> <dd><a href="/topic/butter" topicid="86609">butter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/topic/yogurt" topicid="653449">yogurt</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-link p-0" href="/facts/dairy-product"> See all related content </a> </div> </div> </div> </div><span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref1"><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><div class="assemblies multiple medialist slider js-slider position-relative d-inline-flex align-items-center mw-100" data-type="other"><div class="slider-container js-slider-container overflow-hidden d-flex"><div class="rw-track d-flex align-items-center"><div class="position-relative rw-slide col-100 px-20 "><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="191968" data-asm-type="image"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/33/166933-050-1475B953/Stick-butter.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/149947/191968"><picture><source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/33/166933-050-1475B953/Stick-butter.jpg?w=300"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/33/166933-050-1475B953/Stick-butter.jpg?w=300" alt="butter" data-width="1600" data-height="1092" loading="eager"></picture><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class="card-body"><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/33/166933-050-1475B953/Stick-butter.jpg" data-href="/media/1/149947/191968">butter</a><span>Stick of butter.</span><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span></div></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><button disabled="true" class="prev-button js-prev-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue-dark m-20"><span class="material-icons" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_left"></span></button><button disabled="true" class="next-button js-next-button position-absolute btn btn-circle shadow btn-lg btn-blue-dark m-20"><span class="material-icons" data-icon="keyboard_arrow_right"></span></button></div><p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref501875"></span>dairy product</strong>, <span id="ref501876"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/milk" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">milk</a> and any of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/food" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">foods</a> made from <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/milk" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">milk</a>, including <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/butter" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">butter</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/cheese" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">cheese</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/ice-cream" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">ice cream</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/yogurt" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">yogurt</a>, and condensed and dried milk.</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Milk has been used by humans since the beginning of recorded time to provide both fresh and storable nutritious foods. In some countries almost half the milk produced is <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="consumed" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/consumed" data-type="EB">consumed</a> as fresh pasteurized whole, low-fat, or skim milk. However, most milk is manufactured into more stable dairy products of worldwide commerce, such as butter, cheese, dried milk, ice cream, and condensed milk.</p><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><span id="ref501877"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/cow" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Cow</a>’s milk (bovine species) is by far the principal type used throughout the world. Other animals utilized for their milk production include <span id="ref501878"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/buffalo-mammal" class="md-crosslink ">buffalo</a> (in India, China, Egypt, and the Philippines), goats (in the Mediterranean countries), <span id="ref501879"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/reindeer" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">reindeer</a> (in northern Europe), and sheep (in southern Europe). This section focuses on the processing of cow’s milk and milk products unless otherwise noted. In general, the processing technology described for cow’s milk can be successfully applied to milk obtained from other species.</p><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD4 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">In the early 1800s the average dairy cow produced less than 1,500 litres (396 gallons) of milk annually. With advances in animal nutrition and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/selective-breeding" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">selective breeding</a>, one cow now produces an average of 6,500 litres (1,717 gallons) of milk a year, some cows producing up to 10,000 litres (2,641 gallons). The Holstein-Friesian cow produces the greatest volume, but other breeds such as Ayrshire, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/Brown-Swiss" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Brown Swiss</a>, Guernsey, and Jersey, while producing less milk, are known for supplying milk that contains higher levels of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/fat" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">fat</a>, protein, and total solids. <em>See also</em> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/dairying" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">dairy farming</a>.</p><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span></section> <span class="marker h2"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref50410"> <h2 class="h1">Properties of milk</h2> <section data-level="2" id="ref50411"> <h2 class="h2">Nutrient composition</h2> <span class="marker PREMOD5 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Although milk is a liquid and most often considered a drink, it contains between 12 and 13 percent total solids and perhaps should be regarded as a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/food" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">food</a>. In contrast, many “solid” foods, such as tomatoes, carrots, and lettuce, contain as little as 6 percent solids.</p><a class="link-module shadow-sm d-block qa-quiz-module" href="/quiz/a-world-of-food" data-link-module-iframe-link=""> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/88/234288-131-32C7F29B/Ceviche-Cuisine-food.jpg" alt="Ceviche. Peruvian ceviche (sebiche). Raw seafood dish with lime, cilantro, peppers, plantains. Cuisine, food" class="rounded-sm mr-15" width="70" /> <div class="line-clamp clamp-5"> <div class="module-title bg-green">Britannica Quiz</div> <div class="font-weight-semi-bold mt-5">A World of Food Quiz</div> </div> </a><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD6 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Many factors influence the <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="composition" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/composition" data-type="MW">composition</a> of milk, including breed, genetic constitution of the individual cow, age of the cow, stage of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/lactation" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">lactation</a>, interval between milkings, and certain disease conditions. Since the last milk drawn at each milking is richest in fat, the completeness of milking also influences a sample. In general, the type of <span id="ref501880"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/feed-agriculture" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">feed</a> only slightly affects the composition of milk, but feed of poor quality or insufficient quantity causes both a low yield and a low percentage of total solids. Current feeding programs utilize computer technology to achieve the greatest <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="efficiency" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/efficiency" data-type="MW">efficiency</a> from each animal.</p><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD7 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The composition of milk varies among <span id="ref501881"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/mammal" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">mammals</a>, primarily to meet growth rates of the individual species. The proteins contained within the mother’s milk are the major components contributing to the growth rate of the young animals. Human milk is relatively low in both proteins and minerals compared with that of cows and <span id="ref501882"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/goat" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">goats</a>.</p><div class="module-spacing"> <DIV class="marketing-INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content" data-marketing-id="INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION"><style> .student-promo-banner-wrapper { container-type: inline-size; margin-bottom: 15px; } @container (min-width: 475px) { .student-promo-banner { flex-direction: row; } .student-promo-banner-img-wrapper { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 10px; justify-content: flex-start; } .student-promo-banner-text-wrapper { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; } .student-promo-banner-button-wrapper { margin-right: 0; } }</style> <div class="student-promo-banner-wrapper"> <div class="student-promo-banner d-flex flex-column align-items-center bg-blue rounded p-20"> <div class="student-promo-banner-img-wrapper mb-20 mr-0 d-flex justify-content-center"> <img class="rounded" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/BlueThistle.webp" /> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-text-wrapper ml-0 mb-10 text-center text-white"> <div class="h2 mb-10">Get Unlimited Access</div> <div class="h4 font-weight-semi-bold">Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more.</div> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-button-wrapper d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center ml-auto mr-auto"> <a class="btn btn-m btn-orange" href="https://premium.britannica.com/premium-membership/?utm_source=premium&utm_medium=inline-cta&utm_campaign=black-friday-2024">Subscribe</a> </div> </div> </div> </DIV></div><span class="marker MOD7 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD8 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Goat milk has about the same <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/nutrient" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">nutrient</a> composition as cow’s milk, but it differs in several characteristics. Goat milk is completely white in colour because all the beta-carotene (ingested from feed) is converted to vitamin A. The fat globules are smaller and therefore remain suspended, so the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/cream-dairy-product" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">cream</a> does not rise and mechanical <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/homogenization" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">homogenization</a> is unnecessary. Goat milk <span id="ref501883"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/curd" class="md-crosslink ">curd</a> forms into small, light flakes and is more easily <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="digested" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/digested" data-type="EB">digested</a>, much like the curd formed from human milk. It is often prescribed for persons who are allergic to the proteins in cow’s milk and for some patients afflicted with stomach ulcers.</p><span class="marker MOD8 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD9 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><span id="ref501884"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/domesticated-sheep" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Sheep</a> milk is rich in nutrients, having 18 percent total solids (5.8 percent protein and 6.5 percent fat). <span id="ref1314730"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/reindeer" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Reindeer</a> milk has the highest level of nutrients, with 36.7 percent total solids (10.3 percent protein and 22 percent fat). These high-fat, high-protein milks are excellent ingredients for cheese and other manufactured dairy products.</p><div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><span class="marker MOD9 mod-inline"></span> <span class="marker PREMOD10 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The major components of milk are water, fat, protein, carbohydrate (lactose), and minerals (ash). However, there are numerous other highly important micronutrients such as vitamins, essential amino acids, and trace minerals. Indeed, more than 250 chemical <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="compounds" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/compounds" data-type="MW">compounds</a> have been identified in milk. The <span id="ref822"></span>table shows the composition of fresh fluid milk and other dairy products.</p><span class="marker MOD10 mod-inline"></span><span class="md-raw-html"><div class="md-drag md-table-wrapper"><table> <caption> Nutrient composition of dairy products (per 100 g) </caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col"> dairy product </th> <th scope="col"> energy (kcal) </th> <th scope="col"> water (g) </th> <th scope="col"> protein (g) </th> <th scope="col"> fat (g) </th> <th scope="col"> carbohydrate (g) </th> <th scope="col"> cholesterol (mg) </th> <th scope="col"> vitamin A (IU) </th> <th scope="col"> riboflavin (mg) </th> <th scope="col"> calcium (mg) </th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td colspan="10"> *Fortified with vitamin A. </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> **Low moisture, part skim. </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"> Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Composition of Foods, Agriculture Handbook no. 8-1. </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr> <td scope="row"> fresh whole milk </td> <td> 61 </td> <td> 88 </td> <td> 3.29 </td> <td> 3.34 </td> <td> 4.66 </td> <td> 14 </td> <td> 126 </td> <td> 0.162 </td> <td> 119 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> fresh low-fat milk* </td> <td> 50 </td> <td> 89 </td> <td> 3.33 </td> <td> 1.92 </td> <td> 4.80 </td> <td> 8 </td> <td> 205 </td> <td> 0.165 </td> <td> 122 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> fresh skim milk* </td> <td> 35 </td> <td> 91 </td> <td> 3.41 </td> <td> 0.18 </td> <td> 4.85 </td> <td> 2 </td> <td> 204 </td> <td> 0.140 </td> <td> 123 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> evaporated milk </td> <td> 134 </td> <td> 74 </td> <td> 6.81 </td> <td> 7.56 </td> <td> 10.04 </td> <td> 29 </td> <td> 243 </td> <td> 0.316 </td> <td> 261 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> evaporated skim milk* </td> <td> 78 </td> <td> 79 </td> <td> 7.55 </td> <td> 0.20 </td> <td> 11.35 </td> <td> 4 </td> <td> 392 </td> <td> 0.309 </td> <td> 290 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> sweetened condensed milk </td> <td> 321 </td> <td> 27 </td> <td> 7.91 </td> <td> 8.70 </td> <td> 54.40 </td> <td> 34 </td> <td> 328 </td> <td> 0.416 </td> <td> 284 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> nonfat dry milk* </td> <td> 358 </td> <td> 4 </td> <td> 35.10 </td> <td> 0.72 </td> <td> 52.19 </td> <td> 18 </td> <td> 2,370 </td> <td> 1.744 </td> <td> 1,231 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> butter </td> <td> 717 </td> <td> 16 </td> <td> 0.85 </td> <td> 81.11 </td> <td> 0.06 </td> <td> 219 </td> <td> 3,058 </td> <td> 0.034 </td> <td> 24 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> ice cream (vanilla) </td> <td> 201 </td> <td> 61 </td> <td> 3.50 </td> <td> 11.00 </td> <td> 23.60 </td> <td> 44 </td> <td> 409 </td> <td> 0.240 </td> <td> 128 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> ice milk (vanilla) </td> <td> 139 </td> <td> 68 </td> <td> 3.80 </td> <td> 4.30 </td> <td> 22.70 </td> <td> 14 </td> <td> 165 </td> <td> 0.265 </td> <td> 139 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> sherbet (orange) </td> <td> 138 </td> <td> 66 </td> <td> 1.10 </td> <td> 2.00 </td> <td> 30.40 </td> <td> 5 </td> <td> 76 </td> <td> 0.068 </td> <td> 54 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> frozen yogurt, nonfat </td> <td> 128 </td> <td> 69 </td> <td> 3.94 </td> <td> 0.18 </td> <td> 28.16 </td> <td> 2 </td> <td> 7 </td> <td> 0.265 </td> <td> 134 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> buttermilk </td> <td> 40 </td> <td> 90 </td> <td> 3.31 </td> <td> 0.88 </td> <td> 4.79 </td> <td> 4 </td> <td> 33 </td> <td> 0.154 </td> <td> 116 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> sour cream </td> <td> 214 </td> <td> 71 </td> <td> 3.16 </td> <td> 20.96 </td> <td> 4.27 </td> <td> 44 </td> <td> 790 </td> <td> 0.149 </td> <td> 116 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> yogurt, plain, low-fat </td> <td> 63 </td> <td> 85 </td> <td> 5.25 </td> <td> 1.55 </td> <td> 7.04 </td> <td> 6 </td> <td> 66 </td> <td> 0.214 </td> <td> 183 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> yogurt, fruit, low-fat </td> <td> 102 </td> <td> 74 </td> <td> 4.37 </td> <td> 1.08 </td> <td> 19.05 </td> <td> 4 </td> <td> 46 </td> <td> 0.178 </td> <td> 152 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> blue cheese </td> <td> 353 </td> <td> 42 </td> <td> 21.40 </td> <td> 28.74 </td> <td> 2.34 </td> <td> 75 </td> <td> 721 </td> <td> 0.382 </td> <td> 528 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> Brie cheese </td> <td> 334 </td> <td> 48 </td> <td> 20.75 </td> <td> 27.68 </td> <td> 0.45 </td> <td> 100 </td> <td> 667 </td> <td> 0.520 </td> <td> 184 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> Cheddar cheese </td> <td> 403 </td> <td> 37 </td> <td> 24.90 </td> <td> 33.14 </td> <td> 1.28 </td> <td> 105 </td> <td> 1,059 </td> <td> 0.375 </td> <td> 721 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> cottage cheese </td> <td> 103 </td> <td> 79 </td> <td> 12.49 </td> <td> 4.51 </td> <td> 2.68 </td> <td> 15 </td> <td> 163 </td> <td> 0.163 </td> <td> 60 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> cream cheese </td> <td> 349 </td> <td> 54 </td> <td> 7.55 </td> <td> 34.87 </td> <td> 2.66 </td> <td> 110 </td> <td> 1,427 </td> <td> 0.197 </td> <td> 80 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> mozzarella cheese** </td> <td> 280 </td> <td> 49 </td> <td> 27.47 </td> <td> 17.12 </td> <td> 3.14 </td> <td> 54 </td> <td> 628 </td> <td> 0.343 </td> <td> 731 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> Parmesan cheese, grated </td> <td> 456 </td> <td> 18 </td> <td> 41.56 </td> <td> 30.02 </td> <td> 3.74 </td> <td> 79 </td> <td> 701 </td> <td> 0.386 </td> <td> 1,376 </td> </tr> <tr> <td scope="row"> Emmentaler (Swiss) cheese </td> <td> 376 </td> <td> 37 </td> <td> 28.43 </td> <td> 27.54 </td> <td> 3.38 </td> <td> 92 </td> <td> 845 </td> <td> 0.365 </td> <td> 961 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div> </span> </section></section><span class="marker end-of-content"></span><span class="marker after-article"></span></div> <div id="chatbot-root"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ai-dialog-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article></div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" 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Dairy product | Definition, Types, Nutritional Content, & Production | Britannica