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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Thomas R. Berger</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">OC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_British_Columbia" title="Order of British Columbia">OBC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Berger,_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thomas_Berger%2C_1969.jpg/220px-Thomas_Berger%2C_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thomas_Berger%2C_1969.jpg/330px-Thomas_Berger%2C_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thomas_Berger%2C_1969.jpg/440px-Thomas_Berger%2C_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1104" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">Supreme Court of British Columbia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1971–1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">Legislative Assembly of British Columbia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vancouver-Burrard_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Vancouver-Burrard (provincial electoral district)">Vancouver-Burrard</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1966–1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Parliament">Canadian Parliament</a></span><br />for <a href="/wiki/Vancouver-Burrard_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Vancouver-Burrard (provincial electoral district)">Vancouver—Burrard</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1962–1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Taylor_(politician)" title="John Russell Taylor (politician)">John Russell Taylor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Ron Basford</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thomas Rodney Berger</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1933-03-23</span>)</span>March 23, 1933<br /><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 28, 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-04-28)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Canadian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Rodney Berger</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">OC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_British_Columbia" title="Order of British Columbia">OBC</a></span></span> (March 23, 1933 – April 28, 2021) was a Canadian politician and jurist. He was briefly a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> in the early 1960s, entering provincial politics thereafter. He led the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party" title="British Columbia New Democratic Party">British Columbia New Democratic Party</a> for most of 1969, prior to <a href="/wiki/Dave_Barrett" title="Dave Barrett">Dave Barrett</a>. Berger was a justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">Supreme Court of British Columbia</a> from 1971 to 1983. In 1974, Berger became the <a href="/wiki/Royal_commission" title="Royal commission">royal commissioner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Valley_Pipeline_Inquiry" title="Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry">Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry</a>, which released its findings in 1977. After retiring from the bench, Berger continued to practise law and served in various public capacities. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_British_Columbia" title="Order of British Columbia">Order of British Columbia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas Rodney Berger was born on March 23, 1933, in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vansunobit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vansunobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> sergeant Theodor Berger and Nettie Elsie Perle, née McDonald.<sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger received a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> in 1955 and 1956, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas R. Berger was elected at the age of 29 to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1962_Canadian_federal_election" title="1962 Canadian federal election">1962 election</a>, representing the riding of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver-Burrard_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Vancouver-Burrard (provincial electoral district)">Vancouver—Burrard</a> for the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vansunobit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vansunobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the <a href="/wiki/1963_Canadian_federal_election" title="1963 Canadian federal election">1963 election</a>, he was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> opponent <a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Ron Basford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vansunobit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vansunobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">Legislative Assembly of British Columbia</a> in the 1966 <a href="/wiki/1966_British_Columbia_general_election" title="1966 British Columbia general election">BC election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vansunobit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vansunobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described as a "young man in a hurry",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger challenged long-time BC CCF/NDP leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Strachan_(politician)" title="Robert Strachan (politician)">Robert Strachan</a> for the party leadership in 1967. Strachan defeated Berger but, sensing the winds of change, resigned in 1969. Berger defeated another young MLA, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Barrett" title="Dave Barrett">Dave Barrett</a>, to win the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership conventions">leadership convention</a> and was widely expected to lead the NDP to its first general election victory. <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">Social Credit</a> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia" title="Premier of British Columbia">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/W.A.C._Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="W.A.C. Bennett">W.A.C. Bennett</a> called an early <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a> and, instead of victory, Berger's NDP lost four seats. He quickly resigned and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Barrett" title="Dave Barrett">Dave Barrett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-globeandmail.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globeandmail.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger's last year as an MLA was 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berger was counsel to the <a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a" title="Nisga'a">Nisga'a</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calder_v_British_Columbia_(AG)" title="Calder v British Columbia (AG)"><i>Calder v British Columbia (Attorney General)</i></a>, a case that inaugurated the concept of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Aboriginal title</a> in Canadian law.<sup id="cite_ref-vansunobit_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vansunobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">Supreme Court of British Columbia</a> in 1971, he served on the bench until 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger focused extensively on ensuring that industrial development on <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal people</a>'s land resulted in benefits to those <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a>. He may be best known for his work as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commissioner">Royal Commissioner</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Valley_Pipeline_Inquiry" title="Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry">Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry</a> which released its findings on May 9, 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archives.cbc.ca1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.cbc.ca1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981 when Canada was debating the merits of a diversity of provisions in the proposed <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i>, Berger wrote an open letter to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, asserting that the rights of Aboriginal Canadians and women needed to be included in any proposed charter. In 1983 he was reprimanded by the Canadian Judicial Council for this activism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter he chose to resign as a judge and returned to practice as a lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-canadianencyclopedia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadianencyclopedia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger's expertise and reputation for thorough and independent assessment were immediately seen as an asset for indigenous communities. He was invited by the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Circumpolar_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit Circumpolar Conference">Inuit Circumpolar Conference</a> to lead the Alaska Native Review Commission (1983–1985) which culminated in the publication of <i>Village Journey</i> (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, Thomas Berger was appointed Special Counsel to the Attorney General of British Columbia to inquire into allegations of sexual abuse at the Jericho Hill School for the Deaf. Berger was asked to investigate these allegations and produce a report. His recommendation for relief and compensation for those who were abused was accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-canadianencyclopedia_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadianencyclopedia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berger was appointed chair of the Vancouver Electoral Reform Commission in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission recommended changing <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>'s <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> system to a system of ward-level representation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this recommendation was defeated in a referendum held on October 16, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appointed in 2005 as a conciliator to resolve the impasse between Canada, Nunavut, and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut_Tunngavik_Incorporated" title="Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated">Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated</a> in implementing the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger completed "The Nunavut Project" in 2006. His report addresses the fundamental changes needed to implement Article 23 (Inuit Employment within Government) of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, including the need for a strong indigenous education system.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Berger was counsel to British Columbia in its challenge to Canada's approval of the <a href="/wiki/Trans_Mountain_pipeline" title="Trans Mountain pipeline">Trans Mountain pipeline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_commissions">Royal commissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Royal commissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1973 to 1975, Berger chaired a royal commission on Family and Children's Law. </p><p>From 1974 to 1977, he was commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Valley_Pipeline_Inquiry" title="Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry">Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERBSCnd_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERBSCnd-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-friedenberg1982_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedenberg1982-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1979 to 1980, he chaired his third royal commission, on Indian and Inuit healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2002144_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2002144-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, Indian bands and organizations such as the Union of B.C. Chiefs, the Native Brotherhood and United Native Nations, engaged in intense lobbying for Indigenous people to control delivery of health services in their own communities and for the repeal of restrictive service "guidelines introduced in September 1978, to correct abuses in health delivery, and to deal with the environmental health hazards of mercury and fluoride pollution affecting particular communities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastellano1981114_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastellano1981114-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1979, David Crombie, a liberal-minded reformer, as Minister of Health and Welfare under the Conservative government of Prime Minister Joe Clark, issued a statement representing "current Federal Government practice and policy in the field of Indian health." Crombie declared that the "Federal Government is committed to joining with Indian representatives in a fundamental review of issues involved in Indian health when Indian representatives have developed their position, and the policy emerging from that review could supersede this policy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastellano1981114_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastellano1981114-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crombie appointed Doctor Gary Goldthorpe, as commissioner of the federal inquiry (known as the Goldthorpe Inquiry) into "alleged abuses in medical care delivery at Alert Bay, British Columbia".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastellano1981114_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastellano1981114-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Justice Berger,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger1980_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger1980-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who headed his third royal commission dealing with Indian and Inuit healthcare, recommended to Crombie "that there be greater consultation with Indians and Inuit regarding the delivery of healthcare programs and that an annual sum of $950,000 was allocated for distribution by the National Indian Brotherhood to develop health consultation structures within the national Indian community."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastellano1981114_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastellano1981114-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crombie's successor as Liberal Minister of Health and Welfare, Monique Begin, adopted Berger's recommendations, ushering in the beginning of a change in healthcare delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2002144_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2002144-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, he was made an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gg.ca_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gg.ca-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gazette.gc.ca_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazette.gc.ca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, he received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_British_Columbia" title="Order of British Columbia">Order of British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cbcobit_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcobit-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A </p><p>He was an honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a>, student #S153. </p><p>In 2012, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berger died of cancer on April 28, 2021, in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vansunobit_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vansunobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Z._Friedenberg" title="Edgar Z. Friedenberg">Edgar Z. Friedenberg</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i> in 1982, called Berger "perhaps the most effective and certainly the most respectable champion of the aboriginal peoples of Canada".<sup id="cite_ref-friedenberg1982_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedenberg1982-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contempauthors_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempauthors-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger argued that the reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples could be facilitated by the Canadian judicial system. In her discussion of Berger's life, Swayze asserts that Berger "believes, and believes passionately, in the integrity of Canada’s system of equitable justice and its attendant jurisprudence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayze19878_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayze19878-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout his career, Berger dedicated his life to law and to politics. He is recognized for his work on the <i>Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry</i> and the subsequent publication of <i>The Berger Report</i>. As Commissioner, Berger recommended that, "on environmental grounds, no pipeline be built and no energy corridor be established across the Northern Yukon"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that any pipeline construction be postponed until native claims could be settled. Despite his belief in the judicial system, Berger acknowledged that there were certain issues that could be dealt with outside of the courts. Swayze argues that "[t]he philosophy inherent in all thirteen" of the reports of British Columbia's Royal Commission on Family and Children's Law, on which Berger served as a commissioner, "is that legal sanctions should, in many cases, be a last resort, and to this end recommendations focused on the effective use of human rather than legislated solutions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayze1987133_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayze1987133-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerger1969" class="citation journal cs1">Berger, Thomas R. (December 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29173%2Falr1531">"English Canada and Quebec's Rendezvous with Independence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Law_Review" title="Alberta Law Review">Alberta Law Review</a></i>. <b>29</b> (4): 765–771. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29173%2Falr1531">10.29173/alr1531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1925-8356">1925-8356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alberta+Law+Review&rft.atitle=English+Canada+and+Quebec%27s+Rendezvous+with+Independence&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=765-771&rft.date=1969-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29173%2Falr1531&rft.issn=1925-8356&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.29173%252Falr1531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Report of the Royal Commission on Family and Children's Law</i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_British_Columbia" title="Government of British Columbia">Government of British Columbia</a>. 1974. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1796712">1796712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Royal+Commission+on+Family+and+Children%27s+Law&rft.pub=Government+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1796712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1980" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Thomas R. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XFZNAEACAAJ"><i>Report of Advisory Commission on Indian and Inuit Health Consultation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Welfare_Canada" title="Health and Welfare Canada">Health and Welfare Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+Advisory+Commission+on+Indian+and+Inuit+Health+Consultation&rft.pub=Health+and+Welfare+Canada&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XFZNAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1981" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Thomas R. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fragilefreedomsh0000berg"><i>Fragile Freedoms: Human Rights and Dissent in Canada</i></a></span>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Clarke,_Irwin_%26_Company" title="Clarke, Irwin & Company">Clarke, Irwin & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7720-1358-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7720-1358-6"><bdi>0-7720-1358-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8269916">8269916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragile+Freedoms%3A+Human+Rights+and+Dissent+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Clarke%2C+Irwin+%26+Company&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8269916&rft.isbn=0-7720-1358-6&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffragilefreedomsh0000berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1985" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Thomas R. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/villagejourneyre00berg"><i>Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-9624-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-9624-2"><bdi>0-8090-9624-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12342468">12342468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Village+Journey%3A+The+Report+of+the+Alaska+Native+Review+Commission&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12342468&rft.isbn=0-8090-9624-2&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvillagejourneyre00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger1988" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Thomas R. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernfrontier0000mack"><i>Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland: The Report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry</i></a></span> (rev. ed.). Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre" title="Douglas & McIntyre">Douglas & McIntyre</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88894-601-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88894-601-5"><bdi>0-88894-601-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17580053">17580053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Frontier%2C+Northern+Homeland%3A+The+Report+of+the+Mackenzie+Valley+Pipeline+Inquiry&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17580053&rft.isbn=0-88894-601-5&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthernfrontier0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2002" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Thomas R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwBYvgEACAAJ"><i>One Man's Justice: A Life in the Law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre" title="Douglas & McIntyre">Douglas & McIntyre</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-736-1"><bdi>978-1-55365-736-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Man%27s+Justice%3A+A+Life+in+the+Law&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-736-1&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwBYvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vansunobit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vansunobit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vansunobit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vansunobit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vansunobit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vansunobit_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vansunobit_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie2021" class="citation news cs1">Mackie, John (April 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/former-b-c-ndp-leader-and-legal-legend-tom-berger-dies-at-88">"Obituary: Former B.C. NDP leader and legal legend Tom Berger dies at 88"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429023001/https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/former-b-c-ndp-leader-and-legal-legend-tom-berger-dies-at-88">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Former+B.C.+NDP+leader+and+legal+legend+Tom+Berger+dies+at+88&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fformer-b-c-ndp-leader-and-legal-legend-tom-berger-dies-at-88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-contempauthors-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempauthors_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/berger-thomas-rodney-1933">"Berger, Thomas R(odney) 1933–"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Authors" title="Contemporary Authors">Contemporary Authors</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020060601/https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/berger-thomas-rodney-1933">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Authors&rft.atitle=Berger%2C+Thomas+R%28odney%29+1933%E2%80%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Farts%2Feducational-magazines%2Fberger-thomas-rodney-1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsitt2011" class="citation book cs1">Isitt, Benjamin (2011). <i>Militant Minority: British Columbia Workers and the Rise of a New Left, 1948–1972</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RF7pqMOJAbAC&pg=PA178">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4194-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4194-5"><bdi>978-1-4426-4194-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militant+Minority%3A+British+Columbia+Workers+and+the+Rise+of+a+New+Left%2C+1948%E2%80%931972&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4194-5&rft.aulast=Isitt&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globeandmail.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globeandmail.com_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1983" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, William (July 6, 1983). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Thomas+Berger+has+long+history+of+arguing+for+Aboriginal+rights&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fthomas-berger-has-long-history-of-arguing-for-aboriginal-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc.ca-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">Presenter: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Paul Kennedy</a> (December 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2011/12/08/mr-justice-berger-1/">"Mr. Justice Berger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ideas_(radio_show)" title="Ideas (radio show)"><i>Ideas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_1" class="mw-redirect" title="CBC Radio 1">CBC Radio 1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123051834/https://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2011/12/08/mr-justice-berger-1/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ideas&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fideas%2Fepisodes%2F2011%2F12%2F08%2Fmr-justice-berger-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archives.cbc.ca1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archives.cbc.ca1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_McFee" title="Allan McFee">Allan McFee</a> (May 9, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/the-berger-report-is-released">"The Berger Report is released"</a>. <a href="/wiki/As_It_Happens" title="As It Happens"><i>As It Happens</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_1" class="mw-redirect" title="CBC Radio 1">CBC Radio 1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820003346/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/the-berger-report-is-released">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Emond Montgomery. p. <a href="//archive.org/details/trent_0116404069480/page/195/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:trent 0116404069480/page/195/mode/1up">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55239-012-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55239-012-8"><bdi>1-55239-012-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39515492">39515492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Law+and+Policy&rft.pages=iarchive%3Atrent+0116404069480%2Fpage%2F195%2Fmode%2F1up%7C195&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Emond+Montgomery&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39515492&rft.isbn=1-55239-012-8&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Alastair+R.&rft.au=Tilleman%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Elaine+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayze1987133-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayze1987133_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwayze1987">Swayze 1987</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenton1983" class="citation journal cs1">Penton, M. James (March 1983). "Review of <i>Fragile Freedoms</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Religion" title="Studies in Religion">Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 106–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000842988301200128">10.1177/000842988301200128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4298">0008-4298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152098799">152098799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Religion%2FSciences+Religieuses&rft.atitle=Review+of+Fragile+Freedoms&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-107&rft.date=1983-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152098799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0008-4298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000842988301200128&rft.aulast=Penton&rft.aufirst=M.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrun1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brun, Henri (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F042495ar">"Review of <i>Fragile Freedoms</i>"</a>. <i>Les Cahiers de droit</i> (in French). <b>23</b> (1): 251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F042495ar">10.7202/042495ar</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-974X">0007-974X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Cahiers+de+droit&rft.atitle=Review+of+Fragile+Freedoms&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=251&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F042495ar&rft.issn=0007-974X&rft.aulast=Brun&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F042495ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnopff1982" class="citation journal cs1">Knopff, Rainer (December 1982). "Review of <i>Fragile Freedoms</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Political_Science" title="Canadian Journal of Political Science">Canadian Journal of Political Science</a></i>. <b>15</b> (4): 826–827. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000842390005215X">10.1017/S000842390005215X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4239">0008-4239</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154358721">154358721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Review+of+Fragile+Freedoms&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=826-827&rft.date=1982-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154358721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0008-4239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000842390005215X&rft.aulast=Knopff&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1986" class="citation news cs1">Miles, Bill (February 2, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-02-bk-3221-story.html">"Review of <i>Village Journey</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Review+of+Village+Journey&rft.date=1986-02-02&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-02-02-bk-3221-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastellano1981" class="citation journal cs1">Castellano, Marlene Brant (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.brandonu.ca/library/cjns/2.1/castell.pdf">"Indian Participation in Health Policy Development: Implications for Adult Education"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Journal of Native Studies</i>. Peterborough, Ontario: Trent University. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0715-3244">0715-3244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Native+Studies&rft.atitle=Indian+Participation+in+Health+Policy+Development%3A+Implications+for+Adult+Education&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0715-3244&rft.aulast=Castellano&rft.aufirst=Marlene+Brant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.brandonu.ca%2Flibrary%2Fcjns%2F2.1%2Fcastell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayze1987" class="citation book cs1">Swayze, Carolyn (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hardchoiceslifeo0000sway"><i>Hard Choices: A Life of Tom Berger</i></a></span>. Vancouver: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_%26_McIntyre" title="Douglas & McIntyre">Douglas & McIntyre</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88894-522-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88894-522-1"><bdi>0-88894-522-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16830653">16830653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Choices%3A+A+Life+of+Tom+Berger&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16830653&rft.isbn=0-88894-522-1&rft.aulast=Swayze&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhardchoiceslifeo0000sway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRBSCnd" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbscarchives.library.ubc.ca/index.php/berger-thomas-r">"Berger, Thomas R"</a>, <i>RBSC Archives</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RBSC+Archives&rft.atitle=Berger%2C+Thomas+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbscarchives.library.ubc.ca%2Findex.php%2Fberger-thomas-r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+R.+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Berger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=2089">Thomas R. Berger – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Strachan_(politician)" title="Robert Strachan (politician)">Robert Strachan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Leaders_of_the_Opposition_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Leaders of the Opposition in British Columbia">Leader of the Opposition<br />in the British Columbia Legislature</a> </b><br />1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Barrett" title="Dave Barrett">Dave Barrett</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party" title="Template:British Columbia New Democratic Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:British Columbia New Democratic Party (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Columbia New Democratic Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party" title="British Columbia New Democratic Party">British Columbia New Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Columbia_CCF/NDP_members" title="List of British Columbia CCF/NDP members">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party#Election_results" title="British Columbia New Democratic Party">General election results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_elections" title="British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership elections">Leadership elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">Federal NDP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CCF</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Connell_(politician)" title="Robert Connell (politician)">Robert Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Winch" title="Harold Winch">Harold Winch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Webster" title="Arnold Webster">Arnold Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Strachan_(politician)" title="Robert Strachan (politician)">Robert Strachan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NDP</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Strachan_(politician)" title="Robert Strachan (politician)">Robert Strachan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas R. Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Barrett" title="Dave Barrett">Dave Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Skelly" title="Bob Skelly">Bob Skelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Harcourt" title="Mike Harcourt">Mike Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Clark" title="Glen Clark">Glen Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Miller_(Canadian_politician)" title="Dan Miller (Canadian politician)">Dan Miller</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjal_Dosanjh" title="Ujjal Dosanjh">Ujjal Dosanjh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_MacPhail" title="Joy MacPhail">Joy MacPhail</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_James" title="Carole James">Carole James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Black" title="Dawn Black">Dawn Black</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Dix" title="Adrian Dix">Adrian Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horgan" title="John Horgan">John Horgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eby" title="David Eby">David Eby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_British_Columbia_CCF_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 British Columbia CCF leadership election (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_British_Columbia_CCF_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 British Columbia CCF leadership election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_British_Columbia_CCF_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 British Columbia CCF leadership election (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election" title="2011 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election" title="2014 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_British_Columbia_New_Democratic_Party_leadership_election" title="2022 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrett_ministry" title="Barrett ministry">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harcourt_ministry" title="Harcourt ministry">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Clark_ministry" title="Glen Clark ministry">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_ministry" title="Miller ministry">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosanjh_ministry" title="Dosanjh ministry">Dosanjh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horgan_ministry" title="Horgan ministry">Horgan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eby_ministry" title="Eby ministry">Eby</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_38th_Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 38th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">James</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_39th_Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (page does not exist)">James/Black/Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_40th_Legislative_Assembly_of_British_Columbia" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 40th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia">Dix/Horgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnaby_Citizens_Association" title="Burnaby Citizens Association">Burnaby Citizens Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_First_New_West" title="Community First New West">Community First New West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108397141">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/75113/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbCMkQKVWwPJrDWKgxCcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81072494">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12056432n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12056432n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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