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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Insignia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Insignia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Insignia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possession_and_sale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession_and_sale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Possession and sale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession_and_sale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eligibility_and_appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility_and_appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Eligibility and appointment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eligibility_and_appointment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Eligibility and appointment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Eligibility_and_appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advisory_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advisory_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Advisory council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advisory_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refusal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Refusal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_and_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_and_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Resignation and removal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_and_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Controversial appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Proposed amendments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="وسام كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسام كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Orde de Canadá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orde de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Ордэн Канады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ордэн Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Ордэн Канады – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ордэн Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Orde del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orde del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%A1d_Kanady" title="Řád Kanady – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řád Kanady" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdd_Canada" title="Urdd Canada – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Urdd Canada" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Order of Canada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Orden de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orden de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordeno_de_Kanado" title="Ordeno de Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ordeno de Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_du_Canada" title="Ordre du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordre du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarder_fan_Kanada" title="Oarder fan Kanada – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oarder fan Kanada" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4_%ED%9B%88%EC%9E%A5" title="캐나다 훈장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다 훈장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_Kanada" title="Bintang Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bintang Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_del_Canada" title="Ordine del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordine del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="מסדר קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסדר קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanados_ordinas" title="Kanados ordinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanados ordinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_Rend" title="Kanada Rend – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanada Rend" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="وسام كندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وسام كندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_van_Canada" title="Orde van Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orde van Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0" title="カナダ勲章 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ勲章" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Order of Canada" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Order of Canada" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_Kanady" title="Order Kanady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Order Kanady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Ordem do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordem do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Орден Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орден Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Order of Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Орден Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орден Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Order of Canada" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Order of Canada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ордени Канада – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ордени Канада" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_Ni%C5%9Fan%C4%B1" title="Kanada Nişanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanada Nişanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Орден Канади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орден Канади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" title="加拿大勋章 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大勋章" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #DAEFFF; text-align: center;">Order of Canada <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ordre du Canada </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_Order_of_Canada_member_medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Replica_Order_of_Canada_member_medal.jpg/200px-Replica_Order_of_Canada_member_medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Replica_Order_of_Canada_member_medal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="456" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Insignia of a Member<a href="#cite_note-MP-1">[n 1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DAEFFF">Awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_order" title="State order">State order</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">17 April 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Desiderantes meliorem patriam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Eligibility</th><td class="infobox-data">All living Canadians, except federal and provincial politicians and judges while holding office</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">The highest degree of merit, an outstanding level of talent and service, or an exceptional contribution to Canada and humanity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Currently constituted</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sovereign</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chancellor and Principal Companion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grades</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Companion (CC)</li><li>Officer (OC)</li><li>Member (CM)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Former grades</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Service_of_the_Order_of_Canada" title="Medal of Service of the Order of Canada">Medal of Service</a></li><li>Medal of Courage</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DAEFFF">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First induction</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total inductees</th><td class="infobox-data">8,375 (as of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-gg-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #DAEFFF">Precedence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next (higher)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Member of the Order of Merit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next (lower)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)" title="Order of Military Merit (Canada)">Commander of the Order of Military Merit</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (26 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="1553" data-mwtitle="En-orderofcanada.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/En-orderofcanada.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/85/En-orderofcanada.ogg/En-orderofcanada.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-orderofcanada.ogg" title="File:En-orderofcanada.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 21 January 2012 (2012-01-21), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> The Order of Canada (French: Ordre du Canada) is a Canadian <a href="/wiki/State_order" title="State order">state order</a> and the second-highest <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">honour</a> for merit in the system of <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada">orders, decorations, and medals of Canada</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>. To coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial" title="Canadian Centennial">centennial</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, the three-tiered order was established in 1967 as a fellowship recognizing the outstanding merit or distinguished service of <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> who make a major difference to Canada through lifelong contributions in every field of endeavour, as well as efforts by non-Canadians who have made the world better by their actions. Membership is accorded to those who exemplify the order's Latin <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning "they desire a better country", a phrase taken from <a href="/wiki/Hebrews_11" title="Hebrews 11">Hebrews 11</a>:16.<a href="#cite_note-pch-3">[2]</a> The three tiers of the order are Companion, Officer and Member. Specific people may be given extraordinary membership and deserving non-Canadians may receive honorary appointment into each grade. King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, the reigning Canadian monarch, is the order's sovereign; the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a> administers the order on his behalf as Chancellor and Principal Companion.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Appointees to the order are recommended by an advisory board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign. As of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, 8,375 people have been appointed to the Order,<a href="#cite_note-gg-2">[1]</a> including scientists, musicians, politicians, artists, athletes, business people, film stars and benefactors. Some have resigned or have been removed from the order, while other appointments have been controversial. Appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to <a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">armorial bearings</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The process of founding the Order of Canada began in early 1966 and concluded on 17 April 1967,<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> when the organization was instituted by Queen Elizabeth II, on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canadian prime minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>, who was assisted with the establishment of the order by <a href="/wiki/John_Matheson" title="John Matheson">John Matheson</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Snowflake" title="Snowflake">snowflake</a> design for the order was suggested by the diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_G._H._Halstead" title="John G. H. Halstead">John G. H. Halstead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> The association was officially launched on 1 July 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial" title="Canadian Centennial">100th anniversary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, with Governor General <a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Roland Michener</a> being the first inductee to the order, to the level of Companion,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> and on 7 July of the same year, 90 more people were appointed, including former Governor General <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a>, former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacLennan" title="Hugh MacLennan">Hugh MacLennan</a>, religious leader <a href="/wiki/David_Bauer_(ice_hockey)" title="David Bauer (ice hockey)">David Bauer</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Roy" title="Gabrielle Roy">Gabrielle Roy</a>, historian <a href="/wiki/Donald_Creighton" title="Donald Creighton">Donald Creighton</a>, feminist politician and future senator <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Casgrain" title="Thérèse Casgrain">Thérèse Casgrain</a>, pioneering neurosurgeon <a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a>, painter <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lismer" title="Arthur Lismer">Arthur Lismer</a>, public health leader <a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a>, former political leader <a href="/wiki/Major_James_Coldwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Major James Coldwell">M. J. Coldwell</a>, disability advocate <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Baker_(CNIB)" title="Edwin Baker (CNIB)">Edwin Baker</a>, painter <a href="/wiki/Alex_Colville" title="Alex Colville">Alex Colville</a>, and ice hockey player <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Richard" title="Maurice Richard">Maurice Richard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> During a visit to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom, later in 1970, Michener presented the Queen with her Sovereign's badge for the Order of Canada,<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[8]</a> which she first wore during a banquet in <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife,_Northwest_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowknife, Northwest Territories">Yellowknife</a> in July 1970.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> From the Order of Canada grew a <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada">Canadian honours system</a>, thereby reducing the use of <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">British honours</a> (i.e. those administered by the Queen in her <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">UK Privy Council</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Among the civilian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_awards" title="List of Canadian awards">awards of the Canadian honours system</a>, the Order of Canada comes third, after the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Valour_(Canada)" title="Cross of Valour (Canada)">Cross of Valour</a> and membership in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_Canada-12">[11]</a> which is within the personal gift of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada's monarch</a>. By the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canada's provinces</a> began to develop their own distinct honours and decorations.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">Margaret MacMillan</a> represented the order at the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla" title="Coronation of Charles III and Camilla">coronation of King Charles III and Queen Camilla</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 6 May 2023.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grades">Grades</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grades">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_post-nominal_letters_in_Canada#National_orders_and_Commonwealth_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post-nominal letters in Canada">List of post-nominal letters in Canada § National orders and Commonwealth orders</a></div> The Canadian monarch, seen as the <a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount of honour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> is at the apex of the Order of Canada as its Sovereign,<a href="#cite_note-Our-17">[n 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> followed by the governor general, who serves as the fellowship's Chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Thereafter follow three grades, which are, in order of precedence: Companion (French: Compagnon), Officer (French: Officier), and Member (French: Membre), each having accordant <a href="/wiki/List_of_post-nominal_letters_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post-nominal letters in Canada">post-nominal letters</a> that members are entitled to use.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Each incumbent governor general is also installed as the Principal Companion for the duration of his or her time in the viceregal post and continues as an extraordinary Companion thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-EIIR12.1-22">[20]</a> Additionally, any governor general, viceregal consort, former governor general, former viceregal consort, or member of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Royal_family_and_house" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian royal family</a> may be appointed as an extraordinary Companion, Officer, or Member.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Promotions in grade are possible,<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> though this is ordinarily not done within five years of the initial appointment,<a href="#cite_note-DA-26">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> and a maximum of five honorary appointments into any of the three grades may be made by the governor general each year.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> As of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, there have been <a href="/wiki/Honorary_appointments_to_the_Order_of_Canada" title="Honorary appointments to the Order of Canada">28 honorary appointments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gg-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> There were originally, in effect, only two ranks to the Order of Canada: Companion and the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Service_of_the_Order_of_Canada" title="Medal of Service of the Order of Canada">Medal of Service</a>. There was, however, also a third award, the Medal of Courage, meant to recognize acts of gallantry. This latter decoration fell in rank between the other two levels, but was anomalous within the Order of Canada, being a separate award of a different nature rather than a middle grade of the order. Without ever having been awarded, the Medal of Courage was on 1 July 1972 replaced by the autonomous Cross of Valour and, at the same time, the levels of Officer and Member were introduced, with all existing holders of the Medal of Service created as Officers. Lester Pearson's vision of a three-tiered structure to the order was thus fulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Companions_of_the_Order_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Companions of the Order of Canada">Companions of the Order of Canada</a> (post-nominals: CC, in French: Compagnon de l'ordre du Canada) have demonstrated the highest degree of merit to Canada and humanity, on either the national or international scene. Up to 15 Companions are appointed annually,<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> with an imposed limit of 180 living Companions at any given time, not including those appointed as extraordinary Companions or in an honorary capacity.<a href="#cite_note-EIIR13-33">[30]</a> As of August 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 146 living Companions.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> Since 1994,<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> substantive members are the only regular citizens who are empowered to administer the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Citizenship_(Canada)" title="Oath of Citizenship (Canada)">Canadian Oath of Citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Officers of the Order of Canada (post-nominals: OC, in French: Officier de l'ordre du Canada) have demonstrated an outstanding level of talent and service to Canadians, and up to 64 may be appointed each year, not including those inducted as extraordinary Officers or in an honorary capacity, with no limit to how many may be living at one time.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> As of August 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 1,049 living Officers.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Members of the Order of Canada (post-nominals: CM, in French: Membre de l'ordre du Canada) have made an exceptional contribution to Canada or Canadians at a local or regional level, group, field or activity. As many as 136 Members may be appointed annually, not including extraordinary Members and those inducted on an honorary basis, and there is no limit on how many Members may be living at one time.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> As of August 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 2,281 living Members.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insignia">Insignia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Insignia">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Order_of_Canada_grades.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/3_Order_of_Canada_grades.JPG/300px-3_Order_of_Canada_grades.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/3_Order_of_Canada_grades.JPG/450px-3_Order_of_Canada_grades.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/3_Order_of_Canada_grades.JPG/600px-3_Order_of_Canada_grades.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="978" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Ribbon bar </th></tr> <tr> <th>Companion </th> <th>Officer </th> <th>Member </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg/100px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg/150px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg/200px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Companion_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CAN_Order_of_Canada_Officer_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Officer_ribbon.svg/100px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Officer_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Officer_ribbon.svg/150px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Officer_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Officer_ribbon.svg/200px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Officer_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CAN_Order_of_Canada_Member_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Member_ribbon.svg/100px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Member_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Member_ribbon.svg/150px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Member_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/CAN_Order_of_Canada_Member_ribbon.svg/200px-CAN_Order_of_Canada_Member_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Upon admission into the Order of Canada, members are given various insignia of the organization, all designed by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_W._Beatty" title="Bruce W. Beatty">Bruce W. Beatty</a>, who "broke new ground in the design of insignia of Orders within The Queen's realms" and was himself made a member of the order in 1990;<a href="#cite_note-RC-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Beatty attended every investiture ceremony between 1967 and early 2010.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> The badge belonging to the Sovereign consists of a jewelled, 18-<a href="/wiki/Carat_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (purity)">carat</a> gold crown of <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RC-41">[38]</a> from which is suspended a white, enamelled, hexagonal snowflake design, with six equal leaves and diamonds between each. At the centre is a disc bearing a <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">maple leaf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pav%C3%A9-laid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavé-laid">pavé-laid</a> rubies on a white enamel background, surrounded at its edge by a red enamel ring (annulus) bearing the motto of the order.<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> The Chancellor wears the badge of a Companion and is, upon installation as governor general, granted a <a href="/wiki/Livery_collar" title="Livery collar">livery collar</a> for wear at Order of Canada investiture ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorne_Michaels_David_Shankbone_2010_Order_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lorne_Michaels_David_Shankbone_2010_Order_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Lorne_Michaels_David_Shankbone_2010_Order_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lorne_Michaels_David_Shankbone_2010_Order_of_Canada.jpg/330px-Lorne_Michaels_David_Shankbone_2010_Order_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lorne_Michaels_David_Shankbone_2010_Order_of_Canada.jpg/440px-Lorne_Michaels_David_Shankbone_2010_Order_of_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="2354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lorne_Michaels" title="Lorne Michaels">Lorne Michaels</a> wearing the <a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">lapel pin</a> of a Member (with magnified inset)</figcaption></figure> The badges for inductees are of a similar design to the Sovereign's badge, though without precious stones, and slight differences for each grade. For Companions, the emblem is <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilt</a> with a red enamel maple leaf in the central disk; for Officers, it is gilt with a gold maple leaf; and for Members, both the badge itself and the maple leaf are silver. All are topped by a <a href="/wiki/St._Edward%27s_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Edward's Crown">St. Edward's Crown</a>, symbolizing that the order is headed by the Sovereign, and the reverse is plain except for the word CANADA.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> The ribbon is white and bordered in red stripes, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Canadian national flag</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribbon bar">ribbon bar</a> for each grade has the same ribbon and is differentiated by a maple leaf in the centre, the colour of which matches that on the badge of the related grade (red for Companion, gold for Officer and silver for Member). For civilian wear on less formal occasions, a <a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">lapel pin</a> may be worn, which is a miniature version of the recipient's badge and thus is distinct for each grade. Wear of the insignia is according to guidelines issued by the Chancellery of Honours, which stipulate that the badges be worn before most other national orders, that is, at the end of an individual's medal bar closest to the centre of the chest or at the wearer's neck, with only the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross_(Canada)" title="Victoria Cross (Canada)">Victoria Cross</a>, the Cross of Valour, and the badge of the Order of Merit permitted to be worn before the badges of the Order of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_Canada-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Those in the grades of Companion or Officer may wear their badges on a neck ribbon, while those in the Member group display their insignia suspended by a ribbon from a medal bar on the left chest. Protocol originally followed the British tradition, wherein female appointees wore their Order of Canada emblem on a ribbon bow positioned on the left shoulder. These regulations were altered in 1997, and women may wear their insignia in either the traditional manner or in the same fashion as the men.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Personal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Governor_General_of_Canada_David_Lloyd_Johnston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Personal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Governor_General_of_Canada_David_Lloyd_Johnston.jpg/220px-Personal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Governor_General_of_Canada_David_Lloyd_Johnston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a6/Personal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Governor_General_of_Canada_David_Lloyd_Johnston.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> and Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada, displaying the order's motto and insignia</figcaption></figure> With the <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriation</a> in 1988 of oversight of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> from the UK to Canada through the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> the constitution of the Order of Canada was amended to include the entitlement of all inductees to petition the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Herald_of_Canada" title="Chief Herald of Canada">Chief Herald of Canada</a> for personal armorial bearings (coats of arms),<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> should they not already possess any. Companions may receive <a href="/wiki/Supporters_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporters (heraldry)">supporters</a>, and all members may have the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> (shield) of their arms encircled with a red ribbon bearing the order's motto in gold, and from which is suspended a rendition of the holder's Order of Canada badge.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> The Queen, Sovereign of the Order of Canada, approved the augmentation of her royal arms for Canada with the order's ribbon in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> On the grant to <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_College_School" title="Bishop's College School">Bishop's College School</a>, Quebec, the Sovereign's insignia of the Order was depicted below the Royal Arms of Canada, the only time the badge has been incorporated into a grant document.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession_and_sale">Possession and sale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Possession and sale">edit</a>]</div> The constitution of the Order of Canada states that the insignia remain property of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> and requires any member of the order to return to the chancellery their original emblem should they be upgraded within the order to a higher rank.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Thus, while badges may be passed down as family heirlooms, or loaned or donated <a href="/wiki/List_of_Order_of_Canada_insignia_displayed_in_museums" title="List of Order of Canada insignia displayed in museums">for display in museums</a>, they cannot be sold. Over the decades, however, a number of Order of Canada insignia have been put up for sale. The first was the Companion's badge of <a href="/wiki/M._J._Coldwell" title="M. J. Coldwell">M. J. Coldwell</a>, who was appointed in 1967; his badge was sold at auction in 1981, an act that received criticism from government officials.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> In 2007, it was revealed that one of the first ever issued insignia of the Order of Canada, a Medal of Service awarded originally to Quebec historian <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Lanctot" title="Gustave Lanctot">Gustave Lanctot</a>, was put up for sale via e-mail. Originally, the anonymous auctioneer, who had purchased the decoration for $45 at an estate sale in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, attempted to sell the insignia on <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>; however, after the bidding reached $15,000, eBay removed the item, citing its policy against the sale of government property, including "any die, seal or stamp provided by, belonging to, or used by a government department, diplomatic or military authority appointed by or acting under the authority of Her Majesty." Rideau Hall stated that selling medals was "highly discouraged"; however, the owner continued efforts to sell the insignia via the internet.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Five years later, a miniature insignia presented to <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a> was put on auction in Ontario as part of a larger collection of Douglas artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Douglas's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Douglas" title="Shirley Douglas">Shirley Douglas</a>, purchased the set for $20,000.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eligibility_and_appointment">Eligibility and appointment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eligibility and appointment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Appointment_to_the_Order_of_Canada" title="Appointment to the Order of Canada">Appointment to the Order of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EIIR-OoC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/EIIR-OoC.jpg/220px-EIIR-OoC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/EIIR-OoC.jpg/330px-EIIR-OoC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/EIIR-OoC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Queen of Canada</a> and Sovereign of the Order of Canada, invests <a href="/wiki/Jules_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jules Léger">Jules Léger</a> as a Companion of the order at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>, August 1973.</figcaption></figure> Any of the three levels of the Order of Canada are open to all living Canadian citizens,<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> except all federal and provincial politicians and judges while they hold office. The order recognizes the achievement of outstanding merit or distinguished service by <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> who made a major difference to Canada through lifelong contributions in every field of endeavour, as well as the efforts made by non-Canadians who have made the world better by their actions. Membership is thus accorded to those who exemplify the order's Latin <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>, taken from <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Hebrews#11:16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (World English)/Hebrews">Hebrews 11:16</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a>, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning "they desire a better country."<a href="#cite_note-pch-3">[2]</a> Each of the six to eight hundred nominations submitted each year,<a href="#cite_note-McCreeryG&M-62">[59]</a> by any person or organization, is received by the order's Advisory Council, which, along with the governor general, makes the final choice of new inductees, typically by consensus rather than a vote;<a href="#cite_note-McCreeryG&M-62">[59]</a> a process that, when conceived, was the first of its kind in the world.<a href="#cite_note-McCreeryG&M-62">[59]</a> Appointees are then accepted into the organization at an investiture ceremony typically conducted by the governor general at Rideau Hall, although the monarch or a provincial viceroy may perform the task, and the ceremony may take place in other locations. Since the 1991 investiture of <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Rogers_Jr." title="Edward S. Rogers Jr.">Ted Rogers</a>, Order of Canada installment ceremonies have been broadcast on various television channels and the Internet; recipients are given a complimentary video recording of their investiture ceremony from <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Cable" title="Rogers Cable">Rogers Cable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> At certain periods, holders of the order were presented with other awards, usually commemorative medals. Thus far, two commemoratives have been given automatically to every living member of the Order of Canada: the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal</a> in 1977<a href="#cite_note-VAC-64">[61]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advisory_council">Advisory council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Advisory council">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coin_of_the_Seal_of_the_Order_of_Canada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_coin_of_the_Seal_of_the_Order_of_Canada.png/220px-A_coin_of_the_Seal_of_the_Order_of_Canada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A_coin_of_the_Seal_of_the_Order_of_Canada.png/330px-A_coin_of_the_Seal_of_the_Order_of_Canada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/A_coin_of_the_Seal_of_the_Order_of_Canada.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the Order of Canada</figcaption></figure> The task of the order's advisory council is to evaluate the nominations of potential inductees, decide if the candidates are worthy enough to be accepted into the order, and make recommendations to the governor general, who appoints the new members. The council is chaired by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice of Canada">chief justice of Canada</a>, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_(Canada)" title="Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)">clerk of the Privy Council</a>, the deputy minister of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Canadian Heritage</a>, the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Council_for_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Council for the Arts">Canada Council for the Arts</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a>, the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Universities_and_Colleges_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada">Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada</a>, and five members of the order who sit on the council for a three-year period. If a nomination involves a non-Canadian citizen, the deputy minister of <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_International_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade">Foreign Affairs</a> is invited by the Advisory Council to offer evaluation.<a href="#cite_note-Advisory_Council-66">[63]</a> Decisions of the council and new appointments to and dismissals from the Order of Canada are announced through the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Gazette" title="Canada Gazette">Canada Gazette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCreery2010-67">[64]</a> As of July 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, the members of the advisory council are:<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a> (Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewan_Affleck" title="Ewan Affleck">Ewan Affleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Aglukark" title="Susan Aglukark">Susan Aglukark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hannaford_(Canadian_civil_servant)" title="John Hannaford (Canadian civil servant)">John Hannaford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_(Canada)" title="Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)">Clerk of the Privy Council and Secretary to the Cabinet</a></li> <li>Sharon Davis-Murdoch</li> <li>Marie Yvonne Delorme</li> <li>Stephanie Dixon</li> <li>Alain-G. Gagnon, President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Germain" title="Daniel Germain">Daniel Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karina_LeBlanc" title="Karina LeBlanc">Karina LeBlanc</a></li> <li>Isabelle Mondou, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister_(Canada)" title="Deputy minister (Canada)">Deputy Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Saini" title="Deep Saini">Deep Saini</a>, Chair of <a href="/wiki/Universities_Canada" title="Universities Canada">Universities Canada</a> and President & Vice-Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Wente" title="Jesse Wente">Jesse Wente</a>, Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Council_for_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Council for the Arts">Canada Council for the Arts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal">Refusal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Refusal">edit</a>]</div> Few have declined entry into the Order of Canada; as of 1997<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, 1.5 per cent of offered appointments to the order had been refused.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> The identities of those individuals who have declined induction since the 1970s are kept confidential, so the full list is not publicly known. Some, however, have spoken openly about their decisions, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weaver_(editor)" title="Robert Weaver (editor)">Robert Weaver</a>, who stated that he was critical of the "three-tier" nature of the order;<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Ryan" title="Claude Ryan">Claude Ryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morley_Callaghan" title="Morley Callaghan">Morley Callaghan</a>, who both declined the honour in 1967; <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Richler" title="Mordecai Richler">Mordecai Richler</a>, who twice declined; and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dub%C3%A9" title="Marcel Dubé">Marcel Dubé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lemelin" title="Roger Lemelin">Roger Lemelin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a>, who all declined in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-McCreery210-71">[68]</a> However, all the above individuals, save for Gould, later did accept appointment into the order. Others have rejected appointment on the basis of being supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a>, such as Luc-André Godbout,<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rina_Lasnier" title="Rina Lasnier">Rina Lasnier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Bujold" title="Geneviève Bujold">Geneviève Bujold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McCreery210-71">[68]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Alice_Parizeau" title="Alice Parizeau">Alice Parizeau</a>, another supporter of Quebec sovereignty, was criticized for accepting entry into the order despite her beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Duke_of_Edinburgh_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg/220px-The_Duke_of_Edinburgh_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg/330px-The_Duke_of_Edinburgh_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg/440px-The_Duke_of_Edinburgh_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4220" data-file-height="3161" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a>, wearing at the neck the insignia of a Companion of the Order of Canada. Philip originally declined an honorary appointment to the Order of Canada, feeling the offer implied he was a foreigner to Canada. In April 2013, he accepted appointment as the first extraordinary Companion.</figcaption></figure> Victoria Cross recipient <a href="/wiki/Charles_Merritt" title="Charles Merritt">Cecil Meritt</a> cited the fact that he already held Canada's highest decoration as a reason not to be admitted to the Order of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-McCreery210-71">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a>, was in 1982 offered appointment to the order as an honorary Companion; however, he refused on the grounds that, as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs#Consorts" title="List of Canadian monarchs">consort</a> of the Queen, he was a Canadian and thus entitled to a substantive appointment.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCreery5-75">[72]</a> In 1993, the Advisory Council proposed an amendment to the constitution of the Order of Canada, making the monarch's spouse automatically a Companion, but Prince Philip again refused, stating that if he was to be appointed, it should be on his merits.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Congruent with these arguments, he in 1988 accepted without issue a substantive induction as a Companion of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia" title="Order of Australia">Order of Australia</a>. In 2013, the constitution of the Order of Canada was amended in a way that permitted the substantive appointment of Royal Family members and Prince Philip accepted induction as the first extraordinary Companion of the Order of Canada on 26 April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of Newfoundland">Premier of Newfoundland</a> <a href="/wiki/Joey_Smallwood" title="Joey Smallwood">Joseph Smallwood</a> declined appointment as a Companion because he felt that, as a self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_Confederation" title="Fathers of Confederation">Father of Confederation</a>, he deserved a knighthood.<a href="#cite_note-McCreery210-71">[68]</a> Smallwood was never knighted and later accepted induction as a Companion.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_and_removal">Resignation and removal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resignation and removal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Removal_from_the_Order_of_Canada" title="Removal from the Order of Canada">Removal from the Order of Canada</a></div> Resignations from the order can take place only through prescribed channels, which include the member submitting to the Secretary General of the Order of Canada a letter notifying the chancellery of his or her desire to terminate their membership, and only with the governor general's approval can the resignation take effect.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> On 1 June 2009, the governor general accepted the resignations of astronomer and inventor <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Racine" title="René Racine">René Racine</a>, pianist <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Richard" title="Jacqueline Richard">Jacqueline Richard</a>, and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Turcotte" title="Jean-Claude Turcotte">Jean-Claude Turcotte</a>;<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> on 11 January 2010, the same was done for <a href="/wiki/Renato_Giuseppe_Bosisio" title="Renato Giuseppe Bosisio">Renato Giuseppe Bosisio</a>, an engineering professor, and Father <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Larr%C3%A9" title="Lucien Larré">Lucien Larré</a>;<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> and on 19 April 2010 for <a href="/wiki/Frank_Chauvin" title="Frank Chauvin">Frank Chauvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> It was also reported that other constituents of the Order of Canada had, in reaction to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgentaler" title="Henry Morgentaler">Henry Morgentaler</a>'s induction into their ranks, indicated that they would return or had returned their emblems in protest,<a href="#cite_note-Catholic-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> including organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madonna_House_Apostolate" title="Madonna House Apostolate">Madonna House Apostolate</a> doing so on behalf of deceased former members.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> Members may be removed from the order if the Advisory Council feels their actions have brought the order into disrepute. In order for this to be done, the council must agree to take action and then send a letter to the person both telling of the group's decision and requesting a response. Anyone removed from the order is required to return their insignia. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, eight people have been removed from the Order of Canada:<a href="#cite_note-canadianencyclopedia-87">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Eagleson" title="Alan Eagleson">Alan Eagleson</a>, who was dismissed after being jailed for fraud in 1998;<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Ahenakew" title="David Ahenakew">David Ahenakew</a>, who faced calls for his removal due to <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> comments he made in 2002;<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/T._Sher_Singh" title="T. Sher Singh">T. Sher Singh</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Society of Upper Canada">Law Society of Upper Canada</a> found him guilty of professional misconduct and revoked his licence to practise law;<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fonyo" title="Steve Fonyo">Steve Fonyo</a>, due to "his multiple criminal convictions, for which there are no outstanding appeals";<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Garth_Drabinsky" title="Garth Drabinsky">Garth Drabinsky</a>, who was found guilty of fraud and forgery in Ontario and has been a fugitive from American law for related crimes;<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Conrad Black</a>, who was convicted in the United States in 2007 of fraud and obstruction of justice;<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Chandra" title="Ranjit Chandra">Ranjit Chandra</a>, whose scientific work was discredited by allegations of fraud;<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Issaluk" title="Johnny Issaluk">Johnny Issaluk</a>, following allegations of sexual misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Norman_Barwin" title="Bernard Norman Barwin">Norman Barwin</a> resigned from the order as a result of the Advisory Council moving forward with his pending removal due to his being found guilty of professional misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The Order's Advisory Council considered a request made in 2021 for the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Julie Payette</a>, the 29th Governor General of Canada, from the order. Payette, an Extraordinary Companion, resigned from the viceregal post over <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Rideau_Hall_workplace_review" title="2020–2021 Rideau Hall workplace review">allegations of harassment of personnel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_appointments">Controversial appointments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controversial appointments">edit</a>]</div> The advisory board attempts to remain apolitical and pragmatic in its approach to selecting new members of the Order of Canada, generally operating without input from <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a>; political interference has occurred only once, when in 1978 <a href="/wiki/Paul_Desmarais" title="Paul Desmarais">Paul Desmarais</a>'s investiture was delayed for six months by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCreeryG&M-62">[59]</a> However, some of the committee's selections have caused controversy. For instance, the admission in 2001 of sex educator <a href="/wiki/Sue_Johanson" title="Sue Johanson">Sue Johanson</a>, host of the long-running <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Night_Sex_Show" title="Sunday Night Sex Show">Sunday Night Sex Show</a>, as a Member stirred controversy among some of Canada's Christian organizations, as Johanson had taught teenagers methods of <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safe sex</a> alongside abstinence.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Similarly, the acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bagshaw" title="Elizabeth Bagshaw">Elizabeth Bagshaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> campaigner <a href="/wiki/Brent_Hawkes" title="Brent Hawkes">Brent Hawkes</a> also incited debate.<a href="#cite_note-McCreeryG&M-62">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryMorgentaler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HenryMorgentaler.jpg/220px-HenryMorgentaler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HenryMorgentaler.jpg/330px-HenryMorgentaler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HenryMorgentaler.jpg/440px-HenryMorgentaler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgentaler" title="Henry Morgentaler">Henry Morgentaler</a> (right), with <a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> (left); Morgentaler's appointment was one of the most controversial in the history of the Order of Canada.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights</a> activist Henry Morgentaler's appointment to the order on 1 July 2008 not only marked the first time the Advisory Council had not been unanimous in its decision, but also proved to be one of the most controversial appointments in the order's history.<a href="#cite_note-McCreeryG&M-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCreery2010-67">[64]</a> Opponents of Morgentaler's abortion activism organized protests outside of Rideau Hall on 9 July, while compatriots did the same in front of <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Government House (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Government House</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, the official residence of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador">that province's lieutenant governor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> One former police detective, Frank Chauvin, along with a Catholic anti-abortion activist, filed suit against the Order of Canada Advisory Council, demanding that the minutes of the meeting relating to Morgentaler be made public.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> The appointment of Morgentaler prompted former <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Lincoln" title="Clifford Lincoln">Clifford Lincoln</a> to write that the workings of the Advisory Council were "mysterious", citing what he theorized to be inbuilt partiality and <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> as reasons why <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Somerville" title="Margaret Somerville">Margaret Somerville</a>, whom Lincoln had twice nominated to the Advisory Council, was turned down for appointment, yet Morgentaler was accepted.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Journalist Henry Aubin in the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Gazette">Montreal Gazette</a> opined that the council's rejection of Somerville, her personal opposition to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, and the acceptance of Brent Hawkes, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Vance_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Vance Rule">Jane Rule</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, all regarded as supporting same-sex unions, as well as the appointment of a controversial figure such as Morgentaler, were all signs that the Advisory Council operated with partisan bias.<a href="#cite_note-aubin-106">[103]</a> Aubin also pointed to the presence on the council of members of the Royal Society of Canada, an organization into which Somerville was received.<a href="#cite_note-aubin-106">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Savaryn" title="Peter Savaryn">Peter Savaryn</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Galician)" title="14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)">Waffen-SS Galician Division</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> was awarded the Order of Canada in 1987,<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> for which Governor General of Canada <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a> expressed "deep regret" in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_amendments">Proposed amendments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proposed amendments">edit</a>]</div> At a 2006 conference on Commonwealth honours, Christopher McCreery, an expert on Canada's honours, raised the concern that the three grades of the Order of Canada were insufficient to recognize the nation's very best; one suggestion was to add two more levels to the order, equivalent to knighthoods in British orders. The order of precedence also came under scrutiny, particularly the anomaly that all three grades of the Order of Canada supersede the top levels of each of the other orders (except the Order of Merit), contrary to international practice.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> In June 2010, McCreery suggested reforms to the Order of Canada that would avert the awkwardness around appointing members of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian royal family">Canadian royal family</a> as full members of the order: He theorized that the Queen, as the order's Sovereign, could simply appoint, on ministerial advice, anyone as an extra member, or the monarch could issue an ordinance allowing for her relations to be made regular members when approved. Similarly, McCreery proposed that a new division of the order could be established specifically for governors general, their spouses, and members of the royal family,<a href="#cite_note-McCreery5-75">[72]</a> a version of which was adopted in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-canadianencyclopedia-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companions_of_the_Order_of_Canada" title="List of companions of the Order of Canada">List of companions of the Order of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(decorations_and_medals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (decorations and medals)">Canadian order of precedence (decorations and medals)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MP-1"><a href="#cite_ref-MP_1-0">^</a> A replica of Father Maurice Proulx's Order of Canada insignia at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_l%27agriculture_et_de_l%27alimentation" title="Musée québécois de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation">Musée québécois de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Pocati%C3%A8re" title="La Pocatière">La Pocatière</a>, Quebec. </li> <li id="cite_note-Our-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Our_17-0">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Royal_proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal proclamation">royal proclamations</a> issued by the King or in his name, the order is thus referred to as "Our Order of Canada".<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DA-26"><a href="#cite_ref-DA_26-0">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Denys_Arcand" title="Denys Arcand">Denys Arcand</a> was created as an Officer of the Order of Canada on 29 December 1986 and was promoted to Companion on 29 October 2004.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gg-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gg_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gg_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gg_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a> (26 March 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181657/http://www.admfincs-smafinsm.forces.gc.ca/qro-orf/vol-01/hv-vh/cha-18/doc/03101986-04062008.pdf">"18"</a> (PDF), Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces, vol. 1, Queen's Printer for Canada, 18.01, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admfincs-smafinsm.forces.gc.ca/qro-orf/vol-01/hv-vh/cha-18/doc/03101986-04062008.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 July 2011, retrieved 24 July 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18&rft.btitle=Queen%27s+Regulations+and+Orders+for+the+Canadian+Forces&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.au=Department+of+National+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admfincs-smafinsm.forces.gc.ca%2Fqro-orf%2Fvol-01%2Fhv-vh%2Fcha-18%2Fdoc%2F03101986-04062008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_II2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/canadian-honours/order-canada/constitution">The Constitution of the Order of Canada</a>, Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 15 December 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Order+of+Canada&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer+for+Canada&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Elizabeth+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fen%2Fhonours%2Fcanadian-honours%2Forder-canada%2Fconstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreery2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_McCreery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher McCreery (page does not exist)">McCreery, Christopher</a> (2005), The Order of Canada: Its Origins, History and Development, University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3940-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3940-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Canada%3A+Its+Origins%2C+History+and+Development&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3940-8&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCreery2010" class="citation cs2">McCreery, Christopher (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009085226/https://www.queensu.ca/iigr/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.iigrwww/files/files/conf/Arch/2010/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_Honours.pdf">The Crown and Honours: Getting it Right</a> (PDF), Queen's University Press, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/iigr/sites/webpublish.queensu.ca.iigrwww/files/files/conf/Arch/2010/ConferenceOnTheCrown/CrownConferencePapers/The_Crown_and_Honours.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2021, retrieved 24 October 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crown+and+Honours%3A+Getting+it+Right&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fiigr%2Fsites%2Fwebpublish.queensu.ca.iigrwww%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fconf%2FArch%2F2010%2FConferenceOnTheCrown%2FCrownConferencePapers%2FThe_Crown_and_Honours.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Office of the Governor General of Canada</a> (24 August 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gg.ca/honours.aspx?ln=&fn=&t=12&p=&c=&pg=1&types=12">Honours > Order of Canada > Search: Order of Canada Membership List > Honour Received: Order of Canada; Field: Both Living and Deceased</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honours+%3E+Order+of+Canada+%3E+Search%3A+Order+of+Canada+Membership+List+%3E+Honour+Received%3A+Order+of+Canada%3B+Field%3A+Both+Living+and+Deceased&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.au=Office+of+the+Governor+General+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fhonours.aspx%3Fln%3D%26fn%3D%26t%3D12%26p%3D%26c%3D%26pg%3D1%26types%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Blatherwick" title="Francis John Blatherwick">Blatherwick, Francis John</a> (2003), Canadian Orders, Decorations and Medals, Unitrade Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919801-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919801-10-3"><bdi>978-0-919801-10-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Orders%2C+Decorations+and+Medals&rft.pub=Unitrade+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-919801-10-3&rft.aulast=Blatherwick&rft.aufirst=Francis+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_McCreery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher McCreery (page does not exist)">McCreery, Christopher</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginnersguideto0000mccr">The Beginner's Guide to Canadian Honours</a>, Dundurn Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5500-2748-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5500-2748-8"><bdi>978-1-5500-2748-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+Canadian+Honours&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-5500-2748-8&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeginnersguideto0000mccr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_McCreery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher McCreery (page does not exist)">McCreery, Christopher</a> (2015), The Canadian Honours System 2nd Edition, Dundurn Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-2415-0"><bdi>978-1-4597-2415-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Honours+System+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-2415-0&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_McCreery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher McCreery (page does not exist)">McCreery, Christopher</a> (2017), Fifty Years Honouring Canadians: The Order of Canada, 1967–2017, Dundurn Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45973-657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45973-657-3"><bdi>978-1-45973-657-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+Honouring+Canadians%3A+The+Order+of+Canada%2C+1967%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-45973-657-3&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_McCreery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher McCreery (page does not exist)">McCreery, Christopher</a> (2005), The Order of Canada: Its Origins, History and Development, University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3940-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3940-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Canada%3A+Its+Origins%2C+History+and+Development&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3940-8&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_McCreery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher McCreery (page does not exist)">McCreery, Christopher</a> (2017), The Order of Canada: Genesis of an Honours System, University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-48750-094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-48750-094-8"><bdi>978-1-48750-094-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Canada%3A+Genesis+of+an+Honours+System&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-48750-094-8&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">McCreery, Christopher (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onhermajestysser0000mccr">On Her Majesty's Service; Royal Honours and Recognition in Canada</a>, Dundurn Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-742-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-742-6"><bdi>978-1-55002-742-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Her+Majesty%27s+Service%3B+Royal+Honours+and+Recognition+in+Canada&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-742-6&rft.aulast=McCreery&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonhermajestysser0000mccr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/registerofcanadi0000unse">The Register of Canadian Honours</a>, Canadian Almanac and Directory, 1991, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-895021-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-895021-01-4"><bdi>1-895021-01-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Register+of+Canadian+Honours&rft.pub=Canadian+Almanac+and+Directory&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-895021-01-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregisterofcanadi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Palmer_(photographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Palmer (photographer) (page does not exist)">Palmer, Henry</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/125portraitscomp0000palm">125 portraits: companions of the Order of Canada</a>, Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0660573229" title="Special:BookSources/0660573229"><bdi>0660573229</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=125+portraits%3A+companions+of+the+Order+of+Canada&rft.pub=Canadian+Museum+of+Contemporary+Photography&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0660573229&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F125portraitscomp0000palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Scanlan" title="Lawrence Scanlan">Scanlan, Lawrence</a> (2017), They Desire a Better Country, Figure 1 Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-92795-876-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-92795-876-6"><bdi>978-1-92795-876-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Desire+a+Better+Country&rft.pub=Figure+1+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-92795-876-6&rft.aulast=Scanlan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrder+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Order of Canada at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Order_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Order of Canada">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="c:Order of Canada">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Order_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Order of Canada">News</a> from 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Canada&#124;link=Canada_Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada">Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards of valour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross_(Canada)" title="Victoria Cross (Canada)">Victoria Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Valour_(Canada)" title="Cross of Valour (Canada)">Cross of Valour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Order of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)" title="Order of Military Merit (Canada)">Order of Military Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Police_Forces" title="Order of Merit of the Police Forces">Order of Merit of the Police Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order" title="Dynastic order">Dynastic orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_(chartered_1888)" title="Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)">Order of St John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Canadian provinces">Provincial orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Order_of_Excellence" title="Alberta Order of Excellence">Alberta Order of Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_British_Columbia" title="Order of British Columbia">Order of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Manitoba" title="Order of Manitoba">Order of Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_New_Brunswick" title="Order of New Brunswick">Order of New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Order of Newfoundland and Labrador">Order of Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Order of Nova Scotia">Order of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ontario" title="Order of Ontario">Order of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Order of Prince Edward Island">Order of Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">National Order of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Order_of_Merit" title="Saskatchewan Order of Merit">Saskatchewan Order of Merit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Order of the Northwest Territories">Order of the Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nunavut" title="Order of Nunavut">Order of Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Yukon" title="Order of Yukon">Order of Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other decorations and medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#National_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#War_and_operational_service_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">War and operational service medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#Special_service_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">Special service medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#United_Nations_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">United Nations medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">NATO medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#International_mission_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">International mission medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#Commemorative_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">Commemorative medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#Long_service_and_good_conduct_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">Long service medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#Exemplary_service_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">Exemplary service medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence_(Decorations_and_Medals)#Special_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian order of precedence (Decorations and Medals)">Special medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Polaris" title="Order of Polaris">Order of Polaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canadian honours lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_New_Year_Honours_(Canada)" title="1946 New Year Honours (Canada)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Canadian_honours" title="2007 Canadian honours">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_honours" title="2008 Canadian honours">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Canadian_honours" title="2009 Canadian honours">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Canadian_honours" title="2010 Canadian honours">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_honours" title="2011 Canadian honours">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Canadian_honours" title="2012 Canadian honours">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Canadian_honours" title="2013 Canadian honours">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Canadian_honours" title="2014 Canadian honours">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_honours" title="2015 Canadian honours">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_honours" title="2016 Canadian honours">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Canadian_honours" title="2017 Canadian honours">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Canadian_honours" title="2018 Canadian honours">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_honours" title="2019 Canadian honours">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Canadian_Honours_List" title="2020 Canadian Honours List">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_honours" title="2021 Canadian honours">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Canadian_honours" title="2022 Canadian honours">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Canadian_honours" title="2023 Canadian honours">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Canadian_honours" title="2024 Canadian honours">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&oldid=1256497114">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Canada&oldid=1256497114</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Order_of_Canada" title="Category:Order of 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