ARCHÉOLOGIE (Archéologie et société) - Archéologie du temps présent

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href="/encyclopedie/archeologie-archeologie-et-societe-archeologie-du-temps-present/"> 1. Vers une science autonome </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ARCHÉOLOGIE (Archéologie et société) - Archéologie du temps présent, Naissance de l'« archéologie historique »" href="/encyclopedie/archeologie-archeologie-et-societe-archeologie-du-temps-present/2-naissance-de-l-archeologie-historique/"> 2. Naissance de l'« archéologie historique » </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ARCHÉOLOGIE (Archéologie et société) - Archéologie du temps présent, De l'archéologie industrielle à l'archéologie des poubelles" href="/encyclopedie/archeologie-archeologie-et-societe-archeologie-du-temps-present/3-de-l-archeologie-industrielle-a-l-archeologie-des-poubelles/"> 3. De l'archéologie industrielle à l'archéologie des poubelles </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ARCHÉOLOGIE (Archéologie et société) - Archéologie du temps présent, Archéologie des conflits et des charniers" href="/encyclopedie/archeologie-archeologie-et-societe-archeologie-du-temps-present/4-archeologie-des-conflits-et-des-charniers/"> 4. Archéologie des conflits et des charniers </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ARCHÉOLOGIE (Archéologie et société) - Archéologie du temps présent, L'ethnoarchéologie" href="/encyclopedie/archeologie-archeologie-et-societe-archeologie-du-temps-present/5-l-ethnoarcheologie/"> 5. L'ethnoarchéologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ARCHÉOLOGIE (Archéologie et société) - Archéologie du temps présent, Art et archéologie" href="/encyclopedie/archeologie-archeologie-et-societe-archeologie-du-temps-present/6-art-et-archeologie/"> 6. Art et archéologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ARCHÉOLOGIE (Archéologie et société) - Archéologie du temps présent, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/archeologie-archeologie-et-societe-archeologie-du-temps-present/7-bibliographie/"> 7. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ARCHÉOLOGIE </strong><span class="rm">(Archéologie et société)</span><span class="label-sub"> Archéologie du temps présent</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC100077_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC100077_0"></i><p>L'archéologie est tout naturellement associée par le grand public à la découverte de civilisations lointaines et disparues. Pourtant, depuis les années 1970, il existe aussi une archéologie du monde contemporain, de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L' archéologie industrielle est à l'occasion une archéologie au sens classique du terme, c'est-à-dire qu'elle peut recourir à la fouille pour reconstituer des états anciens d'installations détruites, modifiées ou reconstruites sur place (cf., en France, les campagnes de fouilles menées sur des sites de sidérurgie ancienne) ; ou encore qu'elle est amenée à analyser, au-dessus du nive..." title="Article : ARCHÉOLOGIE INDUSTRIELLE" href="/encyclopedie/archeologie-industrielle/">archéologie industrielle</a> à celle des génocides, qui collabore aussi bien avec les sociologues, les historiens, les ethnologues, les juristes qu'avec les psychologues et les artistes. Ainsi l'archéologie a-t-elle atteint un nouveau statut : non plus l'étude des seules sociétés du passé, mais celle de toutes les sociétés humaines à travers leurs traces matérielles.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC100077_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC100077_1"></i><h2>Vers une science autonome</h2><p>Lorsqu'elle apparaît à la Renaissance, comme toutes les autres sciences occidentales, l'archéologie est d'abord une collecte d'œuvres d'art grecques ou romaines découvertes au gré des travaux urbains ou ruraux. Les premières fouilles systématiques sont entreprises à partir du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, d'abord à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« Une ville romaine conservée tout entière, comme si les habitants venaient d'en sortir un quart d'heure auparavant ! » Visitant Pompéi en 1804, Chateaubriand en saisit l'exceptionnelle caractéristique : l'instantané de la vie quotidienne à une échelle jusqu'alors inconnue, celle d'une cité dans son extension complète, ensevelie en 79 apr. J.-C. lors de l'éruption volcanique du..." title="Article : POMPÉI" href="/encyclopedie/pompei/">Pompéi</a> et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« Herculanum serait une répétition de Pompéi? Vaine demande ! » Par ces mots, Amedeo Maiuri, principal fouilleur de l’une et grand connaisseur de l’autre, cherchait à justifier en 1931 la reprise du dégagement d’Herculanum, commencée quatre ans auparavant. Si le contraste entre les deux villes ne doit plus être aussi fort, des différences subsistent, par-delà la communauté d..." title="Article : HERCULANUM" href="/encyclopedie/herculanum/">Herculanum</a>. Puis, tandis que l'archéologie développe ses classifications et ses méthodes, elle étend peu à peu son champ d'étude dans l'espace comme dans le temps. Au fur et à mesure de la colonisation européenne du monde apparaissent les archéologies de l'Égypte, de la Mésopotamie, puis de l'Inde, de la Chine et du Japon, tout comme des Amériques et de l'Océanie. Dans le même temps, l'archéologie remonte de plus en plus loin dans le temps, avec la découverte de formes humaines de plus en plus reculées. L'émergence de la préhistoire n'est pas sans conséquences sur l'archéologie en général. Lorsqu'elle se cantonnait aux seules périodes où l'on disposait de textes, et même si ces textes étaient partiels et partiaux, limités pour l'essentiel à la glorification des dieux et des souverains, on la définissait volontiers comme « une science auxiliaire de l'histoire ». Seuls les historiens, qui disposaient de textes, pouvaient appréhender correctement les civilisations du passé.</p><p>L'étude des sociétés sans écriture, ou bien de celles dont les écritures restaient indéchiffrées, conduisit à élaborer des méthodes autonomes, inspirées des travaux sur la préhistoire, qui furent ensuite généralisées à l'ensemble des sociétés humaines. On a pu par exemple restituer l'environnement naturel ancien et son exploitation par l'homme (grâce à la botanique, à la zoologie et aux sciences de la Terre). Ou encore, grâce à l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La relative jeunesse d'une discipline qui ne se comprend qu'au travers des conditions de son avènement, de ses hésitations, de ses multiples cheminements rend malaisé de définir en quelques lignes l'anthropologie, son objet, ses méthodes et son histoire. Par ailleurs, le succès que connaît cette science – et que marque à l'évidence la dimension anthropologique dont sont affectées tout..." title="Article : ANTHROPOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/anthropologie/">anthropologie</a> physique et aux analyses physico-chimiques, reconstituer les modes de vie, l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'hygiène est la discipline qui enseigne les mesures propres à conserver la santé, voire à l'améliorer. À la différence de la médecine, qui a trait à l’individu, l’hygiène comporte essentiellement une dimension collective et s’adresse à des populations.. L’hygiène existe dans toutes les civilisations, mais sous des formes très diverses ; elle est le reflet de croyances rel..." title="Article : HYGIÈNE" href="/encyclopedie/hygiene/">hygiène</a>, l'alimentation, les manières de table, etc. Ainsi, sans négliger les textes lorsqu'il en existe (ou tout aussi bien les œuvres d'art réputées telles), l'archéologie est devenue une science totale et autonome, celle de l'étude des sociétés considérées à travers leurs traces matérielles – tout comme les historiens les étudient au travers de textes, ou les sociologues et les psychologues au travers de comportements. De ce point de vue, rien n'interdisait que l'archéologie en vienne à s'intéresser aux sociétés contemporaines, qu'elles soient industrielles ou traditionnelles.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C100077_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="DEMOULE, Jean-Paul"><a title="Auteur : Jean-Paul DEMOULE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/jean-paul-demoule/"><strong>Jean-Paul DEMOULE</strong></a> : professeur émérite à l'université Paris-I-Panthéon-Sorbonne et à l'Institut universitaire de France </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : ARCHÉOLOGIE (Archéologie et société) - 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crédits : Une terre d’Images ; Bourges Plus" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/5/csm_ph170377_764392f63d.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L’archéologie médiévale rassemble un large spectre de méthodes permettant d’étudier les témoignages matériels des cultures qui se sont succédé entre le <span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup> et le <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Elle s’intéresse aussi bien aux structures enfouies ou en élévation qu’au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mobilier représente tout ce qui est mobile, par opposition à ce qui est immeuble, donc l'ensemble des objets qui ornent une maison et que l'on peut emporter avec soi quand on quitte le cadre fixe d'une habitation. Le mobilier comprend deux grandes catégories de meubles, ceux qui supportent et ceux qui contiennent. Au premier type se rattache tout ce qui sert à s'asseoir (coussins, bancs, es..." title="Article : MOBILIER" href="/encyclopedie/mobilier/">mobilier</a> et aux informations issues...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afrique-histoire-prehistoire/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Histoire) - Préhistoire</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Augustin HOLL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 328 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AFRIQUE (Histoire) - Pr&eacute;histoire" href="/encyclopedie/afrique-histoire-prehistoire/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Sites acheuléens, Afrique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/9/csm_ca070288_e43a456627.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>La préhistoire de l'Afrique est littéralement la préhistoire de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'humanité est d'abord la qualité de l'être humain, autrement dit la nature humaine. Pour préciser en quoi consiste cette qualité, d'autres sens du mot peuvent nous guider. Ce terme désigne aussi la bienveillance ou la compassion (la vertu d'humanité), la culture comprise comme perfection de l'humanité, la politesse, la civilité, le savoir-vivre. Employé au pluriel, il couvre les stud..." title="Article : HUMANITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/humanite/">humanité</a>. Les recherches archéologiques effectuées en Afrique sont le fait de toutes les traditions académiques, offrant ainsi une multiplicité de perspectives sur l'évolution des sociétés humaines. En outre, le continent...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afrique-histoire-de-l-entree-dans-l-histoire-a-la-periode-contemporaine/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Histoire) - De l'entrée dans l'histoire à la période contemporaine</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Hubert DESCHAMPS</span> , <span rel="author">Jean DEVISSE</span> et <span rel="author">Henri MÉDARD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 656 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AFRIQUE (Histoire) - De l'entr&eacute;e dans l'histoire &agrave; la p&eacute;riode contemporaine" href="/encyclopedie/afrique-histoire-de-l-entree-dans-l-histoire-a-la-periode-contemporaine/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Afrique, première moitié du XVI<sup>e</sup> siècle - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/0/csm_v010398_5d824dac36.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L'histoire du continent tout entier apparaît comme une entreprise récente et difficile. Pendant longtemps, seules l'égyptologie, l'islamologie et l'histoire coloniale l'ont, chacune de son point de vue, abordée ; il faut noter du reste que les très anciens systèmes d'écriture, en Égypte, à Méroé, en...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afrique-noire-arts-aires-et-styles/#c908"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE NOIRE </span><span class="rm">(Arts) - Aires et styles</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Claire BOULLIER</span> , <span rel="author">Geneviève CALAME-GRIAULE</span> , <span rel="author">Michèle COQUET</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> et <span rel="author">François NEYT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">15 157 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AFRIQUE NOIRE (Arts) - Aires et styles" href="/encyclopedie/afrique-noire-arts-aires-et-styles/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Tête, culture de Nok - crédits : Werner Forman Archive/ Bridgeman Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/f/csm_pa081928_d36c07cb84.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...d'archives, la connaissance très fragmentaire de cette histoire se fonde essentiellement sur l'étude conjointe des données livrées par la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « tradition » (en latin traditio , « acte de transmettre ») vient du verbe tradere , « faire passer à un autre, livrer, remettre ». Littré en a distingué quatre sens principaux : « Action par laquelle on livre quelque chose à quelqu'un » ; « transmission de faits historiques, de doctrines religieuses, de légendes, d'âge en âge par voie orale et sans preuve aut..." title="Article : TRADITION" href="/encyclopedie/tradition/">tradition</a> orale et par l'archéologie. Le sol nous a laissé cependant peu de vestiges au regard d'autres régions du monde. Les raisons en sont simples : l'archéologie est... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afrique-romaine/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE ROMAINE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Noureddine HARRAZI</span> et <span rel="author">Claude NICOLET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 566 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AFRIQUE ROMAINE" href="/encyclopedie/afrique-romaine/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Afrique romaine - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/4/csm_v010552_9ae9373c39.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> La domination administrative et politique de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Ville éternelle : depuis le i er siècle de notre ère, la ville sise au milieu de la péninsule italienne sur le Tibre à une trentaine de kilomètres de la mer tyrrhénienne bénéficie d'une image de puissance intemporelle. Ancien foyer de l'Empire romain, l'actuelle capitale de l'Italie et de la catholicité occupe une place symbolique importante en Europe, voire dans le monde, dont ..." title="Article : ROME" href="/encyclopedie/rome/">Rome</a> sur les diverses régions de l'Afrique du Nord (mis à part la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'une des provinces traditionnelles de la Libye jusqu'en 1963, date à laquelle cette dernière fut divisée en gouvernorats, la Cyrénaïque est située dans l'est du pays entre le golfe de la Grande Syrte à l'ouest, celui de Bomba à l'est et la frontière égyptienne. Ce promontoire en forme de croissant, qui s'étend sur 250 kilomètres d'est en ouest et sur 50 kilomètres approximative..." title="Article : CYRÉNAÏQUE" href="/encyclopedie/cyrenaique/">Cyrénaïque</a> et l'Égypte) s'étend sur près de six siècles : depuis la prise et la destruction de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fondée par les Phéniciens au ix e siècle avant Jésus-Christ selon les uns, au viii e selon les autres, Carthage tira longtemps sa prospérité de ses relations commerciales avec les divers peuples de l'Afrique septentrionale et de la Méditerranée occidentale.. Ses tentatives d'expansion territoriale en Sicile devaient l'entraîner dans de graves conflits, avec les Grecs d'abord, de ..." title="Article : CARTHAGE" href="/encyclopedie/carthage/">Carthage</a> par Scipion Émilien (146 av. J.-C.) jusqu'au siège et à la...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/archeologie/"> Afficher les 244 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC100077_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FOUILLES, archéologie" href="/index/fouilles-archeologie/"> <span class="rg">FOUILLES, </span><em class="it">archéologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ARCHÉOLOGIE DU BÂTI" href="/index/archeologie-du-bati/"> <span class="rg">ARCHÉOLOGIE DU BÂTI</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ETHNOARCHÉOLOGIE" href="/index/ethnoarcheologie/"> <span class="rg">ETHNOARCHÉOLOGIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HISTOIRE SOCIALE" href="/index/histoire-sociale/"> <span class="rg">HISTOIRE SOCIALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : STIEGLER BERNARD (1952-2020)" href="/index/bernard-stiegler/"> <span class="rg">STIEGLER </span><span class="pc">BERNARD </span><span class="rm">(1952-2020)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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ARCHÉOLOGIE (Archéologie et société) - Archéologie du temps présent - Encyclopædia Universalis