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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1928_delineation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1928_delineation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1928 delineation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1928_delineation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1937_delineation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1937_delineation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1937 delineation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1937_delineation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1953_delineation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1953_delineation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1953 delineation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1953_delineation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002_draft_delineation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_draft_delineation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 2002 draft delineation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_draft_delineation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_standpoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_standpoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Australian standpoint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_standpoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History of exploration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of exploration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unknown_southern_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unknown_southern_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Unknown southern land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unknown_southern_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_of_the_Antarctic_Convergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_of_the_Antarctic_Convergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 South of the Antarctic Convergence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_of_the_Antarctic_Convergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_of_the_Antarctic_Circle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_of_the_Antarctic_Circle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 South of the Antarctic Circle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_of_the_Antarctic_Circle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_sighting_of_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_sighting_of_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 First sighting of land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_sighting_of_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antarctic_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctic_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Antarctic expeditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctic_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Atlantic_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Atlantic_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Post-Atlantic Treaty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Atlantic_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biggest_seas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biggest_seas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biggest seas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biggest_seas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Natural hazards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_oceanography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_oceanography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Physical oceanography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_oceanography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical oceanography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_oceanography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current_and_Antarctic_Convergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current_and_Antarctic_Convergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current_and_Antarctic_Convergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upwelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upwelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Upwelling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upwelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ross_and_Weddell_gyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ross_and_Weddell_gyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ross and Weddell gyres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ross_and_Weddell_gyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Observation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biodiversity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biodiversity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Birds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Icefish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icefish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Icefish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icefish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Mammals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Invertebrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arthropods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthropods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Arthropods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthropods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molluscs,_urchins,_squid_and_sponges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molluscs,_urchins,_squid_and_sponges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Molluscs, urchins, squid and sponges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molluscs,_urchins,_squid_and_sponges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 International agreements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports_and_harbors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_and_harbors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Ports and harbors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports_and_harbors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Southern Ocean</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 181 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" > 181 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%8D_%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Ипшэ Хышхуэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ипшэ Хышхуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidelike_Oseaan" title="Suidelike Oseaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suidelike Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdlicher_Ozean" title="Südlicher Ozean – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Südlicher Ozean" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%85%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="ደቡባዊ ውቅያኖስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡባዊ ውቅያኖስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%BEgarsecg" title="Suþgarsecg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Suþgarsecg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="المحيط المتجمد الجنوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحيط المتجمد الجنوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Glacial_Antarctico" title="Oceano Glacial Antarctico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oceano Glacial Antarctico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A3_%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܬܝܡܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܬܝܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="দক্ষিণ মহাসাগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দক্ষিণ মহাসাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anu_Glacial_Ant%C3%A1rticu" title="Océanu Glacial Antárticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Océanu Glacial Antárticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguasu_%C3%91embyvogua" title="Paraguasu Ñembyvogua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Paraguasu Ñembyvogua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жанубияб океан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Жанубияб океан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nub_okean%C4%B1" title="Cənub okeanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənub okeanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="گونئی اوقیانوسو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گونئی اوقیانوسو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Kelod" title="Samudra Kelod – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Samudra Kelod" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="দক্ষিণ মহাসাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ মহাসাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Selatan" title="Samudra Selatan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Samudra Selatan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-ke%CC%8Dk-i%C3%BB%E2%81%BF" title="Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Көньяҡ океан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ океан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Паўднёвы акіян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвы акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Паўднёвы акіян – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвы акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्खिनी महासागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दक्खिनी महासागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Южен океан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южен океан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidlicha_Ozean" title="Sidlicha Ozean – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sidlicha Ozean" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_okean" title="Južni okean – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južni okean" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurvor_ar_Su" title="Meurvor ar Su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meurvor ar Su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Урда далай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Урда далай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A0_Ant%C3%A0rtic" title="Oceà Antàrtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oceà Antàrtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Кăнтăр океанĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăнтăр океанĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Jižní oceán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní oceán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungwa_rekuChamhembe" title="Gungwa rekuChamhembe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gungwa rekuChamhembe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefnfor_y_De" title="Cefnfor y De – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cefnfor y De" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Sydlige_Ishav" title="Det Sydlige Ishav – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Sydlige Ishav" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="لمحيط لمجمد لجنوبي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمحيط لمجمد لجنوبي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdlicher_Ozean" title="Südlicher Ozean – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südlicher Ozean" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-J%C3%A4%C3%A4meri" title="Lõuna-Jäämeri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Jäämeri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νότιος Ωκεανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότιος Ωκεανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_Austral" title="Océano Austral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Océano Austral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_Oceano" title="Suda Oceano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suda Oceano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeano_Australa" title="Ozeano Australa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozeano Australa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اقیانوس منجمد جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقیانوس منجمد جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Southern Ocean" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Austral" title="Océan Austral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Océan Austral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdlike_Oseaan" title="Súdlike Oseaan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súdlike Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAig%C3%A9an_Antartach" title="An tAigéan Antartach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tAigéan Antartach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keayn_y_Jiass" title="Keayn y Jiass – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Keayn y Jiass" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cuan_a_Deas" title="An Cuan a Deas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Cuan a Deas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_Ant%C3%A1rtico" title="Océano Antártico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Océano Antártico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="ЗӀилбухера оакафорд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЗӀилбухера оакафорд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0" title="દક્ષિણ મહાસાગર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દક્ષિણ મહાસાગર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9%ED%95%B4" title="남극해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남극해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հարավային օվկիանոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային օվկիանոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_ocean" title="Južni ocean – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južni ocean" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika_oceano" title="Antarktika oceano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antarktika oceano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Southern Ocean" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin-abagatan_a_Taaw" title="Akin-abagatan a Taaw – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Akin-abagatan a Taaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Selatan" title="Samudra Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samudra Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Antarctic" title="Oceano Antarctic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oceano Antarctic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-%C3%8Dshaf" title="Suður-Íshaf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suður-Íshaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Antartico" title="Oceano Antartico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oceano Antartico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="האוקיינוס הדרומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האוקיינוס הדרומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Kidul" title="Samudra Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Samudra Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ositraali_L%C9%A9%C5%8Bam%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="სამხრეთის ოკეანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთის ოკეანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Оңтүстік мұхит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік мұхит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynvor_Dyghow" title="Keynvor Dyghow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Keynvor Dyghow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_ya_Kusini" title="Bahari ya Kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari ya Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika_Welfa" title="Antarktika Welfa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Antarktika Welfa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antatik_(oseyan)" title="Antatik (oseyan) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Antatik (oseyan)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%C3%A9yan_Ostral" title="Loséyan Ostral – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Loséyan Ostral" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyan%C3%BBsa_Ba%C5%9F%C3%BBr" title="Okyanûsa Başûr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Okyanûsa Başûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түштүк океан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түштүк океан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean_Antartich" title="Ozean Antartich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ozean Antartich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%89" title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດໃຕ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດໃຕ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Australis" title="Oceanus Australis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oceanus Australis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidu_oke%C4%81ns" title="Dienvidu okeāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidu okeāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkteschen_Ozean" title="Antarkteschen Ozean – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antarkteschen Ozean" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_vandenynas" title="Pietų vandenynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų vandenynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Antartica" title="Mar Antartica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Antartica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dzipo_braxamsi" title="dzipo braxamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dzipo braxamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucean_Antartich" title="Ucean Antartich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ucean Antartich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9li-%C3%B3ce%C3%A1n" title="Déli-óceán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Déli-óceán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јужен Океан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужен Океан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasimbe_Antarktika" title="Ranomasimbe Antarktika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasimbe Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ദക്ഷിണ സമുദ്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദക്ഷിണ സമുദ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणी महासागर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिणी महासागर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ობჟათეშ ოკიანე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათეშ ოკიანე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جنوبی یخ بزه اوقیانوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوبی یخ بزه اوقیانوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Selatan" title="Lautan Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lautan Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng-b%C4%ADng-i%C3%B2ng" title="Nàng-bĭng-iòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng-bĭng-iòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouceano_Ant%C3%A1rtico" title="Ouceano Antártico – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouceano Antártico" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Өмнөд далай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд далай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="တောင်ပိုင်း သမုဒ္ဒရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်ပိုင်း သမုဒ္ဒရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidelijke_Oceaan" title="Zuidelijke Oceaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuidelijke Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zudelike_Oceaan" title="Zudelike Oceaan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zudelike Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणी महासागर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दक्षिणी महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B5%B7" title="南極海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南極海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Къилба Ӏапказ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилба Ӏапказ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktisk_Sia" title="Antarktisk Sia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Antarktisk Sia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rishavet" title="Sørishavet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørishavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rishavet" title="Sørishavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørishavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Antartic" title="Ocean Antartic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ocean Antartic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Кечывалвел тептеҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кечывалвел тептеҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubiy_okean" title="Janubiy okean – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubiy okean" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="لما ساگر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لما ساگر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="အခဝ်နဝ် သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အခဝ်နဝ် သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A9ano_Sur" title="Oséano Sur – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oséano Sur" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سویلي سمندر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سویلي سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%84" title="មហាសមុទ្រខាងត្បូង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាសមុទ្រខាងត្បូង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Ant%C3%A0rtich" title="Océan Antàrtich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Océan Antàrtich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdlike_Iessee" title="Süüdlike Iessee – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Süüdlike Iessee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Po%C5%82udniowy" title="Ocean Południowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ocean Południowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Ant%C3%A1rtico" title="Oceano Antártico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oceano Antártico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen%C3%BCbiy_okean" title="Cenübiy okean – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cenübiy okean" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanul_Antarctic" title="Oceanul Antarctic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oceanul Antarctic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Antarctic" title="Ocean Antarctic – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ocean Antarctic" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartiku_mama_qucha" title="Antartiku mama qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antartiku mama qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Южный океан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Южный океан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Южный океан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южный океан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Соҕуруу далай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕуруу далай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="दक्षिणध्रुवीयमहासागरः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दक्षिणध्रुवीयमहासागरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بحر منجمد جنوبی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بحر منجمد جنوبی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otz%C3%A8anu_Ant%C3%A0rticu" title="Otzèanu Antàrticu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Otzèanu Antàrticu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothren_Ocean" title="Soothren Ocean – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soothren Ocean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Southern Ocean" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqeani_Jugor" title="Oqeani Jugor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oqeani Jugor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A8anu_Miridiunali" title="Ocèanu Miridiunali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ocèanu Miridiunali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Southern Ocean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ڏاکڻي سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏاکڻي سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Južný oceán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južný oceán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_ocean" title="Južni ocean – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južni ocean" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82edniowy_%C3%94cean" title="Połedniowy Ôcean – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Połedniowy Ôcean" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badweynta_Koonfured" title="Badweynta Koonfured – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Badweynta Koonfured" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ئۆقیانووسی بەستووی باشوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆقیانووسی بەستووی باشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јужни океан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужни океан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_okean" title="Južni okean – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južni okean" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4inen_j%C3%A4%C3%A4meri" title="Eteläinen jäämeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eteläinen jäämeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktiska_oceanen" title="Antarktiska oceanen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antarktiska oceanen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katimugang_Karagatan" title="Katimugang Karagatan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katimugang Karagatan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தென்முனைப் பெருங்கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென்முனைப் பெருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaraw_n_Wen%E1%BA%93ul" title="Agaraw n Wenẓul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agaraw n Wenẓul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_antartece" title="Mare antartece – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mare antartece" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Көньяк океан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк океан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="దక్షిణ మహాసముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దక్షిణ మహాసముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="มหาสมุทรใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาสมุทรใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Уқёнуси Ҷанубӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уқёнуси Ҷанубӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%AD_%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%A2_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BA%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Okyanusu" title="Güney Okyanusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Okyanusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnorta_okean" title="Günorta okean – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Günorta okean" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gba%CC%B1ndang_Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot_A%CC%B1tak" title="A̱gba̱ndang Kyai A̱sa̱khwot A̱tak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gba̱ndang Kyai A̱sa̱khwot A̱tak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Південний океан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південний океан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بحر منجمد جنوبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحر منجمد جنوبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B2_%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جەنۇبىي مۇز ئوكيان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جەنۇبىي مۇز ئوكيان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A8ano_Ant%C3%A0rtego" title="Osèano Antàrtego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Osèano Antàrtego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvivaldmeri" title="Suvivaldmeri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suvivaldmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nam Đại Dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Đại Dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5un%C3%B5-I%C3%A4meri" title="Lõunõ-Iämeri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lõunõ-Iämeri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceyan_Antartike" title="Oceyan Antartike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oceyan Antartike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuudelykn_Oceoan" title="Zuudelykn Oceoan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zuudelykn Oceoan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawdan_Salatan" title="Kalawdan Salatan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalawdan Salatan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%A0mbulaan_gu_B%C3%ABj-saalum" title="Mbàmbulaan gu Bëj-saalum – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbàmbulaan gu Bëj-saalum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9F" title="דרום אקעאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום אקעאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_Ap%C3%A1ag%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9" title="Òkun Apáagúúsù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun Apáagúúsù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B" title="南大洋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南大洋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97it%C5%AB_ond%C4%97n%C4%ABns" title="Pėitū ondėnīns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėitū ondėnīns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotan_Kutub_Kidul" title="Laotan Kutub Kidul – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Laotan Kutub Kidul" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ocean around Antarctica</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"South Ocean" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/South_Ocean_(horse)" title="South Ocean (horse)">South Ocean (horse)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/South_Seas" title="South Seas">South Seas</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Southern_Ocean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Location_Southern_Ocean.svg/300px-Location_Southern_Ocean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Location_Southern_Ocean.svg/450px-Location_Southern_Ocean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Location_Southern_Ocean.svg/600px-Location_Southern_Ocean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>The Antarctic Ocean, as delineated by the draft 4th edition of the <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Limits_of_Oceans_and_Seas" title="Limits of Oceans and Seas">Limits of Oceans and Seas</a> (2002)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica-Region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Antarctica-Region.png/300px-Antarctica-Region.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Antarctica-Region.png/450px-Antarctica-Region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Antarctica-Region.png/600px-Antarctica-Region.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>A general delineation of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>, sometimes used by scientists as the demarcation of the Southern Ocean</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image" style="background:#ddeffa;padding:0.5em 0.5em;"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:World_ocean_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/220px-World_ocean_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/330px-World_ocean_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/World_ocean_map.gif/440px-World_ocean_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a>Earth's ocean, showing common divisions</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Thermohaline_circulation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg/220px-Thermohaline_circulation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg/330px-Thermohaline_circulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg/440px-Thermohaline_circulation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a>Earth's <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> flow</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg/260px-World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg/390px-World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg/520px-World_map_ocean_locator-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="684" /></a>Map with five-oceans (approx. boundaries)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Earth's ocean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Main five oceans division: <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic/Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a></li></ul> Further subdivision: <a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Five_oceans" title="Template:Five oceans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Five_oceans" title="Template talk:Five oceans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Five_oceans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Five oceans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 4]</a> comprises the southernmost waters of the <a href="/wiki/World_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World ocean">world ocean</a>, generally taken to be south of <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60° S latitude</a> and encircling <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIAgeo-9">[5]</a> With a size of 21,960,000 km2 (8,480,000 sq mi), it is the second-smallest of the five principal oceanic divisions, smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> oceans, and larger than the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIAintro-10">[6]</a> The maximum depth of the Southern Ocean, using the definition that it lies south of 60th parallel, was surveyed by the <a href="/wiki/Five_Deeps_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Deeps Expedition">Five Deeps Expedition</a> in early February 2019. The expedition's multibeam sonar team identified the deepest point at 60° 28' 46"S, 025° 32' 32"W, with a depth of 7,434 metres (24,390 ft). The expedition leader and chief submersible pilot <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vescovo" title="Victor Vescovo">Victor Vescovo</a>, has proposed naming this deepest point the "Factorian Deep", based on the name of the crewed submersible <a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor">DSV Limiting Factor</a>, in which he successfully visited the bottom for the first time on February 3, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> By way of his voyages in the 1770s, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Yet, geographers have often disagreed on whether the Southern Ocean should be defined as a body of water bound by the seasonally fluctuating <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a> — an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">oceanic zone</a> where cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Subantarctic</a> waters<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> — or not defined at all, with its waters instead treated as the southern limits of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans. The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> (IHO) finally settled the debate after the full importance of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation" title="Southern Ocean overturning circulation">Southern Ocean overturning circulation</a> had been ascertained, and the term Southern Ocean now defines the body of water which lies south of the northern limit of that circulation.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> The Southern Ocean overturning circulation is important because it makes up the second half of the global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>, after the better known <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> (AMOC).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA2023-14">[10]</a> Much like AMOC, it has also been substantially affected by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, in ways that have increased <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">ocean stratification</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> and which may also result in the circulation substantially slowing or even passing a <a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">tipping point</a> and collapsing outright. The latter would have adverse impacts on global weather and the function of <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a> here, unfolding over centuries.<a href="#cite_note-GTPR2023-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan2023-17">[13]</a> The ongoing warming is already changing marine ecosystems here.<a href="#cite_note-Constable_2014_3004–3025-18">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_term_use">Definition and term use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and term use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_shrinking_Southern_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_shrinking_Southern_Ocean.png/440px-The_shrinking_Southern_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_shrinking_Southern_Ocean.png/660px-The_shrinking_Southern_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_shrinking_Southern_Ocean.png/880px-The_shrinking_Southern_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="15000" data-file-height="7500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a>'s delineation of the "Southern Ocean" has moved steadily southward since the original 1928 edition of its Limits of Oceans and Seas.<a href="#cite_note-CIAgeo-9">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="International Hydrographic Bureau">International Hydrographic Bureau</a>, the precursor to the IHO, convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919. The IHO then published these in its Limits of Oceans and Seas, the first edition being 1928. Since the first edition, the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southward; since 1953, it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits. The IHO included the ocean and its definition as the waters south of the <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60th parallel south</a> in its 2000 revisions, but this has not been formally adopted, due to continuing impasses about some of the content, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan_naming_dispute" title="Sea of Japan naming dispute">naming dispute</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>. The 2000 IHO definition was circulated as a draft edition in 2002, and is used by some within the IHO and other organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIAintro-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-merriamwebster-19">[15]</a> The Australian Government regards the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia (see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><a href="#Australian_standpoint">§ Australian standpoint</a>).<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-AustHO-21">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> recognized the ocean officially in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-newocean-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> Prior to this, it depicted it in a typeface different from the other world oceans; instead, it showed the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans extending to Antarctica on both its print and online maps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENGS2014-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic-25">[21]</a> Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their maps include Hema Maps<a href="#cite_note-HemaMaps-26">[22]</a> and GeoNova.<a href="#cite_note-GeoNova-27">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-20th_century">Pre-20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_new_map_of_Africk,_shewing_its_present_general_divisions_cheif_cities_or_towns,_rivers,_mountain_%26c._(8250932292).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_new_map_of_Africk%2C_shewing_its_present_general_divisions_cheif_cities_or_towns%2C_rivers%2C_mountain_%26c._%288250932292%29.jpg/220px-A_new_map_of_Africk%2C_shewing_its_present_general_divisions_cheif_cities_or_towns%2C_rivers%2C_mountain_%26c._%288250932292%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_new_map_of_Africk%2C_shewing_its_present_general_divisions_cheif_cities_or_towns%2C_rivers%2C_mountain_%26c._%288250932292%29.jpg/330px-A_new_map_of_Africk%2C_shewing_its_present_general_divisions_cheif_cities_or_towns%2C_rivers%2C_mountain_%26c._%288250932292%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_new_map_of_Africk%2C_shewing_its_present_general_divisions_cheif_cities_or_towns%2C_rivers%2C_mountain_%26c._%288250932292%29.jpg/440px-A_new_map_of_Africk%2C_shewing_its_present_general_divisions_cheif_cities_or_towns%2C_rivers%2C_mountain_%26c._%288250932292%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1405" /></a><figcaption>"Southern Ocean" as alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Aethiopian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethiopian Ocean">Aethiopian Ocean</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> "Southern Ocean" is an obsolete name for the Pacific Ocean or South Pacific, coined by the Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>, the first European to discover the Pacific, who approached it from the north in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> The "South Seas" is a less archaic synonym. A 1745 British <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> established a prize for discovering a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> to "the Western and Southern Ocean of America".<a href="#cite_note-BritainTomlins1811-29">[25]</a> Authors using "Southern Ocean" to name the waters encircling the unknown southern polar regions used varying limits. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s account of <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Second voyage of James Cook">his second voyage</a> implies <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> borders it.<a href="#cite_note-Cook1821-30">[26]</a> Peacock's 1795 Geographical Dictionary said it lay "to the southward of America and Africa";<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> John Payne in 1796 used 40 degrees as the northern limit;<a href="#cite_note-Payne1796-32">[28]</a> the 1827 Edinburgh Gazetteer used 50 degrees.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> The Family Magazine in 1835 divided the "Great Southern Ocean" into the "Southern Ocean" and the "Antarctick [sic] Ocean" along the Antarctic Circle, with the northern limit of the Southern Ocean being lines joining Cape Horn, the Cape of Good Hope, Van Diemen's Land and the south of New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> The United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/South_Australia_Act_1834" title="South Australia Act 1834">South Australia Act 1834</a> described the waters forming the southern limit of the new province of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> as "the Southern Ocean". The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Colony of Victoria</a>'s Legislative Council Act 1881 delimited part of the division of <a href="/wiki/Bairnsdale" title="Bairnsdale">Bairnsdale</a> as "along the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> boundary to the Southern ocean".<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1928_delineation">1928 delineation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1928 delineation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_1st_Edition_-_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_1st_Edition_-_1928.jpg/240px-Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_1st_Edition_-_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_1st_Edition_-_1928.jpg/360px-Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_1st_Edition_-_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_1st_Edition_-_1928.jpg/480px-Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_1st_Edition_-_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10065" data-file-height="6380" /></a><figcaption>1928 delineation</figcaption></figure> In the 1928 first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, the Southern Ocean was delineated by land-based limits: Antarctica to the south, and South America, Africa, Australia, and <a href="/wiki/Broughton_Island,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Broughton Island, New Zealand">Broughton Island, New Zealand</a> to the north. The detailed land-limits used were from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> in Chile eastward to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agulhas" title="Cape Agulhas">Cape Agulhas</a> in Africa, then further eastward to the southern coast of mainland Australia to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Leeuwin" title="Cape Leeuwin">Cape Leeuwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. From Cape Leeuwin, the limit then followed eastward along the coast of mainland Australia to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Otway" title="Cape Otway">Cape Otway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, then southward across <a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait" title="Bass Strait">Bass Strait</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Wickham" title="Cape Wickham">Cape Wickham</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Island_(Tasmania)" title="King Island (Tasmania)">King Island</a>, along the west coast of King Island, then the remainder of the way south across Bass Strait to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Grim" title="Cape Grim">Cape Grim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. The limit then followed the west coast of Tasmania southward to the <a href="/wiki/South_East_Cape" title="South East Cape">South East Cape</a> and then went eastward to Broughton Island, New Zealand, before returning to Cape Horn.<a href="#cite_note-NAOO1928-36">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1937_delineation">1937 delineation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1937 delineation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_2nd_Edition_-_1st_July_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_2nd_Edition_-_1st_July_1937.jpg/240px-Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_2nd_Edition_-_1st_July_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_2nd_Edition_-_1st_July_1937.jpg/360px-Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_2nd_Edition_-_1st_July_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_2nd_Edition_-_1st_July_1937.jpg/480px-Limit_of_Oceans_and_Seas_-_2nd_Edition_-_1st_July_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9968" data-file-height="7888" /></a><figcaption>1937 delineation</figcaption></figure> The northern limits of the Southern Ocean were moved southward in the IHO's 1937 second edition of the Limits of Oceans and Seas. From this edition, much of the ocean's northern limit ceased to abut land masses. In the second edition, the Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northward to latitude 40°S between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agulhas" title="Cape Agulhas">Cape Agulhas</a> in Africa (long. 20°E) and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Leeuwin" title="Cape Leeuwin">Cape Leeuwin</a> in Western Australia (long. 115°E), and extended to latitude 55°S between <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Island" title="Auckland Island">Auckland Island</a> of New Zealand (165 or 166°E east) and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> in South America (67°W).<a href="#cite_note-NAOO1937-37">[33]</a> As is discussed in more detail below, prior to the 2002 edition the limits of oceans explicitly excluded the seas lying within each of them. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a> was unnamed in the 1928 edition, and delineated as shown in the figure above in the 1937 edition. It therefore encompassed former Southern Ocean waters—as designated in 1928—but was technically not inside any of the three adjacent oceans by 1937. In the 2002 draft edition, the IHO have designated "seas" as subdivisions within "oceans", so the Bight would have still been within the Southern Ocean in 1937 if the 2002 convention were in place then. To perform direct comparisons of current and former limits of oceans it is necessary to consider, or at least be aware of, how the 2002 change in IHO terminology for "seas" can affect the comparison. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1953_delineation">1953 delineation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1953 delineation">edit</a>]</div> The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, a note in the publication read: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Antarctic or Southern Ocean has been omitted from this publication as the majority of opinions received since the issue of the 2nd Edition in 1937 are to the effect that there exists no real justification for applying the term Ocean to this body of water, the northern limits of which are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change. The limits of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans have therefore been extended South to the Antarctic Continent. Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits (Great Britain uses Latitude of 55 South.)<a href="#cite_note-IHO-38">[34]</a>: 4 </blockquote> Instead, in the IHO 1953 publication, the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans were extended southward, the Indian and Pacific Oceans (which had not previously touched pre 1953, as per the first and second editions) now abutted at the meridian of <a href="/wiki/South_East_Cape" title="South East Cape">South East Cape</a>, and the southern limits of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a> were moved northward.<a href="#cite_note-IHO-38">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002_draft_delineation">2002 draft delineation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2002 draft delineation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Ocean_-_en_IHO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pacific_Ocean_-_en_IHO.png/240px-Pacific_Ocean_-_en_IHO.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Pacific_Ocean_-_en_IHO.png 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Area inside the black line indicates the area constituting the Pacific Ocean prior to 2002; darker blue areas are its informal current borders following the recreation of the Southern Ocean and the reinclusion of marginal seas.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000. Of its 68 member nations, 28 responded, and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean, reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>. The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes, beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean. Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean's northern limit at the <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60th parallel south</a>—with no land interruptions at this latitude—with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions, mostly the <a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_south" title="50th parallel south">50th parallel south</a>, but a few for as far north as the <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_south" title="35th parallel south">35th parallel south</a>. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Observing_System_(SOOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS)">Southern Ocean Observing System</a> collates data from latitudes higher than 40 degrees south. A draft fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas was circulated to IHO member states in August 2002 (sometimes referred to as the "2000 edition" as it summarized the progress to 2000).<a href="#cite_note-IHO2002-40">[36]</a> It has yet to be published due to 'areas of concern' by several countries relating to various naming issues around the world – primarily the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan_naming_dispute" title="Sea of Japan naming dispute">Sea of Japan naming dispute</a> – and there have been various changes: 60 seas were given new names, and even the name of the publication was changed.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> A reservation had also been lodged by Australia regarding the Southern Ocean limits.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> Effectively, the third edition—which did not delineate the Southern Ocean leaving delineation to local hydrographic offices—has yet to be superseded. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antarctica_Map.png/290px-Antarctica_Map.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Antarctica_Map.png/435px-Antarctica_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Antarctica_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Continents and islands of the Southern Ocean</figcaption></figure> Despite this, the fourth edition definition has partial de facto usage by many nations, scientists, and organisations such as the U.S. (the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> uses "Southern Ocean", but none of the other new sea names within the "Southern Ocean", such as the "<a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a>") and <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CIAintro-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-merriamwebster-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic-25">[21]</a> scientists and nations – and even by some within the IHO.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> Some nations' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries; the United Kingdom used the <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_south" title="55th parallel south">55th parallel south</a> for example.<a href="#cite_note-IHO-38">[34]</a> Other organisations favour more northerly limits for the Southern Ocean. For example, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> describes the Southern Ocean as extending as far north as South America, and confers great significance on the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>, yet its description of the Indian Ocean contradicts this, describing the Indian Ocean as extending south to Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Southern-45">[41]</a> Other sources, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>, show the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a> oceans as extending to Antarctica on its maps, although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic-25">[21]</a> A radical shift from past IHO practices (1928–1953) was also seen in the 2002 draft edition when the IHO delineated "seas" as subdivisions within the boundaries of "oceans". While the IHO are often considered the authority for such conventions, the shift brought them into line with the practices of other publications (e.g. the CIA World Fact Book) which already adopted the principle that seas are contained within oceans. This difference in practice is markedly seen for the Pacific Ocean in the adjacent figure. Thus, for example, previously the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a> between Australia and New Zealand was not regarded by the IHO as part of the Pacific, but as of the 2002 draft edition it is. The new delineation of seas as subdivisions of oceans has avoided the need to interrupt the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean where intersected by <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a> which includes all of the waters from South America to the Antarctic coast, nor interrupt it for the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a>, which also extends below the 60th parallel south. The new delineation of seas has also meant that the long-time named seas around Antarctica, excluded from the 1953 edition (the 1953 map did not even extend that far south), are automatically part of the Southern Ocean. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia%27s_official_interpretation_of_the_names_and_limits_of_oceans_and_seas_around_Australia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Australia%27s_official_interpretation_of_the_names_and_limits_of_oceans_and_seas_around_Australia.png/220px-Australia%27s_official_interpretation_of_the_names_and_limits_of_oceans_and_seas_around_Australia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Australia%27s_official_interpretation_of_the_names_and_limits_of_oceans_and_seas_around_Australia.png/330px-Australia%27s_official_interpretation_of_the_names_and_limits_of_oceans_and_seas_around_Australia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Australia%27s_official_interpretation_of_the_names_and_limits_of_oceans_and_seas_around_Australia.png/440px-Australia%27s_official_interpretation_of_the_names_and_limits_of_oceans_and_seas_around_Australia.png 2x" data-file-width="4960" data-file-height="4733" /></a><figcaption>A map of Australia's official interpretation of the names and limits of oceans and seas around Australia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_standpoint">Australian standpoint</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australian standpoint">edit</a>]</div> In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographical</a> authorities define the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand, and up to 60°S elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-ahs-46">[42]</a> Coastal maps of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> label the sea areas as Southern Ocean<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Leeuwin" title="Cape Leeuwin">Cape Leeuwin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_exploration">History of exploration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History of Antarctica</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unknown_southern_land">Unknown southern land</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unknown southern land">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum,_by_Abraham_Ortelius,_World,_1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg/220px-Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg/330px-Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg/440px-Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum%2C_by_Abraham_Ortelius%2C_World%2C_1572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12136" data-file-height="8263" /></a><figcaption>The 1564 Typus Orbis Terrarum, a map by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>, showed the imagined link between the proposed continent of Antarctica and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.</figcaption></figure> Exploration of the Southern Ocean was inspired by a belief in the existence of a Terra Australis – a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Eurasia and North Africa – which had existed since the times of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>. The rounding of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1487 by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold, and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>, who passed through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> in 1520, assumed that the islands of <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land. In 1564, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a> published his first map, Typus Orbis Terrarum, an eight-leaved wall map of the world, on which he identified the <a href="/wiki/Regio_Patalis" title="Regio Patalis">Regio Patalis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Locach" title="Locach">Locach</a> as a northward extension of the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a>, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> European geographers continued to connect the coast of Tierra del Fuego with the coast of New Guinea on their globes, and allowing their imaginations to run riot in the vast unknown spaces of the south Atlantic, south Indian and Pacific oceans they sketched the outlines of the Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land"), a vast continent stretching in parts into the tropics. The search for this great south land was a leading motive of explorers in the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spaniard</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Castilla" title="Gabriel de Castilla">Gabriel de Castilla</a>, who claimed having sighted "snow-covered mountains" beyond the <a href="/wiki/64th_parallel_south" title="64th parallel south">64° S</a> in 1603, is recognized as the first explorer that discovered the continent of Antarctica, although he was ignored in his time. In 1606, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Fernández de Quirós">Pedro Fernández de Quirós</a> took possession for the king of Spain all of the lands he had discovered in Australia del Espiritu Santo (the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>) and those he would discover "even to the Pole".<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, like Spanish explorers before him, had speculated that there might be an open channel south of Tierra del Fuego. When <a href="/wiki/Willem_Schouten" title="Willem Schouten">Willem Schouten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a> discovered the southern extremity of Tierra del Fuego and named it <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> in 1615, they proved that the Tierra del Fuego archipelago was of small extent and not connected to the southern land, as previously thought. Subsequently, in 1642, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> showed that even <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland (Australia)</a> was separated by sea from any continuous southern continent.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_of_the_Antarctic_Convergence">South of the Antarctic Convergence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South of the Antarctic Convergence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Anthony de la Roché</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmond_Halley,_1656-1742,_Astronomer_Royal_RMG_BHC2734.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Edmond_Halley%2C_1656-1742%2C_Astronomer_Royal_RMG_BHC2734.tiff/lossy-page1-170px-Edmond_Halley%2C_1656-1742%2C_Astronomer_Royal_RMG_BHC2734.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Edmond_Halley%2C_1656-1742%2C_Astronomer_Royal_RMG_BHC2734.tiff/lossy-page1-255px-Edmond_Halley%2C_1656-1742%2C_Astronomer_Royal_RMG_BHC2734.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Edmond_Halley%2C_1656-1742%2C_Astronomer_Royal_RMG_BHC2734.tiff/lossy-page1-340px-Edmond_Halley%2C_1656-1742%2C_Astronomer_Royal_RMG_BHC2734.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4816" data-file-height="5870" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Halley">Edmund Halley</a> by <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a> (before 1721)</figcaption></figure> The visit to <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Anthony de la Roché</a> in 1675 was the first-ever discovery of land south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>, i.e. in the Southern Ocean/Antarctic.<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> Soon after the voyage cartographers started to depict "<a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9#Maps_showing_la_Roché's_discovery" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché Island</a>", honouring the discoverer. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> was aware of la Roché's discovery when surveying and mapping the island in 1775.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a>'s voyage in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Paramour_(1694)" title="HMS Paramour (1694)">HMS Paramour</a> for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic met the pack ice in <a href="/wiki/52nd_parallel_south" title="52nd parallel south">52° S</a> in January 1700, but that latitude (he reached 140 mi [230 km] off the north coast of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a>) was his farthest south. A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier</a> to discover the "South Land" – described by a half legendary "<a href="/wiki/Binot_Paulmier_de_Gonneville" title="Binot Paulmier de Gonneville">sieur de Gonneyville</a>" – resulted in the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> in 54°10′ S, and in the navigation of <a href="/wiki/48th_meridian_west" title="48th meridian west">48° of longitude</a> of ice-cumbered sea nearly in <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_south" title="55th parallel south">55° S</a> in 1730.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49">[45]</a> In 1771, <a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Yves Joseph Kerguelen</a> sailed from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> with instructions to proceed south from <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> in search of "a very large continent". He lighted upon a land in <a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_south" title="50th parallel south">50° S</a> which he called South France, and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent. He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land, and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed the Isle of Desolation, but which <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">was ultimately named after him</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_of_the_Antarctic_Circle">South of the Antarctic Circle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South of the Antarctic Circle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geography_world_map.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geography_world_map.jpeg/220px-Geography_world_map.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geography_world_map.jpeg/330px-Geography_world_map.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Geography_world_map.jpeg/440px-Geography_world_map.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4420" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>"Terres Australes" [sic] label without any charted landmass</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Weddell_Expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/James_Weddell_Expedition.jpg/220px-James_Weddell_Expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/James_Weddell_Expedition.jpg/330px-James_Weddell_Expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/James_Weddell_Expedition.jpg/440px-James_Weddell_Expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">James Weddell</a>'s second expedition in 1823, depicting the brig <a href="/wiki/Jane_(1818_ship)" title="Jane (1818 ship)">Jane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutter (ship)">cutter</a> Beaufroy</figcaption></figure> The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple" title="Alexander Dalrymple">Alexander Dalrymple</a>, the brilliant and erratic <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographer</a> who was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> to command the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">Transit of Venus</a> expedition to <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> in 1769. The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>. Sailing in 1772 with Resolution, a vessel of 462 tons under his own command and Adventure of 336 tons under Captain <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Tobias Furneaux</a>, Cook first searched in vain for <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>, then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in <a href="/wiki/58th_parallel_south" title="58th parallel south">latitude 58° S</a>, and then 30° eastward for the most part south of <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60° S</a>, a lower southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel. On 17 January 1773 the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached 67° 15' S by 39° 35' E, where their course was stopped by ice.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/170px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/255px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/340px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6131" data-file-height="7692" /></a><figcaption>Famous official portrait of Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> who proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. "He holds his own chart of the Southern Ocean on the table and his right hand points to the east coast of Australia on it."<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> Cook then turned northward to look for <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a>, of the discovery of which he had received news at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen, Cook reached the assigned latitude 10° too far east and did not see it. He turned south again and was stopped by ice in 61° 52′ S by 95° E and continued eastward nearly on the parallel of <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60° S</a> to <a href="/wiki/147th_meridian_east" title="147th meridian east">147° E</a>. On 16 March, the approaching winter drove him northward for rest to New Zealand and the tropical islands of the Pacific. In November 1773, Cook left New Zealand, having parted company with the Adventure, and reached <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60° S</a> by <a href="/wiki/177th_meridian_west" title="177th meridian west">177° W</a>, whence he sailed eastward keeping as far south as the floating ice allowed. The Antarctic Circle was crossed on 20 December and Cook remained south of it for three days, compelled after reaching 67° 31′ S to stand north again in <a href="/wiki/135th_meridian_west" title="135th meridian west">135° W</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49">[45]</a> A long detour to 47° 50′ S served to show that there was no land connection between New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>. Turning south again, Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle for the third time at 109° 30′ W before his progress was once again blocked by ice four days later at 71° 10′ S by 106° 54′ W. This point, reached on 30 January 1774, was the farthest south attained in the 18th century. With a great detour to the east, almost to the coast of South America, the expedition regained Tahiti for refreshment. In November 1774, Cook started from New Zealand and crossed the South Pacific without sighting land between <a href="/wiki/53rd_parallel_south" title="53rd parallel south">53°</a> and <a href="/wiki/57th_parallel_south" title="57th parallel south">57° S</a> to Tierra del Fuego; then, passing Cape Horn on 29 December, he rediscovered <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9#Maps_showing_la_Roché's_discovery" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché Island</a> renaming it <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Isle of Georgia</a>, and discovered the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> (named Sandwich Land by him), the only ice-clad land he had seen, before crossing the South Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope between <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_south" title="55th parallel south">55°</a> and <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60°</a>. He thereby laid open the way for future Antarctic exploration by exploding the myth of a habitable southern continent. Cook's most southerly discovery of land lay on the temperate side of the <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60th parallel</a>, and he convinced himself that if land lay farther south it was practically inaccessible and without economic value.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-49">[45]</a> Voyagers rounding Cape Horn frequently met with contrary winds and were driven southward into snowy skies and ice-encumbered seas; but so far as can be ascertained none of them before 1770 reached the Antarctic Circle, or knew it, if they did. In a voyage from 1822 to 1824, <a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">James Weddell</a> commanded the 160-ton <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> Jane, accompanied by his second ship Beaufoy captained by Matthew Brisbane. Together they sailed to the South Orkneys where <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> proved disappointing. They turned south in the hope of finding a better sealing ground. The season was unusually mild and tranquil, and on 20 February 1823 the two ships reached <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> 74°15' S and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> 34°16'45″ W the southernmost position any ship had ever reached up to that time. A few icebergs were sighted but there was still no sight of land, leading Weddell to theorize that the sea continued as far as the South Pole. Another two days' sailing would have brought him to <a href="/wiki/Coats_Land" title="Coats Land">Coat's Land</a> (to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a>) but Weddell decided to turn back.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_sighting_of_land">First sighting of land</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First sighting of land">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Faddey_Faddeyevich_Bellingshausen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Admiral_Faddey_Faddeyevich_Bellingshausen.jpg/170px-Admiral_Faddey_Faddeyevich_Bellingshausen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Admiral_Faddey_Faddeyevich_Bellingshausen.jpg/255px-Admiral_Faddey_Faddeyevich_Bellingshausen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Admiral_Faddey_Faddeyevich_Bellingshausen.jpg/340px-Admiral_Faddey_Faddeyevich_Bellingshausen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Admiral von Bellingshausen</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">William Smith (mariner)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a></div> The first land south of the <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">parallel 60° south latitude</a> was discovered by the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">Englishman</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">William Smith</a>, who sighted <a href="/wiki/Livingston_Island" title="Livingston Island">Livingston Island</a> on 19 February 1819. A few months later Smith returned to explore the other islands of the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetlands</a> archipelago, landed on <a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(Antarctica)" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Island (Antarctica)">King George Island</a>, and claimed the new territories for Britain. In the meantime, the Spanish Navy ship <a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (ship)">San Telmo</a> sank in September 1819 when trying to cross Cape Horn. Parts of her wreckage were found months later by sealers on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/Livingston_Island" title="Livingston Island">Livingston Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetlands</a>). It is unknown if some survivor managed to be the first to set foot on these Antarctic islands. The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica cannot be accurately attributed to one single person. It can be narrowed down to three individuals. According to various sources,<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> three men all sighted the ice shelf or the continent within days or months of each other: <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a>, a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Navy">Russian Imperial Navy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Edward Bransfield</a>, a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Nathaniel Palmer</a>, an American sailor out of <a href="/wiki/Stonington,_Connecticut" title="Stonington, Connecticut">Stonington, Connecticut</a>. It is certain that the expedition, led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny, reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Princess_Martha_Coast" title="Princess Martha Coast">Princess Martha Coast</a> and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southern_Ocean&params=69_21_28_S_2_14_50_W_">69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W / 69.35778°S 2.24722°W / -69.35778; -2.24722</a><a href="#cite_note-tammiksaar-60">[56]</a> that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Fimbul_Ice_Shelf" title="Fimbul Ice Shelf">Fimbul Ice Shelf</a>. On 30 January 1820, Bransfield sighted <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Peninsula" title="Trinity Peninsula">Trinity Peninsula</a>, the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland, while Palmer sighted the mainland in the area south of Trinity Peninsula in November 1820. Von Bellingshausen's expedition also discovered <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander I Island</a>, the first islands to be discovered south of the circle. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Historical maps showing a southern ocean between Antarctica and the continents of South America, Africa and Australia</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Continent_m%C3%A9ridional_austral_ou_Antarctique_(Description_de_l%27Univers,_V,_pl._107).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1683 map by French cartographer Alain Manesson Mallet from his publication Description de L'Univers. Shows a sea below both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at a time when Tierra del Fuego was believed joined to Antarctica. Sea is named Mer Magellanique after Ferdinand Magellan."><img alt="1683 map by French cartographer Alain Manesson Mallet from his publication Description de L'Univers. Shows a sea below both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at a time when Tierra del Fuego was believed joined to Antarctica. Sea is named Mer Magellanique after Ferdinand Magellan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Continent_m%C3%A9ridional_austral_ou_Antarctique_%28Description_de_l%27Univers%2C_V%2C_pl._107%29.jpg/110px-Continent_m%C3%A9ridional_austral_ou_Antarctique_%28Description_de_l%27Univers%2C_V%2C_pl._107%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Continent_m%C3%A9ridional_austral_ou_Antarctique_%28Description_de_l%27Univers%2C_V%2C_pl._107%29.jpg/166px-Continent_m%C3%A9ridional_austral_ou_Antarctique_%28Description_de_l%27Univers%2C_V%2C_pl._107%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Continent_m%C3%A9ridional_austral_ou_Antarctique_%28Description_de_l%27Univers%2C_V%2C_pl._107%29.jpg/221px-Continent_m%C3%A9ridional_austral_ou_Antarctique_%28Description_de_l%27Univers%2C_V%2C_pl._107%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="802" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1683 map by French cartographer <a href="/wiki/Alain_Manesson_Mallet" title="Alain Manesson Mallet">Alain Manesson Mallet</a> from his publication Description de L'Univers. Shows a sea below both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at a time when <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> was believed joined to Antarctica. Sea is named Mer Magellanique after <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_-_Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samuel Dunn's 1794 General Map of the World or Terraqueous Globe shows a Southern Ocean (but meaning what is today named the South Atlantic) and a Southern Icy Ocean."><img alt="Samuel Dunn's 1794 General Map of the World or Terraqueous Globe shows a Southern Ocean (but meaning what is today named the South Atlantic) and a Southern Icy Ocean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_-_Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg/178px-1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_-_Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_-_Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg/267px-1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_-_Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_-_Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg/356px-1794_Samuel_Dunn_Wall_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres_-_Geographicus_-_World2-dunn-1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5054" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/1794_Samuel_Dunn_Map_of_the_World_in_Hemispheres" class="mw-redirect" title="1794 Samuel Dunn Map of the World in Hemispheres">Samuel Dunn's 1794 General Map of the World or Terraqueous Globe</a> shows a Southern Ocean (but meaning what is today named the South Atlantic) and a Southern Icy Ocean.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1806_Cary_Map_of_Asia,_Polynesia,_and_Australia_-_Geographicus_-_Asia-cary-1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A New Map of Asia, from the Latest Authorities, by John Cary, Engraver, 1806, shows the Southern Ocean lying to the south of both the Indian Ocean and Australia."><img alt="A New Map of Asia, from the Latest Authorities, by John Cary, Engraver, 1806, shows the Southern Ocean lying to the south of both the Indian Ocean and Australia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1806_Cary_Map_of_Asia%2C_Polynesia%2C_and_Australia_-_Geographicus_-_Asia-cary-1806.jpg/169px-1806_Cary_Map_of_Asia%2C_Polynesia%2C_and_Australia_-_Geographicus_-_Asia-cary-1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1806_Cary_Map_of_Asia%2C_Polynesia%2C_and_Australia_-_Geographicus_-_Asia-cary-1806.jpg/254px-1806_Cary_Map_of_Asia%2C_Polynesia%2C_and_Australia_-_Geographicus_-_Asia-cary-1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1806_Cary_Map_of_Asia%2C_Polynesia%2C_and_Australia_-_Geographicus_-_Asia-cary-1806.jpg/338px-1806_Cary_Map_of_Asia%2C_Polynesia%2C_and_Australia_-_Geographicus_-_Asia-cary-1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3546" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A New Map of Asia, from the Latest Authorities, by <a href="/wiki/John_Cary" title="John Cary">John Cary</a>, Engraver, 1806, shows the Southern Ocean lying to the south of both the Indian Ocean and Australia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1811_Freycinet_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Freycinet Map of 1811 – resulted from the 1800–1803 French Baudin expedition to Australia and was the first full map of Australia ever to be published. In French, the map named the ocean immediately below Australia as the Grand Océan Austral ('Great Southern Ocean')."><img alt="Freycinet Map of 1811 – resulted from the 1800–1803 French Baudin expedition to Australia and was the first full map of Australia ever to be published. In French, the map named the ocean immediately below Australia as the Grand Océan Austral ('Great Southern Ocean')." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/1811_Freycinet_Map.jpg/200px-1811_Freycinet_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/1811_Freycinet_Map.jpg/300px-1811_Freycinet_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/1811_Freycinet_Map.jpg/400px-1811_Freycinet_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6219" data-file-height="4125" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Freycinet_Map_of_1811" title="Freycinet Map of 1811">Freycinet Map of 1811</a> – resulted from the 1800–1803 French <a href="/wiki/Baudin_expedition_to_Australia" title="Baudin expedition to Australia">Baudin expedition to Australia</a> and was the first full map of Australia ever to be published. In French, the map named the ocean immediately below Australia as the Grand Océan Austral ('Great Southern Ocean').</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_map_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1863 map of Australia shows the Southern Ocean lying immediately to the south of Australia."><img alt="1863 map of Australia shows the Southern Ocean lying immediately to the south of Australia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Australia_map_1863.jpg/188px-Australia_map_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Australia_map_1863.jpg/283px-Australia_map_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Australia_map_1863.jpg/377px-Australia_map_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="364" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1863 map of Australia shows the Southern Ocean lying immediately to the south of Australia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1906 map by German publisher Justus Perthes showing Antarctica encompassed by an Antarktischer (Sudl. Eismeer) Ocean – the 'Antarctic (South Arctic) Ocean'."><img alt="1906 map by German publisher Justus Perthes showing Antarctica encompassed by an Antarktischer (Sudl. Eismeer) Ocean – the 'Antarctic (South Arctic) Ocean'." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Antarctica_map.jpg/172px-Antarctica_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Antarctica_map.jpg/258px-Antarctica_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Antarctica_map.jpg/344px-Antarctica_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4549" data-file-height="3973" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1906 map by German publisher <a href="/wiki/Justus_Perthes" title="Justus Perthes">Justus Perthes</a> showing Antarctica encompassed by an Antarktischer (Sudl. Eismeer) Ocean – the 'Antarctic (South Arctic) Ocean'.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_world_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of The World in 1922 by the National Geographic Society showing the Antarctic (Southern) Ocean."><img alt="Map of The World in 1922 by the National Geographic Society showing the Antarctic (Southern) Ocean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1922_world_map.png/200px-1922_world_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1922_world_map.png/300px-1922_world_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1922_world_map.png/400px-1922_world_map.png 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="2374" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of The World in 1922 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> showing the Antarctic (Southern) Ocean.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antarctic_expeditions">Antarctic expeditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antarctic expeditions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">List of Antarctic expeditions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincennes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vincennes.jpg/220px-Vincennes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vincennes.jpg/330px-Vincennes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vincennes.jpg/440px-Vincennes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>USS Vincennes at Disappointment Bay, Antarctica in early 1840</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_Regions_exploration_1911.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Polar_Regions_exploration_1911.png/300px-Polar_Regions_exploration_1911.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Polar_Regions_exploration_1911.png/450px-Polar_Regions_exploration_1911.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Polar_Regions_exploration_1911.png/600px-Polar_Regions_exploration_1911.png 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="3106" /></a><figcaption>1911 South Polar Regions exploration map</figcaption></figure> In December 1839, as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> of 1838–42 conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> (sometimes called "the Wilkes Expedition"), an expedition sailed from Sydney, Australia, on the sloops-of-war <a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Peacock_(1813)#USS_Peacock_.281828.29" title="USS Peacock (1813)">USS Peacock</a>, the brig <a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a>, the full-rigged ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Relief_(1836)" title="USS Relief (1836)">Relief</a>, and two schooners <a href="/wiki/USS_Sea_Gull_(1838)" title="USS Sea Gull (1838)">Sea Gull</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Flying_Fish_(1838)" title="USS Flying Fish (1838)">USS Flying Fish</a>. They sailed into the Antarctic Ocean, as it was then known, and reported the discovery "of an Antarctic continent west of the <a href="/wiki/Balleny_Islands" title="Balleny Islands">Balleny Islands</a>" on 25 January 1840. That part of Antarctica was later named "<a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Land" title="Wilkes Land">Wilkes Land</a>", a name it maintains to this day. Explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> passed through what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a> and discovered <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a> (both of which were named for him) in 1841. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Terror (Antarctica)">Mount Terror</a> are named after two ships from his expedition: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endurance_trapped_in_pack_ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Endurance_trapped_in_pack_ice.jpg/220px-Endurance_trapped_in_pack_ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Endurance_trapped_in_pack_ice.jpg/330px-Endurance_trapped_in_pack_ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Endurance_trapped_in_pack_ice.jpg/440px-Endurance_trapped_in_pack_ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>Frank Hurley: As time wore on it became more and more evident that the ship was doomed (<a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a> trapped in pack ice), <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> of 1914, led by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>, set out to cross the continent via the pole, but their ship, <a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a>, was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed. The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a>. Then Shackleton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean, in an open boat called <a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a>, and then trekked over <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a> to raise the alarm at the whaling station <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a>. In 1946, US Navy Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a> and more than 4,700 military personnel visited the Antarctic in an expedition called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a>. Reported to the public as a scientific mission, the details were kept secret and it may have actually been a training or testing mission for the military. The expedition was, in both military or scientific planning terms, put together very quickly. The group contained an unusually high amount of military equipment, including an aircraft carrier, submarines, military support ships, assault troops and military vehicles. The expedition was planned to last for eight months but was unexpectedly terminated after only two months. With the exception of some eccentric entries in Admiral Byrd's diaries, no real explanation for the early termination has ever been officially given. Captain <a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">Finn Ronne</a>, Byrd's executive officer, returned to Antarctica with <a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">his own expedition</a> in 1947–1948, with Navy support, three planes, and dogs. He disproved the notion that the continent was divided in two and established that East and West Antarctica was one single continent, i.e. that the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea are not connected.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> The expedition explored and mapped large parts of Palmer Land and the Weddell Sea coastline, and identified the <a href="/wiki/Filchner-Ronne_Ice_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf">Ronne Ice Shelf</a>, named by him for his wife <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">Jackie Ronne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> He covered 3,600 miles (5,790 km) by ski and dog sled – more than any other explorer in history.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition</a> discovered and mapped the last unknown coastline in the world and was the first Antarctic expedition to ever include women.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Atlantic_Treaty">Post-Atlantic Treaty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-Atlantic Treaty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glacier_and_Explorer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Glacier_and_Explorer.jpg/220px-Glacier_and_Explorer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Glacier_and_Explorer.jpg/330px-Glacier_and_Explorer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Glacier_and_Explorer.jpg/440px-Glacier_and_Explorer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MV_Explorer_(1969)" title="MV Explorer (1969)">MS Explorer</a> in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">iceberg</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a> was signed on 1 December 1959 and came into force on 23 June 1961. Among other provisions, this treaty limits <a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">military activity in the Antarctic</a> to the support of scientific research. The first person to sail single-handed to Antarctica was the New Zealander <a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="David Henry Lewis">David Henry Lewis</a>, in 1972, in a 10-metre (30 ft) steel sloop Ice Bird. A baby, named <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Palma" title="Emilio Palma">Emilio Marcos de Palma</a>, was born near <a href="/wiki/Hope_Bay,_Antarctica" title="Hope Bay, Antarctica">Hope Bay</a> on 7 January 1978, becoming the first baby born on the continent. He also was born further south than anyone in history.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/MV_Explorer_(1969)" title="MV Explorer (1969)">MV Explorer</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ship</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Lars-Eric_Lindblad" title="Lars-Eric Lindblad">Lars-Eric Lindblad</a>. Observers point to Explorer's 1969 expeditionary cruise to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> as the frontrunner for today's[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] sea-based tourism in that region.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> Explorer was the first cruise ship used specifically to sail the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean and the first to sink there<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> when she struck an unidentified submerged object on 23 November 2007, reported to be ice, which caused a 10 by 4 inches (25 by 10 cm) gash in the hull.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_News-70">[66]</a> Explorer was abandoned in the early hours of 23 November 2007 after taking on water near the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a> in the Southern Ocean, an area which is usually stormy but was calm at the time.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Explorer was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a> to have sunk at approximately position: 62° 24′ South, 57° 16′ West,<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> in roughly 600 m of water.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> British engineer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jenkins_(engineer)" title="Richard Jenkins (engineer)">Richard Jenkins</a> designed an <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle#Saildrone" title="Unmanned surface vehicle">unmanned saildrone</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> that completed the first autonomous circumnavigation of the Southern Ocean on 3 August 2019 after 196 days at sea.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> The first completely <a href="/wiki/Human-powered_watercraft" title="Human-powered watercraft">human-powered</a> expedition on the Southern Ocean was accomplished on 25 December 2019 by a team of rowers comprising captain <a href="/wiki/Fiann_Paul" title="Fiann Paul">Fiann Paul</a> (Iceland), first mate <a href="/wiki/Colin_O%27Brady" title="Colin O'Brady">Colin O'Brady</a> (US), <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Towne" title="Andrew Towne">Andrew Towne</a> (US), <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Bellamy" title="Cameron Bellamy">Cameron Bellamy</a> (South Africa), Jamie Douglas-Hamilton (UK) and John Petersen (US).<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands</a></div> The Southern Ocean, geologically the youngest of the oceans, was formed when Antarctica and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> moved apart, opening the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>, roughly 30 million years ago. The separation of the continents allowed the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a>. With a northern limit at <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60°S</a>, the Southern Ocean differs from the other oceans in that its largest boundary, the northern boundary, does not abut a landmass (as it did with the first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas). Instead, the northern limit is with the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. One reason for considering it as a separate ocean stems from the fact that much of the water of the Southern Ocean differs from the water in the other oceans. Water gets transported around the Southern Ocean fairly rapidly because of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> which circulates around Antarctica. Water in the Southern Ocean south of, for example, New Zealand, resembles the water in the Southern Ocean south of South America more closely than it resembles the water in the Pacific Ocean. The Southern Ocean has typical depths of between 4,000 and 5,000 m (13,000 and 16,000 ft) over most of its extent with only limited areas of shallow water. The Southern Ocean's greatest depth of 7,236 m (23,740 ft) occurs at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Trench" title="South Sandwich Trench">South Sandwich Trench</a>, at 60°00'S, 024°W. The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_continental_shelf" title="Antarctic continental shelf">Antarctic continental shelf</a> appears generally narrow and unusually deep, its edge lying at depths up to 800 m (2,600 ft), compared to a global mean of 133 m (436 ft). <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a> to equinox in line with the sun's seasonal influence, the Antarctic ice pack fluctuates from an average minimum of 2.6 million square kilometres (1.0×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 sq mi) in March to about 18.8 million square kilometres (7.3×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 sq mi) in September, more than a sevenfold increase in area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subdivisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic-seas-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Antarctic-seas-en.svg/300px-Antarctic-seas-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Antarctic-seas-en.svg/450px-Antarctic-seas-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Antarctic-seas-en.svg/600px-Antarctic-seas-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Seas that are parts of the Southern Ocean</figcaption></figure> Subdivisions of oceans are geographical features such as "seas", "straits", "bays", "channels", and "gulfs". There are many sudivisions of the Southern Ocean defined in the never-approved 2002 draft fourth edition of the IHO publication Limits of Oceans and Seas. In clockwise order these include (with sector): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> (57°18'W – 12°16'E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[note 5]</a> (20°W – 45°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a> (0° – 14°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a> (14° – 30°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a> (30° – 50°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a> (59°34' – 85°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a> (82° – 96°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a> (95°45' – 113°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">Dumont D'Urville Sea</a> (140°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a> (150° – 170°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a> (166°E – 155°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a> (102°20′ – 126°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a> (57°18' – 102°20'W)</li> <li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[note 6]</a> (54° – 68°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bransfield_Strait" title="Bransfield Strait">Bransfield Strait</a> (54° – 62°W)</li> <li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[note 7]</a> (26°30' – 65°W)</li></ul> A number of these such as the 2002 Russian-proposed "Cosmonauts Sea", "Cooperation Sea", and "Somov (mid-1950s Russian polar explorer) Sea" are not included in the 1953 IHO document which remains currently in force,<a href="#cite_note-IHO-38">[34]</a> because they received their names largely originated from 1962 onward. Leading geographic authorities and atlases do not use these latter three names, including the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the United States' <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> and the 2014 12th edition of the British <a href="/wiki/Times_Atlas_of_the_World" title="Times Atlas of the World">Times Atlas of the World</a>, but Soviet and Russian-issued maps do.<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biggest_seas">Biggest seas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biggest seas">edit</a>]</div> Top large seas:<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> – 2,800,000 km2 (1,100,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a> – 1,150,000 km2 (440,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a> – 1,138,000 km2 (439,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a> – 929,000 km2 (359,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a> – 900,000 km2 (350,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a> – 699,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a> – 637,000 km2 (246,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a> – 487,000 km2 (188,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a> – 333,000 km2 (129,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a> – 258,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a> – 98,000 km2 (38,000 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a> – 21,000 km2 (8,100 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Natural resources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manganknolle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manganknolle.jpg/220px-Manganknolle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manganknolle.jpg/330px-Manganknolle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manganknolle.jpg/440px-Manganknolle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>Manganese nodule</figcaption></figure> The Southern Ocean probably contains large, and possibly giant, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> fields on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">Placer deposits</a>, accumulation of valuable minerals such as gold, formed by gravity separation during sedimentary processes are also expected to exist in the Southern Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-CIAgeo-9">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese nodules">Manganese nodules</a> are expected to exist in the Southern Ocean. Manganese nodules are rock <a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">concretions</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a> bottom formed of concentric layers of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxides</a> around a core. The core may be microscopically small and is sometimes completely transformed into manganese minerals by <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallization</a>. Interest in the potential exploitation of polymetallic nodules generated a great deal of activity among prospective mining consortia in the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-CIAgeo-9">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">icebergs</a> that form each year around in the Southern Ocean hold enough <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> to meet the needs of every person on Earth for several months. For several decades there have been proposals, none yet to be feasible or successful, to tow Southern Ocean icebergs to more arid northern regions (such as Australia) where they can be harvested.<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_hazards">Natural hazards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Natural hazards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burton_Island,_Atka,_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_(827218l).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg/220px-Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg/330px-Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg/440px-Burton_Island%2C_Atka%2C_and_Glacier_push_iceberg_in_McMurdo_Sound_%28827218l%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5672" data-file-height="4496" /></a><figcaption>An iceberg being pushed out of a shipping lane by (L to R) <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Burton_Island" title="USCGC Burton Island">USS Burton Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Southwind" title="USCGC Southwind">USS Atka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Glacier_(AGB-4)" title="USS Glacier (AGB-4)">USS Glacier</a> near <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, Antarctica, 1965</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">Icebergs</a> can occur at any time of year throughout the ocean. Some may have drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller icebergs, iceberg fragments and sea-ice (generally 0.5 to 1 m thick) also pose problems for ships. The deep continental shelf has a floor of glacial deposits varying widely over short distances. Sailors know latitudes from <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_south" title="40th parallel south">40</a> to <a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_south" title="70th parallel south">70 degrees south</a> as the "<a href="/wiki/Roaring_Forties" title="Roaring Forties">Roaring Forties</a>", "Furious Fifties" and "Shrieking Sixties" due to high winds and large waves that form as winds blow around the entire globe unimpeded by any land-mass. Icebergs, especially in May to October, make the area even more dangerous. The remoteness of the region makes sources of search and rescue scarce. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_oceanography">Physical oceanography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Physical oceanography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg/220px-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg/330px-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg/440px-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current_and_Antarctic_Convergence">Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Antarctic Convergence">edit</a>]</div> While the Southern is the second smallest ocean it contains the unique and highly energetic <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> which moves perpetually eastward – chasing and joining itself, and at 21,000 km (13,000 mi) in length – it comprises the world's longest ocean current, transporting 130 million cubic metres per second (4.6×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 cu ft/s) of water – 100 times the flow of all the world's rivers.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> Several processes operate along the coast of Antarctica to produce, in the Southern Ocean, types of <a href="/wiki/Water_mass" title="Water mass">water masses</a> not produced elsewhere in the oceans of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. One of these is the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Bottom_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Bottom Water">Antarctic Bottom Water</a>, a very cold, highly saline, dense water that forms under <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a>. Another is <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_deep_water" title="Circumpolar deep water">Circumpolar Deep Water</a>, a mixture of Antarctic Bottom Water and <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Deep_Water" title="North Atlantic Deep Water">North Atlantic Deep Water</a>. Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a> encircling Antarctica, where cold northward-flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">subantarctic</a>, Antarctic waters predominantly sink beneath subantarctic waters, while associated zones of mixing and <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> create a zone very high in nutrients. These nurture high levels of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> with associated copepods and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a>, and resultant foodchains supporting fish, whales, seals, penguins, albatrosses and a wealth of other species.<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> The Antarctic Convergence is considered to be the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/220px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/330px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/440px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Upwelling in the Southern Ocean</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upwelling">Upwelling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Upwelling">edit</a>]</div> Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> is found in the Southern Ocean. Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, driving a significant flow of water northward. This is actually a type of coastal upwelling. Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>, some of this water is drawn up from great depths. In many numerical models and observational syntheses, the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface. Shallower, wind-driven upwelling is also found off the west coasts of North and South America, northwest and southwest Africa, and southwest and <a href="/wiki/Great_South_Australian_Coastal_Upwelling_System" title="Great South Australian Coastal Upwelling System">southeast Australia</a>, all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png/220px-Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png/330px-Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png/440px-Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Southern Ocean gyres</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ross_and_Weddell_gyres">Ross and Weddell gyres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ross and Weddell gyres">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ross_Gyre" title="Ross Gyre">Ross Gyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Gyre" title="Weddell Gyre">Weddell Gyre</a> are two <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic gyre">gyres</a> that exist within the Southern Ocean. The gyres are located in the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> respectively, and both rotate clockwise. The gyres are formed by interactions between the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Continental_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Continental Shelf">Antarctic Continental Shelf</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea ice</a> has been noted to persist in the central area of the Ross Gyre.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> There is some evidence that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> has resulted in some decrease of the <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> of the waters of the Ross Gyre since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a> acting to the left in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a> away from the centres of the Weddell Gyre, these regions are very productive due to upwelling of cold, nutrient rich water. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RWG_Blocks_Feb2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/RWG_Blocks_Feb2021.png/300px-RWG_Blocks_Feb2021.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/RWG_Blocks_Feb2021.png/450px-RWG_Blocks_Feb2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/RWG_Blocks_Feb2021.png/600px-RWG_Blocks_Feb2021.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Regional Working Group zones for SOOS</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observation">Observation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Observation">edit</a>]</div> Observation of the Southern Ocean is coordinated through the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Observing_System_(SOOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS)">Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> This provides access to meta data for a significant proportion of the data collected in the regions over the past decades including hydrographic measurements and ocean currents. The data provision is set up to emphasize records that are related to <a href="/wiki/Essential_Ocean_Variables_(EOVs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs)">Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs)</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> for the ocean region south of 40°S. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Sea temperatures vary from about −2 to 10 °C (28 to 50 °F). Cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently become intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">open ocean</a>. The ocean from about <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_south" title="40th parallel south">latitude 40 south</a> to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> In winter the ocean freezes outward to <a href="/wiki/65th_parallel_south" title="65th parallel south">65 degrees south latitude</a> in the Pacific sector and <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_south" title="55th parallel south">55 degrees south latitude</a> in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius. At some coastal points, persistent intense drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Ocean-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Clouds over the Southern Ocean, with continent labels"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Southern_Ocean-2.JPG/2000px-Southern_Ocean-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="2000" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Southern_Ocean-2.JPG/3000px-Southern_Ocean-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Southern_Ocean-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3962" data-file-height="464" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Ocean-2.JPG" title="File:Southern Ocean-2.JPG"> </a></div>Clouds over the Southern Ocean, with continent labels</div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change">Change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Change">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation" title="Southern Ocean overturning circulation">Southern Ocean overturning circulation</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation" title="Southern Ocean overturning circulation">Southern Ocean overturning circulation</a> (sometimes referred to as the Southern Meridional overturning circulation (SMOC)<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Liu2022-94">[87]</a> or Antarctic overturning circulation) is the southern half of a global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>, which connects different water basins across the global <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>. Its better-known northern counterpart is the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> (AMOC). This circulation operates when certain currents send warm, oxygenated, nutrient-poor water into the deep ocean (<a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">downwelling</a>), while the cold, oxygen-limited, nutrient-rich water travels upwards (or <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwells</a>) at specific points. Thermohaline circulation transports not only massive volumes of warm and cold water across the planet, but also dissolved <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_organic_carbon" title="Dissolved organic carbon">dissolved organic carbon</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Schine2021-95">[88]</a> Thus, both halves of the circulation have a great effect on <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic carbon cycle</a>, and so play an essential role in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_NOAA2023-96">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Marshall2012-97">[90]</a></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation#Climate_change_impacts" title="Southern Ocean overturning circulation">Southern Ocean overturning circulation § Climate change impacts</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation&action=edit#Climate_change_impacts">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourgeois_2022_Southern_Ocean_uptake.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bourgeois_2022_Southern_Ocean_uptake.png/220px-Bourgeois_2022_Southern_Ocean_uptake.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bourgeois_2022_Southern_Ocean_uptake.png/330px-Bourgeois_2022_Southern_Ocean_uptake.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bourgeois_2022_Southern_Ocean_uptake.png/440px-Bourgeois_2022_Southern_Ocean_uptake.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Even under the most intense climate change scenario, which is currently considered unlikely,<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_HausfatherPeters2020-98">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Phiddian2022-99">[92]</a> the Southern Ocean would continue to function as a strong sink in the 21st century, and take up an increasing amount of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (left) and heat (middle). However, it would take up a smaller fraction of heat per every additional degree of warming than it does now (right),<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Bourgeois2022-100">[93]</a> as well as a smaller fraction of emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM-101">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> As human-caused <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> cause increased warming, one of the most notable <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">effects of climate change on oceans</a> is the increase in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">ocean heat content</a>, which accounted for over 90% of the total <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Energy_Imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's Energy Imbalance">global heating</a> since 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_vonSchuckmann2020-102">[95]</a> Since 2005, from 67% to 98% of this increase has occurred in the Southern Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Stewart2020-103">[96]</a> In <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a>, the temperature in the upper layer of the ocean has warmed 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1955, and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> (ACC) is also warming faster than the global average.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_DAImpacts-104">[97]</a> This warming directly affects the flow of warm and cold water masses which make up the overturning circulation, and it also has negative impacts on <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> cover in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, (which is highly reflective and so elevates the <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> of Earth's surface), as well as <a href="/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance" title="Glacier mass balance">mass balance</a> of Antarctica's <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelves</a> and peripheral glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-105">[98]</a> For these reasons, <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">climate models</a> consistently show that the year when global warming will reach 2 °C (3.6 °F) (inevitable in all <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">climate change scenarios</a> where <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> have not been strongly lowered) depends on the status of the circulation more than any other factor besides the emissions themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_GTPR2023-106">[99]</a> Greater warming of this ocean water increases ice loss from Antarctica, and also generates more fresh <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a>, at a rate of 1100–1500 billion tons (GT) per year.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-105">[98]</a>: 1240  This meltwater from the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a> then mixes back into the Southern Ocean, making its water fresher.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> This freshening of the Southern Ocean results in increased stratification and stabilization of its layers,<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-105">[98]</a>: 1240  and this has the single largest impact on the long-term properties of Southern Ocean circulation.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Li2023-109">[102]</a> These changes in the Southern Ocean cause the upper cell circulation to speed up, accelerating the flow of major currents,<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Ocean_warming_and_accelerating_Sout-110">[103]</a> while the lower cell circulation slows down, as it is dependent on the highly saline <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_bottom_water" title="Antarctic bottom water">Antarctic bottom water</a>, which already appears to have been observably weakened by the freshening, in spite of the limited recovery during 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Silvano2018-111">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Aoki2020-112">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-105">[98]</a>: 1240  Since the 1970s, the upper cell has strengthened by 3–4 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">sverdrup</a> (Sv; represents a flow of 1 million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic meter">cubic meters</a> per second), or 50–60% of its flow, while the lower cell has weakened by a similar amount, but because of its larger volume, these changes represent a 10–20% weakening.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Lee2023-114">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_NOAA2023-96">[89]</a> However, they were not fully caused by climate change, as the natural cycle of <a href="/wiki/Interdecadal_Pacific_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation">Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation</a> had also played an important role.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Zhou2023-115">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Silvano-Meijers2023-116">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_SMOC_changes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NOAA_SMOC_changes.png/280px-NOAA_SMOC_changes.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NOAA_SMOC_changes.png/420px-NOAA_SMOC_changes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/NOAA_SMOC_changes.png/560px-NOAA_SMOC_changes.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Since the 1970s, the upper cell of the circulation has strengthened, while the lower cell weakened.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_NOAA2023-96">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huang_2020_AABW_Eemian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Huang_2020_AABW_Eemian.png/220px-Huang_2020_AABW_Eemian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Huang_2020_AABW_Eemian.png/330px-Huang_2020_AABW_Eemian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Huang_2020_AABW_Eemian.png/440px-Huang_2020_AABW_Eemian.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Evidence suggests that the Antarctic bottom water requires a temperature range close to current conditions to be at full strength. During the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (a cold period), it was too weak to flow out of the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> and the overturning circulation was much weaker than now. It was also weaker during the periods warmer than now.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Huang2020-117">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> Similar processes are taking place with <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a> (AMOC), which is also affected by the ocean warming and by meltwater flows from the declining <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland ice sheet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> It is possible that both circulations may not simply continue to weaken in response to increased warming and freshening, but eventually collapse to a much weaker state outright, in a way which would be difficult to reverse and constitute an example of <a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">tipping points in the climate system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_GTPR2023-106">[99]</a> There is <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimate">paleoclimate</a> evidence for the overturning circulation being substantially weaker than now during past periods that were both warmer and colder than now.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Huang2020-117">[110]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> is only inhabited by 10% of the world's population, and the Southern Ocean overturning circulation has historically received much less attention than the AMOC. Consequently, while multiple studies have set out to estimate the exact level of global warming which could result in AMOC collapsing, the timeframe over which such collapse may occur, and the regional impacts it would cause, much less equivalent research exists for the Southern Ocean overturning circulation as of the early 2020s. There has been a suggestion that its collapse may occur between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F), but this estimate is much less certain than for many other tipping points.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_GTPR2023-106">[99]</a> The impacts of Southern Ocean overturning circulation collapse have also been less closely studied, though scientists expect them to unfold over multiple centuries. A notable example is the loss of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> from Antarctic bottom water diminishing ocean productivity and ultimately the state of Southern Ocean <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>, potentially leading to the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of some species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_collapse" title="Ecosystem collapse">collapse</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Logan2023-119">[112]</a> Reduced marine productivity would also mean that the ocean absorbs less carbon (though not within the 21st century<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Bourgeois2022-100">[93]</a>), which could increase the ultimate long-term warming in response to anthropogenic emissions (thus raising the overall <a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">climate sensitivity</a>) and/or prolong the time warming persists before it starts declining on the geological timescales.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Liu2022-94">[87]</a> There is also expected to be a decline in <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> countries like <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, with a corresponding increase in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>. However, the decline or an outright collapse of the AMOC would have similar but opposite impacts, and the two would counteract each other up to a point. Both impacts would also occur alongside the other <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">effects of climate change on the water cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on fisheries">effects of climate change on fisheries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation_Logan2023-119">[112]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic realm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Antarctic microorganism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife of Antarctica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg/220px-Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg/330px-Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg/440px-Killer_Whale_Tipe_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">Orca</a> (Orcinus orca) hunting a <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal</a> in the Southern Ocean</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> A variety of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean. Antarctic sea life includes <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colossal_squid" title="Colossal squid">colossal squids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguin</a> is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie penguin</a> breeds farther south than any other penguin. The <a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_penguin" title="Rockhopper penguin">rockhopper penguin</a> has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">King penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinstrap_penguin" title="Chinstrap penguin">chinstrap penguins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" title="Gentoo penguin">gentoo penguins</a> also breed in the Antarctic. The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a> was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/True_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="True seal">true seal</a>", is named after <a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Sir James Weddell</a>, commander of British sealing expeditions in the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a>, which congregates in large <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">schools</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seals</a>, fur seals, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notothenioidei" title="Notothenioidei">icefish</a>, penguins, <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a> and many other birds.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> communities of the seafloor are diverse and dense, with up to 155,000 animals found in 1 square metre (10.8 sq ft). As the seafloor environment is very similar all around the Antarctic, hundreds of species can be found all the way around the mainland, which is a uniquely wide distribution for such a large community. <a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_gigantism" title="Deep-sea gigantism">Deep-sea gigantism</a> is common among these animals.<a href="#cite_note-AADseabed-121">[114]</a> A census of sea life carried out during the <a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">International Polar Year</a> and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a> (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,500 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumbers</a> and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C (9.0 °F), and the major current systems or marine <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">conveyor belt</a> which transport egg and larva stages.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> Among smaller marine animals generally assumed to be the same in the Antarctica and the Arctic, more detailed studies of each population have often—but not always—revealed differences, showing that they are closely related <a href="/wiki/Cryptic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptic species">cryptic species</a> rather than a single bipolar species.<a href="#cite_note-Havermans2013-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunt2010-124">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uriz2011-125">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wonder_albat.jpg/220px-Wonder_albat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wonder_albat.jpg/330px-Wonder_albat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wonder_albat.jpg/440px-Wonder_albat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wandering_albatross" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandering albatross">wandering albatross</a> (Diomedea exulans) on <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Birds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">List of birds of Antarctica</a></div> The rocky shores of mainland Antarctica and its offshore islands provide nesting space for over 100 million birds every spring. These nesters include species of <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AADbirds-126">[119]</a> The insectivorous <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_pipit" title="South Georgia pipit">South Georgia pipit</a> is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia</a> and some smaller surrounding islands. Freshwater ducks inhabit South Georgia and the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BASanimals-127">[120]</a> The flightless <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> are all located in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, with the greatest concentration located on and around Antarctica. Four of the 18 penguin species live and breed on the mainland and its close offshore islands. Another four species live on the subantarctic islands.<a href="#cite_note-AADpenguins-128">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguins" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor penguins">Emperor penguins</a> have four overlapping layers of feathers, keeping them warm. They are the only Antarctic animal to breed during the winter.<a href="#cite_note-AADadapt-129">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Fish">edit</a>]</div> There are relatively few fish species in few <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> in the Southern Ocean. The most species-rich family are the <a href="/wiki/Snailfish" title="Snailfish">snailfish</a> (Liparidae), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Cod_icefish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cod icefish">cod icefish</a> (Nototheniidae)<a href="#cite_note-Eastman1998-130">[123]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eelpout" title="Eelpout">eelpout</a> (Zoarcidae). Together the snailfish, eelpouts and <a href="/wiki/Notothenioid" class="mw-redirect" title="Notothenioid">notothenioids</a> (which includes cod icefish and several other families) account for almost <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>9⁄10 of the more than 320 described fish species of the Southern Ocean (tens of <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Undescribed species">undescribed species</a> also occur in the region, especially among the snailfish).<a href="#cite_note-Eastman2005-131">[124]</a> Southern Ocean snailfish are generally found in deep waters, while the icefish also occur in shallower waters.<a href="#cite_note-Eastman1998-130">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Icefish">Icefish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Icefish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icefishuk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Icefishuk.jpg/220px-Icefishuk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Icefishuk.jpg/330px-Icefishuk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Icefishuk.jpg/440px-Icefishuk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Fish of the <a href="/wiki/Notothenioidei" title="Notothenioidei">Notothenioidei</a> suborder, such as this young icefish, are mostly restricted to the Antarctic and Subantarctic.</figcaption></figure> Cod icefish (Nototheniidae), as well as several other families, are part of the <a href="/wiki/Notothenioidei" title="Notothenioidei">Notothenioidei</a> suborder, collectively sometimes referred to as icefish. The suborder contains many species with <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze_protein" title="Antifreeze protein">antifreeze proteins</a> in their blood and tissue, allowing them to live in water that is around or slightly below 0 °C (32 °F).<a href="#cite_note-AADfish-132">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheng2003-133">[126]</a> Antifreeze proteins are also known from Southern Ocean snailfish.<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_icefish" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile icefish">crocodile icefish</a> (family Channichthyidae), also known as white-blooded fish, are only found in the Southern Ocean. They lack <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> in their blood, resulting in their blood being colourless. One Channichthyidae species, the <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_icefish" title="Mackerel icefish">mackerel icefish</a> (Champsocephalus gunnari), was once the most common fish in coastal waters less than 400 metres (1,312 ft) deep, but was <a href="/wiki/Overfished" class="mw-redirect" title="Overfished">overfished</a> in the 1970s and 1980s. Schools of icefish spend the day at the seafloor and the night higher in the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a> eating plankton and smaller fish.<a href="#cite_note-AADfish-132">[125]</a> There are two species from the genus <a href="/wiki/Dissostichus" title="Dissostichus">Dissostichus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_toothfish" title="Antarctic toothfish">Antarctic toothfish</a> (Dissostichus mawsoni) and the <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a> (Dissostichus eleginoides). These two species live on the seafloor 100–3,000 metres (328–9,843 ft) deep, and can grow to around 2 metres (7 ft) long weighing up to 100 kilograms (220 lb), living up to 45 years. The Antarctic toothfish lives close to the Antarctic mainland, whereas the Patagonian toothfish lives in the relatively warmer subantarctic waters. Toothfish are commercially fished, and overfishing has reduced toothfish populations.<a href="#cite_note-AADfish-132">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> Another abundant fish group is the genus <a href="/wiki/Notothenia" title="Notothenia">Notothenia</a>, which like the Antarctic toothfish have antifreeze in their bodies.<a href="#cite_note-AADfish-132">[125]</a> An unusual species of icefish is the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_silverfish" title="Antarctic silverfish">Antarctic silverfish</a> (Pleuragramma antarcticum), which is the only truly <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> fish in the waters near Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-FishBase-136">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoque_de_Weddell_-_Weddell_Seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Phoque_de_Weddell_-_Weddell_Seal.jpg/220px-Phoque_de_Weddell_-_Weddell_Seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Phoque_de_Weddell_-_Weddell_Seal.jpg/330px-Phoque_de_Weddell_-_Weddell_Seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Phoque_de_Weddell_-_Weddell_Seal.jpg/440px-Phoque_de_Weddell_-_Weddell_Seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seals</a> (Leptonychotes weddellii) are the most southerly of Antarctic mammals.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mammals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">List of mammals of Antarctica</a></div> Seven <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinniped</a> species inhabit Antarctica. The largest, the <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">elephant seal</a> (Mirounga leonina), can reach up to 4,000 kilograms (8,818 lb), while females of the smallest, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a> (Arctophoca gazella), reach only 150 kilograms (331 lb). These two species live north of the sea ice, and breed in <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harems</a> on beaches. The other four species can live on the sea ice. <a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seals</a> (Lobodon carcinophagus) and <a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seals</a> (Leptonychotes weddellii) form breeding colonies, whereas <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seals</a> (Hydrurga leptonyx) and <a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seals</a> (Ommatophoca rossii) live solitary lives. Although these species hunt underwater, they breed on land or ice and spend a great deal of time there, as they have no terrestrial predators.<a href="#cite_note-AADseals-137">[130]</a> The four species that inhabit sea ice are thought to make up 50% of the total biomass of the world's seals.<a href="#cite_note-AADicespecies-138">[131]</a> Crabeater seals have a population of around 15 million, making them one of the most numerous large animals on the planet.<a href="#cite_note-AADcrabeater-139">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion</a> (Phocarctos hookeri), one of the rarest and most localised pinnipeds, breeds almost exclusively on the subantarctic <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>, although historically it had a wider range.<a href="#cite_note-AADsealion-140">[133]</a> Out of all permanent mammalian residents, the Weddell seals live the furthest south.<a href="#cite_note-AADweddell-141">[134]</a> There are 10 <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetacean</a> species found in the Southern Ocean: six <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a>, and four <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">toothed whales</a>. The largest of these, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a> (Balaenoptera musculus), grows to 24 metres (79 ft) long weighing 84 tonnes. Many of these species are <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migratory</a>, and travel to <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> waters during the Antarctic winter.<a href="#cite_note-AADwhales-142">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_krill_(Euphausia_superba).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg/220px-Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg/330px-Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg/440px-Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a> (Euphausia superba) are a <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> of the food web.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Invertebrates">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arthropods">Arthropods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Arthropods">edit</a>]</div> Five species of <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>, small free-swimming <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, have been found in the Southern Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-AADmagic-143">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a> (Euphausia superba) is one of the most abundant animal species on earth, with a <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of around 500 million tonnes. Each individual is 6 centimetres (2.4 in) long and weighs over 1 gram (0.035 oz).<a href="#cite_note-AADkrill-144">[137]</a> The swarms that form can stretch for kilometres, with up to 30,000 individuals per 1 cubic metre (35 cu ft), turning the water red.<a href="#cite_note-AADmagic-143">[136]</a> Swarms usually remain in deep water during the day, ascending during the night to feed on <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>. Many larger animals depend on krill for their own survival.<a href="#cite_note-AADkrill-144">[137]</a> During the winter when food is scarce, adult Antarctic krill can revert to a smaller juvenile stage, using their own body as nutrition.<a href="#cite_note-AADmagic-143">[136]</a> Many benthic crustaceans have a non-seasonal breeding cycle, and some raise their young in a <a href="/wiki/Brood_pouch_(Peracarida)" title="Brood pouch (Peracarida)">brood pouch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glyptonotus_antarcticus" title="Glyptonotus antarcticus">Glyptonotus antarcticus</a> is an unusually large benthic <a href="/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">isopod</a>, reaching 20 centimetres (8 in) in length weighing 70 grams (2.47 oz). <a href="/wiki/Amphipod" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipod">Amphipods</a> are abundant in soft sediments, eating a range of items, from <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> to other animals.<a href="#cite_note-AADseabed-121">[114]</a> The amphipods are highly diverse with more than 600 recognized species found south of the Antarctic Convergence and there are indications that many undescribed species remain. Among these are several "giants", such as the iconic <a href="/wiki/Epimeriidae" title="Epimeriidae">epimeriids</a> that are up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long.<a href="#cite_note-Acoz2017-145">[138]</a> Slow moving <a href="/wiki/Sea_spider" title="Sea spider">sea spiders</a> are common, sometimes growing as large as a human hand. They feed on the <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoans</a> that litter the seabed.<a href="#cite_note-AADseabed-121">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onykia_ingens_384_mm_ML.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Onykia_ingens_384_mm_ML.jpg/220px-Onykia_ingens_384_mm_ML.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Onykia_ingens_384_mm_ML.jpg/330px-Onykia_ingens_384_mm_ML.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Onykia_ingens_384_mm_ML.jpg/440px-Onykia_ingens_384_mm_ML.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>A female <a href="/wiki/Moroteuthis_ingens" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroteuthis ingens">warty squid</a> (Moroteuthis ingens)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molluscs,_urchins,_squid_and_sponges">Molluscs, urchins, squid and sponges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Molluscs, urchins, squid and sponges">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic animals">aquatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a> are present in Antarctica. <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">Bivalves</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Adamussium_colbecki" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamussium colbecki">Adamussium colbecki</a> move around on the seafloor, while others such as <a href="/wiki/Laternula_elliptica" title="Laternula elliptica">Laternula elliptica</a> live in burrows <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filtering</a> the water above.<a href="#cite_note-AADseabed-121">[114]</a> There are around 70 <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopod</a> species in the Southern Ocean,<a href="#cite_note-AADsquid-146">[139]</a> the largest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Colossal_squid" title="Colossal squid">colossal squid</a> (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni), which at up to 14 metres (46 ft) is among the largest invertebrate in the world.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a> makes up most of the diet of some animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross" title="Grey-headed albatross">grey-headed albatrosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Moroteuthis_ingens" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroteuthis ingens">warty squid</a> (Moroteuthis ingens) is one of the subantarctic's most preyed upon species by vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-AADsquid-146">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a> genus Abatus burrow through the sediment eating the nutrients they find in it.<a href="#cite_note-AADseabed-121">[114]</a> Two species of <a href="/wiki/Salp" title="Salp">salps</a> are common in Antarctic waters: Salpa thompsoni and Ihlea racovitzai. Salpa thompsoni is found in ice-free areas, whereas Ihlea racovitzai is found in the high-latitude areas near ice. Due to their low nutritional value, they are normally only eaten by fish, with larger animals such as birds and marine mammals only eating them when other food is scarce.<a href="#cite_note-AADsalps-148">[141]</a> Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a> are long-lived and sensitive to environmental changes due to the specificity of the <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> microbial communities within them. As a result, they function as indicators of environmental health.<a href="#cite_note-AADsponges-149">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> Increased solar <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation resulting from the Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Ozone_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone hole">ozone hole</a> has reduced marine primary productivity (<a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>) by as much as 15% and has started damaging the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> of some fish.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a>, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a> than the regulated fishery, likely affects the sustainability of the stock. Long-line fishing for toothfish causes a high incidence of seabird mortality. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_agreements">International agreements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: International agreements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/220px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/330px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/440px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>An adult and sub-adult <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">Minke whale</a> are dragged aboard the Japanese whaling vessel <a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Maru" title="Nisshin Maru">Nisshin Maru</a>.</figcaption></figure> All international agreements regarding the world's oceans apply to the Southern Ocean. It is also subject to several regional agreements: The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary">Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> (IWC) prohibits commercial <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> south of <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_south" title="40th parallel south">40 degrees south</a> (south of <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60 degrees south</a> between <a href="/wiki/50th_meridian_west" title="50th meridian west">50 degrees</a> and <a href="/wiki/130th_meridian_west" title="130th meridian west">130 degrees west</a>). <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> regularly does not recognize this provision, because the sanctuary violates IWC charter. Since the scope of the sanctuary is limited to commercial whaling, in regard to its whaling permit and whaling for scientific research, a Japanese fleet carried out an annual whale-hunt in the region. On 31 March 2014, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> ruled that Japan's whaling program, which Japan has long claimed is for scientific purposes, was a cloak for commercial whaling, and no further permits would be granted. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Seals" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals">Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>. It was signed at the conclusion of a multilateral conference in London on 11 February 1972.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources">Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>. It entered into force on 7 April 1982 with a goal to preserve <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a> and environmental integrity in and near <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. It was established largely due to concerns that an increase in <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> catches in the Southern Ocean could seriously impact populations of other marine life which are dependent upon krill for food.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> Many nations prohibit the exploration for and the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> resources south of the fluctuating <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> which lies in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north. The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a> covers the portion of the globe south of <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60 degrees south</a>;<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> it prohibits new claims to Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources applies to the area south of 60° South latitude as well as the areas further north up to the limit of the Antarctic Convergence.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> Between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 1999, fisheries landed 119,898 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (118,004 long tons; 132,165 short tons), of which 85% consisted of <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> and 14% of <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a>. International agreements came into force in late 1999 to reduce illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which in the 1998–99 season landed five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ports_and_harbors">Ports and harbors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ports and harbors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USNS_Southern_Cross_at_the_ice_pier_in_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/USNS_Southern_Cross_at_the_ice_pier_in_1983.jpg/300px-USNS_Southern_Cross_at_the_ice_pier_in_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/USNS_Southern_Cross_at_the_ice_pier_in_1983.jpg/450px-USNS_Southern_Cross_at_the_ice_pier_in_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/USNS_Southern_Cross_at_the_ice_pier_in_1983.jpg/600px-USNS_Southern_Cross_at_the_ice_pier_in_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Severe cracks in an <a href="/wiki/Ice_pier" title="Ice pier">ice pier</a> in use for four seasons at <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a> slowed cargo operations in 1983 and proved a safety hazard.</figcaption></figure> Major operational ports include: <a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmer_Station" title="Palmer Station">Palmer Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Las_Estrellas" title="Villa Las Estrellas">Villa Las Estrellas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Station" title="Mawson Station">Mawson Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, and offshore anchorages in Antarctica. Few ports or harbors exist on the southern (Antarctic) coast of the Southern Ocean, since ice conditions limit use of most shores to short periods in midsummer; even then some require <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a> escort for access. Most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, remain closed to commercial or private vessels; vessels in any port south of <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60 degrees south</a> are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty observers. The Southern Ocean's southernmost port operates at McMurdo Station at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southern_Ocean&params=77_50_S_166_40_E_">77°50′S 166°40′E / 77.833°S 166.667°E / -77.833; 166.667</a>. <a href="/wiki/Winter_Quarters_Bay" title="Winter Quarters Bay">Winter Quarters Bay</a> forms a small harbor, on the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a> where a floating <a href="/wiki/Ice_pier" title="Ice pier">ice pier</a> makes port operations possible in summer. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a> personnel constructed the first ice pier at McMurdo in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Unique-157">[150]</a> Based on the original 1928 IHO delineation of the Southern Ocean (and the 1937 delineation if the <a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a> is considered integral), Australian ports and harbors between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Leeuwin" title="Cape Leeuwin">Cape Leeuwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Otway" title="Cape Otway">Cape Otway</a> on the Australian mainland and along the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> would also be identified as ports and harbors existing in the Southern Ocean. These would include the larger ports and harbors of <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thevenard,_South_Australia" title="Thevenard, South Australia">Thevenard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln" title="Port Lincoln">Port Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Augusta, South Australia">Port Augusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Adelaide" title="Port Adelaide">Port Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Victoria" title="Portland, Victoria">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warrnambool" title="Warrnambool">Warrnambool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Harbour" title="Macquarie Harbour">Macquarie Harbour</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Even though organizers of several <a href="/wiki/Yacht_racing" title="Yacht racing">yacht races</a> define their routes as involving the Southern Ocean, the actual routes don't enter the actual geographical boundaries of the Southern Ocean. The routes involve instead <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean#Extent_and_data" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/South-Western_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="South-Western Pacific">South Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean#Geography" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">Borders of the oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point" title="List of countries by southernmost point">List of countries by southernmost point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seamounts_in_the_Southern_Ocean" title="List of seamounts in the Southern Ocean">List of seamounts in the Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Seas" title="Seven Seas">Seven Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bathymetric_Chart_of_the_Southern_Ocean" title="International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean">International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/21px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/42px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/21px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/42px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Also a translation of its former French name (Grand Océan Austral) in reference to its position below the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, the "Grand Océan". </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Used by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Dr. Hooker</a> in his accounts of his Antarctic voyages.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Also a translation of the ocean's <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> name Nankyoku Kai (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B5%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:南極海">南極海</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Also a translation of the ocean's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> name Nánbīng Yáng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:南冰洋">南冰洋</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Historic names include the "South Sea",<a href="#cite_note-robinhood-2">[2]</a> the "Great Southern Ocean",<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 1]</a> the "South Polar Ocean" or "South-Polar Ocean",<a href="#cite_note-6">[note 2]</a> and the "Southern Icy Ocean".<a href="#cite_note-robinhood-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Reservation by Norway: Norway recognizes the name <a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">Kong Håkon VII Hav</a>, which covers the sea area adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Dronning_Maud_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Dronning Maud Land">Dronning Maud Land</a> and stretching from 20°W to 45°E.<a href="#cite_note-IHO2002-40">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a> is situated between the southern and eastern extremities of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>, lying north of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHO2002-40">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a> is an area defined by the southeastern extremity of South America and the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a> on the west and by <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> to the north and east. As they extend north of 60°S, Drake Passage and the Scotia Sea are also described as forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHO2002-40">[36]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEB1878">EB (1878)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-robinhood-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robinhood_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinhood_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSherwood1823" class="citation cs2">Sherwood, Mary Martha (1823), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-w7AAAAYAAJ">An Introduction to Geography, Intended for Little Children, 3rd ed.</a>, Wellington: F. 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Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 18 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Southern+Ocean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsouthern%2520ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2003" class="citation news cs1">Darby, Andrew (22 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/12/21/1071941610556.html">"Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean"</a>. The Age. Retrieved 13 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canberra+all+at+sea+over+position+of+Southern+Ocean&rft.date=2003-12-22&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F12%2F21%2F1071941610556.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AustHO-21"><a href="#cite_ref-AustHO_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313130704/http://www.hydro.gov.au/factsheets/WFS_Names_and_Limits_of_Oceans_and_Seas_Around_Australia.pdf">"Names and Limits of Oceans and Seas around Australia"</a> (PDF). Australian Hydrographic Office. Department of Defence. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydro.gov.au/factsheets/WFS_Names_and_Limits_of_Oceans_and_Seas_Around_Australia.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Hydrographic+Office&rft.atitle=Names+and+Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas+around+Australia&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydro.gov.au%2Ffactsheets%2FWFS_Names_and_Limits_of_Oceans_and_Seas_Around_Australia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newocean-22"><a href="#cite_ref-newocean_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608113157/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/theres-a-new-ocean-now-can-you-name-all-five-southern-ocean">"There's a New Ocean Now"</a>. National Geographic Society. 8 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/theres-a-new-ocean-now-can-you-name-all-five-southern-ocean">the original</a> on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There%27s+a+New+Ocean+Now&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2Farticle%2Ftheres-a-new-ocean-now-can-you-name-all-five-southern-ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2021" class="citation web cs1">Wong, Wilson (10 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/national-geographic-adds-5th-ocean-world-map-n1270318">"National Geographic adds 5th ocean to world map"</a>. ABC News. NBC Universal. Retrieved 11 June 2021. <q>National Geographic announced Tuesday that it is officially recognizing the body of water surrounding the Antarctic as the Earth's fifth ocean: the Southern Ocean.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=National+Geographic+adds+5th+ocean+to+world+map&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2Fnational-geographic-adds-5th-ocean-world-map-n1270318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENGS2014-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENGS2014_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNGS2014">NGS (2014)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalgeographic-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps/">"Maps Home"</a>. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 31 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maps+Home&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmaps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HemaMaps-26"><a href="#cite_ref-HemaMaps_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140726124436/http://www.hemamaps.com.au/en/Buy/Wall%20Maps/International%20Wall%20Maps/Upside-Down-World-Laminated">"Upside Down World Map"</a>. Hema Maps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hemamaps.com.au/en/Buy/Wall%20Maps/International%20Wall%20Maps/Upside-Down-World-Laminated">the original</a> on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upside+Down+World+Map&rft.pub=Hema+Maps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hemamaps.com.au%2Fen%2FBuy%2FWall%2520Maps%2FInternational%2520Wall%2520Maps%2FUpside-Down-World-Laminated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeoNova-27"><a href="#cite_ref-GeoNova_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsales.com/geonova/world-wall-maps/classic-world-wall-map.aspx">"Classic World Wall Map"</a>. GeoNova. Retrieved 22 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+World+Wall+Map&rft.pub=GeoNova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsales.com%2Fgeonova%2Fworld-wall-maps%2Fclassic-world-wall-map.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Balboa, or Pan-Pacific Day". 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That of Captain Surville, clears up a mistake, which I was led into, in imagining the shoals off the west end of New Caledonia was to extend to the west, but as far as New Holland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=March+1775&rft.btitle=Three+Voyages+of+Captain+James+Cook+Round+the+World&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirYBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8a9bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29">A Compendious Geographical Dictionary, Containing, a Concise Description of the Most Remarkable Places, Ancient and Modern, in Europe, Asia, Africa, & America, ...</a> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved 1 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographical+extracts%2C+forming+a+general+view+of+earth+and+nature...+illustrated+with+maps&rft.place=London&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=G.G.+and+J.+Robinson&rft.date=1796&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D63tZAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhIyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR59">The Edinburgh Gazetteer: Or, Geographical Dictionary: Containing a Description of the Various Countries, Kingdoms, States, Cities, Towns, Mountains, &c. of the World; an Account of the Government, Customs, and Religion of the Inhabitants; the Boundaries and Natural Productions of Each Country, &c. &c. 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NOAA Photo Library. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA). Retrieved 19 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Photo+Library&rft.atitle=Map+accompanying+first+edition+of+IHO+Publication+Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+Special+Publication+23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photolib.noaa.gov%2Fhtmls%2Fmap00340.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAOO1937-37"><a href="#cite_ref-NAOO1937_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/map00341.htm">"Map accompanying second edition of IHO Publication Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23"</a>. NOAA Photo Library. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA). Retrieved 18 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA+Photo+Library&rft.atitle=Map+accompanying+second+edition+of+IHO+Publication+Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+Special+Publication+23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photolib.noaa.gov%2Fhtmls%2Fmap00341.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHO-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHO_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHO_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHO_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHO_38-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"</a> (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiho.int%2Fuploads%2Fuser%2Fpubs%2Fstandards%2Fs-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> Alternate location: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/29772/">AWI</a> (DOI 10013/epic.37175.d001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/29772/1/IHO1953a.pdf">scan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418113853/https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/29772/1/IHO1953a.pdf">archived</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/oceans/pacific-ocean/">"Pacific Ocean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. CIA. Retrieved 27 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Pacific+Ocean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Foceans%2Fpacific-ocean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHO2002-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHO2002_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHO2002_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHO2002_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHO2002_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202105534/http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/S-23WG/S-23WG_Misc/Draft_2002/Draft_2002.htm">"IHO Publication S-23, Limits of Oceans and Seas, Draft 4th Edition"</a>. International Hydrographic Organization. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/S-23WG/S-23WG_Misc/Draft_2002/Draft_2002.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IHO+Publication+S-23%2C+Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+Draft+4th+Edition&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iho.int%2Fmtg_docs%2Fcom_wg%2FS-23WG%2FS-23WG_Misc%2FDraft_2002%2FDraft_2002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213815/http://eastsea.khoa.go.kr/eng/open_content/iho/magazine.asp">"IHO Special Publication 23"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Proposal+for+the+preparation+of+a+new+International+Bathymetric+Chart+of+the+Southern+Ocean&rft.btitle=IHO+International+Hydrographic+Committee+on+Antarctica+%28HCA%29&rft.place=Monaco&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization+%28IHO%29&rft.date=2003-09&rft.aulast=Schenke&rft.aufirst=Hans+Werner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iho.int%2Fmtg_docs%2Frhc%2FHCA%2FHCA3%2FHCA3-6.3B_Report_on_IBCSO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285876/Indian-Ocean">"Indian Ocean"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Retrieved 30 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AHS+%E2%80%93+AA609582&rft.pub=The+Australian+Hydrographic+Service&rft.date=2012-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydro.gov.au%2Ffactsheets%2FWFS_Names_and_Limits_of_Oceans_and_Seas_Around_Australia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090526042934/http://www.hydro.gov.au/webapps/jsp/charts/charts.jsp?chart=Aus343&subchart=0">Chart Aus343: Australia South Coast – South Australia – Whidbey Isles to Cape Du Couedic</a>, Australian Hydrographic Service, 29 June 1990, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydro.gov.au/webapps/jsp/charts/charts.jsp?chart=Aus343&subchart=0">the original</a> on 26 May 2009, retrieved 11 October 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chart+Aus343%3A+Australia+South+Coast+%E2%80%93+South+Australia+%E2%80%93+Whidbey+Isles+to+Cape+Du+Couedic&rft.pub=Australian+Hydrographic+Service&rft.date=1990-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydro.gov.au%2Fwebapps%2Fjsp%2Fcharts%2Fcharts.jsp%3Fchart%3DAus343%26subchart%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydro.gov.au/webapps/jsp/charts/charts.jsp?chart=Aus792&subchart=0">Chart Aus792: Australia – Tasmania – Trial Harbour to Low Rocky Point</a>, Australian Hydrographic Service, 18 July 2008, retrieved 11 October 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chart+Aus792%3A+Australia+%E2%80%93+Tasmania+%E2%80%93+Trial+Harbour+to+Low+Rocky+Point&rft.pub=Australian+Hydrographic+Service&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydro.gov.au%2Fwebapps%2Fjsp%2Fcharts%2Fcharts.jsp%3Fchart%3DAus792%26subchart%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825214915/http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/PDF_Files/00104%20Cape%20Leeuwin%28P-AD%29.PDF">"Assessment Documentation for Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse"</a> (PDF). 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Fish Physiol Biochem. 14 (1): 71–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995FPBio..14...71J">1995FPBio..14...71J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00004292">10.1007/BF00004292</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24197273">24197273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1792885">1792885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fish+Physiol+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Protein+content+and+freezing+avoidance+properties+of+the+subdermal+extracellular+matrix+and+serum+of+the+Antarctic+snailfish%2C+Paraliparis+devriesi&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00004292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1792885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24197273&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995FPBio..14...71J&rft.au=Jung%2C+A.&rft.au=P.+Johnson&rft.au=J.T.+Eastman&rft.au=A.L.+Devries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbina2015" class="citation news cs1">Urbina, Ian (28 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/world/a-renegade-trawler-hunted-for-10000-miles-by-vigilantes.html">"A Renegade Trawler, Hunted for 10,000 Miles by Vigilantes"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Renegade+Trawler%2C+Hunted+for+10%2C000+Miles+by+Vigilantes&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.aulast=Urbina&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F28%2Fworld%2Fa-renegade-trawler-hunted-for-10000-miles-by-vigilantes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FishBase-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FishBase_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Pleuragramma&speciesname=antarcticum">"Pleuragramma antarcticum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. December 2017 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Pleuragramma+antarcticum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DPleuragramma%26speciesname%3Dantarcticum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADseals-137"><a href="#cite_ref-AADseals_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions">"Seals and sea lions"</a>. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319154452/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seals+and+sea+lions&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fseals-and-sea-lions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADicespecies-138"><a href="#cite_ref-AADicespecies_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions/pack-ice-seals/pack-ice-seal-species">"Pack-ice seal species"</a>. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826005443/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions/pack-ice-seals/pack-ice-seal-species">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pack-ice+seal+species&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fseals-and-sea-lions%2Fpack-ice-seals%2Fpack-ice-seal-species&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADcrabeater-139"><a href="#cite_ref-AADcrabeater_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions/crabeater-seals">"Salps"</a>. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819150020/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions/crabeater-seals">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salps&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fseals-and-sea-lions%2Fcrabeater-seals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADsealion-140"><a href="#cite_ref-AADsealion_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions/sea-lions">"Sea lions"</a>. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803014932/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions/sea-lions">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+lions&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fseals-and-sea-lions%2Fsea-lions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADweddell-141"><a href="#cite_ref-AADweddell_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions/weddell-seals">"Weddell seals"</a>. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804170832/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions/weddell-seals">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weddell+seals&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fseals-and-sea-lions%2Fweddell-seals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADwhales-142"><a href="#cite_ref-AADwhales_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division2012" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division (26 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/whales/what-is-a-whale">"What is a whale?"</a>. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530194925/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/whales/what-is-a-whale">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+whale%3F&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fwhales%2Fwhat-is-a-whale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADmagic-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AADmagic_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AADmagic_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AADmagic_143-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/krill/krill-magicians-of-the-southern-ocean">"Krill: magicians of the Southern Ocean"</a>. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929115143/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/krill/krill-magicians-of-the-southern-ocean">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krill%3A+magicians+of+the+Southern+Ocean&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fkrill%2Fkrill-magicians-of-the-southern-ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADkrill-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AADkrill_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AADkrill_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/krill">"Krill"</a>. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122123635/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/krill">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Krill&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fkrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acoz2017-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Acoz2017_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Udekem_d'Acoz,_CM.L._Verheye2017" class="citation journal cs1">d'Udekem d'Acoz, C; M.L. 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Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319154439/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/squid">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Squid&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fsquid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderton,_J.2007" class="citation news cs1">Anderton, J. 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Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319154345/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/salps">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salps&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fsalps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADsponges-149"><a href="#cite_ref-AADsponges_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Antarctic_Division2010" class="citation web cs1">Australian Antarctic Division (12 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/sponges">"Sponges"</a>. Government of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319154351/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/sponges">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sponges&rft.pub=Government+of+Australia&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft.au=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fsponges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithPrézelinBakerBidigare1992" class="citation journal cs1">Smith RC, Prézelin BB, Baker KS, Bidigare RR, Boucher NP, Coley T, Karentz D, MacIntyre S, Matlick HA, Menzies D, et al. (1992). 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Science. 255 (5047): 952–59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...255..952S">1992Sci...255..952S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1546292">10.1126/science.1546292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1546292">1546292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ozone+depletion%3A+ultraviolet+radiation+and+phytoplankton+biology+in+antarctic+waters.&rft.volume=255&rft.issue=5047&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E952-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1546292&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1546292&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Sci...255..952S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Pr%C3%A9zelin%2C+BB&rft.au=Baker%2C+KS&rft.au=Bidigare%2C+RR&rft.au=Boucher%2C+NP&rft.au=Coley%2C+T&rft.au=Karentz%2C+D&rft.au=MacIntyre%2C+S&rft.au=Matlick%2C+HA&rft.au=Menzies%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfrumBockslaff1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Wolfrum" title="Rüdiger Wolfrum">Wolfrum, Rüdiger</a>; Bockslaff, Klaus, eds. 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Berlin: Duncker & Humblot / Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Internationales Recht / Universität Kiel. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-428-05540-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-428-05540-1"><bdi>978-3-428-05540-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470642138">470642138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctic+Challenge%3A+Conflicting+Interests%2C+Cooperation%2C+Environmental+Protection%2C+Economic+Development%3A+Proceedings+of+an+Interdisciplinary+Symposium%2C+June+22nd%E2%80%9324th%2C+1983&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=88&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot+%2F+Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen+des+Instituts+f%C3%BCr+Internationales+Recht+%2F+Universit%C3%A4t+Kiel&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470642138&rft.isbn=978-3-428-05540-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccamlr.org/">"Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources"</a>. ccamlr.org. 2011. 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Retrieved 19 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Fact+Book%3A+Environment+%E2%80%93+International+Agreements&rft.pub=U.S.+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2033.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/anttrty.jsp">The Antarctic Treaty</a>, article 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/anttrty.jsp">The Antarctic Treaty</a>, article 4, clause 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccamlr.org/en/system/files/e-pt1.pdf">"Text of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources"</a> (PDF). ccamlr.org. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. 1972. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/S-23WG/S-23WG_Misc/Draft_2002/Draft_2002.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iho.int&rft.atitle=S-23+Draft+2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iho.int%2Fmtg_docs%2Fcom_wg%2FS-23WG%2FS-23WG_Misc%2FDraft_2002%2FDraft_2002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yb.tl/ggr2018">"Golden Globe Race 2018 – YB Tracking Race Viewer"</a>. yb.tl. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yb.tl&rft.atitle=Golden+Globe+Race+2018+%E2%80%93+YB+Tracking+Race+Viewer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyb.tl%2Fggr2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.ee/vor/?leg=7">"Volvo Ocean Race Tracker"</a>. gis.ee. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gis.ee&rft.atitle=Volvo+Ocean+Race+Tracker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.ee%2Fvor%2F%3Fleg%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Antarctic_Ocean">"Antarctic Ocean" </a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 100</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antarctic+Ocean&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Great_Southern_Ocean">"Great Southern Ocean" </a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, vol. 12 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 422</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Southern+Ocean&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=422&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNGS2014" class="citation cs2">Brindley, David, ed. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stylemanual.ngs.org/home/A/antarctic-ocean">"Antarctic Ocean, Austral Ocean, Southern Ocean"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stylemanual.ngs.org">Style Manual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a>: National Geographic Society, retrieved 31 July 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antarctic+Ocean%2C+Austral+Ocean%2C+Southern+Ocean&rft.btitle=Style+Manual&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstylemanual.ngs.org%2Fhome%2FA%2Fantarctic-ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArndtSchenkeJakobssonNitsche2013" class="citation journal cs1">Arndt, Jan Erik; Schenke, Hans Werner; et al. (20 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/502276/1/grl50413.pdf">"The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) Version 1.0—A new bathymetric compilation covering circum-Antarctic waters"</a> (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (12). American Geophysical Union (AGU): 3111–3117. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GeoRL..40.3111A">2013GeoRL..40.3111A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgrl.50413">10.1002/grl.50413</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-8276">0094-8276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210009232">210009232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=The+International+Bathymetric+Chart+of+the+Southern+Ocean+%28IBCSO%29+Version+1.0%E2%80%94A+new+bathymetric+compilation+covering+circum-Antarctic+waters&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3111-%3C%2Fspan%3E3117&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgrl.50413&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210009232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GeoRL..40.3111A&rft.aulast=Arndt&rft.aufirst=Jan+Erik&rft.au=Schenke%2C+Hans+Werner&rft.au=Jakobsson%2C+Martin&rft.au=Nitsche%2C+Frank+O.&rft.au=Buys%2C+Gwen&rft.au=Goleby%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Rebesco%2C+Michele&rft.au=Bohoyo%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Hong%2C+Jongkuk&rft.au=Black%2C+Jenny&rft.au=Greku%2C+Rudolf&rft.au=Udintsev%2C+Gleb&rft.au=Barrios%2C+Felipe&rft.au=Reynoso-Peralta%2C+Walter&rft.au=Taisei%2C+Morishita&rft.au=Wigley%2C+Rochelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F502276%2F1%2Fgrl50413.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGille2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gille" title="Sarah Gille">Gille, Sarah T.</a> (15 February 2002). "Warming of the Southern Ocean Since the 1950s". Science. 295 (5558). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1275–1277. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...295.1275G">2002Sci...295.1275G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1065863">10.1126/science.1065863</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11847337">11847337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31434936">31434936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Warming+of+the+Southern+Ocean+Since+the+1950s&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5558&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1275-%3C%2Fspan%3E1277&rft.date=2002-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31434936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...295.1275G&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1065863&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11847337&rft.aulast=Gille&rft.aufirst=Sarah+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchernia1980" class="citation book cs1">Tchernia, P. (1980). Descriptive Regional Oceanography. Oxford: Pergamon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-020919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-020919-7"><bdi>978-0-08-020919-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Regional+Oceanography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Pergamon&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-08-020919-7&rft.aulast=Tchernia&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. Regional Oceanography: an Introduction. (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630202249/http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/regoc/">the site</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Ocean&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Ocean" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/southern_ocean" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/southern ocean">southern ocean</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/oceans/southern-ocean/">The CIA World Factbook's</a> entry on the Southern Ocean</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa091500a.htm">The Fifth Ocean</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906122032/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa091500a.htm">Archived</a> 6 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Geography.About.com</li> <li>International Hydrographic Organization (IHO): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.37175">Limits of Oceans and Seas</a> (2nd Edition), extant 1937 to 1953, with limits of Southern Ocean.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313190338/http://findanswers.noaa.gov/noaa.answers/consumer/kbdetail.asp?kbid=595&start=121">NOAA FAQ about the number of oceans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccamlr.org/">Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_polar_regions75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_regions" title="Template:Polar regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_regions" title="Template talk:Polar regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_polar_regions75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar regions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eklund_Islands" title="Eklund Islands">Eklund Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Ecozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_southernmost_point" title="List of countries by southernmost point">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Archipelago" title="Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas465" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas465" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biogeographic_regionalisations145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomes" title="Template:Biomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomes" title="Template talk:Biomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeographic_regionalisations145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeography#Biogeographic_regionalisations" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regionalisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90A010;">Polar/montane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;">Temperate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#20A010;">Tropical and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Moist broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Dry broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFDC60;">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:mediumseagreen;">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Aquatic biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:silver;">Other biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolithic zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic_realm" title="Holarctic realm">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_realm" title="Arctic realm">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biogeographic_provinces" title="List of biogeographic provinces">Biogeographic provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions" title="Lists of ecoregions">Lists of ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200 ecoregions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_land_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological land classification">Ecological land classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogeographic region">Zoogeographic regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations364"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition">Polaris expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions520"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. 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[\"CITEREFFlorindoSiegert2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraserChristinaStevensGriffiths2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGille2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuy_G._Guthridge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaumannGruberMünnichFrenger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavermans,_C.G._SonetC._d\u0026#039;Udekem_d\u0026#039;AcozZ._T._Nagy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeadland1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooker1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt,_B.J._StrugnellN._BednarsekK._Linse2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJung,_A.P._JohnsonJ.T._EastmanA.L._Devries1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinver2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentonArmstrong_McKayLorianiAbrams2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_L.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMill1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNGS2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1796\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyne1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRintoulMeredithSchofieldNewman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchenke2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwood1823\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithPrézelinBakerBidigare1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTchernia1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinsRaithby1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Antarctic_Program_External_Panel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbina2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUriz,_M.J.J.M._GiliC._OrejasA.R._Perez-Porro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeddel1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfrumBockslaff1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Udekem_d\u0026#039;Acoz,_CM.L._Verheye2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Antarctica\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Biomes\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 63,\n [\"Clear\"] = 8,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 44,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 2,\n [\"FishBase\"] = 1,\n [\"Five oceans\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"List of seas\"] = 1,\n [\"MV\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 8,\n [\"Polar exploration\"] = 1,\n [\"Polar regions\"] = 1,\n [\"Portalbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Regions of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Ship\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 9,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Xref\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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