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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Legend </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ancient era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Medieval era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chutia_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chutia_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Chutia kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chutia_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kachari_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kachari_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Kachari kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kachari_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahom_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahom_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Ahom kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahom_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Early period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Later Period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_with_Mughals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Mughals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 War with Mughals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Mughals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Flooding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Administrative districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Autonomous Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Social issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inter-state_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-state_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Inter-state dispute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-state_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separate_statehood_demand_within_Assam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separate_statehood_demand_within_Assam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Separate statehood demand within Assam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separate_statehood_demand_within_Assam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_from_Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_from_Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Migration from Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_from_Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Floods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Unemployment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Medical colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_and_technological_colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_and_technological_colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Engineering and technological colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_and_technological_colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tea_plantations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea_plantations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Tea plantations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea_plantations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macro-economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macro-economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Macro-economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macro-economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Festivals and traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music,_dance,_and_drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music,_dance,_and_drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Music, dance, and drama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music,_dance,_and_drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Fine arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Traditional crafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Assam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" > 129 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B3%E1%88%9D" title="አሳም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አሳም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="असम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="असम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آسام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آسام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Asam" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE" title="অসম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অসম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="असम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="असम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آسام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="আসাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আসাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Асам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Асам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Асам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="आसाम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आसाम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Асам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Асам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨཱསཱམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨཱསཱམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Asam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Асам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Асам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_(estado)" title="Assam (estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Assam (estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81s%C3%A1m" title="Ásám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ásám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AA" title="އާސާމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އާސާމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="आसाम – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आसाम" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Άσαμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άσαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamio" title="Asamio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Asamio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آسام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="આસામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આસામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="आसाम – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="आसाम" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%82%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="아삼주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아삼주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Ասսամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասսամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="असम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="असम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Asam" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE" title="অসম – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="অসম" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ассам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ассам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אסאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82" title="ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ასამის შტატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასამის შტატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آسام – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آسام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ассам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ассам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama" title="Asama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Asama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asama" title="Asama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asamas" title="Asamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assz%C3%A1m" title="Asszám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asszám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="असम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="असम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Асам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Асам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ആസാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="आसाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आसाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ასამიშ შტატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასამიშ შტატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آسام – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آسام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯑꯁꯥꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯁꯥꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ассам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ассам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အာသံပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာသံပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="असम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="असम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="आसाम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आसाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0%E5%B7%9E" title="アッサム州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッサム州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ассам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ассам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ଆସାମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆସାମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accom" title="Accom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Accom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਅਸਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਸਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82" title="असमरज्जं – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="असमरज्जं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آسام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آسام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آسام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Asam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass%C3%A3o" title="Assão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ассам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ассам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE" title="असम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="असम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱟᱥᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱥᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آسام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آسام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sam" title="Ásam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ásam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Асам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அசாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ассам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ассам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%82" title="అసోం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అసోం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="รัฐอัสสัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐอัสสัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Иёлоти Ассом – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иёлоти Ассом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82" title="ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಸ್ಸಾಂ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ассам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ассам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85" title="آسام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آسام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Assam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E9%82%A6" title="阿萨姆邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿萨姆邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9D" title="אסאם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam" title="Assam – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Assam" 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class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Assam">reviewed</a> on 25 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in northeastern India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Assam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Assam (disambiguation)">Assam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Northeast India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Assam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Assam</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamakhya_Temple_-_DEV_8829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kamakhya_Temple_-_DEV_8829.jpg/288px-Kamakhya_Temple_-_DEV_8829.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kamakhya_Temple_-_DEV_8829.jpg/432px-Kamakhya_Temple_-_DEV_8829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kamakhya_Temple_-_DEV_8829.jpg/576px-Kamakhya_Temple_-_DEV_8829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya Temple</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gargaon%27r_Kareng_Ghor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gargaon%27r_Kareng_Ghor.JPG/142px-Gargaon%27r_Kareng_Ghor.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gargaon%27r_Kareng_Ghor.JPG/213px-Gargaon%27r_Kareng_Ghor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gargaon%27r_Kareng_Ghor.JPG/284px-Gargaon%27r_Kareng_Ghor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kareng_Ghar" title="Kareng Ghar">Kareng Ghar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Garhgaon" title="Garhgaon">Garhgaon</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangghar_Assam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rangghar_Assam.JPG/142px-Rangghar_Assam.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rangghar_Assam.JPG/213px-Rangghar_Assam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rangghar_Assam.JPG/284px-Rangghar_Assam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Rang_Ghar" title="Rang Ghar">Rang Ghar</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style=";height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MANAS_NATIONAL_PARK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MANAS_NATIONAL_PARK.jpg/141px-MANAS_NATIONAL_PARK.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MANAS_NATIONAL_PARK.jpg/212px-MANAS_NATIONAL_PARK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MANAS_NATIONAL_PARK.jpg/282px-MANAS_NATIONAL_PARK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas National Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style=";height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Majuli_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Majuli_Island.jpg/143px-Majuli_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Majuli_Island.jpg/215px-Majuli_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Majuli_Island.jpg/286px-Majuli_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="671" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Majuli" title="Majuli">Majuli Island</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style=";height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Extra_Zoomed_Snap_of_Indian_Rhino_from_Assam%27s_Kaziranga_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Extra_Zoomed_Snap_of_Indian_Rhino_from_Assam%27s_Kaziranga_National_Park.jpg/134px-Extra_Zoomed_Snap_of_Indian_Rhino_from_Assam%27s_Kaziranga_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Extra_Zoomed_Snap_of_Indian_Rhino_from_Assam%27s_Kaziranga_National_Park.jpg/201px-Extra_Zoomed_Snap_of_Indian_Rhino_from_Assam%27s_Kaziranga_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Extra_Zoomed_Snap_of_Indian_Rhino_from_Assam%27s_Kaziranga_National_Park.jpg/268px-Extra_Zoomed_Snap_of_Indian_Rhino_from_Assam%27s_Kaziranga_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style=";height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gates_to_Greenery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gates_to_Greenery.jpg/150px-Gates_to_Greenery.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gates_to_Greenery.jpg/225px-Gates_to_Greenery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gates_to_Greenery.jpg/300px-Gates_to_Greenery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4362" data-file-height="2910" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam tea</a> <a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">garden</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Assam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Assam"><img alt="Official emblem of Assam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/125px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/188px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/250px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="299" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Assam" title="Emblem of Assam">Emblem of Assam</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: "A-ham" (Uneven) or from "Ahom"</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Land of red river and blue hills"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Joi Aai Axom (Hail Mother Assam)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Anthem:</a> "<a href="/wiki/O_Mur_Apunar_Dekh" class="mw-redirect" title="O Mur Apunar Dekh">Ö Mür Apünar Dekh</a>"<a href="#cite_note-ab-2">[2]</a> (O my Dearest Country)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-AS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Assam in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Assam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/IN-AS.svg/300px-IN-AS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/IN-AS.svg/450px-IN-AS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/IN-AS.svg/600px-IN-AS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Assam in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assam&params=26.14_N_91.77_E_region:IN-AS_type:city">26°08′N 91°46′E / 26.14°N 91.77°E / 26.14; 91.77</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assam_(1947%E2%80%931963)" title="Assam (1947–1963)"> State of Assam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bifurcation</th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 1972</td></tr><tr class="[[Assam (1947–1963)| State of Assam]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1950<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Assam" title="List of districts of Assam">35 (5 divisions)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Assam" title="Government of Assam">Government of Assam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Assam" title="List of governors of Assam">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Acharya" title="Lakshman Acharya">Lakshman Acharya</a><a href="#cite_note-Governor_2024-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Assam" title="List of chief ministers of Assam">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Himanta_Biswa_Sarma" title="Himanta Biswa Sarma">Himanta Biswa Sarma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unicameral</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">Assam Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">126 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Assam" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">7 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Assam" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">14 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gauhati_High_Court" title="Gauhati High Court">Gauhati High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">78,438 km2 (30,285 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">16th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">725 km (450 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">30 km (20 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">80 m (260 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Cachar Hills section)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,960 m (6,430 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">45 m (148 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 31,169,272</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">15th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">397/km2 (1,030/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">14.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">85.9%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a><a href="#cite_note-nclmanurep2010-5">[5]</a> (for entire state except <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a><a href="#cite_note-BnOff-6">[6]</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Boro</a> (holds one of the official language status for the entire state of Assam<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai district</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Meitei-9">[8]</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>)<a href="#cite_note-BnOff-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei script</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Assam_Budget_2021-10">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2024–2025)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>6.43 lakh crore (US$77 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">18th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>118,504 (US$1,400) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">18th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-AS</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AS</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" />0.614 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>Medium<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">30th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 72.19%<a href="#cite_note-pc-census2011-12">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">958 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assam.gov.in">assam.gov.in</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Assam</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Assam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/80px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/120px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/160px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="299" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Assam" title="Emblem of Assam">Emblem of Assam</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/O_Mur_Apunar_Dekh" class="mw-redirect" title="O Mur Apunar Dekh">Ö Mür Apünar Dekh</a>"<a href="#cite_note-ab-2">[2]</a> (O my Dearest Country)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Foundation day</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assam_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam Day">Assam Day</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White-winged_duck" title="White-winged duck">White-winged duck</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Foxtail_orchid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxtail orchid">Foxtail orchid</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fruit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaji_Nemu" title="Kaji Nemu">Kaji Nemu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hollong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollong">Hollong</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway mark</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-AS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SH_IN-AS.png/90px-SH_IN-AS.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SH_IN-AS.png/135px-SH_IN-AS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SH_IN-AS.png/180px-SH_IN-AS.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Assam <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Assam" title="List of state highways in Assam">AS SH1 -AS SH48</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">• First recognised as an administrative division on 1 April 1911, and led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam Province</a> by partitioning <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Province of East Bengal and Assam</a>. • Assam was one of the original provincial divisions of British India. • Assam has had a legislature since 1937.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Assam (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈsæm, æˈsæm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ə-SAM, a-SAM</a>;<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Assamese: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">[ɔ'xɔm]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b7\/As-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE-2.oga\/As-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE-2.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"As-\u0985\u09b8\u09ae-2.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/As-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE-2.oga/As-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE-2.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:As-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE-2.oga" title="File:As-অসম-2.oga">ⓘ</a>) is a state in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeastern</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, south of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley" title="Brahmaputra Valley">Brahmaputra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barak_River" title="Barak River">Barak River</a> valleys. Assam covers an area of 78,438 km2 (30,285 sq mi). It is the second largest state in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeastern India</a> by area and the largest in terms of population, with more than 31 million inhabitants. The state is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> to the north; <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> to the east; <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> to the south; and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to the west via the <a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a>, a 22-kilometre-wide (14 mi) strip of land that connects the state to the rest of India. <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a> are two of the official languages for the entire state and <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri</a>) is recognised as an additional official language in three districts of <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai district</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Barak_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Barak valley">Barak valley</a> region, alongside <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, which is also an official language in the Barak Valley. The state has 35 <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Assam" title="List of districts of Assam">districts</a> with 5 <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Assam" title="Administrative divisions of Assam">divisions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a> (containing the state capital <a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a>) is the largest city in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeastern India</a>. Assam is known for <a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">Assam silk</a>. The state was the first site for <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil drilling</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Assam is home to the one-horned <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild water buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">pygmy hog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> and various species of Asiatic birds, and provides one of the last wild habitats for the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assamese economy</a> is aided by <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_tourism" title="Wildlife tourism">wildlife tourism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas National Park</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dibru-Saikhowa_National_Park" title="Dibru-Saikhowa National Park">Dibru-Saikhowa National Park</a> is famed for its <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">feral horses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Sal tree</a> forests are found in the state which, as a result of abundant rainfall, look green all year round. Assam receives more rainfall than most parts of India; this rain feeds the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lakes</a> provide the region with a distinctive hydro-<a href="/wiki/Geomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomorphic">geomorphic</a> environment. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Assam" title="Etymology of Assam">Etymology of Assam</a></div> The first dated mention of the region comes from <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> (1st century) and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a> (2nd century), which calls the region Kirrhadia, apparently after the <a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kirata</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In the classical period and up to the 12th century, the region east of the <a href="/wiki/Karatoya_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Karatoya river">Karatoya river</a>, largely congruent to present-day Assam, was called <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a>, and alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragjyotisha">Pragjyotisha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Though a western portion of Assam as a region continued to be called <a href="/wiki/Kamrup_region" title="Kamrup region">Kamrup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> that emerged in the east, and which came to dominate the entire <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra valley">Brahmaputra valley</a>, was called Assam (e.g. Mughals used Asham); and the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assam" title="Colonial Assam">British province</a> too was called Assam. Though the precise <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Assam" title="Etymology of Assam">etymology of Assam</a> is not clear, the name Assam is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Ahom people</a>, originally called Shyam (<a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">History of Assam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history">Pre-history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/People_of_Assam" title="People of Assam">People of Assam</a></div> Assam and adjoining regions have evidences of human settlement from the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. The hills at the height of 1,500 to 2,000 feet (460–615 m) were popular habitats probably due to availability of exposed dolerite basalt, useful for tool-making.<a href="#cite_note-HKBarpujariCHOA-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambari" title="Ambari">Ambari</a> site in Guwahati has revealed <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kushana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushana">Kushana</a> era artefacts including flight of stairs and a water tank which may date from 1st century BCE and may be 2,000 years old. Experts speculate that another significant find at Ambari is <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman pottery">Roman roulette pottery</a> from the 2nd century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legend">Legend</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legend">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Danava_dynasty" title="Danava dynasty">Danava dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhauma_dynasty" title="Bhauma dynasty">Bhauma dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asura_kingdom" title="Asura kingdom">Asura kingdom</a></div> According to a late text, <a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a> (c. 9th–10th century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>), the earliest ruler of Assam was Mahiranga Danav of the <a href="/wiki/Danava_dynasty" title="Danava dynasty">Danava dynasty</a>, which was removed by <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Naraka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Bhauma_dynasty" title="Bhauma dynasty">Bhauma dynasty</a>. The last of these rulers, also Naraka, was slain by <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. Naraka's son <a href="/wiki/Bhagadatta" title="Bhagadatta">Bhagadatta</a> became the king, who (it is mentioned in the Mahabharata) fought for the <a href="/wiki/Kaurava" title="Kaurava">Kauravas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">battle of Kurukshetra</a> with an army of <a href="/wiki/Kiratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiratas">kiratas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">chinas</a> and dwellers of the eastern coast. At the same time towards the east in central Assam, <a href="/wiki/Asura_kingdom" title="Asura kingdom">Asura kingdom</a> was ruled by another line of kings.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:378px;max-width:378px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamarupa_map_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kamarupa_map_%28cropped%29.png/185px-Kamarupa_map_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kamarupa_map_%28cropped%29.png/278px-Kamarupa_map_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kamarupa_map_%28cropped%29.png/370px-Kamarupa_map_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="665" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom at its height</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:DEOPAHAR_NUMALIGARH_ASSAM_INDIA_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DEOPAHAR_NUMALIGARH_ASSAM_INDIA_.jpg/185px-DEOPAHAR_NUMALIGARH_ASSAM_INDIA_.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DEOPAHAR_NUMALIGARH_ASSAM_INDIA_.jpg/278px-DEOPAHAR_NUMALIGARH_ASSAM_INDIA_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/DEOPAHAR_NUMALIGARH_ASSAM_INDIA_.jpg/370px-DEOPAHAR_NUMALIGARH_ASSAM_INDIA_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Deopahar" title="Deopahar">Deopahar</a> ruins</div></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a></div> Evidence indicates presence of civilisation in Assam around 2nd century BCE, a rock cut stupa at <a href="/wiki/Sri_Surya_Pahar" title="Sri Surya Pahar">Sri Surya Pahar</a> has been dated to 200 BCE contemporary with rock cut <a href="/wiki/Karla_Caves" title="Karla Caves">Karle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhaja_Caves" title="Bhaja Caves">Bhaja</a> caves of Maharashtra. The site is located in a hilly terrain where several rock-cut <a href="/wiki/Shivalinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivalinga">shivalingas</a>, votive stupas and the deities of Hindu, Buddhist and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> pantheon are scattered.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>'s 4th-century-CE <a href="/wiki/Prayaga_prashasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayaga prashasti">Allahabad pillar inscription</a> mentions <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Davaka">Davaka</a> (Central Assam)<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> as frontier kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. Davaka was later absorbed by Kamarupa, which grew into a large kingdom that spanned from Karatoya river to near present <a href="/wiki/Sadiya" title="Sadiya">Sadiya</a> and covered the entire Brahmaputra valley, <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">North Bengal</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and, at times <a href="/wiki/Purnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Purnea">Purnea</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The kingdom was ruled by three dynasties who traced their lineage from a mleccha or Kirata Naraka; the <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varmanas</a> (c. 350–650 CE), the <a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> (c.655–900 CE) and the <a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Kamarupa-Palas</a> (c. 900–1100 CE), from their capitals in present-day <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pragjyotishpura" title="Pragjyotishpura">Pragjyotishpura</a>), Tezpur (<a href="/wiki/Haruppeswara" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruppeswara">Haruppeswara</a>) and <a href="/wiki/North_Gauhati" class="mw-redirect" title="North Gauhati">North Gauhati</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durjaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Durjaya">Durjaya</a>) respectively. All three dynasties claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Narakasura" title="Narakasura">Narakasura</a>. In the reign of the Varman king, <a href="/wiki/Bhaskaravarman" title="Bhaskaravarman">Bhaskaravarman</a> (c. 600–650 CE), the Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> visited the <a href="/wiki/Kamrup_region" title="Kamrup region">region</a> and recorded his travels. Later, after weakening and disintegration (after the Kamarupa-Palas), the Kamarupa tradition was extended to c. 1255 CE by the Lunar I (c. 1120–1185 CE) and Lunar II (c. 1155–1255 CE) dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-HKBarpujariCHOA-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era">Medieval era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kamata_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamata kingdom">Kamata kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutia_kingdom" title="Chutia kingdom">Chutia kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kachari_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachari kingdom">Kachari kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></div> The Medieval Assam history may have started with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahoms</a> in the early part of the 13th century and covers their entire rule of 600 years till 1826. The medieval history of Assam is especially known for its conflict with Muslim powers under <a href="/wiki/Turko-Afghan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Afghan">Turko-Afghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>, finally resulting in Assamese victory, however, this military glory was shattered in the early 19th century when it failed to resist the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_invasions_of_Assam" title="Burmese invasions of Assam">Burmese invasions</a>, which led to its annexation.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chutia_kingdom">Chutia kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chutia kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_kingdom" title="Chutia kingdom">Chutia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bodo-Kachari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo-Kachari people">Bodo-Kachari</a> group by origin, held the regions on both the banks of Brahmaputra with its domain in the area eastwards from <a href="/wiki/Biswanath_Chariali" title="Biswanath Chariali">Vishwanath</a> (north bank) and <a href="/wiki/Dihing_River" title="Dihing River">Buridihing</a> (south bank), in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Assam">Upper Assam</a> and in the state of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>. It was annexed by the Ahoms in the year 1524. The rivalry between the Chutias and Ahoms for the supremacy of eastern Assam led to a series of conflicts between them from the early 16th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kachari_kingdom">Kachari kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kachari kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kachari_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachari kingdom">Kachari kingdom</a></div> The Dimasa, a Bodo-Kachari dynasty that ruled from the 13th century until 1854, controlled territories stretching from the Dikhow River to central and southern Assam, with their capital at Dimapur. By the early 17th century, with the expansion of the Ahom kingdom, the Chutia regions were annexed, and by around 1536, the Kacharis were confined to the areas of Cachar and North Cachar. At this point, they became more of an ally to the Ahoms than a rival force. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahom_kingdom">Ahom kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ahom kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_period">Early period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sukaphaa" title="Sukaphaa">Sukaphaa</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Ahoms</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> group, ruled <a href="/wiki/Upper_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Assam">Upper Assam</a> for almost 600 years.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> In the year 1228 the Tai-Ahoms came to the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley" title="Brahmaputra Valley">Brahmaputra Valley</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Sukaphaa" title="Sukaphaa">Sukapha</a> along with 9,000 men from <a href="/wiki/Mong_Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mong Mao">Mong Mao</a>, a Tai state, situated in South-Western <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> of China, and established his kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Assam">Upper Assam</a>. In 1253, he founded the capital city in a hillock and named it <a href="/wiki/Charaideo" title="Charaideo">Charaideo</a>. At the time of his advent, the area was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Moran_people" title="Moran people">Morans</a> and Borahis, to the north, to the north-east was the <a href="/wiki/Chutia_kingdom" title="Chutia kingdom">Chutia kingdom</a> and to the south was the <a href="/wiki/Kachari_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachari kingdom">Kachari kingdom</a> and to the west on the plains were the <a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuyans_of_Assam" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyans</a>. For more than two and a half centuries, Sukapha and his descendants, while primarily focused on administering the kingdom, upheld their dominance in the valley through their military prowess.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charaideo_Moidams_image_,Assam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Charaideo_Moidams_image_%2CAssam.jpg/220px-Charaideo_Moidams_image_%2CAssam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Charaideo_Moidams_image_%2CAssam.jpg/330px-Charaideo_Moidams_image_%2CAssam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Charaideo_Moidams_image_%2CAssam.jpg/440px-Charaideo_Moidams_image_%2CAssam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Charaideo Maidams -UNESCO World Heritage Site ,Assam</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion">Expansion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Expansion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Suhungmung" title="Suhungmung">Suhungmung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimasa kingdom">Dimasa kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_map_illustrating_the_extent_of_the_Assamese_kingdom_in_their_zenith.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sketch_map_illustrating_the_extent_of_the_Assamese_kingdom_in_their_zenith.png/220px-Sketch_map_illustrating_the_extent_of_the_Assamese_kingdom_in_their_zenith.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sketch_map_illustrating_the_extent_of_the_Assamese_kingdom_in_their_zenith.png/330px-Sketch_map_illustrating_the_extent_of_the_Assamese_kingdom_in_their_zenith.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sketch_map_illustrating_the_extent_of_the_Assamese_kingdom_in_their_zenith.png/440px-Sketch_map_illustrating_the_extent_of_the_Assamese_kingdom_in_their_zenith.png 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>Assamese kingdoms in their greatest territorial heights. <a href="/wiki/Kachari_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachari kingdom">Kachari kingdom</a> (1230) in red dotted lines, <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch dynasty</a> (1560) in blue lines, <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> (1700) in red lines.</figcaption></figure> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Suhungmung" title="Suhungmung">Suhungmung</a> marked the first massive expansion of <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a>. Besides sending a punitive expeditions against the Nagas, they fought numerous battles with the Bhuyans, Chutias, Kacharis, Turko-Afghans, and the Naras. In 1522–23 the <a href="/wiki/Chutia_kingdom" title="Chutia kingdom">Chutia kingdom</a> was annexed and the captured tract was placed under the administration of Sadiya-Khowa-Gohain. After securing the eastern tract, Suhungmung than expanded his kingdom westwards through conquest and extended it till Marangi to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Dhansiri" title="Dhansiri">Dhansiri</a> river. When the Kacharis tried to regain the lost territory they were defeated and their capital <a href="/wiki/Dimapur" title="Dimapur">Dimapur</a> was sacked. Over the remaining part of the Kachari kingdom, a new king Detsung was placed as a tributary, but Detsung proved disloyal and revolted against the Ahoms. He was subsequently executed. A new dependent king was set up on the Kachari throne with the name of Nirbhaynarayan. Since then the Kachari kings were regarded as 'thapita sanchita' meaning - established and maintained by the Ahom rulers. Suhungmung's reign also witnessed the first Muslim-invasions of the kingdom. After a series of battle, the invaders were roundly defeated and were chased up to <a href="/wiki/Karatoya_River" title="Karatoya River">Karatoya River</a>. The Sultan of Bengal, terrified by the approaching army of Suhungmung, made peace by offering his two daughters and five paraganas, along with other articles as dowry to the king. The rising Koch king <a href="/wiki/Biswa_Singha" title="Biswa Singha">Biswa Singha</a> also offered his submission, and the Ahom general Ton-Kham granted him all the territories that were received as dowry from the Sultan of Bengal on the condition of annual tribute.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The successors of Suhungmung, <a href="/wiki/Suklenmung" title="Suklenmung">Suklenmung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhaamphaa" title="Sukhaamphaa">Sukhaamphaa</a>, sent many expeditions against the Bhuyans and Nagas. But were significant with the wars with the Koch. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sukhaamphaa" title="Sukhaamphaa">Sukhaamphaa</a>, the Ahoms lost to a Koch army led by <a href="/wiki/Chilarai" title="Chilarai">Chilarai</a> and the Ahoms had to accept Koch supremacy and had to give up the tracts of north of Brahmaputra. However, the lost tract was soon recovered with further military expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Period">Later Period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later Period">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_with_Mughals">War with Mughals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War with Mughals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_of_Gadadhar_Singha_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cannon_of_Gadadhar_Singha_2.jpg/233px-Cannon_of_Gadadhar_Singha_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cannon_of_Gadadhar_Singha_2.jpg/350px-Cannon_of_Gadadhar_Singha_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cannon_of_Gadadhar_Singha_2.jpg/466px-Cannon_of_Gadadhar_Singha_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Cannon captured from the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> </figcaption></figure> Soon after the death of <a href="/wiki/Nara_Narayan" title="Nara Narayan">Nara Narayan</a> his kingdom, got divided between the sons of Nara Narayan and <a href="/wiki/Chilarai" title="Chilarai">Chilarai</a> as <a href="/wiki/Koch_Hajo" title="Koch Hajo">Koch Hajo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koch_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Bihar">Koch Bihar</a>. In 1609, Laxmi Narayan king of <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a> accepted the vassalage of <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Koch_Hajo" title="Koch Hajo">Koch Hajo</a> king Raghudev and later his son Parikshit sought assistance from Ahoms. In 1612, the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Koch_Hajo" title="Koch Hajo">Koch Hajo</a> and his territory up to <a href="/wiki/Barnadi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnadi River">Barnadi River</a> were annexed in the Mughal domain. This brought the Mughals with direct contact with Ahoms. Meanwhile, Parikshit was trying to renew his friendship with Ahoms, but got captured, and died on his way to his kingdom. Later <a href="/wiki/Balinarayan" title="Balinarayan">Balinarayan</a>, a brother of Parikshit who had taken refugee under the Ahoms was made the king of Darrang in 1615 by the Ahom king <a href="/wiki/Susenghphaa" title="Susenghphaa">Pratap Singha</a>. From 1616, onwards many battles were fought the Mughal without any tangible result, with the first <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samdhara" title="Battle of Samdhara">Battle of Samdhara</a> till after the last battle where the treaty was concluded in 1639 which fixed the Asurar ali on the south bank and the Barnadi on the north bank of the Brahmaputra as the boundary between the two. Pratap Singha had also enacted the <a href="/wiki/Paik_system" title="Paik system">Paik system</a> and created a number of army and civil administration posts such as the <a href="/wiki/Borbarua" class="mw-redirect" title="Borbarua">Borbarua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borphukan" title="Borphukan">Borphukan</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garh_Garhchuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Garh_Garhchuck.jpg/213px-Garh_Garhchuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Garh_Garhchuck.jpg/320px-Garh_Garhchuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Garh_Garhchuck.jpg/426px-Garh_Garhchuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garchuk_Lachit_Garh" title="Garchuk Lachit Garh">Garchuk Lachit Garh</a> a 17th-century mud fort ruins</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jayadhwaj_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayadhwaj Singha">Jayadhwaj Singha</a> taking the advantage of <a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">War of succession</a> between the sons of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, occupied the imperial territories up to <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> after becoming the emperor, appointed <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jumla_II" title="Mir Jumla II">Mir Jumla II</a>, to recover the lost territory. After fail negotiations. In November 1661, Mir Jumla proceeded with a huge army and fleet to invade Ahom kingdom. Here the Ahoms, lost at several places, and then captured the Ahom capital <a href="/wiki/Garhgaon" title="Garhgaon">Garhgaon</a>. During the rainy season Mir Jumla and his army suffered immeasurable hardship due to the climatic condition of the valley in addition the guerrilla fighting resorted against the invaders. And at last no noticeable gain, negotiation started and in January 1663, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghilajharighat" title="Treaty of Ghilajharighat">Treaty of Ghilajharighat</a> was concluded. According to the treaty, the Ahoms had to acknowledging Mughal supremacy, ceded the territory west of the Bharali on the north bank and the Kalang on the south bank along with a huge amount of war indemnity and handing over the sons of the Gohains as hostage and two Ahom princesses to the Mughal harem. Soon after the departure of <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jumla_II" title="Mir Jumla II">Mir Jumla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayadhwaj_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayadhwaj Singha">Jayadhwaj Singha</a> died and the new king <a href="/wiki/Chakradhwaj_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakradhwaj Singha">Chakradhwaj Singha</a> began preparations to overthrow Mughal supremacy and to recover the lost territory. After numerous battles, finally after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saraighat" title="Battle of Saraighat">Battle of Saraighat</a> the Mughals were forced to retreat. The period after 1671 was very unstable due to the rivalry among the nobles, who wanted to arrest their own political power and influence by placing their own choice of prince in the throne. In 1679, <a href="/wiki/Laluksola_Borphukan" title="Laluksola Borphukan">Laluksola Borphukan</a>, in hopes of becoming king with the help of Mughals, surrendered Guwahati without any battle. But after the accession of <a href="/wiki/Gadadhar_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadadhar Singha">Gadadhar Singha</a>, fought the final <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Itakhuli" title="Battle of Itakhuli">Battle of Itakhuli</a> where the Mughals were badly defeated. And the since then the border was fixed at Manah on the north bank and the Nagarbera hill on the south bank of the Brahmaputra till its annexation by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1826.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rudra_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudra Singha">Rudra Singha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siva_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva Singha">Siva Singha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moamoria_rebellion" title="Moamoria rebellion">Moamoria rebellion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siva_dol,_Sivasagar,_Assam_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siva_dol%2C_Sivasagar%2C_Assam_%281%29.jpg/213px-Siva_dol%2C_Sivasagar%2C_Assam_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siva_dol%2C_Sivasagar%2C_Assam_%281%29.jpg/320px-Siva_dol%2C_Sivasagar%2C_Assam_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Siva_dol%2C_Sivasagar%2C_Assam_%281%29.jpg/426px-Siva_dol%2C_Sivasagar%2C_Assam_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sivadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivadol">Siva dol</a>, Devi dol and Vishnu dol on the banks <a href="/wiki/Sivasagar_Tank_(Borpukhuri)" title="Sivasagar Tank (Borpukhuri)">Sivasagar tank</a>, the largest temple constructed during Ahom era</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assamese_royal_court_scene_from_Dharma_Purana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Assamese_royal_court_scene_from_Dharma_Purana.jpg/220px-Assamese_royal_court_scene_from_Dharma_Purana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Assamese_royal_court_scene_from_Dharma_Purana.jpg/330px-Assamese_royal_court_scene_from_Dharma_Purana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Assamese_royal_court_scene_from_Dharma_Purana.jpg/440px-Assamese_royal_court_scene_from_Dharma_Purana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Royal court of <a href="/wiki/Siva_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva Singha">Siva Singha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambika,_Bar_Raja" title="Ambika, Bar Raja">Ambika</a> by Badha Ligira, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1736.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rudra_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudra Singha">Rudra Singha</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Gadadhar_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadadhar Singha">Gadadhar Singha</a>, his reign is notable because of his military achievements and his socio-culture contributions. He had both subjugated the Kachari and Jaintia kingdoms, and had captured their kings and forced to accept Ahom suzerainty and agreed them to pay annual tribute. Other than that, several expeditions were sent against the Miris, the Daflas, the Naga Mishmis and the Nagas of Namsung, Dayang and the Rengma Nagas during late 17th century and early 18th century. Rudra Singha had made extensive preparations for his invasion of Bengal but remained unfulfilled due to his sudden death in 1714. After <a href="/wiki/Rudra_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudra Singha">Rudra Singha</a>, the Ahoms achieved no notable military achievement. During this period from, <a href="/wiki/Siva_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva Singha">Siva Singha</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rajeswar_Singha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajeswar Singha">Rajeswar Singha</a>, the kingdom witnessed peace and prosperity and was significant for constructive activities and other development. In the field of religion also, <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a> spread all over the kingdom and started to influence all aspects of people's life. The religious heads of Vaisnavite monastery exalted great influence with royal patronage and established numerous <a href="/wiki/Satras" class="mw-redirect" title="Satras">Satras</a> and most of the people became their disciples. So got the Ahom court greatly came under the influence of Sakta Brahman priests and astrologers. The religious policies concluded by <a href="/wiki/Phuleshwari" title="Phuleshwari">Phuleshwari</a> and the persecutions of unfavored Satras, embroiled the situation more along with the pressure of <a href="/wiki/Paik_system" title="Paik system">Paik system</a> in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> This finally resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Moamoria_rebellion" title="Moamoria rebellion">Moamoria rebellion</a> (1769–1805), which greatly weakened the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> where the country was greatly depopulated and unorganised. The political rivalry between the nobles made a pathway for the Burmese to invade and weakened it more and finally leading to its annexation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colonial era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_gazetteer_1907-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bengal_gazetteer_1907-9.jpg/310px-Bengal_gazetteer_1907-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bengal_gazetteer_1907-9.jpg/465px-Bengal_gazetteer_1907-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bengal_gazetteer_1907-9.jpg/620px-Bengal_gazetteer_1907-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> during 1907–1909</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/310px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/465px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/620px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">A map of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian Empire</a> in 1909 during the partition of Bengal (1905–1911), showing British India in two shades of pink (<a href="/wiki/Coral_pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral pink">coral</a> and pale) and the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> in yellow. The Assam Province (initially as the Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam) can be seen towards the north-eastern side of India.</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assam" title="Colonial Assam">Colonial Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam Province</a></div> The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">Camellia sinensis</a> in 1834 in Assam was followed by testing in 1836–37 in London. The British allowed companies to rent land from 1839 onwards. Thereafter tea plantations proliferated in Eastern Assam,<a href="#cite_note-Roy-38">[37]</a> where the soil and the climate were most suitable. Problems with the imported Han Chinese labourers from China and hostility from native Assamese resulted in the migration of forced labourers from central and eastern parts of India. After initial trial and error with planting the Chinese and the Assamese-Chinese hybrid varieties, the planters later accepted the local <a href="/wiki/Camellia_assamica" class="mw-redirect" title="Camellia assamica">Camellia assamica</a> as the most suitable variety for Assam. By the 1850s, the industry started seeing some profits. The industry saw initial growth, when in 1861, investors were allowed to own land in Assam and it saw substantial progress with the invention of new technologies and machinery for preparing processed tea during the 1870s. Despite the commercial success, tea labourers continued to be exploited, working and living under poor conditions. Fearful of greater government interference, the tea growers formed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tea_Association" title="Indian Tea Association">Indian Tea Association</a> in 1888 to lobby to retain the status quo. The organisation was successful in this, but even after India's independence, conditions of the labourers have improved very little.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In the later part of the 18th century, religious tensions and atrocities by the nobles led to the <a href="/wiki/Moamoria_rebellion" title="Moamoria rebellion">Moamoria rebellion</a> (1769–1805), resulting in tremendous casualties of lives and property. The rebellion was suppressed but the kingdom was severely weakened by the civil war. Political rivalry between Prime Minister Purnananda <a href="/wiki/Burhagohain" title="Burhagohain">Burhagohain</a> and Badan Chandra <a href="/wiki/Borphukan" title="Borphukan">Borphukan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Ahom</a> Viceroy of Western Assam, led to an invitation to the Burmese by the latter,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> in turn leading to three successive <a href="/wiki/Burmese_invasions_of_Assam" title="Burmese invasions of Assam">Burmese invasions of Assam</a>. The reigning monarch <a href="/wiki/Sudingphaa" title="Sudingphaa">Chandrakanta Singha</a> tried to check the Burmese invaders but he was defeated after fierce resistance, which led to the Burmese occupation of Assam.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> A reign of terror was unleashed by the Burmese on the Assamese people,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> who fled to neighbouring kingdoms and British-ruled <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The Burmese reached the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">East India Company</a>'s borders, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> ensued in 1824. The war ended under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Yandabo" title="Treaty of Yandabo">Treaty of Yandabo</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> in 1826, with the Company taking control of Western Assam and installing <a href="/wiki/Purandar_Singha" title="Purandar Singha">Purandar Singha</a> as king of Upper Assam in 1833. The arrangement lasted until 1838 and thereafter the British gradually annexed the entire region. Thereafter the court language and medium of instruction in educational institutions of Assam was made <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, instead of Assamese. Starting from 1836 until 1873, this imposition of a foreign tongue created greater unemployment among the <a href="/wiki/People_of_Assam" title="People of Assam">People of Assam</a> and Assamese literature naturally suffered in its growth.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanaklata_Udyan,_Tezpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kanaklata_Udyan%2C_Tezpur.jpg/220px-Kanaklata_Udyan%2C_Tezpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kanaklata_Udyan%2C_Tezpur.jpg/330px-Kanaklata_Udyan%2C_Tezpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kanaklata_Udyan%2C_Tezpur.jpg/440px-Kanaklata_Udyan%2C_Tezpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Showing a historical incident at Kanaklata Udyan, <a href="/wiki/Tezpur" title="Tezpur">Tezpur</a></figcaption></figure> Initially, Assam was made a part of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, then in 1906 it was made a part of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> province, and in 1912 it was reconstituted into a chief commissioners' province. In 1913, a legislative council and, in 1937, the Assam Legislative Assembly, were formed in Shillong, the erstwhile capital of the region. The British tea planters imported labour from central India adding to the demographic canvas. The Assam territory was first separated from Bengal in 1874 as the 'North-East Frontier' <a href="/wiki/Non-regulation_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-regulation province">non-regulation province</a>, also known as the Assam Chief-Commissionership. It was incorporated into the new province of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> in 1905 after the partition of Bengal (1905–1911) and re-established in 1912 as <a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> After a few initially unsuccessful attempts to gain independence for Assam during the 1850s, anti-colonial Assamese joined and actively supported the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> against the British from the early 20th century, with <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Bordoloi" title="Gopinath Bordoloi">Gopinath Bordoloi</a> emerging as the preeminent nationalist leader in the Assam Congress.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bordoloi's major political rival in this time was Sir Saidullah, who was representing the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>, and had the backing of the influential Muslim cleric <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Bhasani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Bhasani">Maulana Bhasani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The Assam Postage Circle was established by 1873 under the headship of the Deputy Post Master General.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a governor or a lieutenant-governor. Assam Province was one among the major eight provinces of British India. The table below shows the major original provinces during British India covering the Assam Province under the Administrative Office of the Chief Commissioner. With the partition of India in 1947, Assam became a constituent state of India. The <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_District" title="Sylhet District">Sylhet District</a> of Assam (excluding the Karimganj subdivision) was given up to East Pakistan, which later became Bangladesh. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam_in_1950s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Assam_in_1950s.png/280px-Assam_in_1950s.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Assam_in_1950s.png/420px-Assam_in_1950s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Assam_in_1950s.png/560px-Assam_in_1950s.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Assam till the 1950s; The new states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram formed in the 1960–70s. The capital of Assam was shifted to Dispur, a suburb of Guwahati. After the Indo-China war in 1962, Arunachal Pradesh was also separated out.</div></figcaption></figure> The government of India, which has the unilateral powers to change the borders of a state, divided Assam into several states beginning in 1970 within the borders of what was then Assam. In 1963, the Naga Hills district became the 16th state of India under the name of <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>. Part of Tuensang was added to Nagaland. In 1970, in response to the demands of the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo people of the <a href="/wiki/Karbi-Meghalaya_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi-Meghalaya plateau">Meghalaya Plateau</a>, the districts containing the Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills, and Garo Hills were formed into an autonomous state within Assam; in 1972 this became a separate state under the name of Meghalaya. In 1972, Arunachal Pradesh (the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Frontier_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="North East Frontier Agency">North East Frontier Agency</a>) and Mizoram (from the Mizo Hills in the south) were separated from Assam as union territories; both became states in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-Bhattacharyya1995-59">[58]</a> Since the restructuring of Assam after independence, communal tensions and violence remain. <a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Separatist groups</a> began forming along ethnic lines, and demands for autonomy and sovereignty grew, resulting in the fragmentation of Assam. In 1961, the government of Assam passed legislation making use of the <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese language</a> compulsory. It was withdrawn later <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Barak_Valley)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)">under pressure from Bengali speaking people in Cachar</a>. In the 1980s the Brahmaputra valley saw a six-year <a href="/wiki/Assam_Agitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam Agitation">Assam Agitation</a><a href="#cite_note-Hazarika-60">[59]</a> triggered by the discovery of a sudden rise in registered voters on electoral rolls. It tried to force the government to identify and deport foreigners illegally migrating from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and to provide constitutional, legislative, administrative and cultural safeguards for the indigenous Assamese majority, which they felt was under threat due to the increase of migration from Bangladesh. The agitation ended after an accord (Assam Accord 1985) between its leaders and the Union Government, which remained unimplemented, causing simmering discontent.<a href="#cite_note-SinhaSKillmig-61">[60]</a> The post 1970s experienced the growth of armed separatist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Liberation_Front_of_Asom" title="United Liberation Front of Asom">United Liberation Front of Asom</a> (ULFA)<a href="#cite_note-Hazarika-60">[59]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_Bodoland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Front of Bodoland">National Democratic Front of Bodoland</a> (NDFB). In November 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> deployed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian army">Indian army</a>, after which low-intensity military conflicts and political homicides have been continuing for more than a decade. In recent times, ethnically based militant groups have grown. The <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayati Raj">Panchayati Raj</a> Act has been applied in Assam, after agitation of the communities due to the sluggish rate of development and general apathy of successive state governments towards Indigenous Assamese communities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Deadly floods hit the state in <a href="/wiki/2020_Assam_floods" title="2020 Assam floods">2020</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Assam_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Assam floods">2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam_Valley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Assam_Valley.JPG/300px-Assam_Valley.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Assam_Valley.JPG/450px-Assam_Valley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Assam_Valley.JPG/600px-Assam_Valley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Environs: Assam, dissected hills of the South Indian Plateau system and the Himalayas all around its north, north-east and east.</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography_of_Assam" title="Physical geography of Assam">Physical geography of Assam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in North East India">Tourism in North East India</a></div> A significant geographical aspect of Assam is that it contains three of six physiographic divisions of India – The Northern Himalayas (Eastern Hills), The Northern Plains (Brahmaputra plain) and Deccan Plateau (Karbi Anglong). As the Brahmaputra flows in Assam the climate here is cold and there is rainfall most of the month. Geomorphic studies conclude that the Brahmaputra, the life-line of Assam, is an <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Antecedent river">antecedent river</a> older than the Himalayas, which has <a href="/wiki/Entrenched_river" title="Entrenched river">entrenched itself</a> since they started rising. The river with steep <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">gorges</a> and rapids in Arunachal Pradesh entering Assam, becomes a <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">braided river</a> (at times 10 mi/16 km wide) and with tributaries, creates a flood plain (Brahmaputra Valley: 50–60 mi/80–100 km wide, 600 mi/1000 km long).<a href="#cite_note-RLSinghIndia-63">[62]</a> The hills of <a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi Anglong">Karbi Anglong</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Cachar" class="mw-redirect" title="North Cachar">North Cachar</a> and those in and close to Guwahati (also Khasi-Garo Hills) now eroded and dissected are originally parts of the South Indian Plateau system.<a href="#cite_note-RLSinghIndia-63">[62]</a> In the south, the <a href="/wiki/Barak_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Barak river">Barak</a> originating in the Barail Range (Assam-Nagaland border) flows through the <a href="/wiki/Cachar_district" title="Cachar district">Cachar district</a> with a 25–30 miles (40–50 km) wide valley and enters Bangladesh with the name <a href="/wiki/Surma_River" title="Surma River">Surma River</a>. Urban centres include <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>, one of the 100 fastest growing cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Guwahati is also referred to as the "Gateway to the North-East India". <a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a>, (in the Barak valley) is the second most populous city in Assam and an important centre of business. Other large cities include <a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh" title="Dibrugarh">Dibrugarh</a>, an oil and natural gas industry centre,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> With the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a>, Assam is temperate (summer max. at 95–100 °F or 35–38 °C and winter min. at 43–46 °F or 6–8 °C) and experiences heavy rainfall and high humidity.<a href="#cite_note-RLSinghIndia-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The climate is characterised by heavy monsoon downpours reducing summer temperatures and affecting foggy nights and mornings in winters, frequent during the afternoons. Spring (March–April) and autumn (September–October) are usually pleasant with moderate rainfall and temperature. Assam's agriculture usually depends on the south-west monsoon rains. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flooding">Flooding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Flooding">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_floods" title="Brahmaputra floods">Brahmaputra floods</a></div> Every year, rivers like the Brahmaputra and Barak overflow due to heavy rainfall, causing widespread flooding across Assam. The rising water levels submerge nearby areas, washing away houses, livestock, and damaging infrastructure such as bridges, railway tracks, and roads, leading to communication breakdowns in many regions. This natural disaster also results in numerous fatalities throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-Assam_Flood_Toll_Rises_to_13-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood_situation_in_Assam_worsens-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Assam" title="Biodiversity of Assam">Biodiversity of Assam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:378px;max-width:378px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinoceros_unicornis,_Kaziranga_(2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rhinoceros unicornis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rhinoceros_unicornis%2C_Kaziranga_%282006%29.jpg/185px-Rhinoceros_unicornis%2C_Kaziranga_%282006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rhinoceros_unicornis%2C_Kaziranga_%282006%29.jpg/278px-Rhinoceros_unicornis%2C_Kaziranga_%282006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rhinoceros_unicornis%2C_Kaziranga_%282006%29.jpg/370px-Rhinoceros_unicornis%2C_Kaziranga_%282006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="1226" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhino</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Langur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Golden langur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Golden_Langur.jpg/185px-Golden_Langur.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Golden_Langur.jpg/278px-Golden_Langur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Golden_Langur.jpg/370px-Golden_Langur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An endangered <a href="/wiki/Golden_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden langur">golden langur</a></div></div></div></div></div> Assam is one of the richest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> zones in the world and consists of tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> deciduous forests, riverine <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> orchards and numerous <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> ecosystems; Many are now protected as national parks and reserved forests. Assam has wildlife sanctuaries, the most prominent of which are two UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a>-the <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a>, on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manas_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Manas Wildlife Sanctuary">Manas Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, near the border with Bhutan. The Kaziranga is a refuge for the fast-disappearing Indian one-horned rhinoceros. The state is the last refuge for numerous other endangered and threatened species including the <a href="/wiki/White-winged_wood_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="White-winged wood duck">white-winged wood duck</a> or deohanh, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_florican" title="Bengal florican">Bengal florican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-breasted_parrotbill" title="Black-breasted parrotbill">black-breasted parrotbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-headed_vulture" title="Red-headed vulture">red-headed vulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-rumped_vulture" title="White-rumped vulture">white-rumped vulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_adjutant" title="Greater adjutant">greater adjutant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerdon%27s_babbler" title="Jerdon's babbler">Jerdon's babbler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufous-necked_hornbill" title="Rufous-necked hornbill">rufous-necked hornbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">pygmy hog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild water buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Indian hog deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoolock_gibbon" title="Hoolock gibbon">hoolock gibbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden langur">golden langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capped_langur" title="Capped langur">capped langur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">barasingha</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">Ganges river dolphin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channa_barca" class="mw-redirect" title="Channa barca">Barca snakehead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges_shark" title="Ganges shark">Ganges shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahminy_river_turtle" title="Brahminy river turtle">brahminy river turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pond_turtle" title="Black pond turtle">black pond turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_forest_tortoise" title="Asian forest tortoise">Asian forest tortoise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assam_roofed_turtle" title="Assam roofed turtle">Assam roofed turtle</a>. Threatened species that are extinct in Assam include the <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharial</a>, a critically endangered fish-eating crocodilian, and the <a href="/wiki/Pink-headed_duck" title="Pink-headed duck">pink-headed duck</a> (which may be extinct worldwide). For the state bird, the white-winged wood duck, Assam is a globally important area.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In addition to the above, there are three other National Parks in Assam namely Dibru Saikhowa National Park, Nameri National Park and the Orang National Park. Assam has conserved the one-horned <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> from near extinction, along with the <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">pygmy hog</a>, tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaziranga">Kaziranga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas</a> are both <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a>. The state contains <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Sal tree</a> forests and forest products, much depleted from earlier times. A land of high rainfall, Assam displays greenery. The Brahmaputra River tributaries and <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lakes</a> provide the region with hydro-<a href="/wiki/Geomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomorphic">geomorphic</a> environment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The state has the largest population of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild water buffalo</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The state has the highest diversity of birds in India with around 820 species.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> With subspecies the number is as high as 946.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The mammal diversity in the state is around 190 species.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kopou_Orchid_Assam_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kopou_Orchid_Assam_India.jpg/180px-Kopou_Orchid_Assam_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kopou_Orchid_Assam_India.jpg/270px-Kopou_Orchid_Assam_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kopou_Orchid_Assam_India.jpg/360px-Kopou_Orchid_Assam_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Blooming of <a href="/wiki/Rhynchostylis_retusa" title="Rhynchostylis retusa">Kopou Orchid</a> marks the beginning of the festive season of <a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a> in Assam.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flora">edit</a>]</div> Assam is remarkably rich in <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchid</a> species and the <a href="/wiki/Rhynchostylis_retusa" title="Rhynchostylis retusa">Foxtail orchid</a> is the state flower of Assam.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The recently established Kaziranga National Orchid and Biodiversity Park boasts more than 500 of the estimated 1,314 orchid species found in India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> Assam has <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, natural gas, coal, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and other minor minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">magnetic quartzite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sillimanite" title="Sillimanite">sillimanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEDFiNICminerals-80">[79]</a> A small quantity of iron ore is available in western districts.<a href="#cite_note-NEDFiNICminerals-80">[79]</a> Discovered in 1889, all the major petroleum-gas reserves are in Upper parts. A recent <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> estimate shows 399 million barrels (63,400,000 m3) of oil, 1,178 billion cubic feet (3.34×1010 m3) of gas and 67 million barrels (10,700,000 m3) of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas liquids">natural gas liquids</a> in the Assam Geologic Province.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The region is prone to natural disasters like annual floods and frequent mild earthquakes. Strong earthquakes were recorded in 1869, <a href="/wiki/1897_Assam_earthquake" title="1897 Assam earthquake">1897</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1950_Assam%E2%80%93Tibet_earthquake" title="1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake">1950</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Assam">Demography of Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_Manipuri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Assamese Manipuri people">Assamese Manipuri people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People_of_Assam" title="People of Assam">People of Assam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,289,680</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,848,617</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,636,980</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,560,371</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,694,790</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+20.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,028,856</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,837,329</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+35.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,625,152</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+35.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,041,248</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">22,414,322</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+24.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">26,655,528</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">31,205,576</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambubachi_Mela_at_Kamakhya_Temple_by_Vikramjit_Kakati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ambubachi_Mela_at_Kamakhya_Temple_by_Vikramjit_Kakati.jpg/220px-Ambubachi_Mela_at_Kamakhya_Temple_by_Vikramjit_Kakati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ambubachi_Mela_at_Kamakhya_Temple_by_Vikramjit_Kakati.jpg/330px-Ambubachi_Mela_at_Kamakhya_Temple_by_Vikramjit_Kakati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ambubachi_Mela_at_Kamakhya_Temple_by_Vikramjit_Kakati.jpg/440px-Ambubachi_Mela_at_Kamakhya_Temple_by_Vikramjit_Kakati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>People gathered at <a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya Temple</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a></figcaption></figure> The total population of Assam was 26.66 million with 4.91 million households in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-GoAStats-83">[82]</a> Higher population concentration was recorded in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Kamrup_district" title="Kamrup district">Kamrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Nagaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonitpur_district" title="Sonitpur district">Sonitpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barpeta_district" title="Barpeta district">Barpeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhubri_district" title="Dhubri district">Dhubri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darrang_district" title="Darrang district">Darrang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cachar_district" title="Cachar district">Cachar</a>. Assam's population was estimated at 28.67 million in 2006 and at 30.57 million in 2011 and is expected to reach 34.18  million by 2021 and 35.60 million by 2026.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> As per the 2011 census, the total population of Assam was 31,169,272. The total population of the state has increased from 26,638,407 to 31,169,272 in the last ten years with a growth rate of 16.93%.<a href="#cite_note-AsCensus-85">[84]</a> Of the 33 districts, <a href="/wiki/Dhubri_district" title="Dhubri district">Dhubri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goalpara_district" title="Goalpara district">Goalpara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barpeta_district" title="Barpeta district">Barpeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morigaon_district" title="Morigaon district">Morigaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Nagaon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_district" title="Hailakandi district">Hailakandi</a>, recorded growth rates ranging from 20 per cent to 24 per cent during the last decade, whereas <a href="/wiki/Sivasagar_district" title="Sivasagar district">Sivasagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorhat_district" title="Jorhat district">Jorhat</a>, registered around 9 per cent population growth. These districts do not have any international border.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam_Demography_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Assam_Demography_1.png/370px-Assam_Demography_1.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Assam_Demography_1.png/555px-Assam_Demography_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Assam_Demography_1.png/740px-Assam_Demography_1.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">District-wise Demographic Characteristics in 2001</div></figcaption></figure> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate in the state was 73.18%. The male literacy rate was 78.81% and the female literacy rate was 67.27%.<a href="#cite_note-AsCensus-85">[84]</a> In 2001, the census had recorded literacy in Assam at 63.3% with male literacy at 71.3% and female at 54.6%. The urbanisation rate was recorded at 12.9%.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The growth of population in Assam has increased since the middle decades of the 20th century. The population grew from 3.29 million in 1901 to 6.70 million in 1941. It increased to 14.63 million in 1971 and 22.41 million in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-GoAStats-83">[82]</a> The growth in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Assam_division" title="Lower Assam division">Western districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Southern districts</a> was high primarily due to the influx of large number of illegal immigrants from <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, now Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-SinhaSKillmig-61">[60]</a> The mistrust and clashes between indigenous Assamese people and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> started as early as 1952,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> but is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India#Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">anti Bengali sentiments</a> of the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> At least 77 people died<a href="#cite_note-IBNLive-91">[90]</a> and 400,000 people were displaced in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Assam_violence" title="2012 Assam violence">2012 Assam violence</a> between indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bodo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo people">Bodos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> The People of India project has studied 115 of the ethnic groups in Assam. 79 (69%) identify themselves regionally, 22 (19%) locally, and 3 trans-nationally. The earliest settlers were <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidians">Dravidian</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai">Tai–Kadai</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Forty-five languages are spoken by different communities, including three major language families: Austroasiatic (5), <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> (24) and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> (12). Three of the spoken languages do not fall in these families. There is a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Assam" title="Hinduism in Assam">Hinduism in Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Assam" title="Islam in Assam">Islam in Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Assam" title="Christianity in Assam">Christianity in Assam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamakhya_Temple,_Guwahati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg/220px-Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg/330px-Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg/440px-Kamakhya_Temple%2C_Guwahati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangamati_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rangamati_Mosque.jpg/220px-Rangamati_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rangamati_Mosque.jpg/330px-Rangamati_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rangamati_Mosque.jpg/440px-Rangamati_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panbari_Mosque" title="Panbari Mosque">Panbari Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhubri" title="Dhubri">Dhubri</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;<div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DarkKhaki; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 26525.698184823px; border-left-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 11367.917004023px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 6919.2984168499px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 4080.0791299256px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2790.998076765px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 360.19772355115px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:65.989676526629px 75.135627979747px 0 0; border-top-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Assam (2011)<a href="#cite_note-census2011-94">[93]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (61.47%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (34.22%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (3.74%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">No religious</a> (0.16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Tribal Religion</a> (0.09%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.08%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.07%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basistha_mandir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Basistha_mandir.JPG/220px-Basistha_mandir.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Basistha_mandir.JPG/330px-Basistha_mandir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Basistha_mandir.JPG/440px-Basistha_mandir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basistha_Temple" title="Basistha Temple">Basistha Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>, 61.47% were <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>, 34.22% were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census2011-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Christian minorities (3.7%) are found among the Scheduled Tribe and Castes population.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The Scheduled Tribe population in Assam is around 13%, of which Bodos account for 40%.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Other religions followed include <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.1%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.2%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> (among <a href="/wiki/Khamti_people" title="Khamti people">Khamti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Phake_people" title="Tai Phake people">Phake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Aiton_people" title="Tai Aiton people">Aiton</a> etc. communities). The three popular sects of Hinduism, namely, <a href="/wiki/Saivisim" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivisim">Shaivisim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saktism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saktism">Shaktism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> are prevalent here. Many Assamese Hindus are also followers of the <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Assam's Religious diversity as of the 2011 census<a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_Website_:_Office_of-98">[97]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a>) </td> <td>19,180,759 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/18px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/27px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/36px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a>) </td> <td>10,679,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/12px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/18px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/24px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a>) </td> <td>1,165,867 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/18px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/27px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/36px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a>) </td> <td>54,993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Jainism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/18px-Jainism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/27px-Jainism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/36px-Jainism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1559" /></a>) </td> <td>25,949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a>) </td> <td>20,672 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religions </td> <td>27,118 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not stated/available </td> <td>50,873 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>31,205,576 </td></tr></tbody></table> Out of 32 districts of Assam, 9 are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> majority according to the 2011 census of India. The districts are <a href="/wiki/Dhubri_district" title="Dhubri district">Dhubri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goalpara_district" title="Goalpara district">Goalpara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barpeta_district" title="Barpeta district">Barpeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morigaon_district" title="Morigaon district">Morigaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Nagaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_district" title="Hailakandi district">Hailakandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darrang_district" title="Darrang district">Darrang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon_district" title="Bongaigaon district">Bongaigaon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language_in_Assam" title="Meitei language in Assam">Meitei language in Assam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charyapada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Charyapada.jpg/330px-Charyapada.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Charyapada.jpg/495px-Charyapada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Charyapada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="95" /></a><figcaption>7th–8th century specimen of Assamese (Kamarupi) literature</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 207.08125784062px; border-left-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 162.04028779102px; border-left-color:lightcoral"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lightcoral"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:lightcoral"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 125.4653270362px; border-left-color:lightskyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lightskyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:lightskyblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 97.640445968868px; border-left-color:burlywood"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:burlywood"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:burlywood"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 72.846425413717px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 45.606354813591px; border-left-color:royalblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:royalblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:royalblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 14.552774652202px; border-left-color:orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 979.04265440089px 100px 0; border-right-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages of Assam (2011)<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> (48.38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (28.92%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a> (4.51%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> (3.21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Sadri</a> (2.29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mishing</a> (1.98%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> (1.91%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a> (1.64%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (7.16%)</div> </div> </div></div> <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a> are the official languages of the state, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri</a>) is official in <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai district</a> and all the three districts of <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> is official in the three districts of <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BodoOff-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-BnOff-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meitei-9">[8]</a> where <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a> is most commonly spoken.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Assam linguistic diversity as per (2011 census)<a href="#cite_note-Census_of_India_Website_:_Office_of-98">[97]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> </td> <td>15,097,257 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> </td> <td>9,024,652 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a> </td> <td>1,407,371 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> </td> <td>1,001,698 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Sadri</a> </td> <td>714,607 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mishing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishing language">Mishing</a> </td> <td>617,870 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> </td> <td>596,026 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a> </td> <td>511,771 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>2,234,319 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>31,205,576 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam_manuscript_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Assam_manuscript_painting.jpg/220px-Assam_manuscript_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Assam_manuscript_painting.jpg/330px-Assam_manuscript_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Assam_manuscript_painting.jpg/440px-Assam_manuscript_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>An early 18th century illustrated Assamese manuscript</figcaption></figure> According to the language census of 2011 in Assam, out of a total population of around 31 million, Assamese is spoken by more than 22 million total speakers, with more than 15 million people speaking it as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> and around 7 million as <a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2 speakers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_India-105">[104]</a> Although the number of speakers is growing, the percentage of Assam's population who have it as a mother tongue has fallen slightly. Assamese serves as lingua franca of the region<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> as it is spoken by over 71% of the population (including the one who have listed Assamese as their <a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">2nd language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Government_of_India-105">[104]</a> while 48.38% of them speak it as their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-107">[106]</a> According to the 24th Edition of <a href="//www.ethnologue.com/language/Languages_of_the_World" class="extiw" title="ethnologue:Languages of the World">Ethnologue: Languages of the World</a>, Assamese is spoken by 15,327,990 persons as mother tongue across the world as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/2016_Assam_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election">2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election</a> results, have found that 10 million people speaks Assamese as their mother tongue in Assam, which is significantly fewer than the census result of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The Assamese speakers constituted 48% of the State population according to the 2011 Census.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_Script_of_Ahom_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tai_Script_of_Ahom_Kingdom.jpg/220px-Tai_Script_of_Ahom_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tai_Script_of_Ahom_Kingdom.jpg/330px-Tai_Script_of_Ahom_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Tai_Script_of_Ahom_Kingdom.jpg/440px-Tai_Script_of_Ahom_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Tai-Ahom manuscript (<a href="/wiki/Buranji" title="Buranji">Buranji</a>)</figcaption></figure> The various <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> dialects and closely related languages are spoken by around 9 million people in Assam, and the portion of the population that speaks these languages has grown slightly as per the census. However, the number of Bengali speakers is estimated to be more than the expected census results, as 30% of the of 35% Muslim population in Assam as per 2011 are thought to speak different dialects of Bengali as their native language but during census enumeration, they have reported their mother tongue as <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In the Brahmaputra Valley, the main Bengali dialect is that of <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" title="Mymensingh Division">Mymensingh</a> (now in Bangladesh),<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> while in the Barak Valley and Hojai district, <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a> is the main language which is also considered to be a dialect of Bengali in census.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a> is the third most-spoken language followed by <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> which comes under fourth position. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra valley">Brahmaputra valley</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahmaputra_Valley_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brahmaputra_Valley_map.png/220px-Brahmaputra_Valley_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brahmaputra_Valley_map.png/330px-Brahmaputra_Valley_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brahmaputra_Valley_map.png/440px-Brahmaputra_Valley_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra valley">Brahmaputra valley</a> region of Assam</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:red; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 146.74851714336px; border-left-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 76.069316049223px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 17.452793889437px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:34.759033697104px 93.764649929724px 0 0; border-top-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages spoken in Brahmaputra valley (2011)<a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">Official</a>) (55.65%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (22.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> (7.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a> (5.13%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (9.52%)</div> </div> </div></div> The population of the Brahmaputra Valley is 27,580,977 according to the 2011 census report by the Assam government. Assamese is the official language of the Brahmaputra Valley and is spoken by 15 million people comprising 55.65% of the valley population. Bengali is spoken by 6.09 million people representing 22.1% of the valley, Hindi is spoken by 2.1 million comprising 7.61% of the region, Bodo is spoken by 1.41 million comprising 5.13% of the valley's population and 2.98 million people speak various indigenous tribal languages of Assam, such as <a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiwa_(Lalung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwa (Lalung)">Tiwa (Lalung)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmar_people" title="Hmar people">Hmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deori_people" title="Deori people">Deori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabha_people" title="Rabha people">Rabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koch_people" title="Koch people">Koch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajbongshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbongshi people">Rajbangshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gorkha</a>, Halam, Ao and Motak. Traditionally, Assamese was the language of the common folk in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamarupa kingdom">Kamarupa kingdom</a> and in the medieval kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kachari_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachari kingdom">Dimasa Kachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chutiya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutiya kingdom">Chutiya Kachari</a>, Borahi Kachari, <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamata_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamata kingdom">Kamata</a> kingdoms. Traces of the language are found in many poems by Luipa, Sarahapa, and others, in <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a> (c. 7th–8th century CE). Modern dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a> are remnants of this language, which blend into the <a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a> lects spoken in North Bengal which have the same origin. Moreover, Assamese in its traditional form was used by the ethno-cultural groups in the region as lingua-franca, which spread during the stronger kingdoms and was required for economic integration. Localised forms of the language still exist in Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. Linguistically modern Assamese traces its roots to the version developed by the American Missionaries based on the local form used near <a href="/wiki/Sivasagar" title="Sivasagar">Sivasagar</a> (Xiwôxagôr) district. Assamese (Ôxômiya) is a rich language due to its hybrid nature and unique characteristics of pronunciation and softness. The presence of <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">Voiceless velar fricative</a> in Assamese makes it a unique among other similar <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a> is spoken largely in <a href="/wiki/Western_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Assam">Western Assam</a>. It is official language of the <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland</a> territorial region and co-official language of the state of Assam. It is also one of twenty-two languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>. Spatial distribution patterns of the ethno-cultural groups, cultural traits and the phenomenon of naming all the major rivers in the <a href="/wiki/North-East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East India">North East Region</a> with Bodo-Kachari words (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dihing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihing">Dihing</a>, Dibru, <a href="/wiki/Dihong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihong">Dihong</a>, D/<a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Tista</a>, and Dikrai) reveal that it was more widely-spoken in ancient times. Other languages of Tibeto-Burman origin and related to Bodo-Kachari are <a href="/wiki/Deori_language" title="Deori language">Deori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiwa_(Lalung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwa (Lalung)">Tiwa</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are approximately 590,000 <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> speakers spread all over the state forming about 1.98% of Assam's total population according to 2011 census. There are speakers of <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a> in Assam. A total of six Tai languages were spoken in Assam. Two are now extinct.<a href="#cite_note-Morey-125">[124]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phake_language" title="Phake language">Tai Phake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiton_language" title="Aiton language">Tai Aiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_language" title="Khamti language">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamyang_language" title="Khamyang language">Khamyang</a> (critically endangered)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_language" title="Ahom language">Ahom</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turung_language" title="Turung language">Turung</a> (extinct)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Assam" title="Government of Assam">Government of Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Assam" title="Politics of Assam">Politics of Assam</a></div> Assam has Governor <a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Acharya" title="Lakshman Acharya">Lakshman Acharya</a> as the head of the state,<a href="#cite_note-Governor_2024-4">[4]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">Assam Legislative Assembly</a> of 126 members, and a government led by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Assam">Chief Minister of Assam</a>. The state is divided into five regional <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Assam">divisions</a>. On 19 May 2016, <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Sarbananda_Sonowal" title="Sarbananda Sonowal">Sarbananda Sonowal</a> won the Assembly elections, thus forming the first BJP-led government in Assam.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_districts">Administrative districts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Administrative districts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam_Districts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Assam_Districts.png/310px-Assam_Districts.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Assam_Districts.png/465px-Assam_Districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Assam_Districts.png/620px-Assam_Districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption> 1. <a href="/wiki/Tinsukia_district" title="Tinsukia district">Tinsukia</a> 2. <a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_district" title="Dibrugarh district">Dibrugarh</a> 3. <a href="/wiki/Dhemaji_district" title="Dhemaji district">Dhemaji</a> 4. <a href="/wiki/Charaideo_district" title="Charaideo district">Charaideo</a> 5. <a href="/wiki/Sivasagar_district" title="Sivasagar district">Sivasagar</a> 6.<a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_district" title="Lakhimpur district">Lakhimpur</a> 7. <a href="/wiki/Majuli_district" title="Majuli district">Majuli</a> 8. <a href="/wiki/Jorhat_district" title="Jorhat district">Jorhat</a> 9. <a href="/wiki/Biswanath_district" title="Biswanath district">Biswanath</a>(merged with Sonitpur district) 10. <a href="/wiki/Golaghat_district" title="Golaghat district">Golaghat</a> 11. <a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_district" title="Karbi Anglong district">Karbi Anglong</a> 12. <a href="/wiki/Sonitpur_district" title="Sonitpur district">Sonitpur</a> 13. <a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Nagaon</a> 14. <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai</a>(merged with Nagaon district)15. <a href="/wiki/West_Karbi_Anglong_district" title="West Karbi Anglong district">Karbi Anglong West</a> 16. <a href="/wiki/Dima_Hasao_district" title="Dima Hasao district">Dima Hasao</a> 17. <a href="/wiki/Cachar_district" title="Cachar district">Cachar</a> 18. <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailakandi District">Hailakandi</a> 19. <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj</a> 20. <a href="/wiki/Morigaon_district" title="Morigaon district">Morigaon</a> 21. <a href="/wiki/Udalguri_district" title="Udalguri district">Udalguri</a> 22. <a href="/wiki/Darrang_district" title="Darrang district">Darrang</a> 23. <a href="/wiki/Kamrup_Metropolitan_(Guwahati)_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamrup Metropolitan (Guwahati) district">Kamrup Metro</a> 24. <a href="/wiki/Baksa_district" title="Baksa district">Baksa</a> 25. <a href="/wiki/Nalbari_district" title="Nalbari district">Nalbari</a> 26. <a href="/wiki/Kamrup_district" title="Kamrup district">Kamrup</a> 27. <a href="/wiki/Barpeta_district" title="Barpeta district">Barpeta</a> 28. <a href="/wiki/Chirang_district" title="Chirang district">Chirang</a> 29. <a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon_district" title="Bongaigaon district">Bongaigaon</a> 30. <a href="/wiki/Goalpara_district" title="Goalpara district">Goalpara</a> 31. <a href="/wiki/Kokrajhar_district" title="Kokrajhar district">Kokrajhar</a> 32. <a href="/wiki/Dhubri_district" title="Dhubri district">Dhubri</a> 33. <a href="/wiki/South_Salmara-Mankachar_district" title="South Salmara-Mankachar district">South Salmara Mankachar</a> 34. <a href="/wiki/Bajali_district" title="Bajali district">Bajali</a>(merged with Barpeta district)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Assam" title="List of districts of Assam">List of districts of Assam</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Assam" title="List of districts of Assam">31 administrative districts</a> of Assam are delineated based on geographic features such as rivers, hills, and forests. On 15 August 2015, five new districts were formed:<a href="#cite_note-new_districts-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-RDGoA-128">[127]</a> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Sonitpur_district" title="Sonitpur district">Sonitpur</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Biswanath_district" title="Biswanath district">Biswanath district</a> (9 in the nearby map)</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Sivasagar_district" title="Sivasagar district">Sivasagar</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Charaideo_district" title="Charaideo district">Charaideo district</a> (4)</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Nagaon</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai district</a> (14)</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Dhubri_district" title="Dhubri district">Dhubri</a> became the <a href="/wiki/South_Salmara-Mankachar_district" title="South Salmara-Mankachar district">South Salmara-Mankachar district</a> (33)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_district" title="Karbi Anglong district">Karbi Anglong district</a> was divided into East (11) and West (15) districts</li></ul> On 27 June 2016, an island in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a> was bifurcated from the <a href="/wiki/Jorhat_district" title="Jorhat district">Jorhat district</a> and declared the <a href="/wiki/Majuli_district" title="Majuli district">Majuli district</a>, India's first district that is a river island.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> On 12 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Bajali_district" title="Bajali district">Bajali</a> was carved out from <a href="/wiki/Barpeta_district" title="Barpeta district">Barpeta district</a> and formally declared as a district. With the announcement made by Governor <a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Mukhi" title="Jagdish Mukhi">Jagdish Mukhi</a>, it has become the 34th district of Assam.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> On 31 December 2022, existing four districts Bajali (with Barpeta), Tamulpur(with Udalguri), Biswanath (with Sonitpur) and Hojai(with Nagaon) and number of district came down to 31. However, after the delimitation exercise was carried out in Assam, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam_Cabinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assam Cabinet (page does not exist)">Assam Cabinet</a> reconstituted the 4 new districts (Bajali, Tamulpur, Biswanath and Hojai), taking the number of districts to 35 again. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Subdivisions">edit</a>]</div> The administrative districts are further subdivided into 54 "Subdivisions" or <a href="/wiki/Mahakuma" title="Mahakuma">Mahakuma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RDGoA-128">[127]</a> Every district is administered from a district headquarters with the office of the <a href="/wiki/District_Collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District Collector">Deputy Commissioner</a>, District Magistrate, Office of the District Panchayat and usually with a <a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of India">district court</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Local_Governance_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Governance in India">local governance</a> system is organised under the jila-parishad (District Panchayat) for a district, <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayati Raj">panchayat</a> for group of or individual rural areas and under the urban local bodies for the towns and cities. There are now 2489 village panchayats covering 26247 villages in Assam.<a href="#cite_note-DIPRGoA-131">[130]</a> The 'town-committee' or nagar-somiti for small towns, 'municipal board' or pouro-sobha for medium towns and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a> or pouro-nigom for the cities consist of the urban local bodies. For revenue purposes, the districts are divided into revenue circles and mouzas; for the development projects, the districts are divided into 219 'development-blocks' and for law and order these are divided into 206 police stations or thana. <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_conglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban conglomeration">urban conglomeration</a> administered under the highest form of <a href="/wiki/Urban_local_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban local body">urban local body</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Municipal_Corporation" title="Guwahati Municipal Corporation">Guwahati Municipal Corporation</a> in Assam. The Corporation administers an area of 216.79 km2 (83.70 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Apart from <a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Municipal_Corporation" title="Guwahati Municipal Corporation">Guwahati Municipal Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_Municipal_Corporation" title="Dibrugarh Municipal Corporation">Dibrugarh Municipal Corporation</a> All other urban centres are managed under <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Palika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Palika">Municipal Boards</a>. A list of 9 oldest, classified and prominent, and constantly inhabited, recognised urban centres based on the earliest years of formation of the civic bodies, before the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Day">Indian independence</a> of 1947 is tabulated below: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size:86%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" style="background:#A0A0F0;">Oldest recognised urban centres of Assam<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 150px;">Urban Centres </th> <th style="width: 250px;">Civic Body </th> <th style="width: 200px;">Year </th> <th style="width: 90px;">Airport </th> <th style="width: 90px;">Railway Station </th> <th style="width: 90px;">Railway Junction </th> <th style="width: 90px;">Road Networks </th> <th style="width: 90px;">Category† </th> <th style="width: 90px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a> </th> <td>Guwahati Town Committee</td> <td>1853</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Gold;">Tier – III</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Guwahati, the first township of Assam.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guwahati Municipal Board</td> <td>1873↑</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Orange;">Tier – II</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Municipal_Corporation" title="Guwahati Municipal Corporation">Guwahati Municipal Corporation</a></td> <td>1974↑</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Aqua;">Tier – I</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Establishment of Guwahati Municipal Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh" title="Dibrugarh">Dibrugarh</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_Municipal_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibrugarh Municipal Board">Dibrugarh Municipal Board</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_Municipal_Corporation" title="Dibrugarh Municipal Corporation">Dibrugarh Municipal Corporation</a></td> <td>1873 & 2024</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Orange;">Tier – II</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Dibrugarh, the second township of Assam.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Goalpara" title="Goalpara">Goalpara</a> </th> <td>Goalpara Municipal Board</td> <td>1875</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No <a href="#endnote_1">1</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No <a href="#endnote_2">2</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Orange;">Tier – II</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Formation of Goalpara Municipality, 1875.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dhubri" title="Dhubri">Dhubri</a> </th> <td>Dhubri Municipal Board</td> <td>1883</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Orange;">Tier – II</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Formation of Dhubri Municipality, 1883.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nagaon" title="Nagaon">Nagaon</a> </th> <td>Nagaon Municipal Board</td> <td>1893</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No <a href="#endnote_3">3</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Orange;">Tier – II</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Formation of Nagaon Municipality, 1893.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tezpur" title="Tezpur">Tezpur</a> </th> <td>Tezpur Municipal Board</td> <td>1894</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Orange;">Tier – II</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Formation of Tezpur Municipality, 1894.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jorhat" title="Jorhat">Jorhat</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Jorhat_Municipal_Board" title="Jorhat Municipal Board">Jorhat Municipal Board</a></td> <td>1909</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Orange;">Tier – II</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Formation of Jorhat Municipality, 1909.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Golaghat" title="Golaghat">Golaghat</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Golaghat_Municipal_Board" title="Golaghat Municipal Board">Golaghat Municipal Board</a></td> <td>1920</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No <a href="#endnote_4">4</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Orange;">Tier – II</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Formation of Golaghat Municipality, 1920.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a> </th> <td>Silchar Municipal Board</td> <td>1922</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: Orange;">Tier – II</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; text-align: left;">More</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Formation of Silchar Municipality, 1922.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9">†Tier – I: a big city with an <a href="/wiki/Urban_conglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban conglomeration">urban conglomeration</a> (in the true sense) administered by a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Municipal corporation</a>. Tier – II: a medium–sized city for an <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> administered by a <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Palika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Palika">Municipal Board</a>. Tier – III: a small <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">town</a>, larger than a <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">township</a> with a sizeable human settlement. ↑Upgraded to the next highest form of civic body. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Jointly shared with the other urban centre. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_1">^1</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_2">^2</a> Shared with Guwahati. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_3">^3</a> Shared with Tezpur. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_4">^4</a> Shared with Jorhat.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_Council">Autonomous Council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Autonomous Council">edit</a>]</div> The state has <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India#In_Assam" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">three autonomous councils</a> under the sixth schedule of the Indian Constitution. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland Autonomous Territorial Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_Autonomous_Council" title="Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council">Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Hasao_Autonomous_Council" title="Dima Hasao Autonomous Council">Dima Hasao Autonomous Council</a>.</li></ul> The state has further statutory autonomous councils constituted under State Act- <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiwa_Autonomous_Council" title="Tiwa Autonomous Council">Tiwa Autonomous Council</a> for ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tiwa_(Lalung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwa (Lalung)">Tiwa people</a> (Lalung)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_Hasong_Autonomous_Council" title="Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council">Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_Autonomous_Council" title="Mising Autonomous Council">Mising Autonomous Council</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mising people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deori_Autonomous_Council" title="Deori Autonomous Council">Deori Autonomous Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonowal_Kachari_Autonomous_Council" title="Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council">Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sonowal_Kachari_people" title="Sonowal Kachari people">Sonowal Kachari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thengal_Kachari_Autonomous_Council" title="Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council">Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moran_Autonomous_Council" title="Moran Autonomous Council">Moran Autonomous Council</a> for Moran people</li> <li>Dudhnoi for ethnic <a href="/wiki/Rabha_people" title="Rabha people">Rabha Kachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_Autonomous_Council" title="Mising Autonomous Council">Mising Autonomous Council</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mising people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matak_Autonomous_Council" title="Matak Autonomous Council">Matak Autonomous Council</a> for Matak people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatapur_Autonomous_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamatapur Autonomous Council">Kamatapur Autonomous Council</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rajbongshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajbongshi people">Rajbongshi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Kachari_Welfare_Autonomous_Council" title="Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council">Bodo Kachari Welfare Autonomous Council</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bodo-Kachari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo-Kachari people">Bodo-Kachari people</a> living outside the <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland Territorial Region</a></li></ul> In March 2024, the Assam cabinet had given green signal for 'Kiran Sheikh' development council for the 'Kiran Sheikh' community in <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Social issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-state_dispute">Inter-state dispute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Inter-state dispute">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeast_india.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Northeast_india.png/220px-Northeast_india.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Northeast_india.png/330px-Northeast_india.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Northeast_india.png/440px-Northeast_india.png 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> According to Assam Government, Assam has border dispute with four states namely Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-145">[144]</a> Assam-Mizoram dispute <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> used to be a district of Assam as <a href="/wiki/Lushai_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Lushai hills">Lushai hills</a> before being carved out as a separate union territory and later, becoming another state in 1987. Because of the history, the district's borders did not really matter for locals for a long time. Mizoram shares a border with the districts <a href="/wiki/Cachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cachar">Cachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi" title="Hailakandi">Hailakandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karimganj" title="Karimganj">Karimganj</a> which comes under <a href="/wiki/Barak_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Barak valley">Barak valley</a> region of Assam. Over time, the two states started having different perceptions about where the demarcation should be. While Mizoram wants it to be along an <a href="/wiki/Inner_Line_Permit" title="Inner Line Permit">Inner Line Permit</a> notified in 1875 to protect tribals from outside influence, which Mizos feel is part of their historical homeland, Assam wants it to be demarcated according to district boundaries drawn up much later.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Assam-Meghalaya dispute <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> has identified close to a dozen areas on which it has a dispute with Assam about the state's borders. The chief ministers of the two states, <a href="/wiki/Himanta_Biswa_Sarma" title="Himanta Biswa Sarma">Himanta Biswa Sarma</a> and Megahalya's <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Sangma" title="Conrad Sangma">Conrad Sangma</a>, recently held the first-ever meeting on inter-state border dispute. Both the states have agreed to individually assess the claims for all 12 areas flagged by Meghalaya in the past. A second round of discussion between the two state CMs will be held next month of August. On the question of the role the Union Government is playing in redressing the inter-State border dispute in the country, minister of state for home affairs <a href="/wiki/Nityanand_Rai" title="Nityanand Rai">Nityanand Rai</a> said, "The approach of the Central Government has consistently been that inter-state disputes can be resolved only with the cooperation of the State Governments concerned and that the Central Government acts only as a facilitator for amicable settlement of the dispute in the spirit of mutual understanding."<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-145">[144]</a> Assam-Nagaland dispute The border dispute between the two states has been going on since the formation of Nagaland in 1963. The two states lay claim to Merapani, a small village next to the plains of Assam's Golaghat district. There have been reports of violent clashes in the region since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Assam-Arunachal Pradesh dispute Assam shares an 804.10 km inter-state boundary with <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>. The state of Arunachal Pradesh, created in 1987, claims some land that traditionally belonged to its residents has been given to Assam. A tripartite committee had recommended that certain territories be transferred from Assam to Arunachal. The two states have since been battling it out in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme court of India">Supreme court of India</a> over the issue. Some incidents of local violence have been reported from the borders.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separate_statehood_demand_within_Assam">Separate statehood demand within Assam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Separate statehood demand within Assam">edit</a>]</div> Ahomland <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_Ahomland_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Proposed_Ahomland_Map.jpg/220px-Proposed_Ahomland_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Proposed_Ahomland_Map.jpg/330px-Proposed_Ahomland_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Proposed_Ahomland_Map.jpg/440px-Proposed_Ahomland_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Proposed Ahomland Map</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Assam_division" title="Upper Assam division">Upper Assam</a>'s various <a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Tai-Ahom</a> organisations like "Ahom Tai Mangoliya Rajya Parishad" (ATMRP), has been demanding a separate Ahomland state since 1967, comprising erstwhile Un-divided Sivasagar and Lakhimpur districts (today's <a href="/wiki/Upper_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Assam">Upper Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="North Assam">North Assam</a> divisions) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> On 2023, "TAI Ahom Yuba Parishad, Assam" (TAYPA) have organised a protest at Chachal and have demanded separate Ahomland state.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Barak state <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barak_state_movement" title="Barak state movement">Barak state movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Barak_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_Barak_Valley.jpg/220px-Map_of_Barak_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_Barak_Valley.jpg/330px-Map_of_Barak_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Map_of_Barak_Valley.jpg/440px-Map_of_Barak_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Barak Valley</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> of Assam comprising the present districts of <a href="/wiki/Cachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cachar">Cachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_district" title="Hailakandi district">Hailakandi</a> is contiguous to <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylhet division">Sylhet</a> (Bengal plains), where the Bengalis, according to historian J.B. Bhattacharjee, had settled well before the colonial period, influencing the culture of <a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa Kacaharis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cachar-153">[152]</a> Bhattacharjee describes that the Dimasa kings spoke Bengali, the inscriptions and coins were written in Bengali script and the official language of the court was also <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cachar-153">[152]</a> Migrations to Cachar increased after the British annexation of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Cachar-153">[152]</a> The native <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali people</a> of Southern Assam demanded separate state for themselves within the Bengali majority areas of Assam particularly Bengali majority <a href="/wiki/Barak_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Barak valley">Barak valley</a> comprising three districts: <a href="/wiki/Cachar_district" title="Cachar district">Cachar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_district" title="Hailakandi district">Hailakandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Dima_Hasao_district" title="Dima Hasao district">Dima Hasao</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai</a> was also demanded to meet the criteria for creating a separate state for themselves by carving out from Assam's Assamese majority <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley" title="Brahmaputra Valley">Brahmaputra Valley</a> post <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Citizens_for_Assam" title="National Register of Citizens for Assam">NRC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a> is the proposed capital of Barak state.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Barak valley is the most neglected part of Assam in terms of its infrastructure development, tourism sector, educational institutions, hospitals, IT industries, G.D.P, H.D.I etc. which is still lagging behind in comparison to the Assam's mainland <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra valley">Brahmaputra valley</a> which have access to all of those facilities mentioned above.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> In fact, the Assam's Southern part have an overall indigenous Bengali majority population, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai</a> have overall (54%) Bengali-speaking population,<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> region have an overwhelming Bengali majority of about 80.3%, while <a href="/wiki/Dima_Hasao_district" title="Dima Hasao district">Dima Hasao</a> have approximately 30.2% significant Bengali plurality on certain pockets specially in the urban areas of the district.<a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-121">[120]</a> Bodoland <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bodoland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodoland">Bodoland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodoland_Territorial_Area_Districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bodoland_Territorial_Area_Districts.svg/280px-Bodoland_Territorial_Area_Districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bodoland_Territorial_Area_Districts.svg/420px-Bodoland_Territorial_Area_Districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bodoland_Territorial_Area_Districts.svg/560px-Bodoland_Territorial_Area_Districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Bodoland district map</figcaption></figure> The agitation for the creation of a separate <a href="/wiki/Bodoland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodoland">Bodoland</a> state resulted in an agreement between the Indian Government, the Assam state government and the <a href="/wiki/Bodo_Liberation_Tigers_Force" title="Bodo Liberation Tigers Force">Bodo Liberation Tigers Force</a>. According to the agreement made on 10 February 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Council" title="Bodoland Territorial Council">Bodoland Territorial Council</a>, an entity subordinate to the government of Assam, was created to govern four districts covering 3082 <a href="/wiki/Bodo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo people">Bodo Kachari</a>-majority villages in Assam.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Elections to the council were held on 13 May 2003, and <a href="/wiki/Hagrama_Mohilary" title="Hagrama Mohilary">Hagrama Mohilary</a> was sworn in as the chief of the 46-member council on 4 June.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Demographic wise, the Indigenous Bodo tribe constitutes half of the region's population, along with the region have also significant large number of other ethnic minorities which includes: Assamese, Koch Rajbangshi, Garo, Rabha tribe, Adivasis, Nepalis, Tea tribes, Bengalis, Biharis, Marwaris and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-121">[120]</a> Dimaraji <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dimaraji" title="Dimaraji">Dimaraji</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimaraji_map.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dimaraji_map.jpeg/200px-Dimaraji_map.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Dimaraji_map.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Map of Dimaraji state</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa people</a> of northeast India have been demanding a separate state called <a href="/wiki/Dimaraji" title="Dimaraji">Dimaraji</a> or "Dimaland" for several decades. It would comprise the <a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Kachari</a> inhabited areas, namely <a href="/wiki/Dima_Hasao_district" title="Dima Hasao district">Dima Hasao district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cachar_district" title="Cachar district">Cachar district</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Barak Valley, Nagaon district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_district" title="Karbi Anglong district">Karbi Anglong district</a> in Assam together with part of <a href="/wiki/Dimapur_district" title="Dimapur district">Dimapur district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>. Karbiland <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi Anglong">Karbi Anglong</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dima_Hasao_und_Karbi_Anglong_Distrikte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dima_Hasao_und_Karbi_Anglong_Distrikte.svg/327px-Dima_Hasao_und_Karbi_Anglong_Distrikte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="327" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dima_Hasao_und_Karbi_Anglong_Distrikte.svg/491px-Dima_Hasao_und_Karbi_Anglong_Distrikte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dima_Hasao_und_Karbi_Anglong_Distrikte.svg/654px-Dima_Hasao_und_Karbi_Anglong_Distrikte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi Anglong">Karbi Anglong</a> is one of the 35 <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Assam" title="List of districts of Assam">districts</a> of Assam. Karbi Anglong was previously known as Mikir Hills. It was part of the Excluded Areas and Partially Excluded Areas (the present North East India) in British India. The British Indian government had never included this area under their government's jurisdiction. Thereby, no government development work or activity were done, nor any tax levied from the hills including Karbi Anglong. The first memorandum for a <a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbi</a> homeland was presented to Governor Reid on 28 October 1940 by <a href="/wiki/Semsonsing_Ingti" title="Semsonsing Ingti">Semsonsing Ingti</a> and Khorsing Terang at Mohongdijua.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The Karbi leaders were then, a part of the All Party Hill Leaders' Conference (APHLC) which was formed on 6 July 1960.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> The movement again gained momentum when the Karbi Anglong District Council passed a resolution demanding a Separate State in 1981. Then again from 1986 through the leadership of Autonomous State Demand Committee (ASDC), demanded Autonomous statehood of Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao under Article 244(A). In 2002, the Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council passed another resolution to press for the demand of statehood. Several other memoranda were submitted at different times by several organisations. The demand for a separate state turned violent on 31 July 2013 when student demonstrators set government buildings on fire. Following the incident, the elected leaders of Karbi Anglong jointly submitted a memorandum to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> demanding a separate State. Demographic wise, more than half of the Karbi Anglong population is made up of Indigenous Karbi tribe with significant migrants from other parts of India.<a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_from_Bangladesh">Migration from Bangladesh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Migration from Bangladesh">edit</a>]</div> Assam has been a major site of migration since the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a> of the subcontinent, with the first wave being composed largely of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu">Bengali Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">refugees</a> arriving during and shortly after the establishment of India and Pakistan (current day Bangladesh was originally part of Pakistan, known as <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>) in 1947–1951. Between the period of first patches (1946–1951), around 274,455 Bengali Hindu refugees have arrived from what is now called Bangladesh (former <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>) in various locations of Assam as permanent settlers and again in second patches between (1952–1958) of the same decade, around 212,545 Bengali Hindus from Bangladesh took shelter in various parts of the state permanently.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a> many Bengali Hindus have poured into Assam as refugees and the number of Hindu migrants in the state rose to 1,068,455 in 1968 (sharply after 4 years of the riot).<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> The fourth patches numbering around 347,555 have just arrived after <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_liberation_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh liberation war">Bangladesh liberation war</a> of 1971 as refugees and most of them being Bengali speaking Hindus have decided to stay back in Assam permanently afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Though the governments of India and Bangladesh made agreements for the repatriation of certain groups of refugees after the second and third waves, a large presence of refugees and other migrants and their descendants remained in the state. Nevertheless, still people of Bangladesh have been immigrating to Assam on regular basis. As per reports, about 635 of Bangladeshi people mostly Hindus, use to immigrate to Assam daily.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Besides migration caused by displacement, there is also a large and continual unregulated movement between Assam and neighbouring regions of Bangladesh with an exceptionally porous border. The situation is called a risk to Assam's as well as India's security.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> The continual <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal entry</a> of people into Assam, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, has caused economic upheaval and social and political unrest.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Assam_Movement" title="Assam Movement">Assam Movement</a> (1979–1985), the <a href="/wiki/All_Assam_Students_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="All Assam Students Union">All Assam Students Union</a> (AASU) and others demanded that government stop the influx of <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deport</a> those who had already settled.<a href="#cite_note-Illegal_Migration_into_Assam-179">[178]</a> During this period, 855 people (the AASU says 860) died in various conflicts with migrants and police.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The 1983 Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, applied only to Assam, decreed that any person who entered the Assam after Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan in 1971 and without authorisation or travel documents is to be considered a foreigner, with the decision on foreigner status to be carried out by designated tribunals. In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian Government</a> and leaders of the agitation signed the <a href="/wiki/Assam_accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam accord">Assam accord</a> to settle the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Illegal_Migration_into_Assam-179">[178]</a> The 1991 census made the changing demographics of border districts more visible.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Illegal_Migration_into_Assam-179">[178]</a> Since 2010, the Indian Government has undertaken the updating of the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Citizens_for_Assam" title="National Register of Citizens for Assam">National Register of Citizens for Assam</a>, and in 2018 the 32.2 million residents of Assam were subject to a review of their citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> In August 2019, India released the names of the 2 million residents of Assam that had been determined to be non-citizens and whose names had therefore been struck off the Register of Citizens, depriving them of rights and making them subject to action, and potentially leaving some of them stateless, and the government has begun deporting non-citizens, while detaining 1,000 others that same year.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> In January 2019, the Assam's peasant organisation <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Mukti_Sangram_Samiti" title="Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti">Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti</a> (KMSS) claimed that there are around 20 <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh" title="Hinduism in Bangladesh">Hindu Bangladeshis</a> in Assam who would become Indian citizens if the <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">Citizenship (Amendment) Bill</a> is passed. <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a>, however claimed that only eight lakh Hindu Bangladeshis will get citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> According to various sources, the total number of illegal Hindu Bangladeshis is hard to ascertain.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FP-191">[190]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">census data</a>, the number of Hindu immigrants have been largely exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-FP-191">[190]</a> In February 2020, the Assam Minority Development Board announced plans to segregate illegal Bangladeshi Muslim immigrants from the indigenous Muslims of the state, though some have expressed problems in identifying an indigenous Muslim person. According to the board, there are 1.4 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> Muslims in the state, of which 1 crore are of Bangladeshi origin.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> A report reveals that out of total 33 districts in Assam, Bangladeshis dominate almost 15 districts of Assam.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floods">Floods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Floods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_floods" title="Brahmaputra floods">Brahmaputra floods</a></div> In the rainy season every year, the Brahmaputra and other rivers overflow their banks and flood adjacent land. Flood waters wash away property including houses and livestock. Damage to crops and fields harms the agricultural sector. Bridges, railway tracks, and roads are also damaged, harming transportation and communication, and in some years requiring food to be air-dropped to isolated towns. Some deaths are attributed to the floods.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Unemployment">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a> is a chronic problem in Assam. It is variously blamed on poor <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, limited connectivity, and government policy;<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> on a "poor work culture";<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> on failure to advertise vacancies;<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> and on government hiring candidates from outside Assam.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> In 2020 a series of <a href="/wiki/2020_Assam_mob_lynchings" title="2020 Assam mob lynchings">violent lynchings</a> occurred in the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Assam" title="Education in Assam">Education in Assam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_affiliated_to_Gauhati_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colleges affiliated to Gauhati University">List of colleges affiliated to Gauhati University</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_affiliated_to_Assam_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colleges affiliated to Assam University">List of colleges affiliated to Assam University</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_institutions_in_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of educational institutions in Assam">List of educational institutions in Assam</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakhiganj_HSS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="School girls in the classroom, Lakhiganj High School, Assam"><img alt="School girls in the classroom, Lakhiganj High School, Assam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lakhiganj_HSS.jpg/293px-Lakhiganj_HSS.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lakhiganj_HSS.jpg/440px-Lakhiganj_HSS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lakhiganj_HSS.jpg/586px-Lakhiganj_HSS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">School girls in the classroom, Lakhiganj High School, Assam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam_Cotton_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cotton University, Guwahati"><img alt="Cotton University, Guwahati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Assam_Cotton_College.jpg/268px-Assam_Cotton_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Assam_Cotton_College.jpg/403px-Assam_Cotton_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Assam_Cotton_College.jpg/536px-Assam_Cotton_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cotton_University" title="Cotton University">Cotton University, Guwahati</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:IITG_acad_complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Academic complex of IIT Guwahati"><img alt="Academic complex of IIT Guwahati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/IITG_acad_complex.jpg/358px-IITG_acad_complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/IITG_acad_complex.jpg/537px-IITG_acad_complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/IITG_acad_complex.jpg/715px-IITG_acad_complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Academic complex of <a href="/wiki/IIT_Guwahati" title="IIT Guwahati">IIT Guwahati</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NIT_Silchar_Guest_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Institute of Technology, Silchar"><img alt="National Institute of Technology, Silchar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/NIT_Silchar_Guest_House.jpg/358px-NIT_Silchar_Guest_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/NIT_Silchar_Guest_House.jpg/538px-NIT_Silchar_Guest_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/NIT_Silchar_Guest_House.jpg/715px-NIT_Silchar_Guest_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5505" data-file-height="3095" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Silchar" title="National Institute of Technology, Silchar">National Institute of Technology, Silchar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jec_frontview.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jorhat Engineering College of Assam Science and Technology University"><img alt="Jorhat Engineering College of Assam Science and Technology University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jec_frontview.jpg/268px-Jec_frontview.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jec_frontview.jpg/403px-Jec_frontview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jec_frontview.jpg/536px-Jec_frontview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jorhat_Engineering_College" title="Jorhat Engineering College">Jorhat Engineering College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assam_Science_and_Technology_University" title="Assam Science and Technology University">Assam Science and Technology University</a></div> </li> </ul> Assam schools are run by the Indian government, government of Assam or by private organisations. Medium of instruction is mainly in Assamese, English or Bengali. Most of the schools follow the state's examination board which is called the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_Education_Board_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary Education Board of Assam">Secondary Education Board of Assam</a>. All schools under <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Assam" title="Government of Assam">Government of Assam</a> are assessed by <a href="/wiki/Gunoutsav_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunoutsav Assam">Gunoutsav Assam</a> .Almost all private schools follow the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_for_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Board for Secondary Education">Central Board for Secondary Education</a> (CBSE), <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">Indian Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (ICSE) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_School_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian School Certificate">Indian School Certificate</a> (ISC) syllabuses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Assamese language is the main medium in educational institutions but <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> is also taught as a major <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian language</a>. In Guwahati and Digboi, many Jr. basic schools and Jr. high schools are Nepali linguistic and all the teachers are <a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">Nepali</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> is included by Assam State Secondary Board, <a href="/wiki/Assam_Higher_Secondary_Education_Council" title="Assam Higher Secondary Education Council">Assam Higher Secondary Education Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gauhati_University" title="Gauhati University">Gauhati University</a> in their HSLC, higher secondary and graduation level respectively. In some junior basic and higher secondary schools and colleges, Nepali teachers and lecturers are appointed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The capital, Dispur, contains institutions of higher education for students of the north-eastern region. <a href="/wiki/Cotton_University" title="Cotton University">Cotton College</a>, Guwahati, dates back to the 19th century. Assam has several institutions for tertiary education and research.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Universities, colleges and institutions include: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Universities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_University" title="Assam University">Assam University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Agricultural_University" title="Assam Agricultural University">Assam Agricultural University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorhat" title="Jorhat">Jorhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Don_Bosco_University" title="Assam Don Bosco University">Assam Don Bosco University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_down_town_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam down town University">Assam down town University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rajiv_Gandhi_University_of_Cooperative_Management" title="Assam Rajiv Gandhi University of Cooperative Management">Assam Rajiv Gandhi University of Cooperative Management</a>, (ARGUCOM), Sivasagar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Science_and_Technology_University" title="Assam Science and Technology University">Assam Science and Technology University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Women%27s_University" title="Assam Women's University">Assam Women's University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Jorhat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodoland_University" title="Bodoland University">Bodoland University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Kokrajhar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_University" title="Cotton University">Cotton University</a>, Guwahati</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_University" title="Dibrugarh University">Dibrugarh University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Dibrugarh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauhati_University" title="Gauhati University">Gauhati University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_University" title="Kaziranga University">Kaziranga University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Jorhat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaguru_Adhyatmik_Vishvavidyalaya" title="Krishnaguru Adhyatmik Vishvavidyalaya">Krishnaguru Adhyatmik Vishvavidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Kanta_Handique_State_Open_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University">Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Bhaskar_Varma_Sanskrit_and_Ancient_Studies_University" title="Kumar Bhaskar Varma Sanskrit and Ancient Studies University">Kumar Bhaskar Varma Sanskrit and Ancient Studies University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapurusha_Srimanta_Sankaradeva_Viswavidyalaya" title="Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya">Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_University_and_Judicial_Academy,_Assam" title="National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam">National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Global_University" title="Royal Global University">Royal Global University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srimanta_Sankaradeva_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences">Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezpur_University" title="Tezpur University">Tezpur University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tezpur" title="Tezpur">Tezpur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_colleges">Medical colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Medical colleges">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Guwahati" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati">AIIMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Medical_College" title="Assam Medical College">Assam Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh" title="Dibrugarh">Dibrugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauhati_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Gauhati Medical College and Hospital">Gauhati Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorhat_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Jorhat Medical College and Hospital">Jorhat Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorhat" title="Jorhat">Jorhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphu_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Diphu Medical College and Hospital">Diphu Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphu" title="Diphu">Diphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Lakhimpur Medical College and Hospital">Lakhimpur Medical college and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_district" title="Lakhimpur district">Lakhimpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silchar_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Silchar Medical College and Hospital">Silchar Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezpur_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Tezpur Medical College">Tezpur Medical College</a> & Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Tezpur" title="Tezpur">Tezpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barpeta" title="Barpeta">Barpeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaon_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Nagaon Medical College and Hospital">Nagaon Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagaon" title="Nagaon">Nagaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokrajhar_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Kokrajhar Medical College and Hospital">Kokrajhar Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokrajhar" title="Kokrajhar">Kokrajhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhubri_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Dhubri Medical College and Hospital">Dhubri Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhubri" title="Dhubri">Dhubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Dental_College,_Guwahati" title="Regional Dental College, Guwahati">Regional Dental College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Dental_College,_Silchar" title="Government Dental College, Silchar">Government Dental College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a></li></ul> Assam has 12 medical colleges at present with 4 more scheduled to be completed by 2026–27. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_and_technological_colleges">Engineering and technological colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Engineering and technological colleges">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Guwahati" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati">Indian Institute of Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Guwahati" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Guwahati">Indian Institute of Information Technology, Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Silchar" title="National Institute of Technology, Silchar">National Institute of Technology, Silchar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Engineering_College" title="Assam Engineering College">Assam Engineering College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Science_and_Technology_University" title="Assam Science and Technology University">Assam Science and Technology University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bineswar_Brahma_Engineering_College" title="Bineswar Brahma Engineering College">Bineswar Brahma Engineering College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokrajhar" title="Kokrajhar">Kokrajhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Technology" title="Central Institute of Technology">Central Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokrajhar" title="Kokrajhar">Kokrajhar</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girijananda_Chowdhury_Institute_of_Management_and_Technology" title="Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Management and Technology">Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Management and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girijananda_Chowdhury_Institute_of_Management_and_Technology" title="Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Management and Technology">Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Management and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tezpur" title="Tezpur">Tezpur</a></li> <li>Institute of Engineering and Technology, <a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_University" title="Dibrugarh University">Dibrugarh University</a></li> <li>Institute of Science and Technology, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Guwahati University">Guwahati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorhat_Engineering_College" title="Jorhat Engineering College">Jorhat Engineering College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorhat" title="Jorhat">Jorhat</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorhat_Institute_of_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology">Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorhat" title="Jorhat">Jorhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NETES_Institute_of_Technology_%26_Science_Mirza" class="mw-redirect" title="NETES Institute of Technology & Science Mirza">NETES Institute of Technology & Science Mirza</a>, [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley_Engineering_College" title="Barak Valley Engineering College">Barak Valley Engineering College</a> Nirala <a href="/wiki/Karimganj" title="Karimganj">Karimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golaghat_Engineering_College" title="Golaghat Engineering College">Golaghat Engineering College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golaghat" title="Golaghat">Golaghat</a></li></ul> Research institutes present in the state include National Research Centre on Pig, (ICAR) in Guwahati,<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Economy of Assam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam_historical_pci.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Assam_historical_pci.png/260px-Assam_historical_pci.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Assam_historical_pci.png/390px-Assam_historical_pci.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Assam_historical_pci.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Per capita income of Assam since 1950</figcaption></figure> Assam's economy is based on agriculture and oil. Assam produces more than half of India's tea.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> The Assam-Arakan basin holds about a quarter of the country's oil reserves, and produces about 12% of its total petroleum.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> According to the recent estimates,<a href="#cite_note-government2005-223">[222]</a> Assam's per capita GDP is <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> According to the recent estimates,<a href="#cite_note-government2005-223">[222]</a> per capita income in Assam has reached <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>6756 (1993–94 constant prices) in 2004–05, which is still much lower than India's. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_Field..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rice_Field..JPG/220px-Rice_Field..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rice_Field..JPG/330px-Rice_Field..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rice_Field..JPG/440px-Rice_Field..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A paddy field in Assam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeaGardenOfAssam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/TeaGardenOfAssam.jpg/170px-TeaGardenOfAssam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/TeaGardenOfAssam.jpg/255px-TeaGardenOfAssam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/TeaGardenOfAssam.jpg/340px-TeaGardenOfAssam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">A tea garden in Assam: tea is grown at elevations near sea level, giving it a malty sweetness and an earthy flavor, as opposed to the more floral aroma of highland (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Taiwanese</a>) teas</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea_plantations">Tea plantations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Tea plantations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam tea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Process of making tea in Assam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Assam.jpg/185px-Assam.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Assam.jpg/278px-Assam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Assam.jpg/370px-Assam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="572" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">This 1850 engraving shows the different stages in the process of making tea in Assam</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macro-economy">Macro-economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Macro-economy">edit</a>]</div> The economy of Assam today represents a unique juxtaposition of backwardness amidst plenty.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Despite its rich natural resources, and supplying of up to 25% of India's petroleum needs, Assam's growth rate has not kept pace with that of India; the difference has increased rapidly since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-AHDR2003-226">[225]</a> The Indian economy grew at 6% per annum over the period of 1981 to 2000; the growth rate of Assam was only 3.3%.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> In the Sixth Plan period, Assam experienced a negative growth rate of 3.78% when India's was positive at 6%.<a href="#cite_note-AHDR2003-226">[225]</a> In the post-liberalised era (after 1991), the difference widened further. According to recent analysis, Assam's economy is showing signs of improvement. In 2001–02, the economy grew (at 1993–94 constant prices) at 4.5%, falling to 3.4% in the next financial year.<a href="#cite_note-GoAESA0405-228">[227]</a> During 2003–04 and 2004–05, the economy grew (at 1993–94 constant prices) at 5.5% and 5.3% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-GoAESA0405-228">[227]</a> The advanced estimates placed the growth rate for 2005–06 at above 6%.<a href="#cite_note-government2005-223">[222]</a> Assam's GDP in 2004 is estimated at $13 billion in current prices. Sectoral analysis again exhibits a dismal picture. The average annual growth rate of agriculture, which was 2.6% per annum over the 1980s, has fallen to 1.6% in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-AHDR2003II-229">[228]</a> The manufacturing sector showed some improvement in the 1990s with a growth rate of 3.4% per annum than 2.4% in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-AHDR2003II-229">[228]</a> For the past five decades, the tertiary sector has registered the highest growth rates of the other sectors, which even has slowed down in the 1990s than in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-AHDR2003II-229">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Employment">edit</a>]</div> Unemployment is one of the major problems in Assam. This problem can be attributed to overpopulation and a faulty education system. Every year, large numbers of students obtain higher academic degrees but because of non-availability of proportional vacancies, most of these students remain unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> A number of employers hire over-qualified or efficient, but under-certified, candidates, or candidates with narrowly defined qualifications. The problem is exacerbated by the growth in the number of technical institutes in Assam which increases the unemployed community of the State. The reluctance on the part of the departments concerned to advertise vacancies in vernacular language has also made matters worse for local unemployed youths particularly for the job-seekers of Grade C and D vacancies.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Reduction of the unemployed has been threatened by <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a> from Bangladesh. This has increased the workforce without a commensurate increase in jobs. Immigrants compete with local workers for jobs at lower wages, particularly in construction, domestics, Rickshaw-pullers, and vegetable sellers.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> The government has been identifying (via <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Citizens_for_Assam" title="National Register of Citizens for Assam">NRC</a>) and deporting illegal immigrants. Continued immigration is exceeding deportation.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paddy_cultivation_in_Nagaon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paddy_cultivation_in_Nagaon.jpg/220px-Paddy_cultivation_in_Nagaon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paddy_cultivation_in_Nagaon.jpg/330px-Paddy_cultivation_in_Nagaon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Paddy_cultivation_in_Nagaon.jpg/440px-Paddy_cultivation_in_Nagaon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Assamese women busy planting paddy seedlings in their agricultural field in Pahukata village in the Nagaon district of Assam</figcaption></figure> In Assam among all the productive sectors, agriculture makes the highest contribution to its domestic sectors, accounting for more than a third of Assam's income and employs 69% of workforce.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> Assam's biggest contribution to the world is <a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam tea</a>. It has its own variety, Camellia sinensis var. assamica. The state produces rice, <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard seed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a>, potato, sweet potato, banana, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>, sugarcane and <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Assam's agriculture is yet to experience modernisation in a real sense. With implications for food security, per capita food grain production has declined in the past five decades.<a href="#cite_note-AHDR2003III-239">[238]</a> Productivity has increased marginally, but is still low compared to highly productive regions. For instance, the yield of rice (a staple food of Assam) was just 1531 kg per hectare against India's 1927 kg per hectare in 2000–01<a href="#cite_note-AHDR2003III-239">[238]</a> (which itself is much lower than <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s 9283, US's 7279, South Korea's 6838, Japan's 6635 and China's 6131 kg per hectare in 2001<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a>). On the other hand, after having strong domestic demand, and with 1.5 million hectares of inland water bodies, numerous rivers and 165 varieties of fishes,<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> fishing is still in its traditional form and production is not self-sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-AHDR2003IV-242">[241]</a> Floods in Assam greatly affect the farmers and the families dependent on agriculture because of large-scale damage of agricultural fields and crops by flood water.<a href="#cite_note-Assam_Flood_Toll_Rises_to_13-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood_situation_in_Assam_worsens-68">[67]</a> Every year, flooding from the Brahmaputra and other rivers deluges places in Assam. The water levels of the rivers rise because of rainfall resulting in the rivers overflowing their banks and engulfing nearby areas. Apart from houses and livestock being washed away by flood water, bridges, railway tracks and roads are also damaged by the calamity, which causes communication breakdown in many places. Fatalities are also caused by the natural disaster in many places of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Assam_Flood_Toll_Rises_to_132-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood_situation_in_Assam_worsens2-244">[243]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2016_Assam_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Assam floods">2016 Assam floods</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> On 30 August 2023, Nilachal Flyover was inaugurated. The flyover is Assam's longest flyover, spanning 2.63 kilometres and connecting Maligaon Chariali to Kamakhya Gate in Guwahati.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> Handlooms and handicrafts are traditional industries that continue to survive, especially among rural women, in the state.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Assam's proximity to some neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, benefits its trade. The major <a href="/wiki/Border_checkpoint" title="Border checkpoint">Border checkpoints</a> through which border trade flows to Bangladesh from Assam are : Sutarkandi (Karimganj), Dhubri, Mankachar (Dhubri) and Golokanj. To facilitate border trade with Bangladesh, Border Trade Centres have been developed at Sutarkandi and <a href="/wiki/Mankachar" title="Mankachar">Mankachar</a>. It has been proposed in the 11th five-year plan[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] to set up two more Border Trade Center, one at <a href="/wiki/Ledo,_Assam" title="Ledo, Assam">Ledo</a> connecting China and other at <a href="/wiki/Darrang" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrang">Darrang</a> connecting Bhutan. There are several Land Custom Stations (LCS) in the state bordering Bangladesh and Bhutan to facilitate border trade.<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> The government of India has identified some thrust areas for industrial development of Assam:<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Petroleum and natural gas-based industries</li> <li>Industries based on locally available minerals</li> <li>Processing of plantation crops</li> <li>Food processing industries</li> <li>Agri-Horticulture products</li> <li>Herbal products</li> <li>Biotech products</li> <li>Pharmaceuticals</li> <li>Chemical and plastic-based industries</li> <li>Export oriented industries</li> <li>Electronic and IT base industries including services sector</li> <li>Paper making industries</li> <li>Textiles and sericulture</li> <li>Engineering industries</li> <li>Cane and bamboo-based industries</li> <li>Other handicrafts industry</li></ul></div> Although, the region in the eastern periphery of India is landlocked and is linked to the mainland by the narrow <a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a> (or the Chicken's Neck) improved transport infrastructure in all the three modes – rail, road and air – and developing urban infrastructure in the cities and towns of Assam are giving a boost to the entire industrial scene. The <a href="/wiki/Lokpriya_Gopinath_Bordoloi_International_Airport" title="Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport">Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport</a> at Guwahati, with international flights to <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> offered by <a href="/wiki/Druk_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Air">Druk Air</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, was the 12th busiest airport of India in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> The cities of Guwahati<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh" title="Dibrugarh">Dibrugarh</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> in the east with good rail,<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> road and air connectivity are the two important nerve centres of Assam, to be selected by Asian Development Bank for providing $200 million for improvement of urban infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Asian_Development_Bank-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> Assam is a producer of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> and it accounts for about 15% of India's crude output,<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> exploited by the Assam Oil Company Ltd.,<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> and natural gas in India and is the second place in the world (after <a href="/wiki/Titusville,_Pennsylvania" title="Titusville, Pennsylvania">Titusville</a> in the United States) where petroleum was discovered. Asia's first successful mechanically drilled oil well was drilled in <a href="/wiki/Makum" title="Makum">Makum</a> way back in 1867. Most of the oilfields are located in the Eastern Assam region. Assam has four oil refineries in <a href="/wiki/Digboi" title="Digboi">Digboi</a> (Asia's first and world's second refinery), Guwahati, <a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon" title="Bongaigaon">Bongaigaon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numaligarh" title="Numaligarh">Numaligarh</a> and with a total capacity of 7 million metric tonnes (7.7 million <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) per annum. Asia's first refinery was set up at Digboi and discoverer of Digboi oilfield was the Assam Railways & Trading Company Limited (AR&T Co. Ltd.), a registered company of London in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> One of the biggest public sector oil company of the country <a href="/wiki/Oil_India_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Oil India Ltd.">Oil India Ltd.</a> has its plant and headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Duliajan" title="Duliajan">Duliajan</a>. There are several other industries, including a chemical <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a> plant at <a href="/wiki/Namrup" title="Namrup">Namrup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industries in Namrup and Bongaigaon, paper mills at <a href="/wiki/Jagiroad" title="Jagiroad">Jagiroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Paper_Corporation_Ltd._Township_Area_Panchgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan Paper Corporation Ltd. Township Area Panchgram">Hindustan Paper Corporation Ltd. Township Area Panchgram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jogighopa" title="Jogighopa">Jogighopa</a>, sugar mills in Barua Bamun Gaon, Chargola, Kampur, cement plants in Bokajan and <a href="/wiki/Badarpur,_Assam" title="Badarpur, Assam">Badarpur</a>, and a cosmetics plant of <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Unilever" title="Hindustan Unilever">Hindustan Unilever</a> (HUL) at <a href="/wiki/Doom_Dooma" title="Doom Dooma">Doom Dooma</a>. Moreover, there are other industries such as jute mill, textile and yarn mills, <a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">Assam silk</a>, and silk mills. Many of these industries are facing losses and closure due to lack of infrastructure and improper management practices.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Assam" title="Tourism in Assam">Tourism in Assam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in North East India">Tourism in North East India</a></div> Wildlife, cultural, and historical destinations have attracted visitors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Assam" title="Culture of Assam">Culture of Assam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese cinema</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moran_Bihu_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Moran_Bihu_Dance.jpg/220px-Moran_Bihu_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Moran_Bihu_Dance.jpg/330px-Moran_Bihu_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Moran_Bihu_Dance.jpg/440px-Moran_Bihu_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Moran <a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">bihu dance</a> in the traditional attire of the <a href="/wiki/Moran_people" title="Moran people">Moran people</a> on the occasion of <a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Assamese_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Assamese Culture">Assamese Culture</a> is described as a <a href="/wiki/Hybridity" title="Hybridity">hybrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> in nature developed due to the assimilation of numerous ethnic groups and cultural practices of <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-aryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> inhabitants. Therefore, both local elements or the local elements in Sanskritised forms are distinctly found.<a href="#cite_note-BKakatiAIFD-262">[261]</a> The major milestones in the evolution of Assamese culture are: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakhinpat_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dakhinpat_Temple.jpg/220px-Dakhinpat_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dakhinpat_Temple.jpg/330px-Dakhinpat_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dakhinpat_Temple.jpg/440px-Dakhinpat_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dakhinpat Satra of <a href="/wiki/Majuli" title="Majuli">Majuli</a></div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Assimilation in the <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa kingdom</a> for almost 800 years (<a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> for 300 years, <a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> for 250 years and the <a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a> for 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-HKBarpujariCHOA-22">[21]</a></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Chutia_kingdom" title="Chutia kingdom">Chutia kingdom</a> in the 12th century in eastern Assam and assimilation for next 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-HKBarpujariCHOA-22">[21]</a></li> <li>Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> in the 13th century CE and assimilation for next 600 years.<a href="#cite_note-HKBarpujariCHOA-22">[21]</a></li> <li>Assimilation in the <a href="/wiki/Koch_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch kingdom">Koch kingdom</a> (15th–16th century CE) of western Assam and Kachari kingdom (12th–18th century CE) of central and southern Assam.<a href="#cite_note-HKBarpujariCHOA-22">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Neo-Vaishanavite (Ekasarana Dharma)</a> Movement led by <a href="/wiki/Srimanta_Shankardeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimanta Shankardeva">Srimanta Shankardeva</a> (Xongkordeu) made an enormous impact on the socio-cultural and religious sphere of Assam. This 15th century religio-cultural movement under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Srimanta_Sankardeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Srimanta Sankardeva">Srimanta Sankardeva</a> (Xonkordeu) and his disciples have provided another dimension to Assamese culture. A renewed Hinduisation in local forms took place, which was initially greatly supported by the Koch and later by the Ahom kingdoms. The resultant social institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Namghar" title="Namghar">namghar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sattra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattra">sattra</a> (the Vaishnav Monasteries) have become an integral part of the Assamese way of life. The movement contributed greatly towards language, literature, and performing and fine arts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. It was also an egalitarian reform movement as it broke away with the old caste barriers of Brahmanical Hinduism and converted into its fold people of all castes, ethnicity and religions (including <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebrations_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Celebrations_1.jpg/220px-Celebrations_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Celebrations_1.jpg/330px-Celebrations_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Celebrations_1.jpg/440px-Celebrations_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Presenting <a href="/wiki/Gayan_Bayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayan Bayan">Gayan Bayan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Majuli" title="Majuli">Majuli</a>, the Neo-Vaishnavite cultural heritage of Assam</div></figcaption></figure> The modern culture has been influenced by events in the British and the post-British era. <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> language was standardised by American <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionaries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Brown_(missionary)" title="Nathan Brown (missionary)">Nathan Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Bronson_and_the_Noctes" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles Bronson and the Noctes">Dr. Miles Bronson</a> and local pundits such as <a href="/wiki/Hemchandra_Barua" title="Hemchandra Barua">Hemchandra Barua</a> with the dialect spoken in undivided <a href="/wiki/Sibsagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibsagar">Sibsagar</a> district (the centre of the Ahom kingdom) forming the standardised dialect. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Increasing efforts of standardisation in the 20th century alienated the localised forms present in different areas and with the less-assimilated <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethno-cultural groups</a> (many source-cultures). However, Assamese culture in its hybrid form and nature is one of the richest, still developing and in true sense is a '<a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">cultural system</a>' with sub-systems. Many source-cultures of the Assamese cultural-system are still surviving either as sub-systems or as sister entities, e.g. the; <a href="/wiki/Bodo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo people">Bodo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mishing</a>. It is important to keep the broader system closer to its roots and at the same time focus on development of the sub-systems. Some of the common and unique cultural traits in the region are peoples' respect towards <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">areca-nut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a> leaves, symbolic (<a href="/wiki/Gamosa" title="Gamosa">gamosa</a>, arnai, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">traditional silk</a> garments (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mekhela_chador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhela chador">mekhela chador</a>, traditional dress of Assamese women) and towards forefathers and elderly. Moreover, great hospitality and bamboo culture are common. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Assam_state_symbols" title="List of Assam state symbols">List of Assam state symbols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaapi" title="Jaapi">Jaapi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missing_tribal_woman_weaving_Mekhela_sador_at_Majuli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Missing_tribal_woman_weaving_Mekhela_sador_at_Majuli.jpg/170px-Missing_tribal_woman_weaving_Mekhela_sador_at_Majuli.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Missing_tribal_woman_weaving_Mekhela_sador_at_Majuli.jpg/255px-Missing_tribal_woman_weaving_Mekhela_sador_at_Majuli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Missing_tribal_woman_weaving_Mekhela_sador_at_Majuli.jpg/340px-Missing_tribal_woman_weaving_Mekhela_sador_at_Majuli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mising</a> woman using a handloom to weave a traditional <a href="/wiki/Mekhela_chador" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhela chador">Mekhela chador</a> dress.</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaapi_with_Gamosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jaapi_with_Gamosa.jpg/170px-Jaapi_with_Gamosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jaapi_with_Gamosa.jpg/255px-Jaapi_with_Gamosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jaapi_with_Gamosa.jpg/340px-Jaapi_with_Gamosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="2157" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A decorative Assamese <a href="/wiki/Jaapi" title="Jaapi">Jaapi</a> laid over a Gamosa</div></figcaption></figure> Symbolism is an ancient cultural practice in Assam and is still a very important part of the Assamese way of life. Various elements are used to represent beliefs, feelings, pride, identity, etc. Tamulpan (areca nut and betel leaves), <a href="/wiki/Xorai" title="Xorai">Xorai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamosa_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamosa of Assam">Gamosa</a> are three important symbolic elements in Assamese culture. Tamulpan or guapan (gua from kwa) are considered along with the Gamosa (a typical woven cotton or silk cloth with embroidery) as the offers of devotion, respect and friendship. The Tamulpan-tradition is an ancient one and is being followed since time-immemorial with roots in the aboriginal Austric culture. <a href="/wiki/Xorai" title="Xorai">Xorai</a> is a traditionally manufactured bell-metal article of great respect and is used as a container-medium while performing respectful offers. Moreover, symbolically many ethno-cultural groups use specific clothes to portray respect and pride. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monikutdhekiakhowa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monikutdhekiakhowa.JPG/220px-Monikutdhekiakhowa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monikutdhekiakhowa.JPG/330px-Monikutdhekiakhowa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Monikutdhekiakhowa.JPG/440px-Monikutdhekiakhowa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Singhasan of manikut in a <a href="/wiki/Namghar" title="Namghar">Namghar</a></figcaption></figure> There were many other symbolic elements and designs, but are now only found in literature, art, sculpture, architecture, etc. or in use today for only religious purposes. The typical designs of Assamese-lion, dragon (ngi-ngao-kham), and flying-lion (Naam-singho) are used for symbolising various purposes and occasions. The archaeological sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Madan_Kamdev" title="Madan Kamdev">Madan Kamdev</a> (c. 9th–10th centuries CE) exhibits mass-scale use of lions, dragon-lions and many other figures of demons to show case power and prosperity.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jhumura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jhumura.jpg/220px-Jhumura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jhumura.jpg/330px-Jhumura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Jhumura.jpg/440px-Jhumura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Jhumura</figcaption></figure> The Vaishnavite monasteries (<a href="/wiki/Satra_(Ekasarana_Dharma)" title="Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)">Sattras</a>) and many other architectural sites of the late medieval period display the use of lions and dragons for symbolic effects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_traditions">Festivals and traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Festivals and traditions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of festivals in Assam">List of festivals in Assam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Domahi" title="Domahi">Domahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magh_Bihu" title="Magh Bihu">Magh Bihu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bwisagu" title="Bwisagu">Bwisagu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg/170px-Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg/255px-Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg/340px-Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a> dancer blowing a <a href="/wiki/Pepa_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepa (musical instrument)">pepa</a> (horn)</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaapi,Dhemaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jaapi%2CDhemaji.jpg/170px-Jaapi%2CDhemaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jaapi%2CDhemaji.jpg/255px-Jaapi%2CDhemaji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jaapi%2CDhemaji.jpg/340px-Jaapi%2CDhemaji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2282" data-file-height="1550" /></a><figcaption>Ornate <a href="/wiki/Jaapi" title="Jaapi">Jaapis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dhemaji" title="Dhemaji">Dhemaji</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meji_burning_in_Kamrup,_Assam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Meji_burning_in_Kamrup%2C_Assam.jpg/220px-Meji_burning_in_Kamrup%2C_Assam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Meji_burning_in_Kamrup%2C_Assam.jpg/330px-Meji_burning_in_Kamrup%2C_Assam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Meji_burning_in_Kamrup%2C_Assam.jpg/440px-Meji_burning_in_Kamrup%2C_Assam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>The burning of Meji (an offering to the god of fire) during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Magh_Bihu" title="Magh Bihu">Maghor bihu</a></figcaption></figure> There are diversified important traditional festivals in Assam. Bihu is the most important festival of Assam and is celebrated all over the state.The Assamese new year (Ek Bohag) is celebrated in April of the Gregorian calendar. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Husori_in_Bihu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Husori_in_Bihu.jpg/220px-Husori_in_Bihu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Husori_in_Bihu.jpg/330px-Husori_in_Bihu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Husori_in_Bihu.jpg/440px-Husori_in_Bihu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Husori in Bihu</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a> is described as the soul and life of Assam. It is a series of three prominent festivals each associated with a certain stage during the cultivation of paddy. Primarily a secular festival celebrated to mark the seasons and the significant points of a cultivator's life over yearly cycle. Three Bihus, rongali (in the month of bohag), celebrated with the coming of spring and the beginning of the sowing season; kongali or kati, the barren bihu when the fields are lush but the barns are empty and <a href="/wiki/Bhogali_Bihu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhogali Bihu">bhogali</a> (in the month of magh), the thanksgiving when the crops have been harvested and the granaries are full. Bihu songs and <a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">Bihu dance</a> are associated with rongali and bhogali bihu. The day before the each bihu is known as the day of Uruka. The first day of 'Rongali bihu' is called 'Goru bihu' (the bihu of the cows), when the cows are taken to the nearby rivers or ponds to be bathed with special care. In recent times the form and nature of celebration has changed with the growth of urban centres. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bwisagu_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bwisagu_Dance.jpg/220px-Bwisagu_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bwisagu_Dance.jpg/330px-Bwisagu_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bwisagu_Dance.jpg/440px-Bwisagu_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Bwisagu dance</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bwisagu" title="Bwisagu">Bwisagu</a> is one of the most popular seasonal festivals of the <a href="/wiki/Bodo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo people">Bodos</a>. Baisagu is a Boro word which originated from the word "Baisa" which means year or age, and "Agu" meaning starting or beginning. Bwisagu marks the beginning of the new year. It is celebrated at the beginning of the first month of the Boro year, around mid-April in the Gregorian Calendar. It has remarkable similarities to the festival of Rongali Bihu, also celebrated at the same time in Assam. The worship of Bathow is done on the second day of the festival. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mising_girls_dancing_During_Ali-Aye-Ligang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mising_girls_dancing_During_Ali-Aye-Ligang.jpg/220px-Mising_girls_dancing_During_Ali-Aye-Ligang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mising_girls_dancing_During_Ali-Aye-Ligang.jpg/330px-Mising_girls_dancing_During_Ali-Aye-Ligang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mising_girls_dancing_During_Ali-Aye-Ligang.jpg/440px-Mising_girls_dancing_During_Ali-Aye-Ligang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mising girls</a> dancing during <a href="/wiki/Ali_Ai_Ligang" title="Ali Ai Ligang">Ali Ai Ligang</a> (Spring Festival) to the tunes of <a href="/wiki/Oi_Nitom" title="Oi Nitom">Oi:Nitom</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Ai_Ligang" title="Ali Ai Ligang">Ali-Aye-Ligang</a> or Ali-Ai-Ligang is a spring festivital associated with agriculture celebrated by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mising</a> of Assam and other Northeast Indian states. It marks the beginning of the Ahu paddy cultivation in the farms. The term "Ali" denotes legumes, "Aye" means seed and "Ligang" is 'to sow'. The festival is celebrated on a Wednesday of the month of Fagun of the Assamese calendar and in the month of February in English calendar. The gumrag dance is associated with this festival. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barman_Dimasa_Girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barman_Dimasa_Girl.jpg/220px-Barman_Dimasa_Girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barman_Dimasa_Girl.jpg/330px-Barman_Dimasa_Girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Barman_Dimasa_Girl.jpg/440px-Barman_Dimasa_Girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa women</a> performing Baidima, the traditional dance of the Dimasa people.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people#Festivals" title="Dimasa people">Bushu Dima</a> or simply Bushu is a major harvest festival of the <a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa people</a>. This festival is celebrated during the end of January. Officially 27 January has been declared as the day of Bushu Dima festival. The Dimasa people celebrate by playing musical instruments- khram (a type of drum), muri (a kind of huge long flute). The people dance to the different tunes of "murithai" and each dance has its own unique name, the most prominent being the "Baidima" There are three types of Bushu celebrated by the Dimasas- Jidap, Surem and Hangsou. <a href="/wiki/Me-Dam-Me-Phi" title="Me-Dam-Me-Phi">Me-Dam-Me-Phi</a> is the day of the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead#Assam" title="Veneration of the dead">veneration of the dead ancestors</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Tai-Ahom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai-Ahom">Tai-Ahom</a> community. It bears striking similarity in the concept of ancestor worship that the Tai-Ahoms share with other peoples originating from the <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> stock. The word ‘Me’ means offerings, ‘Dam’ means ancestors and ‘Phi’ means gods. According to the Buranjis, Lengdon (God of thunder), the king of Mong Phi (<a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">The heavenly kingdom</a>), sent two of his grandsons Khunlung and Khunlai to Mong Ri Mong Ram (present day <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a>, China) and at that moment Ye-Cheng-Pha, the God of knowledge, advised them to perform Umpha, Phuralong, Mae Dam Mae Phi and Rik-khwan rituals in different months of the year on different occasions to pay respect to the <a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Phi-Dam</a> (Ancestral Spirit) and Khwan elements. Since that day till now Mae Dam Mae Phi has been observed by the Tai-Ahoms. It is celebrated on 31 January every year according to the Gregorian calendar. Rongker also called Dehal is an annual winter festival of merriment celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbi people</a> of Assam. It is observed in order to appease the local deities associated with the welfare of the village and the harvest of crops and also to get rid of all evil spirits. Although the festival does have a specific time it is usually observed at the beginning of the Karbi New year (Thang thang) which falls on February of the Gregorian calendar. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holi_at_Barpeta22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holi_at_Barpeta22.jpg/220px-Holi_at_Barpeta22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holi_at_Barpeta22.jpg/330px-Holi_at_Barpeta22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holi_at_Barpeta22.jpg/440px-Holi_at_Barpeta22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption>Doul Mohutsav (Holi) in <a href="/wiki/Barpeta_Satra" title="Barpeta Satra">Barpeta Satra</a></figcaption></figure> Doul Mohutsav, also called Fakuwa or Doul Utsav is a festival of colours and happiness popular in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Assam">Lower Assam</a> and especially in <a href="/wiki/Barpeta_district" title="Barpeta district">Barpeta</a>. It is synonymous with the festival of <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> celebrated in Northern India. Holigeets of Barpeta are sung which is incredibly popular and enthralls the heart of every Assamese. These holigeets are the exquisite compositions in praise of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Krishna">Lord Krishna</a>. People from different parts of the state visit Barpeta Satra to experience this colourful and joyful festival. Chavang Kut is a post harvesting festival of the <a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Kuki people</a>. The festival is celebrated on the first day of November every year. Hence, this particular day has been officially declared as a Restricted Holiday by the Assam government. In the past, the celebration was primarily important in the religio-cultural sense. The rhythmic movements of the dances in the festival were inspired by animals, agricultural techniques and showed their relationship with ecology. Today, the celebration witnesses the shifting of stages and is revamped to suit new contexts and interpretations. The traditional dances which form the core of the festival is now performed in out-of-village settings and are staged in a secular public sphere. In Assam, the Kukis mainly reside in the two autonomous districts of Dima Hasao and Karbi Anglong. Beshoma is a festival of <a href="/wiki/Deshi_people" title="Deshi people">Deshi people</a> (one of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> groups of Assam).<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> It is a celebration of sowing crop. The Beshoma starts on the last day of Chaitra and goes on until the sixth of Baisakh. With varying locations it is also called Bishma or Chait-Boishne.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> Moreover, there are other important traditional festivals being celebrated every year on different occasions at different places. Many of these are celebrated by different ethno-cultural groups (sub and sister cultures). Some of these are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanshuwa_Festival" title="Wanshuwa Festival">Wanshuwa Festival</a> (by the <a href="/wiki/Tiwa_(Lalung)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwa (Lalung)">Tiwas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherai" title="Kherai">Kherai</a> (by the Bodos)</li> <li>Garja</li> <li>Bisu (<a href="/wiki/Deori_people" title="Deori people">Deori</a>)</li> <li>Awnkham Gwrlwi Janai</li> <li>Chojun/Swarak</li> <li>Deusi Bhailo ( Traditional Nepalese songs that are sung during the festival of light "Dipavali" and also called "Tihar" )</li> <li>Sokk-erroi</li> <li>Hacha-kekan</li> <li>Hapsa Hatarnai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porag" title="Porag">Porag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bathow (page does not exist)">Bathow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangala" title="Wangala">Wangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohuwa_dance" title="Bohuwa dance">Bohuwa nrityo</a></li></ul></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_puja_pandel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Durga_puja_pandel.jpg/220px-Durga_puja_pandel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Durga_puja_pandel.jpg/330px-Durga_puja_pandel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Durga_puja_pandel.jpg/440px-Durga_puja_pandel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>Durga puja in <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> is observed with great merriment by <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> of various denominations, including <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, throughout Assam. <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> is widely celebrated across the state. Muslims celebrate two Eids (<a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>) with much eagerness all over Assam. Other few yearly celebrations are <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Beach_Festival" title="Brahmaputra Beach Festival">Brahmaputra Beach Festival</a>, Guwahati, <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_Elephant_Festival" title="Kaziranga Elephant Festival">Kaziranga Elephant Festival</a>, Kaziranga and <a href="/wiki/Dehing_Patkai_Festival" title="Dehing Patkai Festival">Dehing Patkai Festival</a>, Lekhapani, Karbi Youth Festival of Diphu and International Jatinga Festival, <a href="/wiki/Jatinga" title="Jatinga">Jatinga</a> can not be forgotten. Few yearly Mela's like <a href="/wiki/Jonbeel_Mela" title="Jonbeel Mela">Jonbeel Mela</a>, started in the 15th century by the Ahom Kings, <a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a>, Guwahati etc. Asom Divas or <a href="/wiki/Sukapha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukapha">Sukapha</a> Divas (2 December) is celebrated to commemorate the advent of the first king of the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> in Assam after his journey over the Patkai Hills. <a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit</a> Divas (24 November) is celebrated on the birth anniversary of the great Ahom general <a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sarbananda_Sonowal" title="Sarbananda Sonowal">Sarbananda Sonowal</a>, the chief minister of Assam took part in the Lachit Divas celebration at the statue of Lachit Borphukan at Brahmaputra riverfront on 24 November 2017. He said, the first countrywide celebration of 'Lachit Divas' would take place in New Delhi followed by state capitals such as Hyderabad, Bangalore and Kolkata in a phased manner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music,_dance,_and_drama">Music, dance, and drama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Music, dance, and drama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Assam" title="Music of Assam">Music of Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam" title="Folk dances of Assam">Folk dances of Assam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_theatre_in_Assam" title="Mobile theatre in Assam">Mobile theatre in Assam</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishnakahi_Kashyap_performing_Sattriya_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sattriya Dance (An Indian classical dance form)"><img alt="Sattriya Dance (An Indian classical dance form)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Krishnakahi_Kashyap_performing_Sattriya_Dance.jpg/134px-Krishnakahi_Kashyap_performing_Sattriya_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Krishnakahi_Kashyap_performing_Sattriya_Dance.jpg/202px-Krishnakahi_Kashyap_performing_Sattriya_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Krishnakahi_Kashyap_performing_Sattriya_Dance.jpg/269px-Krishnakahi_Kashyap_performing_Sattriya_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya Dance</a> (An <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance form</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodo_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bodo dance Bagurumba"><img alt="Bodo dance Bagurumba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bodo_dance.jpg/326px-Bodo_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bodo_dance.jpg/490px-Bodo_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bodo_dance.jpg/652px-Bodo_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bodo dance <a href="/wiki/Bagurumba" title="Bagurumba">Bagurumba</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tea_Tribe_Dance_of_Assam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jhumair dance in Tea garden"><img alt="Jhumair dance in Tea garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tea_Tribe_Dance_of_Assam.jpg/268px-Tea_Tribe_Dance_of_Assam.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Tea_Tribe_Dance_of_Assam.jpg/403px-Tea_Tribe_Dance_of_Assam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Tea_Tribe_Dance_of_Assam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jhumair dance in Tea garden </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lukobadya_nagara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nagara drums"><img alt="Nagara drums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lukobadya_nagara.jpg/271px-Lukobadya_nagara.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lukobadya_nagara.jpg/408px-Lukobadya_nagara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lukobadya_nagara.jpg/543px-Lukobadya_nagara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4226" data-file-height="3132" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nagara drums</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika,_Assam,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bhupen Hazarika (Music maestro of Assam)"><img alt="Bhupen Hazarika (Music maestro of Assam)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika%2C_Assam%2C_India.jpg/139px-Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika%2C_Assam%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika%2C_Assam%2C_India.jpg/208px-Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika%2C_Assam%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika%2C_Assam%2C_India.jpg/277px-Dr._Bhupen_Hazarika%2C_Assam%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a> (Music maestro of Assam)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bihu_dance_of_Assam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assamese youth performing Bihu Dance"><img alt="Assamese youth performing Bihu Dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bihu_dance_of_Assam.jpg/302px-Bihu_dance_of_Assam.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bihu_dance_of_Assam.jpg/453px-Bihu_dance_of_Assam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bihu_dance_of_Assam.jpg/603px-Bihu_dance_of_Assam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Assamese youth performing Bihu Dance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Kalaguru,_Rupkonwar_and_Natasurjya_at_Guwahati_(Side_view).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Bishnu Prasad Rabha, Jyoti Prasad Agarwala and Phani Sarma at District Library, Guwahati."><img alt="Statue of Bishnu Prasad Rabha, Jyoti Prasad Agarwala and Phani Sarma at District Library, Guwahati." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Statue_of_Kalaguru%2C_Rupkonwar_and_Natasurjya_at_Guwahati_%28Side_view%29.JPG/216px-Statue_of_Kalaguru%2C_Rupkonwar_and_Natasurjya_at_Guwahati_%28Side_view%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="144" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Statue_of_Kalaguru%2C_Rupkonwar_and_Natasurjya_at_Guwahati_%28Side_view%29.JPG/324px-Statue_of_Kalaguru%2C_Rupkonwar_and_Natasurjya_at_Guwahati_%28Side_view%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Statue_of_Kalaguru%2C_Rupkonwar_and_Natasurjya_at_Guwahati_%28Side_view%29.JPG/431px-Statue_of_Kalaguru%2C_Rupkonwar_and_Natasurjya_at_Guwahati_%28Side_view%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1250" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Prasad_Rabha" title="Bishnu Prasad Rabha">Bishnu Prasad Rabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Prasad_Agarwala" title="Jyoti Prasad Agarwala">Jyoti Prasad Agarwala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phani_Sarma" title="Phani Sarma">Phani Sarma</a> at District Library, Guwahati.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vauna%27t_Laxmi_Narayan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bhaona performance"><img alt="Bhaona performance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vauna%27t_Laxmi_Narayan.jpg/268px-Vauna%27t_Laxmi_Narayan.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vauna%27t_Laxmi_Narayan.jpg/403px-Vauna%27t_Laxmi_Narayan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vauna%27t_Laxmi_Narayan.jpg/536px-Vauna%27t_Laxmi_Narayan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bhaona" title="Bhaona">Bhaona</a> performance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mask_of_Samaguri_Satra_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mask making in Majuli"><img alt="Mask making in Majuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mask_of_Samaguri_Satra_5.jpg/358px-Mask_of_Samaguri_Satra_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mask_of_Samaguri_Satra_5.jpg/537px-Mask_of_Samaguri_Satra_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mask_of_Samaguri_Satra_5.jpg/715px-Mask_of_Samaguri_Satra_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2296" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mask making in <a href="/wiki/Majuli" title="Majuli">Majuli</a></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assamese_mythological_play_%22Surjya_Mandirot_Surjyasta%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Assamese_mythological_play_%22Surjya_Mandirot_Surjyasta%22.jpg/220px-Assamese_mythological_play_%22Surjya_Mandirot_Surjyasta%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Assamese_mythological_play_%22Surjya_Mandirot_Surjyasta%22.jpg/330px-Assamese_mythological_play_%22Surjya_Mandirot_Surjyasta%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Assamese_mythological_play_%22Surjya_Mandirot_Surjyasta%22.jpg/440px-Assamese_mythological_play_%22Surjya_Mandirot_Surjyasta%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Actors of Abinaswar Gosthi performs the play "Surjya Mandirot Surjyasta" directed by Dipok Borah</figcaption></figure> Performing arts include: <a href="/wiki/Ankia_Naat" title="Ankia Naat">Ankia Naat</a> (Onkeeya Naat), a traditional Vaishnav dance-drama (<a href="/wiki/Bhaona" title="Bhaona">Bhaona</a>) popular since the 15th century CE.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It makes use of large masks of gods, goddesses, demons and animals and in between the plays a Sutradhar (Xutrodhar) continues to narrate the story.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Besides <a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">Bihu dance</a> and Husori performed during the <a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a>, dance forms of tribal minorities such as; Kushan nritra of Rajbongshi's, <a href="/wiki/Bagurumba" title="Bagurumba">Bagurumba</a> and Bordoicikhla dance of <a href="/wiki/Bodo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo people">Bodos</a>, Mishing Bihu, Banjar Kekan performed during Chomangkan by <a href="/wiki/Karbis" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbis">Karbis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tea-garden_community_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea-garden community of Assam">Tea-garden community</a> are some of the major folk dances.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a> (Sotriya) dance related to Vaishnav tradition is a classical form of dance. Moreover, there are several other age-old dance-forms such as Barpeta's Bhortal Nritya, <a href="/wiki/Deodhani_dance" title="Deodhani dance">Deodhani Nritya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojapali" title="Ojapali">Ojapali</a>, Beula Dance, Ka Shad Inglong Kardom, Nimso Kerung, etc. The tradition of modern moving theatres is typical of Assam with immense popularity of many <a href="/wiki/Mobile_theatre_in_Assam" title="Mobile theatre in Assam">Mobile theatre</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/Kohinoor_Theatre" title="Kohinoor Theatre">Kohinoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brindabon_Theatre" title="Brindabon Theatre">Brindabon</a>, etc.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The indigenous folk music has influenced the growth of a modern idiom, that finds expression in the music of artists like <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Prasad_Agarwala" title="Jyoti Prasad Agarwala">Jyoti Prasad Agarwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishnuprasad_Rabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnuprasad Rabha">Bishnuprasad Rabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati_Prasad_Baruwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvati Prasad Baruwa">Parvati Prasad Baruwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratima_Barua_Pandey" title="Pratima Barua Pandey">Pratima Barua Pandey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anima_Choudhury" title="Anima Choudhury">Anima Choudhury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudra_Baruah" title="Rudra Baruah">Luit Konwar Rudra Baruah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Hazarika" title="Jayanta Hazarika">Jayanta Hazarika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khagen_Mahanta" title="Khagen Mahanta">Khagen Mahanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipali_Barthakur" title="Dipali Barthakur">Dipali Barthakur</a>, among many others. Among the new generation, <a href="/wiki/Zubeen_Garg" title="Zubeen Garg">Zubeen Garg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaraag_Mahanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Angaraag Mahanta">Angaraag Mahanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joi_Barua" title="Joi Barua">Joi Barua</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There is an award given in the honour of <a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Prasad_Rabha" title="Bishnu Prasad Rabha">Bishnu Prasad Rabha</a> for achievements in the cultural/music world of Assam by the state government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assamese_Thali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Assamese_Thali.jpg/220px-Assamese_Thali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Assamese_Thali.jpg/330px-Assamese_Thali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Assamese_Thali.jpg/440px-Assamese_Thali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Assamese Thali</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GHOST_CHILLY_CHICKEN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GHOST_CHILLY_CHICKEN.jpg/220px-GHOST_CHILLY_CHICKEN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GHOST_CHILLY_CHICKEN.jpg/330px-GHOST_CHILLY_CHICKEN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/GHOST_CHILLY_CHICKEN.jpg/440px-GHOST_CHILLY_CHICKEN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>An ethnic preparation of Ghost chili chicken curry of Assam</figcaption></figure> Typically, an Assamese meal consists of many things such as <a href="/wiki/Bhat_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhat (food)">bhat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>) with dayl/ daly (<a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a>), masor jool (<a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> stew), mangxô (<a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a>) and stir fried <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">greens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs">herbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhut-Jolokia-pc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bhut-Jolokia-pc.jpg/220px-Bhut-Jolokia-pc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bhut-Jolokia-pc.jpg/330px-Bhut-Jolokia-pc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bhut-Jolokia-pc.jpg/440px-Bhut-Jolokia-pc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhut_jolokia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhut jolokia">Bhut jolokia</a> (ghost pepper) is used in preparation of traditional meat stews</figcaption></figure> The two main characteristics of a traditional meal in Assam are <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine#Khar" title="Assamese cuisine">khar</a> (an Alkali, named after its main ingredient) and tenga (Preparations bearing a characteristically <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">rich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pungent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pungent">tangy</a> flavour). Khorika is the smoked or fire grilled meat eaten with meals. Pitika (mash) is another delicacy of Assam. It includes alu pitika (mashed potatoes), bilahi (tomatoes), bengena (brinjals) or even masor pitika (fish). Commonly consumed varieties of <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> include <a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Mutton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">duck</a>/<a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> (among <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> indigenous Assamese ethnic groups). <a href="/wiki/Grasshoppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasshoppers">Grasshoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Locusts">locusts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silkworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworms">silkworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snails" class="mw-redirect" title="Snails">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eels" class="mw-redirect" title="Eels">eels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> wild <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">squab</a> and other birds, <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a> are also eaten, albeit in moderation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pork_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pork_s.jpg/220px-Pork_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pork_s.jpg/330px-Pork_s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pork_s.jpg/440px-Pork_s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mising</a> girl roasting fish and pork in bamboo tubes (bahor sungha) in an ethnic festival</figcaption></figure> Khorisa (fermented <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo shoots">bamboo shoots</a>) are used at times to flavour curries while they can also be preserved and made into pickles. Koldil (<a href="/wiki/Banana_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana flower">banana flower</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a> are also used in popular culinary preparations.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rice_beer.jpg/220px-Rice_beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rice_beer.jpg/330px-Rice_beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rice_beer.jpg/440px-Rice_beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Rice beer</a> is consumed on festivals by the various indigenous ethnic communities of Assam</figcaption></figure> A variety of different rice cultivars are grown and consumed in different ways, viz., roasted, ground, boiled or just soaked.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Fish curries made of <a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">free range</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wild</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> as well as Bôralí, rôu, illish, or sitôl are the most popular. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another favourite combination is <a href="/wiki/Luchi" title="Luchi">luchi</a> (fried flatbread), a curry which can be vegetarian or non-vegetarian.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many indigenous Assamese communities households still continue to brew their traditional alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverages">beverages</a>; examples include: Laupani, Xaaj, Paniyo, Jou, Joumai, Hor, <a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apong</a>, Sujen etc. Such beverages are served during traditional festivities. Declining them is considered socially offensive.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Assamese food is generally served in traditional <a href="/wiki/Bell_metal" title="Bell metal">bell metal</a> dishes and platters like Kanhi, Maihang and so on.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Patot_dia_maas_-_Homemade_-_Assam_DSC_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish cooked in banana leaves"><img alt="Fish cooked in banana leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Patot_dia_maas_-_Homemade_-_Assam_DSC_012.jpg/155px-Patot_dia_maas_-_Homemade_-_Assam_DSC_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Patot_dia_maas_-_Homemade_-_Assam_DSC_012.jpg/232px-Patot_dia_maas_-_Homemade_-_Assam_DSC_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Patot_dia_maas_-_Homemade_-_Assam_DSC_012.jpg/309px-Patot_dia_maas_-_Homemade_-_Assam_DSC_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="2714" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fish cooked in banana leaves</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Narikol_Pitha_From_Assam_-_Sweets_Table_-_Wikiconference_India_2023_-_Hyderabad_2023-04-28_7673.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narikol Pitha is a very popular dish especially during Bihu"><img alt="Narikol Pitha is a very popular dish especially during Bihu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Narikol_Pitha_From_Assam_-_Sweets_Table_-_Wikiconference_India_2023_-_Hyderabad_2023-04-28_7673.jpg/302px-Narikol_Pitha_From_Assam_-_Sweets_Table_-_Wikiconference_India_2023_-_Hyderabad_2023-04-28_7673.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Narikol_Pitha_From_Assam_-_Sweets_Table_-_Wikiconference_India_2023_-_Hyderabad_2023-04-28_7673.jpg/453px-Narikol_Pitha_From_Assam_-_Sweets_Table_-_Wikiconference_India_2023_-_Hyderabad_2023-04-28_7673.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Narikol_Pitha_From_Assam_-_Sweets_Table_-_Wikiconference_India_2023_-_Hyderabad_2023-04-28_7673.jpg/603px-Narikol_Pitha_From_Assam_-_Sweets_Table_-_Wikiconference_India_2023_-_Hyderabad_2023-04-28_7673.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narikol <a href="/wiki/Pitha#In_Assam" title="Pitha">Pitha</a> is a very popular dish especially during <a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg/170px-Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg/255px-Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg/340px-Laksminath_Bezbaruah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lakshminath_Bezbaroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshminath Bezbaroa">Lakshminath Bezbaroa</a>, one of the foremost figures of <a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese literature</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankaradeva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sankaradeva.jpg/170px-Sankaradeva.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sankaradeva.jpg/255px-Sankaradeva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Sankaradeva.jpg/340px-Sankaradeva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Imaginary portrait of <a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Srimanta Sankardeva</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Prasad_Rabha" title="Bishnu Prasad Rabha">Bishnu Prasad Rabha</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a></figcaption></figure> Assamese literature dates back to the composition of <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a>, and later on works like <a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakanda Ramayana</a> by <a href="/wiki/Madhava_Kandali" title="Madhava Kandali">Madhava Kandali</a>, which is the first translation of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a>, contributed to Assamese literature.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardeva</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borgeet" title="Borgeet">Borgeet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankia_Naat" title="Ankia Naat">Ankia Naat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaona" title="Bhaona">Bhaona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satra_(Ekasarana_Dharma)" title="Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)">Satra</a> tradition backed the 15th-16th century Assamese literature.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a> Written during the Reign of <a href="/wiki/Ahoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahoms">Ahoms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buranji" title="Buranji">Buranjis</a> are notable literary works which are prominently historical manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> Most literary works are written in Assamese although other local language such as <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a> are also represented.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 19th and 20th century, Assamese and other literature was modernised by authors including <a href="/wiki/Lakshminath_Bezbaroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshminath Bezbaroa">Lakshminath Bezbaroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birinchi_Kumar_Barua" title="Birinchi Kumar Barua">Birinchi Kumar Barua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hem_Barua" title="Hem Barua">Hem Barua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamoni_Raisom_Goswami" title="Mamoni Raisom Goswami">Dr. Mamoni Raisom Goswami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhabendra_Nath_Saikia" title="Bhabendra Nath Saikia">Bhabendra Nath Saikia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birendra_Kumar_Bhattacharya" title="Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya">Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiren_Bhattacharyya" title="Hiren Bhattacharyya">Hiren Bhattacharyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homen_Borgohain" title="Homen Borgohain">Homen Borgohain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhabananda_Deka" title="Bhabananda Deka">Bhabananda Deka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebati_Mohan_Dutta_Choudhury" title="Rebati Mohan Dutta Choudhury">Rebati Mohan Dutta Choudhury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahim_Bora" title="Mahim Bora">Mahim Bora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Bahadur_Chettri" title="Lil Bahadur Chettri">Lil Bahadur Chettri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Malik" title="Syed Abdul Malik">Syed Abdul Malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Medhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Surendranath Medhi">Surendranath Medhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiren_Gohain" title="Hiren Gohain">Hiren Gohain</a> etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_arts">Fine arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Fine arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Painting_of_Assam" title="Painting of Assam">Painting of Assam</a></div> The archaic <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">Stupas</a> discovered in and around <a href="/wiki/Goalpara_district" title="Goalpara district">Goalpara district</a> are the earliest examples (c. 300 BCE to c. 100 CE) of ancient art and architectural works. The remains discovered in Daparvatiya (Doporboteeya) archaeological site with a beautiful doorframe in Tezpur are identified as the best examples of artwork in ancient Assam with influence of <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> School of Art of the late <a href="/wiki/Gupta_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta empire">Gupta</a> period.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Painting is an ancient tradition of Assam. <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (7th century CE) mentions that among the Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarma's gifts to <a href="/wiki/Harshavardhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhana">Harshavardhana</a> there were paintings and painted objects, some of which were on Assamese silk. Many of the manuscripts such as <a href="/wiki/Hastividyarnava" title="Hastividyarnava">Hastividyarnava</a> (A Treatise on Elephants), the Chitra Bhagawata and in the Gita Govinda from the Middle Ages bear excellent examples of traditional paintings.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_crafts">Traditional crafts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Traditional crafts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_crafts_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional crafts of Assam">Traditional crafts of Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_and_brass_metal_crafts_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell and brass metal crafts of Assam">Bell and brass metal crafts of Assam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">Assam silk</a></div> Assam has a rich tradition of <a href="/wiki/Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Crafts">crafts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Cane</a> and bamboo craft, bell metal and <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a> craft, silk and cotton <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, toy and <a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">mask</a> making, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> work, wood craft, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> making, and musical instruments making have remained as major traditions.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> Cane and bamboo craft provide the most commonly used utilities in daily life, ranging from household utilities, weaving accessories, fishing accessories, furniture, musical instruments, construction materials, etc. Utilities and symbolic articles such as Sorai and Bota made from bell metal and brass are found in every Assamese household.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hajo" title="Hajo">Hajo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarthebari" title="Sarthebari">Sarthebari</a> (Sorthebaary) are the most important centres of traditional bell-metal and brass crafts. Assam is the home of several types of silks, the most prestigious are: Muga – the natural golden silk, Pat – a creamy-bright-silver coloured silk and Eri – a variety used for manufacturing warm clothes for winter. Apart from <a href="/wiki/Sualkuchi" title="Sualkuchi">Sualkuchi</a> (Xualkuchi), the centre for the traditional silk industry, in almost every parts of the Brahmaputra Valley, rural households produce silk and silk garments with excellent embroidery designs. Moreover, various ethno-cultural groups in Assam make different types of cotton garments with unique embroidery designs and wonderful colour combinations. Moreover, Assam possesses unique crafts of toy and mask making mostly concentrated in the Vaishnav Monasteries, pottery and <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> work in western Assam districts and wood craft, iron craft, jewellery, etc. in many places across the region. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Citra_Bhagavata_illustration_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A page of manuscript painting from Assam; The medieval painters used locally manufactured painting materials such as the colours of hangool and haital and papers manufactured from aloewood bark"><img alt="A page of manuscript painting from Assam; The medieval painters used locally manufactured painting materials such as the colours of hangool and haital and papers manufactured from aloewood bark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Citra_Bhagavata_illustration_2.jpg/296px-Citra_Bhagavata_illustration_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Citra_Bhagavata_illustration_2.jpg/444px-Citra_Bhagavata_illustration_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Citra_Bhagavata_illustration_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="309" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A page of manuscript painting from Assam; The medieval painters used locally manufactured painting materials such as the colours of <a href="/wiki/Hangool_and_haital" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangool and haital">hangool and haital</a> and papers manufactured from aloewood bark</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam_Xorai.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell metal made sorai and sophura are important parts of culture"><img alt="Bell metal made sorai and sophura are important parts of culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Assam_Xorai.png/268px-Assam_Xorai.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Assam_Xorai.png/403px-Assam_Xorai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Assam_Xorai.png/536px-Assam_Xorai.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bell_metal" title="Bell metal">Bell metal</a> made sorai and sophura are important parts of culture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Assam_Knahor_Knahi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assam Kahor (Bell metal) Kahi"><img alt="Assam Kahor (Bell metal) Kahi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Assam_Knahor_Knahi.jpg/268px-Assam_Knahor_Knahi.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Assam_Knahor_Knahi.jpg/403px-Assam_Knahor_Knahi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Assam_Knahor_Knahi.jpg/536px-Assam_Knahor_Knahi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Assam Kahor (<a href="/wiki/Bell_metal" title="Bell metal">Bell metal</a>) Kahi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brihat_Ushaharan,_an_medieval-century_manuscript_painting_of_Assam_from_Budhbari_Satra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brihat Ushaharan, an 18th-century manuscript illustration of Garhgoan school of painting"><img alt="Brihat Ushaharan, an 18th-century manuscript illustration of Garhgoan school of painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brihat_Ushaharan%2C_an_medieval-century_manuscript_painting_of_Assam_from_Budhbari_Satra.jpg/248px-Brihat_Ushaharan%2C_an_medieval-century_manuscript_painting_of_Assam_from_Budhbari_Satra.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brihat_Ushaharan%2C_an_medieval-century_manuscript_painting_of_Assam_from_Budhbari_Satra.jpg/373px-Brihat_Ushaharan%2C_an_medieval-century_manuscript_painting_of_Assam_from_Budhbari_Satra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brihat_Ushaharan%2C_an_medieval-century_manuscript_painting_of_Assam_from_Budhbari_Satra.jpg/496px-Brihat_Ushaharan%2C_an_medieval-century_manuscript_painting_of_Assam_from_Budhbari_Satra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="2233" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brihat Ushaharan, an 18th-century manuscript illustration of Garhgoan school of painting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayurpokhyi_Kehl-Nao_(Pleasure_boat)_of_Kamalabari_Satra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mayurpokhyi Khel-Nao (Pleasure boat) of medieval Assam, used by Badula Ata of Kamalabari Satra"><img alt="Mayurpokhyi Khel-Nao (Pleasure boat) of medieval Assam, used by Badula Ata of Kamalabari Satra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mayurpokhyi_Kehl-Nao_%28Pleasure_boat%29_of_Kamalabari_Satra.jpg/268px-Mayurpokhyi_Kehl-Nao_%28Pleasure_boat%29_of_Kamalabari_Satra.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mayurpokhyi_Kehl-Nao_%28Pleasure_boat%29_of_Kamalabari_Satra.jpg/403px-Mayurpokhyi_Kehl-Nao_%28Pleasure_boat%29_of_Kamalabari_Satra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mayurpokhyi_Kehl-Nao_%28Pleasure_boat%29_of_Kamalabari_Satra.jpg/536px-Mayurpokhyi_Kehl-Nao_%28Pleasure_boat%29_of_Kamalabari_Satra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mayurpokhyi Khel-Nao (Pleasure boat) of medieval Assam, used by Badula Ata of Kamalabari Satra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahisamardini,_18th_century_Devi_bronze_metal_sculpture_from_Tinsukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18th century Mahisamardini bronze metal sculpture"><img alt="18th century Mahisamardini bronze metal sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mahisamardini%2C_18th_century_Devi_bronze_metal_sculpture_from_Tinsukia.jpg/163px-Mahisamardini%2C_18th_century_Devi_bronze_metal_sculpture_from_Tinsukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mahisamardini%2C_18th_century_Devi_bronze_metal_sculpture_from_Tinsukia.jpg/245px-Mahisamardini%2C_18th_century_Devi_bronze_metal_sculpture_from_Tinsukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mahisamardini%2C_18th_century_Devi_bronze_metal_sculpture_from_Tinsukia.jpg/326px-Mahisamardini%2C_18th_century_Devi_bronze_metal_sculpture_from_Tinsukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="2880" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">18th century Mahisamardini bronze metal sculpture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 308px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastividyarnava_Illustration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A painting from the folio of Hastividyarnava"><img alt="A painting from the folio of Hastividyarnava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hastividyarnava_Illustration.png/459px-Hastividyarnava_Illustration.png" decoding="async" width="306" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Hastividyarnava_Illustration.png 1.5x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="276" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A painting from the folio of <a href="/wiki/Hastividyarnava" title="Hastividyarnava">Hastividyarnava</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mask_in_the_Indian_Museum,_Kolkata_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mask art of Assam"><img alt="Mask art of Assam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mask_in_the_Indian_Museum%2C_Kolkata_15.jpg/134px-Mask_in_the_Indian_Museum%2C_Kolkata_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mask_in_the_Indian_Museum%2C_Kolkata_15.jpg/201px-Mask_in_the_Indian_Museum%2C_Kolkata_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mask_in_the_Indian_Museum%2C_Kolkata_15.jpg/268px-Mask_in_the_Indian_Museum%2C_Kolkata_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mask art of Assam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vrindavani_Vastra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vrindavani Vastra was woven in the 16th century under the guidance of Mahapurush Shrimanta Shankardev. The large drape illustrates the childhood activities of Lord Krishna in Vrindavan."><img alt="Vrindavani Vastra was woven in the 16th century under the guidance of Mahapurush Shrimanta Shankardev. The large drape illustrates the childhood activities of Lord Krishna in Vrindavan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vrindavani_Vastra.jpg/181px-Vrindavani_Vastra.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vrindavani_Vastra.jpg/271px-Vrindavani_Vastra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vrindavani_Vastra.jpg/361px-Vrindavani_Vastra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1113" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vrindavani_vastra" title="Vrindavani vastra">Vrindavani Vastra</a> was woven in the 16th century under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Mahapurush Shrimanta Shankardev</a>. The large drape illustrates the childhood activities of Lord Krishna in Vrindavan.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> Print media include Assamese dailies <a href="/wiki/Amar_Asom" title="Amar Asom">Amar Asom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asomiya_Khabar" title="Asomiya Khabar">Asomiya Khabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asomiya_Pratidin" title="Asomiya Pratidin">Asomiya Pratidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dainik_Agradoot" title="Dainik Agradoot">Dainik Agradoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dainik_Janambhumi" title="Dainik Janambhumi">Dainik Janambhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dainik_Asam" title="Dainik Asam">Dainik Asam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gana_Adhikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gana Adhikar">Gana Adhikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janasadharan" title="Janasadharan">Janasadharan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niyomiya_Barta" title="Niyomiya Barta">Niyomiya Barta</a>. Asom Bani, Sadin and Janambhumi are Assamese weekly newspapers. The English dailies of Assam include <a href="/wiki/The_Assam_Tribune" title="The Assam Tribune">The Assam Tribune</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sentinel_(Guwahati)" title="The Sentinel (Guwahati)">The Sentinel</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_North_East_Times" title="The North East Times">The North East Times</a>, Eastern Chronicle and The Hills Times. <a href="/wiki/Thekar" title="Thekar">Thekar</a>, in the Karbi language has the largest circulation of any daily from Karbi Anglong district. Bodosa has the highest circulation of any Bodo daily from BTR. <a href="/wiki/Dainik_Jugasankha" title="Dainik Jugasankha">Dainik Jugasankha</a> is a Bengali daily with editions from Dibrugarh, Guwahati, Silchar and Kolkata. Dainik Samayik Prasanga, Dainik Prantojyoti, Dainik Janakantha and Nababarta Prasanga are other prominent Bengali dailies published in the Barak Valley towns of Karimganj and Silchar. Hindi dailies include Purvanchal Prahari, Pratah Khabar and Dainik Purvoday. Broadcasting stations of <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> have been established in 22 cities across the state. Local news and music are the main priority for those stations. Assam has three public service broadcasting service stations of state-owned <a href="/wiki/DD_Assam" title="DD Assam">Doordarshan</a> at Dibrugarh, Guwahati and Silchar. The Guwahati-based satellite news channels include <a href="/wiki/Assam_Talks" title="Assam Talks">Assam Talks</a>, <a href="/wiki/DY_365" class="mw-redirect" title="DY 365">DY 365</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_Live_(Indian_TV_channel)" title="News Live (Indian TV channel)">News Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/News18_Assam_North_East" title="News18 Assam North East">News18 Assam North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_East_Live" title="North East Live">North East Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prag_News" title="Prag News">Prag News</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratidin_Time" title="Pratidin Time">Pratidin Time</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Assam" title="Outline of Assam">Outline of Assam</a> – comprehensive topic guide listing articles about Assam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Assam" title="List of people from Assam">List of people from Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Silchar_Floods" title="2022 Silchar Floods">2022 Silchar Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Assam" title="Emblem of Assam">Emblem of Assam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> has three districts. In all the three districts, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei language</a> (alias <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri language</a>) serves as an official language, besides Bengali language. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assam.gov.in/about-us/389">"State Symbols | Assam State Portal"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Assam">the original</a> on 7 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assam&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FAssam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurkayastha2024" class="citation news cs1">Purkayastha, Biswa Kalyan (24 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html">"Assam recognises Manipuri as associate official language in four districts"</a>. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Assam+recognises+Manipuri+as+associate+official+language+in+four+districts&rft.date=2024-02-24&rft.aulast=Purkayastha&rft.aufirst=Biswa+Kalyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fassam-recognises-manipuri-as-associate-official-language-in-four-districts-101708770769105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/here-is-indias-oil-story/1153719/">"Here is India's oil story"</a>. The Financial Express. 3 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721050940/https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/here-is-indias-oil-story/1153719/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Here+is+India%27s+oil+story&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fopinion%2Fhere-is-indias-oil-story%2F1153719%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Besatia in the Schoff translation and also sometimes used by Ptolemy, they are a people similar to Kirradai and they lived in the region between "Assam and Sichuan" (<a href="#CITEREFCasson1989">Casson 1989</a>, pp. 241–243) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> "The Periplus of the Erythraen Sea (last quarter of the first century A.D) and Ptolemy's Geography (middle of the second century A.D) appear to call the land including Assam Kirrhadia after its Kirata population." (<a href="#CITEREFSircar1990">Sircar 1990</a>:60–61) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "Prior to the thirteenth century the present region was called Kāmarūpa or, alternatively, Prāgjyotiṣapur", Lahiri, Nayanjot., Pre-Ahom Assam (Delhi 1991) p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> "Ahoms also gave Assam and its language their name (Ahom and the modern ɒχɒm 'Assam' come from an attested earlier form asam, acam, probably from a Burmese corruption of the word Shan/Shyam, cf. Siam: Kakati 1962; 1-4)." (<a href="#CITEREFMasica1993">Masica 1993</a>, p. 50) </li> <li id="cite_note-HKBarpujariCHOA-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HKBarpujariCHOA_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HKBarpujariCHOA_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HKBarpujariCHOA_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HKBarpujariCHOA_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HKBarpujariCHOA_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HKBarpujariCHOA_22-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1990" class="citation cs2">Sircar, D C (1990), "Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa", in Barpujari, H K (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, vol. I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, pp. 59–78</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa&rft.btitle=The+Comprehensive+History+of+Assam&rft.place=Guwahati&rft.pages=59-78&rft.pub=Publication+Board%2C+Assam&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=D+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan2316/at055">"The Assam Tribune Online"</a>. www.assamtribune.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127024137/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan2316%2Fat055">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.assamtribune.com&rft.atitle=The+Assam+Tribune+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assamtribune.com%2Fscripts%2Fdetailsnew.asp%3Fid%3Djan2316%2Fat055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/relics-hold-clue-to-missing-history-sunga-kushana-era-terracotta-artefacts-may-say-if-guwahati-existed-before-7th-century-ad/cid/345105">"Relics hold clue to missing history – Sunga-Kushana era terracotta artefacts may say if Guwahati existed before 7th century AD"</a>. www.telegraphindia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104021630/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/relics-hold-clue-to-missing-history-sunga-kushana-era-terracotta-artefacts-may-say-if-guwahati-existed-before-7th-century-ad/cid/345105">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraphindia.com&rft.atitle=Relics+hold+clue+to+missing+history+%E2%80%93+Sunga-Kushana+era+terracotta+artefacts+may+say+if+Guwahati+existed+before+7th+century+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fnorth-east%2Frelics-hold-clue-to-missing-history-sunga-kushana-era-terracotta-artefacts-may-say-if-guwahati-existed-before-7th-century-ad%2Fcid%2F345105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> India History Association. Session (2001), Proceedings of North East India History Association North East he came under the 'bad' influence of Banasura, ruler of Sonitapura (identified with Tezpur now under Sonitpur district in central Assam), and ended up sidelining Kamakhya in favour of Siva. Thereafter Naraka forsook the guidance </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Barman, Bratatee (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45688900">"Archaeology of BCE 200 -CE 1200 Assam (Northeast India): Pre-literary to Historical and Early Medieval Periods"</a>. Archaeology in Northeast India Recent Trends and Future Prospects Essays Celebrating 150 Years of Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220427104437/https://www.academia.edu/45688900">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Northeast+India+Recent+Trends+and+Future+Prospects+Essays+Celebrating+150+Years+of+Research&rft.atitle=Archaeology+of+BCE+200+-CE+1200+Assam+%28Northeast+India%29%3A+Pre-literary+to+Historical+and+Early+Medieval+Periods&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Barman&rft.aufirst=Bratatee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45688900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Tej Ram Sharma,1978, "Personal and geographical names in the Gupta inscriptions. (1.publ.)", Page 254, Kamarupa consisted of the Western districts of the Brahmaputra valley which being the most powerful state. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Suresh Kant Sharma, Usha Sharma – 2005,"Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, ... – Volume 3", Page 248, Davaka (Nowgong) and Kamarupa as separate and submissive friendly kingdoms. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The eastern border of Kamarupa is given by the temple of the goddess Tamreshvari (Pūrvāte Kāmarūpasya devī Dikkaravasini in <a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a>) near present-day Sadiya. "...the temple of the goddess Tameshwari (Dikkaravasini) is now located at modern Sadiya about 100 miles to the northeast of Sibsagar" (<a href="#CITEREFSircar1990">Sircar 1990</a>, pp. 63–68). </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBaruah1986">Baruah 1986</a>:36) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Banikanta Kakati, Assamese:Its formation and development </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBaruah1986">Baruah 1986</a>:220–224) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFBaruah1986">Baruah 1986</a>:224–234) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2017">Gogoi 2017</a>:1–17) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "In the Battle of Itakhuli in September 1682, the Ahom forces chased the defeated Mughals nearly one hundred kilometers back to the Manas river. The Manas then became the Ahom-Mughal boundary until the British occupation." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1995" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC">The Mughal Empire</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521566037" title="Special:BookSources/0521566037"><bdi>0521566037</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230334/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0521566037&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHyVh29gy4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2017">Gogoi 2017</a>:17–20) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFGogoi2017">Gogoi 2017</a>:20–26) </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2012" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Tirthankar (2012). India in the World Economy: From Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00910-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00910-3"><bdi>978-1-107-00910-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+World+Economy%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00910-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tirthankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarlaneMacFarlane2003" class="citation cs2">MacFarlane, Alan; MacFarlane, Iris (2003), Green Gold, The Empire of Tea, Ch. 6–11, Random House, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Gold%2C+The+Empire+of+Tea%2C+Ch.+6%E2%80%9311&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+London&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=MacFarlane%2C+Iris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Gait E.A. A History of Assam 1926 Calcutta and Shimla Thacker & Co page 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam (1681–1826) 1968 page 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 2008 page 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Gait E.A. A History of Assam 1926 Calcutta and Shimla Thacker & Co page 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam (1681–1826) 1968 page 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Gait E.A. A History of Assam 1926 Calcutta and Shimla Thacker & Co page 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam (1681–1826) 1968 page 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar-Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 318 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 2008 page 116-117 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Gait E.A. A History of Assam 1926 Calcutta and Shimla Thacker & Co page 232 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 2008 page117 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitchison1931" class="citation cs2">Aitchison, C. U., ed. (1931), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202003039/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Treaties/Burma/002.htm">The Treaty of Yandaboo, (A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads: Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries. Vol. XII.)</a>, Calcutta: Projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu, pp. 230–233, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Treaties/Burma/002.htm">the original</a> on 2 December 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Yandaboo%2C+%28A+Collection+of+Treaties%2C+Engagements+and+Sanads%3A+Relating+to+India+and+Neighbouring+Countries.+Vol.+XII.%29&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=230-233&rft.pub=Projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu&rft.date=1931&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojectsouthasia.sdstate.edu%2FDocs%2Fhistory%2Fprimarydocs%2FTreaties%2FBurma%2F002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarpujari1998" class="citation book cs1">Barpujari, H.K. (1998). North-East India, Problem Prospect and Politics. Guwahati: Spectrum Publishers. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North-East+India%2C+Problem+Prospect+and+Politics&rft.place=Guwahati&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Spectrum+Publishers.&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Barpujari&rft.aufirst=H.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose1989" class="citation book cs1">Bose, M.L. (1989). Social History of Assam. 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Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Muslim+majority+districts+in+Assam+up&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FMuslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up%2Farticleshow%2F48682463.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/">"Assam Muslim growth is higher in districts away from border"</a>. 31 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223192413/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015. 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Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2011+data+rekindles+%27demographic+invasion%27+fear+in+Assam&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Fcensus-2011-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam%2Fstory-oZUhBaXPNupGBmGQirjV0I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf">"Distribution of the 22 scheduled languages-India/States/Union Territories - 2011 census"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011091053/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2021. 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Retrieved 23 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-17+POPULATION+BY+BILINGUALISM+AND+TRILINGUALISM&rft.aulast=Government+of+India&rft.aufirst=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "Axomiya is the major language spoken in Assam, and serves almost as a lingua franca among the different speech communities in the whole area." 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Retrieved 28 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Assam%3A+Majuli+becomes+1st+river+island+district+of+India&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindustantimes.com%2Findianews%2Fassam-majuli-to-become-india-s-first-river-island-district%2Fstory-hzFoxSUxh3IpRpSeIqrhtM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesk2021" class="citation web cs1">Desk, Sentinel Digital (13 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bajali-becomes-the-34th-full-fledged-district-of-assam-520780">"'Bajali' Becomes the 34th Full-Fledged District of Assam"</a>. www.sentinelassam.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113121804/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bajali-becomes-the-34th-full-fledged-district-of-assam-520780">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021. 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Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788183242424" title="Special:BookSources/9788183242424"><bdi>9788183242424</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324090756/https://books.google.com/books?id=gZmusO1pWjUC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quit+India+Movement+in+Assam&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=9788183242424&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Anil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZmusO1pWjUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikia2016" class="citation book cs1">Saikia, Dr Jugal (8 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJroCwAAQBAJ">Economics of Informal Milk Producing Units in Assam</a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789352069385" title="Special:BookSources/9789352069385"><bdi>9789352069385</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324235245/https://books.google.com/books?id=mJroCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+of+Informal+Milk+Producing+Units+in+Assam&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.isbn=9789352069385&rft.aulast=Saikia&rft.aufirst=Dr+Jugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJroCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmcportal.in/gmc-web/?page_id=12">"History – GMC Portal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629112827/http://www.gmcportal.in/gmc-web/?page_id=12">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+GMC+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmcportal.in%2Fgmc-web%2F%3Fpage_id%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dibrugarhmunicipality.org.in/">"Municipal Board"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611150105/http://dibrugarhmunicipality.org.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Municipal+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdibrugarhmunicipality.org.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goalparamb.org.in/Aboutus.html">"Municipal Board-About Us"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625135907/http://goalparamb.org.in/Aboutus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Municipal+Board-About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoalparamb.org.in%2FAboutus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhubrimb.org.in/">"Dhubri Municipal Board"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407235031/http://www.dhubrimb.org.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dhubri+Municipal+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhubrimb.org.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418063334/http://nagaon.gov.in/hist.html">"Nagaon – History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nagaon.gov.in/hist.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagaon+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnagaon.gov.in%2Fhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624164612/http://www.tezpurmb.co.in/AboutMunicipalBoard.aspx">"Municipal Board History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tezpurmb.co.in/AboutMunicipalBoard.aspx">the original</a> on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Municipal+Board+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tezpurmb.co.in%2FAboutMunicipalBoard.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327181336/http://jorhatmunicipalboard.org/jorhat_municipal_board.php">"Jorhat Municipal Board(JBM), Jorhat, Assam"</a>. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jorhat+Municipal+Board%28JBM%29%2C+Jorhat%2C+Assam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jorhatmunicipalboard.org%2Fjorhat_municipal_board.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630201713/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150119/jsp/northeast/story_9079.jsp#.V0OXAZMrIcg">"AGP lists civic poll candidates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150119/jsp/northeast/story_9079.jsp#.V0OXAZMrIcg">the original</a> on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AGP+lists+civic+poll+candidates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1150119%2Fjsp%2Fnortheast%2Fstory_9079.jsp%23.V0OXAZMrIcg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728100952/http://silchartoday.com/silchar/silchar-municipal-board-silchar-municipality-assam/">"Silchar Municipal Board (Silchar Municipality) Assam – Silchar Karimganj Hailakandi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://silchartoday.com/silchar/silchar-municipal-board-silchar-municipality-assam/">the original</a> on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silchar+Municipal+Board+%28Silchar+Municipality%29+Assam+%E2%80%93+Silchar+Karimganj+Hailakandi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilchartoday.com%2Fsilchar%2Fsilchar-municipal-board-silchar-municipality-assam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2024" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Bikash (11 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/assam-cabinet-greenlights-kiran-sheikh-development-council/articleshow/108387064.cms">"Assam Cabinet greenlights 'Kiran Sheikh' development council"</a>. The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320113618/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/assam-cabinet-greenlights-kiran-sheikh-development-council/articleshow/108387064.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Assam+Cabinet+greenlights+%27Kiran+Sheikh%27+development+council&rft.date=2024-03-11&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Bikash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fassam-cabinet-greenlights-kiran-sheikh-development-council%2Farticleshow%2F108387064.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Times_of_India-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_of_India_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_of_India_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_of_India_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_of_India_145-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_of_India_145-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/total-seven-inter-state-border-disputes-in-country-assam-has-dispute-with-four-states-govt/articleshow/84865195.cms">"Total seven inter-state border disputes in country; Assam has dispute with four states: Govt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 29 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/total-seven-inter-state-border-disputes-in-country-assam-has-dispute-with-four-states-govt/articleshow/84865195.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Total+seven+inter-state+border+disputes+in+country%3B+Assam+has+dispute+with+four+states%3A+Govt&rft.date=2021-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Ftotal-seven-inter-state-border-disputes-in-country-assam-has-dispute-with-four-states-govt%2Farticleshow%2F84865195.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeb2021" class="citation news cs1">Deb, Debraj (5 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-assam-mizoram-dispute-violence-policemen-dead-7425600/">"Explained: Why did a 150-year-old Assam-Mizoram dispute get violent now?"</a>. The Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403085429/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-assam-mizoram-dispute-violence-policemen-dead-7425600/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+Why+did+a+150-year-old+Assam-Mizoram+dispute+get+violent+now%3F&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft.aulast=Deb&rft.aufirst=Debraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fthe-assam-mizoram-dispute-violence-policemen-dead-7425600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/border-dispute-assam-signs-agreement-with-nagaland-to-diffuse-stand-off-on-eastern-front/articleshow/84925132.cms">"Assam Nagaland border dispute: Assam signs agreement with Nagaland to diffuse stand-off on eastern front"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/border-dispute-assam-signs-agreement-with-nagaland-to-diffuse-stand-off-on-eastern-front/articleshow/84925132.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Assam+Nagaland+border+dispute%3A+Assam+signs+agreement+with+Nagaland+to+diffuse+stand-off+on+eastern+front&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fborder-dispute-assam-signs-agreement-with-nagaland-to-diffuse-stand-off-on-eastern-front%2Farticleshow%2F84925132.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/border-dispute-with-arunachal-at-1200-places-himanta-biswa-sarma/article61430562.ece">"Border dispute with Arunachal at 1,200 places: Himanta Biswa Sarma"</a>. The Hindu. 13 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525120742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/border-dispute-with-arunachal-at-1200-places-himanta-biswa-sarma/article61430562.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Border+dispute+with+Arunachal+at+1%2C200+places%3A+Himanta+Biswa+Sarma&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fborder-dispute-with-arunachal-at-1200-places-himanta-biswa-sarma%2Farticle61430562.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2023" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Rittick (20 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2023/07/20/assam-ahomland-movement-revives-over-delimitation-draft/">"Assam: Ahomland movement revives over delimitation draft"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EastMojo&rft.atitle=Assam%3A+Ahomland+movement+revives+over+delimitation+draft&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Rittick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastmojo.com%2Fassam%2F2023%2F07%2F20%2Fassam-ahomland-movement-revives-over-delimitation-draft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/taypa-organized-protest-in-guwahati-demand-st-status-and-an-ahom-land-643890">"TAYPA organized protest in Guwahati; demand ST status and an Ahom land - Sentinelassam"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sentinel&rft.atitle=TAYPA+organized+protest+in+Guwahati%3B+demand+ST+status+and+an+Ahom+land+-+Sentinelassam&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sentinelassam.com%2Fguwahati-city%2Ftaypa-organized-protest-in-guwahati-demand-st-status-and-an-ahom-land-643890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehillstimes.in/assam/taypa-demands-separate-ahom-land-st-status-for-community">"TAYPA Demands Separate Ahom Land, ST Status For Community - The Hills Times"</a>. The Hills Time. 20 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929082607/https://thehillstimes.in/assam/taypa-demands-separate-ahom-land-st-status-for-community">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hills+Time&rft.atitle=TAYPA+Demands+Separate+Ahom+Land%2C+ST+Status+For+Community+-+The+Hills+Times&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehillstimes.in%2Fassam%2Ftaypa-demands-separate-ahom-land-st-status-for-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://karimganj.gov.in/">"Home | Karimganj District | Government Of Assam, India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723165055/https://karimganj.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%7C+Karimganj+District+%7C+Government+Of+Assam%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkarimganj.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cachar-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cachar_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cachar_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cachar_153-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaruahBaruah1999" class="citation book cs1">Baruah, Professor of Political Studies Sanjib; Baruah, Sanjib (29 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8k-irMMTnywC&dq=bengalis+in+cachar&pg=PA103">India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3491-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-3491-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230333/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Against_Itself/8k-irMMTnywC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bengalis+in+cachar&pg=PA103&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Against+Itself%3A+Assam+and+the+Politics+of+Nationality&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999-06-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3491-6&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Professor+of+Political+Studies+Sanjib&rft.au=Baruah%2C+Sanjib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8k-irMMTnywC%26dq%3Dbengalis%2Bin%2Bcachar%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/assam-nrc-live-not-hindus-or-muslims-but-bengalis-being-targeted-says-mamata-1827521.html">"Assam NRC LIVE: Not Hindus or Muslims, But Bengalis Being Targeted, Says Mamata"</a>. News18. 30 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712175627/https://www.news18.com/news/india/assam-nrc-live-not-hindus-or-muslims-but-bengalis-being-targeted-says-mamata-1827521.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Assam+NRC+LIVE%3A+Not+Hindus+or+Muslims%2C+But+Bengalis+Being+Targeted%2C+Says+Mamata&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fassam-nrc-live-not-hindus-or-muslims-but-bengalis-being-targeted-says-mamata-1827521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/exclusion-of-hindu-bengalis-from-assam-nrc-changing-political-119092200259_1.html">"Exclusion of Hindu Bengalis from Assam NRC changing political"</a>. Business Standard. PTI. 22 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220430005842/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/exclusion-of-hindu-bengalis-from-assam-nrc-changing-political-119092200259_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Exclusion+of+Hindu+Bengalis+from+Assam+NRC+changing+political&rft.date=2019-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Fexclusion-of-hindu-bengalis-from-assam-nrc-changing-political-119092200259_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-the-nrc-reveals-about-the-challenges-of-being-bengali-in-assam/story-WWTy7KEf4YQpTCZwoT9fEI.html">"What the NRC reveals about the challenges of being Bengali in Assam"</a>. Hindustan Times. 7 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403221845/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-the-nrc-reveals-about-the-challenges-of-being-bengali-in-assam/story-WWTy7KEf4YQpTCZwoT9fEI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=What+the+NRC+reveals+about+the+challenges+of+being+Bengali+in+Assam&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fwhat-the-nrc-reveals-about-the-challenges-of-being-bengali-in-assam%2Fstory-WWTy7KEf4YQpTCZwoT9fEI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniyal2018" class="citation news cs1">Daniyal, Shoaib (31 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/888680/an-expel-bengalis-campaign-opposing-assams-nrc-mamata-makes-her-strongest-identity-pitch-yet">"'An expel Bengalis campaign': Opposing NRC in Assam, Mamata makes her strongest identity pitch yet"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407101406/https://scroll.in/article/888680/an-expel-bengalis-campaign-opposing-assams-nrc-mamata-makes-her-strongest-identity-pitch-yet">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=%27An+expel+Bengalis+campaign%27%3A+Opposing+NRC+in+Assam%2C+Mamata+makes+her+strongest+identity+pitch+yet&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.aulast=Daniyal&rft.aufirst=Shoaib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F888680%2Fan-expel-bengalis-campaign-opposing-assams-nrc-mamata-makes-her-strongest-identity-pitch-yet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.east-himalaya.com/silchar.php">"One moment, please..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928101652/http://www.east-himalaya.com/silchar.php">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. 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Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Statehood+demand+grows+louder+in+Assam%27s+Barak+Valley&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft.aulast=Mazumder&rft.aufirst=Prasanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2F2018%2Fjul%2F12%2Fstatehood-demand-grows-louder-in-assams-barak-valley-1842315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/barak-organization-demands-creation-of-separate-state/">"Barak organization demands creation of separate state - Sentinelassam"</a>. 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Northeast Now. 26 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331110016/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/give-up-separate-barak-state-demand.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. 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Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628051038/https://scroll.in/article/863011/a-tale-of-two-valleys-whats-behind-the-demand-for-a-separate-union-territory-in-southern-assam">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+valleys%3A+What%27s+behind+the+demand+for+a+separate+Union+Territory+in+southern+Assam%3F&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.aulast=Saikia&rft.aufirst=Arunabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F863011%2Fa-tale-of-two-valleys-whats-behind-the-demand-for-a-separate-union-territory-in-southern-assam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/statehood-sought-for-assams-barak-valley/article25373875.ece">"Statehood sought for Assam's Barak Valley"</a>. The Hindu. 30 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412040549/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/statehood-sought-for-assams-barak-valley/article25373875.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Statehood+sought+for+Assam%27s+Barak+Valley&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fstatehood-sought-for-assams-barak-valley%2Farticle25373875.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahaAgarwala2019" class="citation news cs1">Saha, Abhishek; Agarwala, Tora (25 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-nrc-national-register-of-citizens-dhubri-hojai-5934188/">"Deadline approaching: What it is to be a name on NRC list — or off it"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Deadline+approaching%3A+What+it+is+to+be+a+name+on+NRC+list+%E2%80%94+or+off+it&rft.date=2019-08-25&rft.aulast=Saha&rft.aufirst=Abhishek&rft.au=Agarwala%2C+Tora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fnorth-east-india%2Fassam%2Fassam-nrc-national-register-of-citizens-dhubri-hojai-5934188%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905180331/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/02/26/stories/2003022600041000.htm">"The Hindu : Assam: accord and discord"</a>. Hinduonnet.com. 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The Economic Times. 17 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021109/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/20-lakh-bangladeshi-hindus-to-become-indians-if-citizenship-bill-is-passed-krishak-mukti-sangram-samiti/articleshow/67574226.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. 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The Print. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227034321/https://theprint.in/india/bjp-wants-to-segregate-assamese-muslims-from-bangladeshi-muslims-but-some-ask-how/363736/?amp">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. 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The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416195642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam-plans-survey-to-identify-indigenous-muslim-population/article30780667.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. 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The Hindu. 15 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516152722/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/online-census-of-assamese-muslims-launched/article34325747.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. 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Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assam+Elections+2021+%26%23124%3B+How+Muslims+of+the+State%2C+One-third+of+Electorate%2C+Voted+in+2016+and+2019&rft.date=2021-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycontrol.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fassam-elections-2021-how-muslims-of-the-state-one-third-of-electorate-voted-in-2016-and-2019-6714131.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-flood-toll-rises-to-13-chief-minister-gogoi-undertakes-aerial-visit-1210178">"Assam Flood Toll Rises to 13"</a>. NDTV. 23 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824155525/http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/assam-flood-toll-rises-to-13-chief-minister-gogoi-undertakes-aerial-visit-1210178">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2015. 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Retrieved 4 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Assam+To+Build+1%2C000+New+Bridges+By+2026%3A+Himanta+Biswa+Sarma&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fassam-to-build-1-000-new-bridges-by-2026-himanta-biswa-sarma-4343162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/national-handloom-day-2022-how-self-help-groups-sustain-indian-handicrafts-handlooms-har-ghar-tiranga-8074511/">"National Handloom Day 2022: How self-help groups sustain Indian handicrafts and handlooms"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NORTHEAST+NOW&rft.atitle=Bihu+%E2%80%93+Its+Myriad+Colours&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnenow.in%2Fnorth-east-news%2Fbihu-myriad-colours.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/beshoma-the-rongali-bihu-of-deshi-muslims/">"Beshoma: The 'Rongali Bihu' of Deshi Muslims | The Thumb Print - A magazine from the East"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908113448/http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/beshoma-the-rongali-bihu-of-deshi-muslims/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beshoma%3A+The+%27Rongali+Bihu%27+of+Deshi+Muslims+%7C+The+Thumb+Print+-+A+magazine+from+the+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thethumbprintmag.com%2Fbeshoma-the-rongali-bihu-of-deshi-muslims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharatonline.com/assam/dance/index.html">"Dances of Assam – Folk Dances of Assam, Traditional Dances of Assam"</a>. www.bharatonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620153050/http://www.bharatonline.com/assam/dance/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2018. 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The Telegraph. 13 October 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626125652/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/portrait-of-a-poet-as-an-artist-bishnu-rabha-s-family-compiles-coffee-table-book-on-his-paintings/cid/797447">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+a+poet+as+an+artist&rft.date=2003-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fnorth-east%2Fportrait-of-a-poet-as-an-artist-bishnu-rabha-s-family-compiles-coffee-table-book-on-his-paintings%2Fcid%2F797447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaniker1997" class="citation book cs1">Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA3">Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections</a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126003655" title="Special:BookSources/9788126003655"><bdi>9788126003655</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230336/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+Literature%3A+Surveys+and+selections&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788126003655&rft.aulast=Paniker&rft.aufirst=K.+Ayyappa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYLpvaKJIMEC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1981" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Prabhat (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA74">The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa</a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120602298" title="Special:BookSources/9788120602298"><bdi>9788120602298</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230336/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LFzfbhmJcMC&pg=PA74">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Medieval+Vaishnavism+in+Orissa&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9788120602298&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Prabhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7LFzfbhmJcMC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedamsbooks.in/no17118/madhava-kandali-ramayana-composed-assamese-by-sage-great-son-soil-fourteenth-century-ad-2-volumes-translated-into-english-shanti-lal-nagar">"Madhava Kandali Ramayana : Composed in Assamese by Sage Madhava Kandali, the great son of the soil in the Fourteenth Century CE/Translated into English by Shanti Lal Nagar Translated into English by Shanti Lal Nagar Vedams Books 9788121509350"</a>. www.vedamsbooks.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903103038/http://www.vedamsbooks.in/no17118/madhava-kandali-ramayana-composed-assamese-by-sage-great-son-soil-fourteenth-century-ad-2-volumes-translated-into-english-shanti-lal-nagar">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vedamsbooks.in&rft.atitle=Madhava+Kandali+Ramayana+%3A+Composed+in+Assamese+by+Sage+Madhava+Kandali%2C+the+great+son+of+the+soil+in+the+Fourteenth+Century+CE%2FTranslated+into+English+by+Shanti+Lal+Nagar+Translated+into+English+by+Shanti+Lal+Nagar+Vedams+Books+9788121509350&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedamsbooks.in%2Fno17118%2Fmadhava-kandali-ramayana-composed-assamese-by-sage-great-son-soil-fourteenth-century-ad-2-volumes-translated-into-english-shanti-lal-nagar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordowathan.com/about-bordowa-than/">"Bordowa Than – Bordowa Than"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903103034/http://www.bordowathan.com/about-bordowa-than/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bordowa+Than+%E2%80%93+Bordowa+Than&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordowathan.com%2Fabout-bordowa-than%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeog1980" class="citation book cs1">Neog, Maheswar (1980). Early history of the Vaiṣṇava faith and movement in Assam : Śaṅkaradeva and his times. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120800079" title="Special:BookSources/8120800079"><bdi>8120800079</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15304755">15304755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+history+of+the+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+faith+and+movement+in+Assam+%3A+%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karadeva+and+his+times&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15304755&rft.isbn=8120800079&rft.aulast=Neog&rft.aufirst=Maheswar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartNeog1988" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Tony K.; Neog, Maheswar (April 1988). "Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and His Times". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 108 (2): 334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F603683">10.2307/603683</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/603683">603683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Early+History+of+the+Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Faith+and+Movement+in+Assam%3A+%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karadeva+and+His+Times&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=334&rft.date=1988-04&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F603683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F603683&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Tony+K.&rft.au=Neog%2C+Maheswar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociologyRegionAssociation1978" class="citation book cs1">Sociology, Dibrugarh University Department of; Region, Dibrugarh University Centre for Sociological Study of Frontier; Association, North East India Sociological (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HkR4Fv37URkC&pg=PA189">North East India: A Sociological Study</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230338/https://books.google.com/books?id=HkR4Fv37URkC&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+East+India%3A+A+Sociological+Study&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sociology&rft.aufirst=Dibrugarh+University+Department+of&rft.au=Region%2C+Dibrugarh+University+Centre+for+Sociological+Study+of+Frontier&rft.au=Association%2C+North+East+India+Sociological&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHkR4Fv37URkC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakati1953" class="citation book cs1">Kakati, Banikanta Ed (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97610">Aspects of Early Assamese Literature</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Early+Assamese+Literature&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Kakati&rft.aufirst=Banikanta+Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.97610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssam_Tourism_2002" class="citation web cs1">Assam Tourism 2002, Government of Assam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407040421/http://www.assamtourism.org/arts.htm">"Arts and Crafts of Assam in About Assam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assamtourism.org/arts.htm">the original</a> on 7 April 2007. 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Ahom warfare evolution nature and strategy. Gauhati University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahom+warfare+evolution+nature+and+strategy&rft.place=Gauhati+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gogoi&rft.aufirst=Khagen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiri1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lahiri, Nayanjot (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517004">"The Pre-Ahom Roots of Medieval Assam"</a>. Social Scientist. 12 (6): 60–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517004">10.2307/3517004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293">0970-0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517004">3517004</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709232228/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517004">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Ahom+Roots+of+Medieval+Assam&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=60-69&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0970-0293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517004%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3517004&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Nayanjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikia2004" class="citation book cs1">Saikia, Yasmin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfSmsuO6QugC">Fragmented Memories: Struggling to be Tai-Ahom in India</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082238616X" title="Special:BookSources/082238616X"><bdi>082238616X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230337/https://books.google.com/books?id=WfSmsuO6QugC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragmented+Memories%3A+Struggling+to+be+Tai-Ahom+in+India&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=082238616X&rft.aulast=Saikia&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfSmsuO6QugC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShin2018" class="citation cs2">Shin, Jae-Eun (2018), "Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa", in Dzüvichü, Lipokmar; Baruah, Manjeet (eds.), Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation, London & New York: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Region+Formed+and+Imagined%3A+Reconsidering+temporal%2C+spatial+and+social+context+of+Kamarupa&rft.btitle=Modern+Practices+in+North+East+India%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Representation&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Jae-Eun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirectorate_of_Information_and_Public_Relations" class="citation cs2">Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Government of Assam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006161204/http://janasanyogassam.nic.in/assamataglance.htm">Assam at a Glance</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janasanyogassam.nic.in/assamataglance.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2007, retrieved 25 May 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assam+at+a+Glance&rft.aulast=Directorate+of+Information+and+Public+Relations&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Assam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanasanyogassam.nic.in%2Fassamataglance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoswami2003" class="citation book cs1">Goswami, G. C.; Tamuli, Jyotiprakash (2003). "Asamiya". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Languages. 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S (ed) (2003) People of India: Assam Vol XV Parts I and II, Anthropological Survey of India, Seagull Books, Calcutta</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Das, Paromita (2005). "The Naraka Legends, Aryanisation and the "varnasramadharma" in the Brahmaputra Valley". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 66. Indian History Congress: 224–230. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145840">44145840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Naraka+Legends%2C+Aryanisation+and+the+%22varnasramadharma%22+in+the+Brahmaputra+Valley&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=224-230&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44145840%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Paromita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNDP2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220213032/http://planassam.org/reports/hdr_2003/HRD.htm">Chapter 2, Income, Employment and Poverty in Assam Human Development Report, 2003</a>, Government of Assam, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planassam.org/reports/hdr_2003/HRD.htm">the original</a> on 20 February 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+2%2C+Income%2C+Employment+and+Poverty+in+Assam+Human+Development+Report%2C+2003&rft.pub=Government+of+Assam&rft.date=2004&rft.au=UNDP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanassam.org%2Freports%2Fhdr_2003%2FHRD.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWandrey2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wandrey, C. J. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2208/D/b2208-d.pdf">"Sylhet-Kopili/Barail-Tipam Composite Total Petroleum System, Assam Geologic Province, India"</a> (PDF), US Geological Survey Bulletin, 2208-D, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605131756/http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2208/D/b2208-d.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2007, retrieved 30 May 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+Geological+Survey+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Sylhet-Kopili%2FBarail-Tipam+Composite+Total+Petroleum+System%2C+Assam+Geologic+Province%2C+India&rft.volume=2208-D&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wandrey&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fbul%2F2208%2FD%2Fb2208-d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Casson, Lionel</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC">The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04060-8"><bdi>978-0-691-04060-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230338/https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periplus+Maris+Erythraei%3A+Text+With+Introduction%2C+Translation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04060-8&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQWYkSs51rEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Online books and material <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125418">An account of Assam</a> (1800) by J.P. Wade</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOBAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA444">An account of the kingdom of Heerumba</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230337/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=OOBAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA444">Archived</a> 1 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1819) by Friend of India</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/astatisticalacc32huntgoog">A statistical account of Assam</a> (1879) by WW Hunter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assamattitudetof034931mbp">Assam Attitude to Federalism</a> (1984)by Girin Phukon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/aglimpseassam00wardgoog">A Glimpse of Assam</a> (1884) by Susan Ward</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ahistoryassam00gaitgoog">A history of Assam</a> (1906) by Edward Gait</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalpolitica00assa">Physical and political geography of the province of Assam</a> (1896) by Assam Secretariat Printing Office</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/outlinegrammark00endlgoog">Outline Grammar of the Kachári (Bārā) Language as Spoken in District Darrang, Assam</a>(1884) by Sidney Endle</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anoutlinegramma00browgoog">An outline grammar of the Deori Chutiya language spoken in upper Assam</a>(1895) by William Barclay Brown</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelsandadven00butlgoog">Travels and adventures in the province of Assam, during a residence of fourteen years</a> (1855) by John Butler</li></ul></li> <li>Language and literature <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBara1981" class="citation cs2">Bara, Mahendra (1981), The Evolution of the Assamese Script, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Assamese+Script&rft.place=Jorhat%2C+Assam&rft.pub=Asam+Sahitya+Sabha&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bara&rft.aufirst=Mahendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarpujari1983" class="citation cs2">Barpujari, H. K. (1983), Amerikan Michanerisakal aru Unabimsa Satikar Asam, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amerikan+Michanerisakal+aru+Unabimsa+Satikar+Asam&rft.place=Jorhat%2C+Assam&rft.pub=Asam+Sahitya+Sabha&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Barpujari&rft.aufirst=H.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua1965" class="citation cs2">Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1965), History of Assamese Literature, Guwahati: East-West Centre Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Assamese+Literature&rft.place=Guwahati&rft.pub=East-West+Centre+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Birinchi+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua1965" class="citation cs2">Barua, Hem (1965), Assamese Literature, New Delhi: National Book Trust</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assamese+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Hem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1895" class="citation cs2">Brown, William Barclay (1895), An Outline Grammar of the Deori Chutiya Language Spoken in Upper Assam with an Introduction, Illustrative Sentences, and Short Vocabulary, Shillong: The Assam Secretariat Printing Office</cite><span 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authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Tradition and Culture <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkath1976" class="citation cs2">Barkath, Sukumar (1976), Hastibidyarnnara Sarasamgraha (English & Assamese), 18th Century, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hastibidyarnnara+Sarasamgraha+%28English+%26+Assamese%29%2C+18th+Century&rft.place=Guwahati&rft.pub=Assam+Publication+Board&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Barkath&rft.aufirst=Sukumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua1969" class="citation cs2">Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1969), A Cultural History of Assam, Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Assam&rft.place=Guwahati&rft.pub=Lawyer%27s+Book+Stall&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Birinchi+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua1960" class="citation cs2">Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1960), Sankardeva, Guwahati: Assam Academy for Cultural Relations</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sankardeva&rft.place=Guwahati&rft.pub=Assam+Academy+for+Cultural+Relations&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Birinchi+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhiya1988" class="citation cs2">Gandhiya, Jayakanta (1988), Huncari, Mukali Bihu, aru Bihunac, Dibrugarh</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Huncari%2C+Mukali+Bihu%2C+aru+Bihunac&rft.place=Dibrugarh&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Gandhiya&rft.aufirst=Jayakanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoswami1960" class="citation cs2">Goswami, Praphulladatta (1960), Ballads and Tales of Assam, Guwahati: Gauhati University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballads+and+Tales+of+Assam&rft.place=Guwahati&rft.pub=Gauhati+University&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Goswami&rft.aufirst=Praphulladatta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoswami1988" class="citation cs2">Goswami, Praphulladatta (1988), Bohag Bihu of Assam and Bihu Songs, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bohag+Bihu+of+Assam+and+Bihu+Songs&rft.place=Guwahati&rft.pub=Assam+Publication+Board&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Goswami&rft.aufirst=Praphulladatta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahanta1985" class="citation cs2">Mahanta, Pona (1985), Western Influence on Modern Assamese Drama, Delhi: Mittal Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Influence+on+Modern+Assamese+Drama&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Mahanta&rft.aufirst=Pona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedhi1978" class="citation cs2">Medhi, Kaliram (1978), Studies in the Vaisnava Literature and Culture of Assam, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Vaisnava+Literature+and+Culture+of+Assam&rft.place=Jorhat%2C+Assam&rft.pub=Asam+Sahitya+Sabha&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Medhi&rft.aufirst=Kaliram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssam" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Assam&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Assam" class="extiw" title="q:Assam">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Assam" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Assam">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Assam" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Assam">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Assam" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Assam">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bihar" class="extiw" title="voy:Bihar">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assam.gov.in/">Official site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Assam" title="Government of Assam">Government of Assam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915011554/http://assamtourism.gov.in/">Official Tourism site of Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>General information <ul><li><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2025886">Assam</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Assam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Assam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Assam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarpang_District" title="Sarpang District">Sarpang District</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samdrup_Jongkhar_District" title="Samdrup Jongkhar District">Samdrup Jongkhar District</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> <a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur Division</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Assam<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Assam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assam" title="Template:Assam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assam" title="Template talk:Assam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Assam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/12px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/18px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Seal_of_Assam.svg/23px-Seal_of_Assam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="299" /> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assam</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/O_Mur_Apunar_Desh" title="O Mur Apunar Desh">O Mur Apunar Desh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-winged_duck" title="White-winged duck">White-winged duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxtail Orchids">Foxtail Orchids (Kopouful)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpus_retusus" title="Dipterocarpus retusus">Dipterocarpus retusus (Hollong)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Assam" title="Category:Assam">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Assam" title="Etymology of Assam">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Assam" title="Biodiversity of Assam">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valley" title="Brahmaputra Valley">Brahmaputra Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Assam" title="Culture of Assam">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Assam" title="Education in Assam">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Assam" title="List of institutions of higher education in Assam">Institutions of higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography_of_Assam" title="Physical geography of Assam">Physical geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Assam" title="Politics of Assam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Assam" title="Tourism in Assam">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_tea" title="Assam tea">Assam tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">Assam silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Regiment" title="Assam Regiment">Assam Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutia Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom" title="Kamata Kingdom">Kamata Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachari_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachari Kingdom">Kachari Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Assam" title="Colonial Assam">Colonial Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam Province (1912 – 1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly (Since 1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Mail" title="Assam Mail">Assam Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Accord" title="Assam Accord">Assam Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golaghat_Convention" title="Golaghat Convention">Golaghat Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_Assam" title="Timeline of history of Assam">Assam History Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Assam" title="Government of Assam">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Assam">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Assam" title="List of governors of Assam">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauhati_High_Court" title="Gauhati High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Human_rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam Human rights Commission">Human rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Police" title="Assam Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Parties_in_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Parties in Assam">Political Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Assam">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Assam">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/North_Assam_Division" title="North Assam Division">North Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biswanath_district" title="Biswanath district">Biswanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrang_district" title="Darrang district">Darrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonitpur_district" title="Sonitpur district">Sonitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udalguri_district" title="Udalguri district">Udalguri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Assam_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Assam Division">Lower Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksa_district" title="Baksa district">Baksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barpeta_district" title="Barpeta district">Barpeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon_district" title="Bongaigaon district">Bongaigaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirang_district" title="Chirang district">Chirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhubri_district" title="Dhubri district">Dhubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokrajhar_district" title="Kokrajhar district">Kokrajhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamrup_district" title="Kamrup district">Kamrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamrup_Metropolitan_district" title="Kamrup Metropolitan district">Kamrup Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpara_district" title="Goalpara district">Goalpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbari_district" title="Nalbari district">Nalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Salmara_district" class="mw-redirect" title="South Salmara district">South Salmara Mankachar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Assam_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Assam Division">Central Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dima_Hasao_district" title="Dima Hasao district">Dima Hasao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojai_district" title="Hojai district">Hojai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_district" title="Karbi Anglong district">Karbi Anglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Karbi_Anglong_district" title="West Karbi Anglong district">Karbi Anglong (West)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morigaon_district" title="Morigaon district">Morigaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaon_district" title="Nagaon district">Nagaon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Assam_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Assam Division">Upper Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charaideo_district" title="Charaideo district">Charaideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh_district" title="Dibrugarh district">Dibrugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhemaji_district" title="Dhemaji district">Dhemaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golaghat_district" title="Golaghat district">Golaghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorhat_district" title="Jorhat district">Jorhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_district" title="Lakhimpur district">Lakhimpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuli_district" title="Majuli district">Majuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivasagar_district" title="Sivasagar district">Sivasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsukia_district" title="Tinsukia district">Tinsukia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cachar_district" title="Cachar district">Cachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailakandi_district" title="Hailakandi district">Hailakandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography_of_Assam" title="Physical geography of Assam">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Assam_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Assam Division">Upper-Assam (East Assam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Assam">Lower-Assam (West Assam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley"> Barak Valley (South Assam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuli" title="Majuli">Majuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_Dhansiri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mora Dhansiri River">Mora Dhansiri River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhansiri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhansiri River">Dhansiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihing_River" title="Dihing River">Dihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Diphlu" title="River Diphlu">Diphlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong" title="Haflong">Halflong (The Hill station of Assam)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Assam" title="Category:Culture of Assam">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Jolpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Assamese Jolpan">Jolpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_crafts_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional crafts of Assam">Traditional crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam" title="Folk dances of Assam">Folk dances of Assam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagurumba" title="Bagurumba">Bagurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">Bihu dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgeet" title="Borgeet">Borgeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satra_(Ekasarana_Dharma)" title="Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)">Satra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorai" title="Xorai">Saraai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamosa" title="Gamosa">Gamosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_and_dresses_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles and dresses of Assam">Textiles and dresses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Assam_silk" title="Assam silk">Muga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eri_silk" title="Eri silk">Eri</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_crafts_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional crafts of Assam">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Assam" title="Music of Assam">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">cinema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_poetry" title="Assamese poetry">Assamese poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assamese-language_poets" title="List of Assamese-language poets">List of poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assamese_writers_with_their_pen_names" title="List of Assamese writers with their pen names">List of Assamese writers Pen Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assamese_periodicals" title="List of Assamese periodicals">List of Assamese Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orunodoi" title="Orunodoi">The Arunodoi (Orunodoi - 1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemkosh" title="Hemkosh">The Hemkosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Assam_Tribune" title="The Assam Tribune">The Assam Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Sahitya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Assam Sahitya Sabha">Assam Rhetorical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buranji" title="Buranji">Buranji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan_Ghoxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirtan Ghoxa">Kirtan Ghoxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavat_of_Sankardev" title="Bhagavat of Sankardev">Dasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Ghosa" title="Naam Ghosa">Naam Ghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakanda Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonaki" title="Jonaki">Jonaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Assam" title="Music of Assam">Music of Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_Lokgeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Goalpariya Lokgeet">Goalpariya Lokgeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokari_geet" title="Tokari geet">Tokari Geet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihanaam" title="Dihanaam">Dihanaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranaam" title="Hiranaam">Hiranaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogona" title="Gogona">Gogona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepa_(instrument)" title="Pepa (instrument)">Pepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joymoti_(1935_film)" title="Joymoti (1935 film)">Joymati, first Assamese motion picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati_Theatre_Festival" title="Guwahati Theatre Festival">Guwahati Theatre Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People_of_Assam" title="People of Assam">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Assamese Brahmins">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalita_(caste)" title="Kalita (caste)">Kalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutia_people" title="Chutia people">Chutia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes of Assam">Tribes of Assam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_people" title="Boro people">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deori_people" title="Deori people">Deori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_people" title="Dimasa people">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_people" title="Karbi people">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_people" title="Mising people">Mising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Assam" title="List of people from Assam">List of people from Assam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable surnames</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barua" title="Barua">Barua (and its variations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuiyan" title="Bhuiyan">Bhuiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(surname)" title="Bora (surname)">Borah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharali" title="Bharali">Bharali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borbarua" class="mw-redirect" title="Borbarua">Borbarua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgohain" title="Borgohain">Borgohain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borpatrogohain" class="mw-redirect" title="Borpatrogohain">Borpatrogohain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borphukan" title="Borphukan">Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhagohain" title="Burhagohain">Burhagohain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakraborty" title="Chakraborty">Chakraborty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhury" title="Chowdhury">Choudhury (and its variations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_(surname)" title="Das (surname)">Das</a></li> <li>Deka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutta" title="Dutta">Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayen" title="Gayen">Gayen</a></li> <li>Gogoi</li> <li>Gohain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goswami" title="Goswami">Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarika" title="Hazarika">Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalita_(caste)" title="Kalita (caste)">Kalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majumdar" title="Majumdar">Majumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saikia" title="Saikia">Saikia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarma_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarma (surname)">Sarma</a></li> <li>Chutia</li> <li>Sutradhar</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barpeta" title="Barpeta">Barpeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon" title="Bongaigaon">Bongaigaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhubri" title="Dhubri">Dhubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibrugarh" title="Dibrugarh">Dibrugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphu" title="Diphu">Diphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpara" title="Goalpara">Goalpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golaghat" title="Golaghat">Golaghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorhat" title="Jorhat">Jorhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimganj" title="Karimganj">Karimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaon" title="Nagaon">Nagaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lakhimpur" title="North Lakhimpur">North Lakhimpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivasagar" title="Sivasagar">Sivasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezpur" title="Tezpur">Tezpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinsukia" title="Tinsukia">Tinsukia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fairs_and_Festivals_in_Assam" title="Template:Fairs and Festivals in Assam">Fairs and Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Assam" title="Template:Hindu temples in Assam">Hindu Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Assam" title="Template:History of Assam">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fairs_and_Festivals_in_Assam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fairs_and_Festivals_in_Assam" title="Template:Fairs and Festivals in Assam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fairs_and_Festivals_in_Assam" title="Template talk:Fairs and Festivals in Assam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fairs_and_Festivals_in_Assam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fairs and Festivals in Assam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fairs_and_Festivals_in_Assam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fairs and Festivals in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Ai_Ligang" title="Ali Ai Ligang">Ali Ai Ligang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bathow (page does not exist)">Bathow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohag_Bihu" title="Bohag Bihu">Bohag Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kati_Bihu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kati Bihu (page does not exist)">Kati Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magh_Bihu" title="Magh Bihu">Magh Bihu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busu_Dima" title="Busu Dima">Busu Dima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwisagu" title="Bwisagu">Bwisagu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garja (page does not exist)">Garja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacha-kekan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacha-kekan (page does not exist)">Hacha-kekan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapsa_Hatarnai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hapsa Hatarnai (page does not exist)">Hapsa Hatarnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherai" title="Kherai">Kherai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me-Dam-Me-Phi" title="Me-Dam-Me-Phi">Me-Dam-Me-Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magh_Bihu" title="Magh Bihu">Magh Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porag" title="Porag">Porag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongker" title="Rongker">Rongker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sokk-erroi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sokk-erroi (page does not exist)">Sokk-erroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangken" title="Sangken">Sangken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Fairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_Beach_Festival" title="Brahmaputra Beach Festival">Brahmaputra Beach Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehing_Patkai_Festival" title="Dehing Patkai Festival">Dehing Patkai Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonbeel_Mela" title="Jonbeel Mela">Jonbeel Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_Elephant_Festival" title="Kaziranga Elephant Festival">Kaziranga Elephant Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majuli_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majuli Festival (page does not exist)">Majuli Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongali_Utsav" class="mw-redirect" title="Rongali Utsav">Rongali Utsav</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tea_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tea Festival (page does not exist)">Tea Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Northeast_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_India" title="Template:Northeast India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_India" title="Template talk:Northeast India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Northeast_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimapur" title="Dimapur">Dimapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silchar" title="Silchar">Silchar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative Assemblies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly" title="Assam Legislative Assembly">Assam Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Legislative_Assembly" title="Manipur Legislative Assembly">Manipur Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Legislative_Assembly" title="Meghalaya Legislative Assembly">Meghalaya Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Legislative_Assembly" title="Mizoram Legislative Assembly">Mizoram Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Legislative_Assembly" title="Nagaland Legislative Assembly">Nagaland Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sikkim Legislative Assembly">Sikkim Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tripura Legislative Assembly">Tripura Legislative Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protected Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdapha_National_Park" title="Namdapha National Park">Namdapha National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_National_Park" title="Orang National Park">Orang National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibru-Saikhowa_National_Park" title="Dibru-Saikhowa National Park">Dibru-Saikhowa National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameri_National_Park" title="Nameri National Park">Nameri National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balphakram_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Balphakram National Park">Balphakram National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokrek_National_Park" title="Nokrek National Park">Nokrek National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouling_National_Park" title="Mouling National Park">Mouling National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keibul_Lamjao_National_Park" title="Keibul Lamjao National Park">Keibul Lamjao National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirohi_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirohi National Park">Sirohi National Park </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murlen_National_Park" title="Murlen National Park">Murlen National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntangki_National_Park" title="Ntangki National Park">Ntangki National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pobitora_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary">Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahijola_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary">Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorumara_National_Park" title="Gorumara National Park">Gorumara National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singalila_National_Park" title="Singalila National Park">Singalila National Park </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neora_Valley_National_Park" title="Neora Valley National Park">Neora Valley National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaldapara_National_Park" title="Jaldapara National Park">Jaldapara National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Hills" title="Naga Hills">Naga Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patkai_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Patkai Hills">Patkai Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_Hills" title="Khasi Hills">Khasi Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushai_Hills" title="Lushai Hills">Lushai Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Himalaya" title="Assam Himalaya">Assam Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garo Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongsong_Peak" title="Jongsong Peak">Jongsong Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimmigela_Chuli" title="Gimmigela Chuli">Gimmigela Chuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabru" title="Kabru">Kabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Chuli" title="Kirat Chuli">Kirat Chuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pandim" title="Mount Pandim">Mount Pandim </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paohanli_Peak" title="Paohanli Peak">Paohanli Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauhunri" title="Pauhunri">Pauhunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniolchu" title="Siniolchu">Siniolchu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khecheopalri_Lake" title="Khecheopalri Lake">Khecheopalri Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurudongmar_Lake" title="Gurudongmar Lake">Gurudongmar Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tsongmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Tsongmo">Lake Tsongmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loktak_Lake" title="Loktak Lake">Loktak Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandubi_Lake" title="Chandubi Lake">Chandubi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipor_Bil" title="Dipor Bil">Dipor Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Beel" title="Son Beel">Son Beel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrasagar_Lake" title="Rudrasagar Lake">Rudrasagar Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijoy_sagar" title="Bijoy sagar">Bijoy sagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemayangtse_Monastery" title="Pemayangtse Monastery">Pemayangtse Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawang_Monastery" title="Tawang Monastery">Tawang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang_Dhok_Palri_Phodang" title="Zang Dhok Palri Phodang">Zang Dhok Palri Phodang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumtek_Monastery" title="Rumtek Monastery">Rumtek Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchey_Monastery" title="Enchey Monastery">Enchey Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashiding_Monastery" title="Tashiding Monastery">Tashiding Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubdi_Monastery" title="Dubdi Monastery">Dubdi Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralang_Monastery" title="Ralang Monastery">Ralang Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sister_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sister States">Seven Sister States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in North East India">Tourism in North East India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Assam" title="Tourism in Assam">Tourism in Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mizoram" title="Tourism in Mizoram">Tourism in Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India_border_disputes" title="Northeast India border disputes">Border disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_and_Southeast_Asian_relations_with_Northeast_India" title="East and Southeast Asian relations with Northeast India">Relationship with East and Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Games" title="North East Games">North East Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1164#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000097454965">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144235172">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206068/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCwfK6dbmbgm69KqgYfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003249-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79090160">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13165809h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13165809h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36346220">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge773783&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX462298">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000423292&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvt5h008cslhq">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550349405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8775329a-73e1-4770-8c4c-95d0430cf4d2">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15994359?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035083018">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/asam--hindistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assam&oldid=1259469774">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assam&oldid=1259469774</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assam" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFBarua1965\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBarua1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaruah1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaruah1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaruah2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaruahBaruah1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhubaneswar_Bhattacharyya1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhuyan1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhuyan1947\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBhuyan1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhuyan1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhuyan1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhuyan1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhuyan1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirdlife_International,_UK\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorthakur2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchanan1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarti2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoudhury2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniyal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasDeka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeb2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeka1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeka2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesk2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhekial_Phukan1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirectorate_of_Information_and_Public_Relations\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDuara_Barbarua1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFENVIS_Assam2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndle1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFAO_Statistics_Division,_2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGait1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhiya1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGogoi1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGogoi1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGogoi1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGogoi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoswami1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoswami1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoswami1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoswami2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Assam\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Assam2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Assam2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Assam_2002–03\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Assam_Census_2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_India\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernor_of_Assam1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurdon1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazarika2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazarika2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndian_Philatelists_Forum2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndian_Tea_Association\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakati1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakati1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKakati1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahiri1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarlaneMacFarlane2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahanta1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasica1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazumder2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedhi1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedhi1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiles1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNEDFi_\u0026amp;_NIC-Assam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Commission_for_Women2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Commission_on_Population,_Census_of_India2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Mission_on_Bamboo_Applications\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeog1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPTI2020\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPaniker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurdue_University\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurkayastha2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRanjanIyerPandya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRevenue_Department\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahaAgarwala2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikia2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikia2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSircar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSociologyRegionAssociation1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewartNeog1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTewari2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakur2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Energy_Information_Administration\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNDP2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWandrey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Heritage_Centre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFX2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcdpsindia\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Assam\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 11,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 67,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 131,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Fairs and Festivals in Assam\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 4,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvcol\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden\"] = 10,\n [\"Historical population\"] = 1,\n [\"INRConvert\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 3,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Indian state or territory\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 21,\n [\"Main article\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"No\"] = 4,\n [\"North East India\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 4,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 7,\n [\"States and territories of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Yes\"] = 40,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","20.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","11.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","6.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","80","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.2"],["pairs","60","2.2"],["[others]","860","31.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-zw4f2","timestamp":"20241125142809","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Assam","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assam","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1164","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1164","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-21T13:30:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/48\/Kamakhya_Temple_-_DEV_8829.jpg","headline":"Indian state"}</script> </body> </html>