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id="toc-Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Buddhist literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="چیناس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چیناس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EB%82%98%EC%A1%B1" title="치나족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치나족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chinas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சீனர்கள், மகாபாரதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனர்கள், மகாபாரதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="చినాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చినాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)" title="支那 (印度) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="支那 (印度)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the people in ancient Indian literature. For the political standpoint of having multiple Chinas, see <a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a>. For the political standpoint of having all Chinas in one, see <a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a>. For the plural of china, see <a href="/wiki/China_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="China (disambiguation)">China (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Chinas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">चीनः</span></span> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Cīna</i></span>) are a people mentioned in ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a>, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Puranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Puranic">Puranic</a> literature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the Sanskrit name <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Cīna</i></span> is commonly believed to have been the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> (<i>Tsin</i> or <i>Chin</i> in older transliterations) dynasty which ruled in China from 221 BC, or the preceding state of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> which is traditionally dated to the 9th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-yule_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yule-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of other suggestions for the origin of the word. Some Chinese and Indian scholars argued for the state of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Jing</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">荆</span></span>) as the likely origin of the name, while other theories suggest it is derived from <i>Zina</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> of the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Yelang" title="Yelang">Yelang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wade_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wade-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindu_literature">Hindu literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hindu literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mahabharata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epic</a> work <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> contains certain references to China, referring to its people as the <i>China</i> tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BrockingtonA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrockingtonA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Mahabharata</i>, the Chinas appear together with the <a href="/wiki/Kiratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiratas">Kiratas</a> among the armies of King <a href="/wiki/Bhagadatta" title="Bhagadatta">Bhagadatta</a> of Pragjyotisa (<a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>). In the Sabhaparvan, the same king is said to be surrounded by the Kiratas, and the Cinas. Also in the Bhismaparvan, the army of Bhagadatta is said to consist of the Kirtas and the "yellow-coloured" Cinas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bhishamaparva of Mahabharata also lists the Chinas with the <a href="/wiki/Mlechha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mlechha">mlechha</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> of the north like the <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuntala_country" title="Kuntala country">Kuntalas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Hunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasika_kingdom" title="Parasika kingdom">Parasikas</a>, Darunas, Ramanas, Dasamalikas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shantiparvan of Mahabharata groups the Chinas with the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Uttarapatha" title="Uttarapatha">Uttarapatha</a>, viz. the Yavanas, <a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kiratas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharas</a>, Shabras, <a href="/wiki/Barbaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaric">Barbaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Shakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tushara_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tushara kingdom">Tusharas</a>, Kanakas, <a href="/wiki/Pahlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlava">Pahlavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu">Sindhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madra" title="Madra">Madrakas</a>, Ramathas, and the Kambojas and states them to be living the lives of Dasyus. These verses of the epic expect these tribes to perform certain duties which are different from those performed by the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishyas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanaparvan of the Mahabharata states that the territory of the Chinas can be reached by a land-route across the country of the Kiratas in the mountain regions of the north. </p><p>China is mentioned as one among the northern kingdoms in Mahabharata, Book 6, chapter 9: –Among the tribes of the north are the <a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mlecchas</a>, and the Kruras, the <a href="/wiki/Yavana_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana kingdom">Yavanas</a>, the Chinas, the <a href="/wiki/Kamboja_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja kingdom">Kambojas</a>, the Darunas, and many Mleccha tribes; the Sukritvahas, the Kulatthas, the <a href="/wiki/Huna_kingdom" title="Huna kingdom">Hunas</a>, the Parasikas, the Ramanas, and the Dasamalikas. </p><p>Chinas were mentioned along with Chivukas and <a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Pulindas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasas</a>, Hunas, <a href="/wiki/Pahlava_kingdom" title="Pahlava kingdom">Pahlavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka kingdom">Sakas</a>, Yanavas, <a href="/wiki/Sora_people" title="Sora people">Savaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pundra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra kingdom">Paundras</a>, Kiratas, <a href="/wiki/Kanchi_kingdom" title="Kanchi kingdom">Kanchis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravida_kingdom" title="Dravida kingdom">Dravidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhalas</a> and Keralas. Here they were described as the protectors of sage <a href="/wiki/Vasistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasistha">Vasistha</a> and his cow against the attack of king <a href="/wiki/Viswamitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Viswamitra">Viswamitra</a>. (1,177) </p><p>Pahlavas and the <a href="/wiki/Darada_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Darada kingdom">Daradas</a>, the various tribes of the Kiratas, Yanavas, Sakas, <a href="/wiki/Hara_Huna_kingdom" title="Hara Huna kingdom">Harahunas</a>, Chinas, <a href="/wiki/Tushara_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tushara kingdom">Tusharas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhavas</a>, Jagudas, Ramathas and the Mundas, as well as the inhabitants of the kingdom of women, Tanganas, <a href="/wiki/Kekeya_kingdom" title="Kekeya kingdom">Kekayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malava_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Malava kingdom">Malavas</a> and the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Kasmira_kingdom" title="Kasmira kingdom">Kasmira</a> were mentioned at (3,51) as bringing tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandava</a> king <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>. </p><p>The Yanavas, the <a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kiratas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gandharva_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharva kingdom">Gandharvas</a>, the Chinas, the Savaras, the Barbaras, the Sakas, the Tusharas, the Kankas, the Pathavas, the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra kingdom">Andhras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madra_kingdom" title="Madra kingdom">Madrakas</a>, the Paundras, the Pulindas, the Ramathas, the Kambojas were mentioned together as tribes beyond the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Aryavarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryavarta">Aryavarta</a>. The Aryavarta kings had doubts about dealing with them. (12,64) </p><p>China is mentioned in the travel-descriptions of the Pandavas. The passage below, describes these Chinas, to be located somewhere in the high <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>: Mahabharata book 3, chapter 176 (MBh 3.176): "Leaving the place called Badari (<a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>) and crossing the difficult Himalayan regions, and leaving behind them, the countries of China, Tukhara, Darada and all the climes of Kulinda, rich in heaps of jewels, those warlike men, viz. the Pandavas, reached the capital of Suvahu, the king of Pulindas (Kiratas)." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> mentions a "China king" Dhautamulaka, who caused the destruction of his own race <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(5,74). The name "Dhautamulaka" translates to "clean root", and might be a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Jie_of_Xia" title="Jie of Xia">last Xia emperor Jie</a> (1728–1675 BC). </p><p>"Deer skins from China" are mentioned at (5,86). King <a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a> wanted to give a thousand deer-skins from China as a present to <a href="/wiki/Krishna_in_the_Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna in the Mahābhārata">Vasudeva Krishna</a>:<i>I will give him a thousand deer-skins brought from China and other things of the kind that may be worthy of his praise.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (between the 2nd century BC and 2nd century AD), <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty#Variations_in_currency" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">deer skins</a> were used to make token money notes representing 400,000 coins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramayana">Ramayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ramayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kiskindhakanda</i> of <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> makes reference to Cinas as well as <a href="/wiki/Parama_China_kingdom" title="Parama China kingdom">Parama-Cinas</a> and associates them with the trans-Himalayan tribes of the Daradas, Kambojas, the <a href="/wiki/Yavanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanas">Yavanas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a>, the Kiratas, the Bahlikas, the <a href="/wiki/Rishikas" title="Rishikas">Rishikas</a>, and the Tañkanas of the Uttarapatha.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sent tributaries to Ayodhya and were protector of Dharma in northern Asia from Siberia to modern China. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> literature asserts that the Cinas, <a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasas</a>, Hunas, <a href="/wiki/Shakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakas">Shakas</a>, Kambojas, <a href="/wiki/Yavanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanas">Yavanas</a>, Pahlavas, Kiratas, Sinhalas, Mlechchas etc. were created by <a href="/wiki/Wise_Old_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Wise Old Man">sage</a> Vashistha through the divine powers of cow Sabala or Nandini (Kamdhenu).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas">Puranas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Puranas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></i>, the Cinas are again grouped with the Kambojas, <a href="/wiki/Shakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakas">Shakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barbaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaric">Barabaras</a> etc. and are said to have sided with <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> king Kali in the war against <a href="/wiki/Vedic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic civilization">Vedic</a> king Kalika.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Bhuvanakosha</i> section of numerous <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> locates the Cinas along with the Tusharas, Pahlavas, Kambojas, and Barbaras in the <i>Udichya</i> or northern division of ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is yet another reference to China as <i>Cina-maru</i> as referred to in the <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i>. However, at the same place, <i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i> mentions <i>Vira-maru</i>. China-maru or Vira-maru has been identified with the lands of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> situated above <i>And-khui</i> in the north of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (Dr K. P. Jayswal, Dr M. R. Singh). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_literature">Buddhist literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Buddhist literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cinas also find reference in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2023)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> play, <i><a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a></i>, where they are listed with other contemporary tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakas">Shakas</a>, Yavanas, Kiratas, <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Cambojas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bhalikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlava">Parasikas</a>, Khasas, Gandharas, Kalutas, etc. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> text <i>Milindapanho</i> (see: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East</a>, xxxvi, 204), associates the Chinas with the Sakas, <a href="/wiki/Yavanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanas">Yavanas</a>, Kambojas and Vilatas(?) etc., and locates them in and beyond the western <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, according to Dr <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_literature">Other literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i>, believed to date between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to Chinese silk as "cinamsuka" (Chinese silk dress) and "cinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Sanmoha Tantra</i> speaks of the <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> culture of the foreign countries like the Bahlika (<a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kiratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiratas">Kirata</a>, Bhota (<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>), Cina, Maha-Cina, <a href="/wiki/Pahlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlava">Parasika</a>, Airaka, Kambojas, Huna, Yavana, Gandhara and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepala</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Manu_Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manu Smriti">Laws of Manu</a></i>, dated between 200 BC and 300 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes the downfall of the Chinas, as well as many foreign groups in India: </p> <dl><dd><i>"43. But in consequence of the omission of the sacred rites, and of their not consulting Brahmanas, the following tribes of Kshatriyas have gradually sunk in this world to the condition of Shudras;</i></dd> <dd><i>44. (Viz.) the Paundrakas, the Chodas, the <a href="/wiki/Dravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidas">Dravidas</a>, the Kambojas, the <a href="/wiki/Yavanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanas">Yavanas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakas">Shakas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paradas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradas">Paradas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavas" title="Pahlavas">Pahlavas</a>, the <b>Chinas</b>, the Kiratas, the <a href="/wiki/Daradas" title="Daradas">Daradas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khashas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khashas">Khashas</a>."</i> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Besides <i>China</i> and <i>Parama-China</i>, there is also a reference to <i>Mahachina</i> in the <i>Manasollasa</i> which text mentions the fabrics from Mahachina.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thus possible that <i>China</i> probably referred to western <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <i>Mahachina</i> to Tibet proper, and <i>Parama-China</i> to <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina (word)</a></div> <p>This word was <a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">transcribed</a> into various forms including <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">{支那</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhīnà</i></span>), <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">芝那</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhīnà</i></span>), <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">脂那</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhīnà</i></span>) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">至那</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Zhìnà</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian relations">Sino-Indian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in India">Chinese in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_China" title="Indians in China">Indians in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_China" title="Hinduism in China">Hinduism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_people" title="Ahom people">Ahom people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yule-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yule_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYule,_Henry2005" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Henry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAqgAb41ifIC&pg=PA3"><i>Cathay and the Way Thither</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120619668" title="Special:BookSources/8120619668"><bdi>8120619668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+Way+Thither&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8120619668&rft.au=Yule%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAqgAb41ifIC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geographical Data in Early Puranas, 1972, p172, Dr M. R. Singh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wade-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wade_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade, Geoff, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf">The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'</a>", <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>, No. 188, May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kisari_Mohan_Ganguli" title="Kisari Mohan Ganguli">Kisari Mohan Ganguli</a>, <i>The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose</i>, 1883-1896.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin2019" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Christopher R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21"><i>Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-005411-3"><bdi>978-0-19-005411-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pradyumna%3A+Lover%2C+Magician%2C+and+Son+of+the+Avatara&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-005411-3&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jCoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrockingtonA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrockingtonA_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockington (1998, p. 26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MBH 6/9/65-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MBH 12/65/13-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Mahabharata_Udyoga_Parva_Chapter_74">"Mahabharata Udyoga Parva Chapter 74"</a>. <i>en.krishnakosh.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.krishnakosh.org&rft.atitle=Mahabharata+Udyoga+Parva+Chapter+74&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.krishnakosh.org%2Fkrishna%2FMahabharata_Udyoga_Parva_Chapter_74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Mahabharata_Udyoga_Parva_Chapter_86">"Mahabharata Udyoga Parva Chapter 86"</a>. <i>en.krishnakosh.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.krishnakosh.org&rft.atitle=Mahabharata+Udyoga+Parva+Chapter+86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.krishnakosh.org%2Fkrishna%2FMahabharata_Udyoga_Parva_Chapter_86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume 4, Kiskindhakanda, p 151, Rosalind Lefeber</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramayana (1.52-55) & Mahabharata (1.174.6-48)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kalika Purana</i> 20/40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">":ete desha Udichyastu <dl><dd>Kambojashchaiva Dardashchaiva Barbarashcha Angaukikah || 47 ||</dd> <dd><b>Chinashchaiva</b> Tusharashcha Pahlavadhayata narah || 48 ||</dd> <dd>— <i>(<a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a> 27.44-53)</i>"</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early East Iran, And The Atharvaveda, 1980, (Persica-9), p 106, Dr Michael Witzel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (2013). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MlgU0oQb4sC"><i>King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra</i></a>. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199891825" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199891825"><bdi>978-0199891825</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=King%2C+Governance%2C+and+Law+in+Ancient+India%3A+Kau%E1%B9%ADilya%27s+Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.place=Oxford+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199891825&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MlgU0oQb4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tan Chung (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm"><i>A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606221357/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm">Archived</a> 2007-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195171464" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195171464">978-0195171464</a>, pages 24-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Glimpses of Indian Culture</i>, Dinkar Joshi, p.51 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176501903" title="Special:BookSources/9788176501903">9788176501903</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Manusmritti (Laws of Manu)</i>, X.43-44</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes_and_kingdoms_of_the_Mahabharata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tribes_and_kingdoms_mentioned_in_the_Mahabharata56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhira_kingdom" title="Abhira kingdom">Abhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra kingdom">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarta_kingdom" title="Anarta kingdom">Anarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anga kingdom">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupa_kingdom" title="Anupa kingdom">Anupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmaka_kingdom" title="Asmaka kingdom">Asmaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_kingdom_(Mahabharata)" title="Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)">Avanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlikas" title="Bahlikas">Bahlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatas_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatas (tribe)">Bhārata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedi_kingdom" title="Chedi kingdom">Chedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola kingdom">Chola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala" title="Dakshina Kosala">Dakshina Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakshinatya_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakshinatya kingdom (page does not exist)">Dakshinatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danda_kingdom" title="Danda kingdom">Danda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasarna_kingdom" title="Dasarna kingdom">Dasarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasharna" title="Dasharna">Dasharna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasherka_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasherka kingdom (page does not exist)">Dasherka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dwaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garga_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garga kingdom (page does not exist)">Garga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomanta_kingdom" title="Gomanta kingdom">Gomanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopa_Rashtra" title="Gopa Rashtra">Gopa Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Huna_kingdom" title="Hara Huna kingdom">Hara Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haihaya_kingdom" title="Haihaya kingdom">Haihaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_kingdom" title="Huna kingdom">Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchi_kingdom" title="Kanchi kingdom">Kanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasmira_kingdom" title="Kasmira kingdom">Kasmira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakuta_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakuta kingdom (page does not exist)">Kalakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(Mahabharata)" title="Kalinga (Mahabharata)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnata_kingdom" title="Karnata kingdom">Karnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karusha_kingdom" title="Karusha kingdom">Karusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashi kingdom">Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekeya_kingdom" title="Kekeya kingdom">Kekeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikata_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikata kingdom">Kikata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpurusha_kingdom" title="Kimpurusha kingdom">Kimpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara_kingdom" title="Kinnara kingdom">Kinnara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kirata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha" title="Kishkindha">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkana_kingdom" title="Konkana kingdom">Konkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosala_kingdom" title="Kosala kingdom">Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_kingdom" title="Kuninda kingdom">Kuninda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti_kingdom" title="Kunti kingdom">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madra_kingdom" title="Madra kingdom">Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madraka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Madraka kingdom">Madraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Chinas_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Chinas kingdom (page does not exist)">Maha Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisha_kingdom" title="Mahisha kingdom">Mahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_kingdom" title="Malla kingdom">Malla </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malava_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Malava kingdom">Malava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipur (Mahabharata)">Manipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_kingdom" title="Matsya kingdom">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekhalas_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekhalas kingdom (page does not exist)">Mekhalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudgala kingdom">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushika_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushika kingdom">Mushika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasikya_kingdom" title="Nasikya kingdom">Nasikya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepa_kingdom" title="Nepa kingdom">Nepa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niharas_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niharas kingdom (page does not exist)">Niharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishadas" title="Nishadas">Nishadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odra_kingdom" title="Odra kingdom">Odra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchala_Kingdom_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)">Panchala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parada_kingdom" title="Parada kingdom">Parada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parama_Kamboja_kingdom" title="Parama Kamboja kingdom">Parama Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasika_kingdom" title="Parasika kingdom">Parasika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvartaka_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvartaka kingdom (page does not exist)">Parvartaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishacha_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pishacha kingdom">Pishacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha_kingdom" title="Pragjyotisha kingdom">Pragjyotisha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyagratha_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratyagratha kingdom (page does not exist)">Pratyagratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasthala" title="Prasthala">Prasthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulinda" title="Pulinda">Pulinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakas_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Sakas in the Mahabharata">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salva_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva kingdom">Salva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salveya_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salveya kingdom (page does not exist)">Salveya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_kingdom" title="Salwa kingdom">Salwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswata_kingdom" title="Saraswata kingdom">Saraswata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_kingdom" title="Saurashtra kingdom">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvira_kingdom" title="Sauvira kingdom">Sauvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivi_kingdom" title="Sivi kingdom">Sivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonita_kingdom" title="Sonita kingdom">Sonita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudra kingdom">Sudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surparaka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Surparaka kingdom">Surparaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surasena" title="Surasena">Surasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangana_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangana kingdom (page does not exist)">Tangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigarta_kingdom" title="Trigarta kingdom">Trigarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu kingdom">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushara" title="Tushara">Tushara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursa_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursa kingdom (page does not exist)">Ursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kuru_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kuru kingdom">Uttara Kuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Madra_kingdom" title="Uttara Madra kingdom">Uttara Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkala_kingdom" title="Utkala kingdom">Utkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatadhana_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatadhana kingdom (page does not exist)">Vatadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videha" title="Videha">Videha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha_kingdom" title="Vidarbha kingdom">Vidarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana kingdom">Yavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaudheya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaudheya kingdom">Yaudheya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=China&#124;alt=China_China–India_relations_23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=India&#124;alt=India448" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Template:China–India relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:China%E2%80%93India_relations" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_New_Delhi" title="Embassy of China, New Delhi">Embassy of China, New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_China_to_India" title="List of ambassadors of China to India">Ambassadors of China to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_India,_Beijing" title="Embassy of India, Beijing">Embassy of India, Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_India_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of India to China">Ambassadors of India to China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Sino-Indian_Agreement" title="1954 Sino-Indian Agreement">1954 Sino-Indian Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Delhi_security_summit" title="2007 Delhi security summit">2007 Delhi security summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sino-Indian_War" title="Origins of the Sino-Indian War">Origins of the Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_parliamentary_resolution_on_China" title="1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China">1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_act_and_Defence_of_India_rules,_1962" title="Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962">Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_policy_(Sino-Indian_conflict)" title="Forward policy (Sino-Indian conflict)">Forward policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Chinese_Indians" title="Internment of Chinese Indians">Internment of Chinese Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumdorong_Chu_standoff" title="Sumdorong Chu standoff">1987 skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Depsang_standoff" title="2013 Depsang standoff">2013 Depsang standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">2017 border standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021 skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2020%E2%80%932022_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="Timeline of the 2020–2022 China–India skirmishes">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes_order_of_battle:_China" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes order of battle: China">Chinese order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes_order_of_battle:_India" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes order of battle: India">Indian order of battle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakpa_Sheri" title="Dakpa Sheri">Dakpa Sheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehra_Compass" title="Dehra Compass">Dehra Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depsang_Bulge" title="Depsang Bulge">Depsang Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doklam" title="Doklam">Doklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirijap" title="Sirijap">Sirijap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement" title="Sino-Pakistan Agreement">Sino-Pakistan Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Line of Actual Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differing_perceptions_of_the_Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Differing perceptions of the Line of Actual Control">Differing perceptions of the LAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93China_border_infrastructure" title="India–China border infrastructure">Infrastructure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93China_Border_Roads" title="India–China Border Roads">Roads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Officials_on_the_Boundary_Question" title="Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question">Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Peace_and_Tranquility_Agreement,_1993" title="Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993">Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Political_Parameters_and_Guiding_Principles_for_the_Settlement_of_the_India%E2%80%93China_Boundary_Question,_2005" title="Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India–China Boundary Question, 2005">Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Defence_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Border Defence Cooperation Agreement">Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93China_Joint_Working_Group_on_the_boundary_question" title="India–China Joint Working Group on the boundary question">India–China Joint Working Group on the boundary question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Representative_mechanism_on_the_India%E2%80%93China_boundary_question" title="Special Representative mechanism on the India–China boundary question">Special Representative mechanism on the India–China boundary question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Mechanism_for_Consultation_and_Coordination_on_India%E2%80%93China_Border_Affairs" title="Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs">Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Personnel_Meeting_Point" title="Border Personnel Meeting Point">Border Personnel Meeting Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Economic relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC_countries" title="BASIC countries">BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">BCIM Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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title="Zhengyou">Zhengyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_of_the_Cholas_with_the_Chinese" title="Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese">Chola–Chinese relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_of_the_Tamils_with_the_Chinese" title="Relationship of the Tamils with the Chinese">Tamil–Chinese relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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