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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Solstice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solstice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiazhi" title="Xiazhi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Xiazhi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81-ch%C3%AC" title="Hā-chì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hā-chì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha-ch%E1%B9%B3" title="Ha-chṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ha-chṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%A7%80" title="하지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2-c%C3%A9" title="Hâ-cé – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hâ-cé" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiazhi" title="Xiazhi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xiazhi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahceiq" title="Hahceiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hahceiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3" title="夏至 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="夏至" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3" title="夏至 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夏至" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3" title="夏至 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夏至" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3" title="夏至 – 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiazhi">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 21:45, 21 June 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:The_Rambling_Man" class="mw-userlink" title="User:The Rambling Man" data-mw-revid="1230294336"><bdi>The Rambling Man</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:The_Rambling_Man" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:The Rambling Man">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/The_Rambling_Man" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/The Rambling Man">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(fixed <a href="/wiki/MOS:DASH" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:DASH">dashes</a> using <a href="/wiki/User:Ohconfucius/dashes.js" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Xiazhi</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:夏至">夏至</a></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"summer's extreme"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">xiàzhì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄓˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɕjâ.ʈʂɻ̩̂]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">haah ji</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">haa<sup>6</sup> zi<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[ha˨.tsi˧]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Term</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic longitude">Longitude</a> </th> <th>Dates </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lichun" title="Lichun">Lichun</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">315°</td> <td>4–5 February </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yushui_(solar_term)" title="Yushui (solar term)">Yushui</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">330°</td> <td>18–19 February </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">345°</td> <td>5–6 March </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chunfen" title="Chunfen">Chunfen</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">0°</td> <td>20–21 March </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qingming_(solar_term)" title="Qingming (solar term)">Qingming</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">15°</td> <td>4–5 April </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guyu" title="Guyu">Guyu</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">30°</td> <td>20–21 April </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lixia" title="Lixia">Lixia</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">45°</td> <td>5–6 May </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiaoman" title="Xiaoman">Xiaoman</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">60°</td> <td>21–22 May </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangzhong" title="Mangzhong">Mangzhong</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">75°</td> <td>5–6 June </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiazhi</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">90°</td> <td>21–22 June </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiaoshu" title="Xiaoshu">Xiaoshu</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">105°</td> <td>7–8 July </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dashu_(solar_term)" title="Dashu (solar term)">Dashu</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">120°</td> <td>22–23 July </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liqiu" title="Liqiu">Liqiu</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">135°</td> <td>7–8 August </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chushu" title="Chushu">Chushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">150°</td> <td>23–24 August </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bailu_(solar_term)" title="Bailu (solar term)">Bailu</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">165°</td> <td>7–8 September </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qiufen" title="Qiufen">Qiufen</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">180°</td> <td>23–24 September </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanlu" title="Hanlu">Hanlu</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">195°</td> <td>8–9 October </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuangjiang_(solar_term)" title="Shuangjiang (solar term)">Shuangjiang</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">210°</td> <td>23–24 October </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lidong" title="Lidong">Lidong</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">225°</td> <td>7–8 November </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiaoxue" title="Xiaoxue">Xiaoxue</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">240°</td> <td>22–23 November </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daxue_(solar_term)" title="Daxue (solar term)">Daxue</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">255°</td> <td>7–8 December </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_(solar_term)" title="Dongzhi (solar term)">Dongzhi</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">270°</td> <td>21–22 December </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiaohan" title="Xiaohan">Xiaohan</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">285°</td> <td>5–6 January </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dahan_(solar_term)" title="Dahan (solar term)">Dahan</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">300°</td> <td>20–21 January </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Xiàzhì</b></i> is the 10th solar term, and marks the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_lunisolar_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese lunisolar calendar">Chinese lunisolar calendar</a> dividing a year into 24 <a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">solar terms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It begins when the Sun reaches the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_longitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial longitude">celestial longitude</a> of 90° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 105°. The word <i>xiazhi</i> most often refers specifically to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 90°. In the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, this is around 21 June, and the Xiazhi period ends with the beginning of the next solar term, <a href="/wiki/Xiaoshu" title="Xiaoshu">Xiaoshu</a>, around 7 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xiazhi is considered the middle of the summer and the beginning of the hottest part of summer.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-health.people.com.cn_夏至吃面_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health.people.com.cn_夏至吃面-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was once celebrated with traditional customs, these customs have mostly died out, and Xiazhi is not observed much anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pentads">Pentads</h2></div> <p>Each solar term can be divided into three pentads (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%80%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:候">候</a>) of about five days each: the first pentad (初候), second pentad (次候), and last pentad (末候). </p><p>Xiazhi's ones are:<sup id="cite_ref-qxkp_夏至节气分三候_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qxkp_夏至节气分三候-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>First pentad: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">鹿角解</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lù jiǎo jiě</span></i> – deer antlers come off</li> <li>Second pentad: <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">蜩始鸣</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">蜩始鳴</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tiáo shǐ míng</span></i> – <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a> begin to chirp</li> <li>Last pentad: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">半夏生</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">bàn xià shēng</span></i> – midsummer comes, or <i><a href="/wiki/Pinellia_ternata" title="Pinellia ternata">Pinellia ternata</a></i> grows</li></ul> <p>Separately from the pentads, the 15 days of Xiazhi were historically divided into three periods in a different way: a three-day initial period, a five-day middle period, and a seven-day final period.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it rained at the end of any of these periods, this was considered to be a bad sign for the year's harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it did not rain at all during the 15-day Xiazhi period, this was considered a good sign for the harvest; if rain did fall, the most auspicious days for it to fall on were the first, fourth, fifth, ninth and tenth days of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_traditional_customs">History and traditional customs</h2></div> <p>Xiazhi is an ancient festival; records of its observance date back to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People celebrated Xiazhi simply by taking a few days off for eating and drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government officials in particular were able to rest for these days, while farmers still had work that needed to be done.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient China, Xiazhi was not as important a date as <a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_(solar_term)" title="Dongzhi (solar term)">Dongzhi</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>, celebrated with the <a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_Festival" title="Dongzhi Festival">Dongzhi Festival</a>), and its celebrations were less elaborate.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, according to the historian and government official <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pang_Yuanying&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pang Yuanying (page does not exist)">Pang Yuanying</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E5%85%83%E8%8B%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:龐元英">zh</a>]</span>, Xiazhi was a three-day holiday; this is in contrast to Dongzhi, which was a weeklong holiday at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a> scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zong_Lin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zong Lin (page does not exist)">Zong Lin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%87%8D" class="extiw" title="zh:宗懍">zh</a>]</span> wrote that on Xiazhi farmers should burn <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a> leaves and sprinkle the ashes on their <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> plants as a form of natural disinfectant to prevent <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease" title="Plant disease">plant diseases</a> or pests.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Xiazhi "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nine_Nines_Song&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nine Nines Song (page does not exist)">Nine Nines Song</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E4%B9%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:数九">zh</a>]</span>" (<span lang="zh-Hans">九九歌</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiǔ Jiǔ Gē</span></i>), dating back at least to the Song dynasty, has multiple variations, one of which goes as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qxkp_夏至节气分三候_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qxkp_夏至节气分三候-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div lang="en" class="poem"> <p>One nine, two nines, the fan doesn't leave your hand;<br /> Three nines, twenty-seven, drinking water is as sweet as honey;<br /> Four nines, thirty-six, wiping away sweat is like coming out of a bath;<br /> Five nines, forty-five, yellow leaves dance above;<br /> Six nines, fifty-four, cool off in a Buddhist temple;<br /> Seven nines, sixty-three, look for the sheets at the bedside;<br /> Eight nines, seventy-two, think about using a blanket;<br /> Nine nines, eighty-one, every household makes charcoal;<br /> Get ready for winter. </p> </div></blockquote> <blockquote><div lang="zh-hans" class="poem"> <p>一九二九扇子不离手；<br /> 三九二十七，饮水甜如蜜；<br /> 四九三十六，拭汗如出浴；<br /> 五九四十五，头带黄叶舞；<br /> 六九五十四，乘凉入佛寺；<br /> 七九六十三，床头寻被单；<br /> 八九七十二，思量盖夹被；<br /> 九九八十一，家家打炭基；<br /> 准备过冬了。 </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In the mid-20th century, the American sociologist <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Eberhard" title="Wolfram Eberhard">Wolfram Eberhard</a> wrote that "the ordinary citizen is hardly even aware" of Xiazhi celebrations, but that in the past, government officials did make sacrifices on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhard_Chinese_Festivals_summer_solstice_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhard_Chinese_Festivals_summer_solstice-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Eberhard, it was formerly prohibited to light large fires or smelt iron on this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhard_Chinese_Festivals_summer_solstice_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhard_Chinese_Festivals_summer_solstice-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, these traditional customs have largely been lost, and Xiazhi is generally ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to the winter solstice festival, <a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_Festival" title="Dongzhi Festival">Dongzhi</a>, which continues to be actively observed in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2></div> <p>In much of China, it is traditional to eat <a href="/wiki/Noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Noodles">noodles</a> on Xiazhi; a popular saying says "<i><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi" title="Jiaozi">jiaozi</a></i> on Dongzhi; noodles on Xiazhi" (冬至饺子夏至面).<sup id="cite_ref-health.people.com.cn_夏至吃面_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health.people.com.cn_夏至吃面-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative saying about Xiazhi foods goes "Dumplings for the first nine days, noodles for the second nine days, and pancake with eggs for the third nine days" (头伏饺子二伏面，三伏烙饼摊鸡蛋).<sup id="cite_ref-Beijinger_Xiazhi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beijinger_Xiazhi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Xiazhi foods vary by region: for instance in <a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Zhejiang" title="Taizhou, Zhejiang">Taizhou, Zhejiang</a>, it is traditional to eat <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maiyouzhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maiyouzhi (page does not exist)">maiyouzhi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%A5%BC%E7%AD%92" class="extiw" title="zh:食饼筒">zh</a>]</span></i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">麦油脂</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">màiyóuzhī</span></i>; a kind of <a href="/wiki/Spring_roll" title="Spring roll">spring roll</a>), <i>yanggao</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">漾糕</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yànggāo</span></i>; a kind of small sticky cake), and dumplings.<sup id="cite_ref-Taizhou_Xiazhi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taizhou_Xiazhi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_time">Date and time</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:smaller;"> <caption>Date and time (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>),<br /> by <i>gregorian</i> year from 2001 to 2023 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Year</a></th> <th>Begin</th> <th>End </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>辛巳 </th> <td>2001-06-21 07:37 </td> <td>2001-07-07 01:06 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>壬午 </th> <td>2002-06-21 13:24 </td> <td>2002-07-07 06:56 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>癸未 </th> <td>2003-06-21 19:10 </td> <td>2003-07-07 12:35 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>甲申 </th> <td>2004-06-21 00:56 </td> <td>2004-07-06 18:31 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>乙酉 </th> <td>2005-06-21 06:46 </td> <td>2005-07-07 00:16 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>丙戌 </th> <td>2006-06-21 12:25 </td> <td>2006-07-07 05:51 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>丁亥 </th> <td>2007-06-21 18:06 </td> <td>2007-07-07 11:41 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>戊子 </th> <td>2008-06-20 23:59 </td> <td>2008-07-06 17:26 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>己丑 </th> <td>2009-06-21 05:45 </td> <td>2009-07-06 23:13 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>庚寅 </th> <td>2010-06-21 11:28 </td> <td>2010-07-07 05:02 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>辛卯 </th> <td>2011-06-21 17:16 </td> <td>2011-07-07 10:42 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>壬辰 </th> <td>2012-06-20 23:08 </td> <td>2012-07-06 16:40 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>癸巳 </th> <td>2013-06-21 05:03 </td> <td>2013-07-06 22:34 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>甲午 </th> <td>2014-06-21 10:51 </td> <td>2014-07-07 04:14 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>乙未 </th> <td>2015-06-21 16:37 </td> <td>2015-07-07 10:12 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>丙申 </th> <td>2016-06-20 22:34 </td> <td>2016-07-06 16:03 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>丁酉 </th> <td>2017-06-21 04:24 </td> <td>2017-07-06 21:50 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>戊戌 </th> <td>2018-06-21 10:07 </td> <td>2018-07-07 03:41 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>己亥 </th> <td>2019-06-21 15:54 </td> <td>2019-07-07 09:20 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>庚子 </th> <td>2020-06-20 21:43 </td> <td>2020-07-06 15:14 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>辛丑 </th> <td>2021-06-21 03:32 </td> <td>2021-07-06 21:05 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>壬寅 </th> <td>2022-06-21 09:13 </td> <td>2022-07-07 02:38 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:top"> <th>癸卯 </th> <td>2023-06-21 14:58 </td> <td>2023-07-07 08:30 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Source: <a href="/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System">JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solstice">Solstice</h2></div> <p>The solstices (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>) mark the middle of the seasons in traditional East Asian calendars. </p><p>Here, the Chinese character <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:至">至</a> / <i>zhì</i> (in pinyin) means "extreme", so the term "xiazhi", for the summer solstice, directly signifies the "zenith of summer".<sup id="cite_ref-qxkp_夏至节气分三候_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qxkp_夏至节气分三候-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beijinger_Xiazhi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beijinger_Xiazhi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lixia" title="Lixia">Lixia</a> (45°)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stepanchuk_Mooncakes_and_Hungry_Ghosts_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStepanchuk1991" class="citation book cs1">Stepanchuk, Carol (1991). <i>Mooncakes and Hungry Ghosts: Festivals of China</i>. San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-2481-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8351-2481-9"><bdi>0-8351-2481-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mooncakes+and+Hungry+Ghosts%3A+Festivals+of+China&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=China+Books+%26+Periodicals&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8351-2481-9&rft.aulast=Stepanchuk&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiazhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangHunag1994" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Peiyu; Hunag, Hongfeng (1994). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-GXKK403.013.htm">"The Twenty-four Solar Terms of the Chinese Calendar and the Calculation for Them"</a></span>. <i>Purple Mountain Observatory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Purple+Mountain+Observatory&rft.atitle=The+Twenty-four+Solar+Terms+of+the+Chinese+Calendar+and+the+Calculation+for+Them&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Peiyu&rft.au=Hunag%2C+Hongfeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-GXKK403.013.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiazhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2021" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Dr Herong (10 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQATEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34"><i>Chinese Calendar Algorithm – Year 1901 to 2100</i></a>. HerongYang.com. p. 34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Calendar+Algorithm+%E2%80%93+Year+1901+to+2100&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=HerongYang.com&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Dr+Herong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQATEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiazhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中國節日的故事_2001_Xiazhi_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>中國節日的故事</i> [<i>Stories of Chinese holidays</i>] (in Chinese) (1st ed.). Taipei: 將門文物出版社. 2001. pp. 159–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-755-300-1" title="Special:BookSources/957-755-300-1"><bdi>957-755-300-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=159-161&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=%E5%B0%87%E9%96%80%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=957-755-300-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiazhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-health.people.com.cn_夏至吃面-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-health.people.com.cn_夏至吃面_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-health.people.com.cn_夏至吃面_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF夏文" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">夏文. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0621/c21471-28465503.html">"夏至吃面配菜出彩"</a> [Eating noodles with side dishes is excellent for Xiazhi]. <i>人民网</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526233802/http://health.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0621/c21471-28465503.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BD%91&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3%E5%90%83%E9%9D%A2%E9%85%8D%E8%8F%9C%E5%87%BA%E5%BD%A9&rft.au=%E5%A4%8F%E6%96%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.people.com.cn%2Fn1%2F2016%2F0621%2Fc21471-28465503.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiazhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qxkp_夏至节气分三候-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qxkp_夏至节气分三候_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qxkp_夏至节气分三候_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qxkp_夏至节气分三候_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qxkp.net/zxfw/shqx/202106/t20210622_3438240.html">"夏至节气分三候夏天竟然也有"数九"？"</a> [The solar term of Xiazhi is divided into three pentads; summer also has "counting nines"?]. <i>中国气象科普网</i> (in Chinese). 22 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526212010/http://www.qxkp.net/zxfw/shqx/202106/t20210622_3438240.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%91&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3%E8%8A%82%E6%B0%94%E5%88%86%E4%B8%89%E5%80%99+%E5%A4%8F%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%9F%E7%84%B6%E4%B9%9F%E6%9C%89%22%E6%95%B0%E4%B9%9D%22%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qxkp.net%2Fzxfw%2Fshqx%2F202106%2Ft20210622_3438240.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiazhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eberhard_Chinese_Festivals_summer_solstice-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eberhard_Chinese_Festivals_summer_solstice_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eberhard_Chinese_Festivals_summer_solstice_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhard1952" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, Wolfram (1952). "The dragon-boat festival". <i>Chinese Festivals</i>. New York: H. Wolff. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+dragon-boat+festival&rft.btitle=Chinese+Festivals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=H.+Wolff&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiazhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beijinger_Xiazhi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beijinger_Xiazhi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beijinger_Xiazhi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZou2022" class="citation news cs1">Zou, Zeus (20 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2020/06/21/solar-terms-101-heat-plums-energy-xiazhi-summer-solstice">"Solar Terms 101: Xiazhi, Summer Solstice and Summer PARTY Season"</a>. <i>www.thebeijinger.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527004009/https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2020/06/21/solar-terms-101-heat-plums-energy-xiazhi-summer-solstice">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.thebeijinger.com&rft.atitle=Solar+Terms+101%3A+Xiazhi%2C+Summer+Solstice+and+Summer+PARTY+Season&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft.aulast=Zou&rft.aufirst=Zeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebeijinger.com%2Fblog%2F2020%2F06%2F21%2Fsolar-terms-101-heat-plums-energy-xiazhi-summer-solstice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiazhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taizhou_Xiazhi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taizhou_Xiazhi_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF姚苗苗2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">姚苗苗 (20 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zjtz.gov.cn/art/2022/6/20/art_1229049746_59059797.html">"夏至将至你家包扁食吗"</a> [Xiazhi is around the corner: is your family making dumplings?]. <i>台州晚报</i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526235658/https://www.zjtz.gov.cn/art/2022/6/20/art_1229049746_59059797.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%B0%E5%B7%9E%E6%99%9A%E6%8A%A5&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%86%E8%87%B3+%E4%BD%A0%E5%AE%B6%E5%8C%85%E6%89%81%E9%A3%9F%E5%90%97&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft.au=%E5%A7%9A%E8%8B%97%E8%8B%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zjtz.gov.cn%2Fart%2F2022%2F6%2F20%2Fart_1229049746_59059797.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiazhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mangzhong" title="Mangzhong">Mangzhong</a> (芒種)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a> (節氣) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Xiaoshu" title="Xiaoshu">Xiaoshu</a> (小暑)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiazhi&oldid=1230294336">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiazhi&oldid=1230294336</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Solar_terms" title="Category:Solar terms">Solar terms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Summer_solstice" title="Category:Summer solstice">Summer solstice</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 June 2024, at 21:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span class="nowraplinks">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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