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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punic_town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punic_town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Punic town</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punic_town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauretanian_town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauretanian_town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mauretanian town</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauretanian_town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Roman town</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rusadir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%85%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ρυσσάδειρον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρυσσάδειρον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Русадир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русадир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rusadir&params=35.294_N_2.933_W_type:city_region:ES"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°17′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°55′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.294°N 2.933°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.294; -2.933</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Punic and Roman town</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Rusadir</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_de_Armas_y_baluarte_de_San_Pedro,_Melilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Plaza_de_Armas_y_baluarte_de_San_Pedro%2C_Melilla.jpg/250px-Plaza_de_Armas_y_baluarte_de_San_Pedro%2C_Melilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Plaza_de_Armas_y_baluarte_de_San_Pedro%2C_Melilla.jpg/330px-Plaza_de_Armas_y_baluarte_de_San_Pedro%2C_Melilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Plaza_de_Armas_y_baluarte_de_San_Pedro%2C_Melilla.jpg/500px-Plaza_de_Armas_y_baluarte_de_San_Pedro%2C_Melilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Melilla la Vieja is built over Roman Rusadir</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rusadir is located in Spain"><img alt="Rusadir is located in Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg/250px-Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg/375px-Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg/500px-Spain_location_map_with_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:93.876%;left:47.395%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rusadir"><img alt="Rusadir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Spain</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rusadir&params=35.294_N_2.933_W_type:city_region:ES"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°17′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°55′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.294°N 2.933°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.294; -2.933</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rusadir</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">ancient</a> <a href="/wiki/Punics" class="mw-redirect" title="Punics">Punic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Roman</a> town at what is now <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">northwest Africa</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, it was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">colony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">ršʾdr</span> (<a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>: <span lang="xpu" dir="rtl">𐤓‬𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓‬</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.1911889_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.1911889-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> name meaning "Powerful"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMora_Serrano201125_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMora_Serrano201125-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "High <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Cape</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-CE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after its nearby headland.<sup id="cite_ref-DGRBM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRBM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be understood as "Cape of the Powerful One", in reference to <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a>, or some other important <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Punic god</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The format is similar to other Punic names along the North African coast, including <i><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust#History" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rusigan</a></i> (Rachgoun), <i><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></i>, and <i>Rsmlqr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Pardo2005137–138_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Pardo2005137–138-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement's name was hellenized as <i>Rhyssádeiron</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ῥυσσάδειρον</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGRBM_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRBM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <i>Rusadir</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rusicada</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Rusadder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGRBM_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRBM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a Roman colony, it was also known as <b>Flavia</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>), Rusadir was located on a small, easily defended <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> connected to mainland <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> by a narrow <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its namesake cape is small but includes a large rocky hill, which was fortified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies at the northern end of a small <a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">bight</a> which formed its harbor, itself part of the eastern shore of a much larger bight that stretches across the southern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Three_Forks" title="Cape Three Forks">Cape Three Forks</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the classical <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Metagonites Promontorium</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-DGRBM_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGRBM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cape_Figalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cape Figalo (page does not exist)">Cape Figalo</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rusadir's own small bight lies beside a kind of natural <a href="/wiki/Amphitheater" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitheater">amphitheater</a> on the eastern slope of a steep rock 500 meters (1,640 ft) high, where modern Melilla has grown up.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punic_town">Punic town</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Punic town"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rusadir was established as a <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician colony">Phoenician colony</a><sup id="cite_ref-CE_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along the trading route between <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, itself guarded by the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>), <a href="/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Septem (Ceuta)">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carteia" title="Carteia">Kart</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Roque,_C%C3%A1diz" class="mw-redirect" title="San Roque, Cádiz">San Roque</a>), and Gadir (<a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a>). Like other outposts in the West, Rusadir eventually fell under <a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian Empire">Carthaginian dominion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauretanian_town">Mauretanian town</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mauretanian town"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>'s defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, Rusadir passed into the control of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>. It minted its own <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> coins, with <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic text</a> and a bearded head (possibly <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baal Hammon</a>) <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> between ears of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">reverse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.1911889_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.1911889-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_town">Roman town</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman town"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg/250px-Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg/375px-Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg/500px-Prima_Affrice_Tabula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s 1st African map, showing Roman <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> assassinated the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Mauretania" title="Ptolemy of Mauretania">Mauretanian king</a> in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>40 and proclaimed the annexation of his kingdom. His successor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> organized the new territories, placing Rusadir within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> describes 1st-century Rusadir as a <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">native hillfort</a> (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">oppidum</i></span></i>) and port (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">portus</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CE_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made a <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">colony</a> in AD<span class="nowrap"> </span>46. </p><p>By the 3rd century, Rusadir was fully <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Christianized</a> and quite prosperous. In the 4th century, Rusadir was the principal port for the <a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauro-Roman kingdom">Mauro-Roman kingdom</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandal</a> king <a href="/wiki/Gaiseric" title="Gaiseric">Gaiseric</a>, probably invited by <a href="/wiki/Bonifacius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacius">Count Boniface</a>, crossed from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Spain">Spain</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a> (Tangier) in 429. Some of his tens of thousands of followers besieged and conquered Rusadir around 430, while others overran the rest of northwest Africa. Focusing his attention on the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, Gaiseric allowed <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> rebellions to remove most of his western territories from his control. Rusadir became part of the Berber kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Altava" title="Altava">Altava</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> restored Roman control over Northern Africa (including Rusadir) around the year 533,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199824_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199824-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> established by the Byzantines also focused most of its attention on the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and did not expand into the Mauretanian hinterland. Instead, it oversaw its fortified ports from the easily protected stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Septem (Ceuta)">Septem</a> (Ceuta). Rusadir was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic Spain">Visigoth</a> general <a href="/wiki/Suintila" title="Suintila">Suintila</a> (probably on behalf of king <a href="/wiki/Sisebuto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisebuto">Sisebuto</a>) in 614.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 7th century a Christian bishop with seat in the city was mentioned in the <i>Thronus Alexandrinus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199824_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199824-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 700, Rusadir was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199825_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199825-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an uncertain existence as populated settlement by the mid 9th century, the city was repopulated by Berbers by the late 9th century (c. 890), when it was already known by its new name,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199825_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199825-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malila/Melilla/Amlil. It was seized by an Andalusian army on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a>, emir (soon-to-be Caliph) of Córdoba in 926–927.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was conquered by the Castilian nobleman <a href="/wiki/Juan_Alfonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_3rd_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia">Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán</a> in 1497 and—under the name <b><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></b> (q.v.)—was formally annexed by <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> in 1506.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rusadir remains a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/40px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/60px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/120px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, for the town's subsequent history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Lixus</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Tamuda" title="Tamuda">Tamuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_%27Coloniae%27_in_Berber_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman 'Coloniae' in Berber Africa">Roman 'Coloniae' in Berber Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.1911889-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.1911889_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.1911889_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHead_&_al.1911">Head & al. (1911)</a>, p. 889.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMora_Serrano201125-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMora_Serrano201125_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMora_Serrano2011">Mora Serrano (2011)</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCath._Enc.1913"><i>Cath. Enc.</i> (1913)</a>, s.v. "Rusaddir".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DGRBM-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DGRBM_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRBM_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRBM_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGRBM_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDict._Gr._&_Rom._Bio._&_Myth.1870"><i>Dict. Gr. & Rom. Bio. & Myth.</i> (1870)</a>, s.v. "Rusadir".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJuárez2016" class="citation cs2">Juárez, Roberto (3 September 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://melilladesconocida.blogspot.com/2016/09/significado-de-rusaddir.html">"Significado de Rusaddir"</a>, <i>Melilla: Ciudad Desconocida</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Significado+de+Rusaddir&rft.btitle=Melilla%3A+Ciudad+Desconocida&rft.date=2016-09-03&rft.aulast=Ju%C3%A1rez&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmelilladesconocida.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fsignificado-de-rusaddir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELópez_Pardo2005137–138-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELópez_Pardo2005137–138_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLópez_Pardo2005">López Pardo (2005)</a>, pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptol.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_Geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy's Geography"><i>Geogr.</i></a>, Bk.<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV, Ch.<span class="nowrap"> </span>i, §7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History"><i>Nat. Hist</i>.</a>, Bk.<span class="nowrap"> </span>I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Mela</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Situ_Orbis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Situ Orbis"><i>Geogr.</i></a>, Bk.<span class="nowrap"> </span>I, §33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary"><i>Ant. Itin.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Enc._Brit.''1911_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnc._Brit.1911"><i>Enc. Brit.</i> (1911)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-3.jpg">"Melilla"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/"><i>North Africa</i></a>, P502, NI 30-3, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a>: U.S. Army Map Service, 1953</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Melilla&rft.btitle=North+Africa&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=P502%2C+NI+30-3&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Map+Service&rft.date=1953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fams%2Fnorth_africa%2Ftxu-oclc-6949452-ni30-3.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-4.jpg">"Oran"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/"><i>North Africa</i></a>, P502, NI 30-4, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a>: U.S. Army Map Service, 1953</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oran&rft.btitle=North+Africa&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=P502%2C+NI+30-4&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Map+Service&rft.date=1953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Fams%2Fnorth_africa%2Ftxu-oclc-6949452-ni30-4.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pliny%27s_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny's Natural History">Nat. Hist.</a></i>, Bk.<span class="nowrap"> </span>V, Ch.<span class="nowrap"> </span>18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199824-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199824_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199824_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLara_Peinado1998">Lara Peinado 1998</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLara_Peinado1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lara Peinado, Fernando (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/1973932.pdf">"Melilla: entre Oriente y Occidente"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Aldaba</i> (30). Melilla: <a href="/wiki/UNED" class="mw-redirect" title="UNED">UNED</a>: 24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-7925">0213-7925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aldaba&rft.atitle=Melilla%3A+entre+Oriente+y+Occidente&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0213-7925&rft.aulast=Lara+Peinado&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fdescarga%2Farticulo%2F1973932.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199825-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199825_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELara_Peinado199825_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLara_Peinado1998">Lara Peinado 1998</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGurriarán_Daza2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gurriarán Daza, Pedro (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://institutoecg.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/04-PEDRO-GURRIAR%C3%81N-AS.pdf">"La fortificación de la frontera sur de al-andalus en tiempos del califato de Córdoba"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños</i> (48). Algeciras: Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños: 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Almoraima.+Revista+de+Estudios+Campogibraltare%C3%B1os&rft.atitle=La+fortificaci%C3%B3n+de+la+frontera+sur+de+al-andalus+en+tiempos+del+califato+de+C%C3%B3rdoba&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gurriar%C3%A1n+Daza&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstitutoecg.es%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2F04-PEDRO-GURRIAR%25C3%2581N-AS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusadir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnc._Brit.1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Melilla"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Melilla">"Melilla" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Melilla&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConant2012" class="citation cs2">Conant, Jonathan (2012), <i>Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521196970" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521196970"><bdi>978-0521196970</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staying+Roman%3A+Conquest+and+Identity+in+Africa+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0521196970&rft.aulast=Conant&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2009" class="citation cs2">Davies, Ethel (2009), <i>North Africa: The Roman Coast</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chalfont_St_Peter" title="Chalfont St Peter">Chalfont St Peter</a>: Bradt Travel Guides, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-287-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-287-3"><bdi>978-1-84162-287-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa%3A+The+Roman+Coast&rft.place=Chalfont+St+Peter&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-287-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Ethel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHead_&_al.1911" class="citation cs2">Head, Barclay; et al. (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/numidia.html">"Mauretania"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html"><i>Historia Numorum</i></a> (2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">887–</span>890</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mauretania&rft.btitle=Historia+Numorum&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E887-%3C%2Fspan%3E890&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Barclay&rft.au=G.F.+Hill&rft.au=George+MacDonald&rft.au=W.+Wroth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnible.org%2Fcoins%2Fhn%2Fnumidia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDict._Gr._&_Rom._Bio._&_Myth.1870" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">James, Edward Boucher (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=rusadir-geo&highlight=russader">"Rusadir"</a>, <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i>, vol. <span class="nowrap"> </span>III, Boston: Little, Brown, & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rusadir&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+%26+Co&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Edward+Boucher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Drusadir-geo%26highlight%3Drussader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Pardo2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">López Pardo, Fernando (April 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GERI/article/viewFile/49055/45753">"La Fundación de <i>Rusaddir</i> y la Época Púnica"</a> [The Foundation of <i>Rusaddir</i> and the Punic Age], <i>Gerión</i> (in Spanish), <b>33</b> (Special): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>156, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_GERI.2015.49055">10.5209/rev_GERI.2015.49055</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-0181">0213-0181</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geri%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=La+Fundaci%C3%B3n+de+Rusaddir+y+la+%C3%89poca+P%C3%BAnica&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=Special&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5209%2Frev_GERI.2015.49055&rft.issn=0213-0181&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Pardo&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistas.ucm.es%2Findex.php%2FGERI%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F49055%2F45753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMora_Serrano2011" class="citation cs2">Mora Serrano, Bartolomé (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236027112_The_Imaginary_Far_West_and_South_Iberian_and_North_African_Punic_Coins">"Coins, Cities, and Territories: The Imaginary Far West and South Iberian and North African Punic Coins"</a>, <i>Money, Trade, and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa</i>, London: British Museum, pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>32</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coins%2C+Cities%2C+and+Territories%3A+The+Imaginary+Far+West+and+South+Iberian+and+North+African+Punic+Coins&rft.btitle=Money%2C+Trade%2C+and+Trade+Routes+in+Pre-Islamic+North+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mora+Serrano&rft.aufirst=Bartolom%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236027112_The_Imaginary_Far_West_and_South_Iberian_and_North_African_Punic_Coins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCath._Enc.1913" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Petrides, Sophron (1913), "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Rusaddir" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Rusaddir">Rusaddir</a>", <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>, vol. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia/Volume_13" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia/Volume 13">Vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIII</a>, New York: Encyclopedia Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rusaddir&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Petrides&rft.aufirst=Sophron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZurlo2005" class="citation cs2">Zurlo, Yves (2005), "Ceuta et Melilla: Histoire, Représentations, et Devenir de Deux Enclaves Espagnoles", <i>Recherches et Documents: Espagne</i>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-7656-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7475-7656-6"><bdi>2-7475-7656-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ceuta+et+Melilla%3A+Histoire%2C+Repr%C3%A9sentations%2C+et+Devenir+de+Deux+Enclaves+Espagnoles&rft.btitle=Recherches+et+Documents%3A+Espagne&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-7475-7656-6&rft.aulast=Zurlo&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusadir" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_North_Africa246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Template:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Template talk:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romano-Berber cities in Roman Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romano-Berber_cities_in_Roman_North_Africa246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Romano-Berber cities in Roman North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Sorted by contemporary national borders</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cotta" title="Ancient Cotta">Cotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilissa" title="Exilissa">Exilissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Iulia Constantia Zilil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Valentia_Banasa" title="Iulia Valentia Banasa">Iulia Valentia Banasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Campestris_Babba" title="Iulia Campestris Babba">Iulia Campestris Babba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Lixus</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar_el-Kebir" title="Ksar el-Kebir">Oppidum Novum (Tingitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Colonia">Sala</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamuda" title="Tamuda">Tamuda</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamusida" title="Thamusida">Thamusida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tingis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_(Timgad),_Algeria_04966r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/250px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/330px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg/500px-Roman_Arch_of_Trajan_at_Thamugadi_%28Timgad%29%2C_Algeria_04966r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Calidae,_Algeria" title="Aquae Calidae, Algeria">Aquae Calidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albulae" title="Albulae">Albulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altava" title="Altava">Altava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auzia" title="Auzia">Auzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Calama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_in_Mauretania" title="Caesarea in Mauretania">Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartennas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartennas">Cartennas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellum_Dimmidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellum Dimmidi">Castellum Dimmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellum_Tingitii" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellum Tingitii">Castellum Tingitanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Nova_(Mauretania)" title="Castra Nova (Mauretania)">Castra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Popthensis" title="Civitas Popthensis">Civitas Popthensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collo" title="Collo">Collo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohors_Breucorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohors Breucorum">Cohors Breucorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila" title="Djémila">Cuicul</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Veteranorum" title="Diana Veteranorum">Diana Veteranorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemellae" title="Gemellae">Gemellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunugus" title="Gunugus">Gunugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Iomnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamasba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamasba">Lamasba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambaesis" title="Lambaesis">Lambaesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madauros" title="Madauros">Madauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascula" title="Mascula">Mascula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesarfelta" title="Mesarfelta">Mesarfelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milevum" title="Milevum">Milevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla" title="Aïn Defla">Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenia_(Mauretania)" title="Parthenia (Mauretania)">Parthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Pomaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Divinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Portus Divinus">Portus Divinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portus_Magnus,_Algeria" title="Portus Magnus, Algeria">Portus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiza_Xenitana" title="Quiza Xenitana">Quiza Xenitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidum" title="Rapidum">Rapidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusguniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusguniae">Rusguniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusucurru" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusucurru">Rusucurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldae" title="Saldae">Saldae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setifis" title="Setifis">Setifis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siga" title="Siga">Siga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thagaste" title="Thagaste">Thagaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamugadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamugadi">Thamugadi</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theveste" title="Theveste">Theveste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibilis" title="Thibilis">Thibilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubursicum" title="Thubursicum">Thubursicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiddis" title="Tiddis">Tiddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingartia">Tingartia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubusuctu" title="Tubusuctu">Tubusuctu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubunae">Tubunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unica_Colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unica Colonia">Unica Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzinaza" title="Uzinaza">Uzinaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vescera_(Ad_Piscinam)" title="Vescera (Ad Piscinam)">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Zaraï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuccabar" title="Zuccabar">Zuccabar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Althiburos" title="Althiburos">Althiburos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsa_(Roman_colonia)" title="Capsa (Roman colonia)">Capsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage#Roman_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">Carthago</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Cillilana" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Cillilana">Cillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougga" title="Dougga">Dougga</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boughrara" title="Boughrara">Gightis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Diarrhytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippo Diarrhytus">Hippo Diarrhytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Kelibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Leptis Parva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mactaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Mactaris">Mactaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheradi_Majus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheradi Majus">Pheradi Majus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupput" title="Pupput">Pupput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucuma" title="Rucuma">Rucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruspae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruspae">Ruspae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scillium" title="Scillium">Scillium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicca_Veneria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicca Veneria">Sicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simitthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simitthus">Simitthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbeitla" title="Sbeitla">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacapae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacapae">Tacapae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taparura" title="Taparura">Taparura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufes" title="Sufes">Sufes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabraca" class="mw-redirect" title="Thabraca">Thabraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanae">Thanae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburbo_Majus" title="Thuburbo Majus">Thuburbo Majus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuburnica" title="Thuburnica">Thuburnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turris_Tamalleni" title="Turris Tamalleni">Turris Tamalleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthina" title="Uthina">Uthina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja" title="Béja">Vaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zama_Regia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zama Regia">Zama Regia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Oasis" title="Qara Oasis">Qara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septem_(Ceuta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Septem (Ceuta)">Septem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusadir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms<br />and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Creta et Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugitana" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugitana">Zeugitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Praetorian prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa during classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Christianity in the Roman Africa province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Carthage">Church of Carthage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_colonies_in_North_Africa" title="Roman colonies in North Africa">Roman colonies in Berber Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> UNESCO World Heritage Sites <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox402" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Geographic <span 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