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id="toc-21st_century_and_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_and_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>21st century and migrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century_and_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marginal_seas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marginal_seas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marginal seas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marginal_seas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hydrography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Coastal countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusive_economic_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_economic_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Exclusive economic zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_economic_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastline_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastline_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Coastline length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastline_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Coastal cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_seas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_seas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Other seas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_seas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>Other features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Largest islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sea_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.1</span> <span>Sea temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Oceanography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceanography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceanography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceanography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_events_affecting_water_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_events_affecting_water_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other events affecting water circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_events_affecting_water_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biogeochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biogeochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biogeochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biogeochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tectonics_and_paleoenvironmental_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonics_and_paleoenvironmental_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonics_and_paleoenvironmental_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Messinian_salinity_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messinian_salinity_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Messinian salinity crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messinian_salinity_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desiccation_and_exchanges_of_flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desiccation_and_exchanges_of_flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desiccation_and_exchanges_of_flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shift_to_a_"Mediterranean_climate"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shift_to_a_"Mediterranean_climate""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Shift to a "Mediterranean climate"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shift_to_a_"Mediterranean_climate"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleoclimate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleoclimate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Paleoclimate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleoclimate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Natural hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Invasive species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_new_tropical_Atlantic_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_new_tropical_Atlantic_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_new_tropical_Atlantic_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea-level_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea-level_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sea-level rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-level_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Shipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overfishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overfishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Overfishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overfishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_heatwaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_heatwaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Marine heatwaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_heatwaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 225 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-225" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">225 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%A5%D1%8B" title="ЩӀылъэку Хы – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ЩӀылъэку Хы" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Хыгурыт – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хыгурыт" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middellandse_See" title="Middellandse See – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Middellandse See" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelmeer" title="Mittelmeer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mittelmeer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9C%E1%8B%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD" title="ሜድትራኒያን ባሕር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሜድትራኒያን ባሕር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosk%C3%A2meer%C3%A2" title="Koskâmeerâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Koskâmeerâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमध्य सागर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भूमध्य सागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendels%C7%A3" title="Wendelsǣ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wendelsǣ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Адгьылбжьаратәи амшын – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Адгьылбжьаратәи амшын" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="البحر الأبيض المتوسط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحر الأبيض المتوسط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterrania" title="Mar Mediterrania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar Mediterrania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ ܪܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ ܪܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Միջերկրական Ծով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Միջերկրական Ծով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarea_Mediteran%C3%A2" title="Amarea Mediteranâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amarea Mediteranâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_M%C3%A8dit%C3%A8rran%C3%AA" title="Mar Mèditèrranê – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mar Mèditèrranê" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="ভূমধ্য সাগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভূমধ্য সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterraneu" title="Mar Mediterraneu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar Mediterraneu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमध्य सागर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भूमध्य सागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_Yvy_mbyt%C3%A9pe" title="Para Yvy mbytépe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para Yvy mbytépe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъад – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ракьдагьоркьосеб ралъад" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral%C4%B1q_d%C9%99nizi" title="Aralıq dənizi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aralıq dənizi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="آرالیق دنیزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرالیق دنیزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara_Tengah" title="Segara Tengah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara Tengah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterane_Baji" title="Mediterane Baji – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Mediterane Baji" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="ভূমধ্যসাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূমধ্যসাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Tangah" title="Laut Tangah – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Laut Tangah" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-tiong-h%C3%A1i" title="Tē-tiong-hái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-tiong-hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Урта диңгеҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урта диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Міжземнае мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжземнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Міжземнае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжземнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमध्य सागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भूमध्य सागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Mediterraneo" title="Dagat Mediterraneo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dagat Mediterraneo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Средиземно море – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средиземно море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlmeea" title="Middlmeea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Middlmeea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="མེ་ཌི་ཊྲེ་ནི་ཡིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེ་ཌི་ཊྲེ་ནི་ཡིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredozemno_more" title="Sredozemno more – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sredozemno more" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Kreizdouar" title="Mor Kreizdouar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor Kreizdouar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Газарай дундада тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Газарай дундада тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterr%C3%A0nia" title="Mar Mediterrània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar Mediterrània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%82%D0%B0%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81%C4%95" title="Вăтаçĕр тинĕсĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăтаçĕр тинĕсĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Mediteraneo" title="Dagat Mediteraneo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dagat Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edozemn%C3%AD_mo%C5%99e" title="Středozemní moře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středozemní moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediteraneo" title="Mar Mediteraneo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Mar Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyanja_Yamchere" title="Nyanja Yamchere – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nyanja Yamchere" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari_re_Medhiteraniya" title="Bhahari re Medhiteraniya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahari re Medhiteraniya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Tarraniu" title="Mari Tarraniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mari Tarraniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Canoldir" title="Y Môr Canoldir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Môr Canoldir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelhavet" title="Middelhavet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Middelhavet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="لبحر الشامي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبحر الشامي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelmeer" title="Mittelmeer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelmeer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BC%C3%A1t%CA%BC%C3%A9_T%C3%B3nteel" title="Ayóóʼátʼé Tónteel – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ayóóʼátʼé Tónteel" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srjej%C5%BAne_m%C3%B3rjo" title="Srjejźne mórjo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Srjejźne mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमध्य सागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भूमध्य सागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahemeri" title="Vahemeri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vahemeri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AAr_Mediter%C3%A0ni" title="Mêr Mediteràni – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mêr Mediteràni" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Mar Mediterráneo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar Mediterráneo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediteraneo" title="Mediteraneo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Mediterr%C3%A1neu" title="Mari Mediterráneu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mari Mediterráneu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneoa" title="Mediterraneoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mediterraneoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="دریای مدیترانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریای مدیترانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mediterranean Sea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0jar%C3%B0arhavi%C3%B0" title="Miðjarðarhavið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Miðjarðarhavið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="Mer Méditerranée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer Méditerranée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middell%C3%A2nske_See" title="Middellânske See – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Middellânske See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhe%C3%A1nmhuir" title="An Mheánmhuir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mheánmhuir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Veanvooir" title="Yn Veanvooir – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Veanvooir" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_Muir_Meadhan-th%C3%ACreach" title="Am Muir Meadhan-thìreach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Am Muir Meadhan-thìreach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Mar Mediterráneo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar Mediterráneo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Лаьттан Юкъера форд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лаьттан Юкъера форд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地中海" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-ch%C3%BBng-h%C3%B3i" title="Thi-chûng-hói – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-chûng-hói" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A4%91%ED%95%B4" title="지중해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지중해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahar_Rum" title="Bahar Rum – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bahar Rum" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Միջերկրական ծով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջերկրական ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमध्य सागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूमध्य सागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srjed%C5%BAne_morjo" title="Srjedźne morjo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Srjedźne morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredozemno_more" title="Sredozemno more – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sredozemno more" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediteraneo" title="Mediteraneo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Mediteraneo" title="Baybay Mediteraneo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Tengah" title="Laut Tengah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut Tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterranee" title="Mar Mediterranee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar Mediterranee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneo" title="Mediterraneo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mediterraneo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%C3%A6%D1%83%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Зæххастæуы денджыз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зæххастæуы денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0jar%C3%B0arhafi%C3%B0" title="Miðjarðarhafið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðjarðarhafið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterraneo" title="Mar Mediterraneo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mar Mediterraneo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הים התיכון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הים התיכון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara_Tengah" title="Sagara Tengah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara Tengah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediteranee_Te%C5%8Bgu" title="Mediteranee Teŋgu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mediteranee Teŋgu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಮೆಡಿಟರೇನಿಯನ್ ಸಮುದ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಡಿಟರೇನಿಯನ್ ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneo_Dayat_Malat" title="Mediterraneo Dayat Malat – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mediterraneo Dayat Malat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ხმელთაშუა ზღვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხმელთაშუა ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strz%C3%B3dzemn%C3%A9_M%C3%B2rze" title="Strzódzemné Mòrze – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Strzódzemné Mòrze" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Жерорта теңізі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жерорта теңізі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Kres" title="Mor Kres – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor Kres" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_ya_Mediteranea" title="Bahari ya Mediteranea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari ya Mediteranea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanm%C3%A8_M%C3%A9dit%C3%A9ran%C3%A9" title="Lanmè Méditérané – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanmè Méditérané" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryaya_Nav%C3%AEn" title="Deryaya Navîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deryaya Navîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Жер ортолук деңиз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жер ортолук деңиз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%B1%D0%BB%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Мӱлӓндӹ лоштыш тангыж – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мӱлӓндӹ лоштыш тангыж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Mediteran" title="Mer Mediteran – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer Mediteran" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterranea" title="Mar Mediterranea – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mar Mediterranea" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99" title="ທະເລເມດີແຕຣາເນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລເມດີແຕຣາເນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Mediterraneum" title="Mare Mediterraneum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mare Mediterraneum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidusj%C5%ABra" title="Vidusjūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vidusjūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABttelmier" title="Mëttelmier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mëttelmier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidur%C5%BEemio_j%C5%ABra" title="Viduržemio jūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viduržemio jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2_Mediterraneo" title="Mâ Mediterraneo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mâ Mediterraneo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middellandse_Zie" title="Middellandse Zie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Middellandse Zie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediteran%C3%A9" title="Mediterané – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mediterané" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediteraneo" title="Mar Mediteraneo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mijytu%27a_xamsi" title="mijytu'a xamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mijytu'a xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Mediterranean Sea" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterrani" title="Mar Mediterrani – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar Mediterrani" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6ldk%C3%B6zi-tenger" title="Földközi-tenger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földközi-tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमध्य सागर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भूमध्य सागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Средоземно Море – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средоземно Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasina_Mediteranea" title="Ranomasina Mediteranea – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasina Mediteranea" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF" title="മദ്ധ്യധരണ്യാഴി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദ്ധ്യധരണ്യാഴി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterran" title="Mediterran – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mediterran" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमध्य समुद्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूमध्य समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="სქირონაშქა ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სქირონაშქა ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="البحر المتوسط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البحر المتوسط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مدیترانه دریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مدیترانه دریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Mediterranean" title="Laut Mediterranean – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut Mediterranean" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauik_Mediterania" title="Lauik Mediterania – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lauik Mediterania" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AA-d%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-h%C4%81i" title="Dê-dṳ̆ng-hāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-dṳ̆ng-hāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Mar Mediterráneo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar Mediterráneo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Газар дундын тэнгис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газар дундын тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%91%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="မြေထဲပင်လယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေထဲပင်လယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middellandse_Zee" title="Middellandse Zee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middellandse Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middellaanse_Zee" title="Middellaanse Zee – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Middellaanse Zee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमध्य सागर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भूमध्य सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="मेडिटेरेनियन सागर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेडिटेरेनियन सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地中海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterraneo" title="Mar Mediterraneo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mar Mediterraneo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Лаьттайуккъера хӀорд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лаьттайуккъера хӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madlunsia" title="Madlunsia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Madlunsia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelhavet" title="Middelhavet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Middelhavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelhavet" title="Middelhavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Middelhavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9_du_Mitan" title="Mé du Mitan – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mé du Mitan" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8a" title="Mar Mediterranèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar Mediterranèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Мландыпокшел теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мландыпокшел теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaana_Meditiraaniyaanii" title="Galaana Meditiraaniyaanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Galaana Meditiraaniyaanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBrta_yer_dengizi" title="Oʻrta yer dengizi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻrta yer dengizi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਭੂਮੱਧ ਸਾਗਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੂਮੱਧ ਸਾਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="رومی سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومی سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Mediter%C3%A1neo" title="Laman Mediteráneo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laman Mediteráneo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AB%DB%8C" title="مدیترانې سمندرګی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مدیترانې سمندرګی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditarienian_Sii" title="Meditarienian Sii – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Meditarienian Sii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%88%D3%A7%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Мушӧр саридз – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мушӧр саридз" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81" title="សមុទ្រមេឌីទែរ៉ាណេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សមុទ្រមេឌីទែរ៉ាណេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8r_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A8e" title="Mèr Méditerranèe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mèr Méditerranèe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterani" title="Mar Mediterani – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mar Mediterani" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middellannsche_See" title="Middellannsche See – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Middellannsche See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dziemne" title="Morze Śródziemne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze Śródziemne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μεσόγειον Θάλασσα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μεσόγειον Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterr%C3%A2neo" title="Mar Mediterrâneo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar Mediterrâneo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer_orta_te%C5%84izi" title="Jer orta teńizi – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jer orta teńizi" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_de%C3%B1iz" title="Aq deñiz – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aq deñiz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Mediteran%C4%83" title="Marea Mediterană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Mediterană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterrana" title="Mar Mediterrana – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mar Mediterrana" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allpapura_hatun_qucha" title="Allpapura hatun qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allpapura hatun qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Середоземне море – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Середоземне море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Средиземное море – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средиземное море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сир ортотунааҕы байҕал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сир ортотунааҕы байҕал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱛ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Mediterr%C3%A0neu" title="Mare Mediterràneu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare Mediterràneu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterrane_Sea" title="Mediterrane Sea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mediterrane Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelmeer" title="Middelmeer – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Middelmeer" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mediterranean Sea" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti_Mesdhe" title="Deti Mesdhe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti Mesdhe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Meditirr%C3%A0niu" title="Mari Meditirràniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mari Meditirràniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF" title="මධ්‍යධරණී මුහුද – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මධ්‍යධරණී මුහුද" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mediterranean Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_(%DA%80%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%DA%86)_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredozemn%C3%A9_more" title="Stredozemné more – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredozemné more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredozemsko_morje" title="Sredozemsko morje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sredozemsko morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strz%C5%AFd%C5%BAymne_Morze" title="Strzůdźymne Morze – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Strzůdźymne Morze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bada_Dhexe" title="Bada Dhexe – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bada Dhexe" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دەریای ناوین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریای ناوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Средоземно море – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средоземно море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredozemno_more" title="Sredozemno more – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sredozemno more" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Tengah" title="Laut Tengah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Laut Tengah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4limeri" title="Välimeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Välimeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medelhavet" title="Medelhavet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medelhavet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Mediteraneo" title="Dagat Mediteraneo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நடுநிலக் கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடுநிலக் கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill_Agrakal" title="Ill Agrakal – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ill Agrakal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel_Agrakal" title="Ilel Agrakal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilel Agrakal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8e" title="Mar Mediterranèe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mar Mediterranèe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Урта диңгез – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урта диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="మధ్యధరా సముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మధ్యధరా సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Баҳри миёназамин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳри миёназамин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdeniz" title="Akdeniz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akdeniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta%C3%BDer_de%C5%88zi" title="Ortaýer deňzi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ortaýer deňzi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot_Meditaroniya" title="Kyai A̱sa̱khwot Meditaroniya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kyai A̱sa̱khwot Meditaroniya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Средиземной зарезь – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Средиземной зарезь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Середземне море – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середземне море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="بحیرہ روم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ روم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AA%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89" title="يەر ئوتتۇرا دېڭىزى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەر ئوتتۇرا دېڭىزى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mediteraneo" title="Mar Mediteraneo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskmeri" title="Keskmeri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Keskmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_Trung_H%E1%BA%A3i" title="Địa Trung Hải – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa Trung Hải" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A4nodamel" title="Zänodamel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zänodamel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaih%C3%B5meri" title="Vaihõmeri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vaihõmeri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEtrinne_Mer" title="Mîtrinne Mer – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mîtrinne Mer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="地中海" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middellandsche_Z%C3%AAe" title="Middellandsche Zêe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Middellandsche Zêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Mediteraneo" title="Dagat Mediteraneo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dagat Mediteraneo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ej_gu_Diggu" title="Géej gu Diggu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Géej gu Diggu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地中海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwandle_ra_Meditera" title="Lwandle ra Meditera – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Lwandle ra Meditera" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מיטלענדישער ים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיטלענדישער ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_M%E1%BA%B9dit%C3%A9r%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Òkun Mẹditéránì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun Mẹditéránì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地中海" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryayo_S%C4%B1p%C3%AA" title="Deryayo Sıpê – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deryayo Sıpê" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middellanse_Ze%C3%AA" title="Middellanse Zeê – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Middellanse Zeê" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97dor%C5%BEem%C4%97_j%C5%ABra" title="Vėdoržemė jūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėdoržemė jūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地中海" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwaan%CC%84_Ile_Mediterenia" title="Okwaan̄ Ile Mediterenia – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Okwaan̄ Ile Mediterenia" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasik_Mediterranean" title="Tasik Mediterranean – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Tasik Mediterranean" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawok_Mediterania" title="Lawok Mediterania – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Lawok Mediterania" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8D_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4918#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mediterranean_Sea" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mediterranean_Sea&params=35_N_18_E_region:XZ_type:waterbody_scale:25000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°N</span> <span class="longitude">18°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35°N 18°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35; 18</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sea between Africa, Asia, and Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sea in Africa, Asia, and Europe. For the term in general, see <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_seas" title="Mediterranean seas">Mediterranean seas</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mediterranean" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mediterranean (disambiguation)">Mediterranean (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Mediterranean Sea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranee_02_EN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mediterranee_02_EN.jpg/264px-Mediterranee_02_EN.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mediterranee_02_EN.jpg/396px-Mediterranee_02_EN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mediterranee_02_EN.jpg/528px-Mediterranee_02_EN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="915" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Mediterranean Sea</div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mediterranean_Sea&params=35_N_18_E_region:XZ_type:waterbody_scale:25000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°N</span> <span class="longitude">18°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35°N 18°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35; 18</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Gulf of Cádiz">Gulf of Cádiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelif_River" title="Chelif River">Chelif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal;text-align:left">Coastal countries:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(recognized only by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, see: <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>)</li></ul> <p>For other countries, <a href="#Hydrography">click here</a>. </p> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (970,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">1,500 m (4,900 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">5,109 m (16,762 ft) ±1 m (3 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">3,750,000 km<sup>3</sup> (900,000 cu mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle#Residence_times" title="Water cycle">Residence time</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80–100 years<sup id="cite_ref-Water_Flow_in_Semienclosed_Seaways_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_Flow_in_Semienclosed_Seaways-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">28 °C (82 °F)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Min. temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">12 °C (54 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_by_body_of_water" title="Category:Islands by body of water">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">3300+</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coastal_settlements_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea">Full list</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mediterranean Sea</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MED</span>-ih-tə-<span style="font-size:90%">RAY</span>-nee-ən</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a> connected to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, on the north by <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, on the south by <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and on the west almost by the <a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Morocco–Spain border">Morocco–Spain border</a>. The Mediterranean has played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">history of Western civilization</a>. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccated</a> over a period of some 600,000 years during the <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a> before being refilled by the <a href="/wiki/Zanclean_flood" title="Zanclean flood">Zanclean flood</a> about 5.3 million years ago. </p><p>The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of about 2,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (970,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing 0.7% of the global <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> surface, but its connection to the Atlantic via the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>—the narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>—is only 14 km (9 mi) wide. The Mediterranean Sea encompasses <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">a vast number of islands</a>, some of them of volcanic origin. The two largest islands, in both area and population, are <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. </p><p>The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,109 ± 1 m (16,762 ± 3 ft) in the <a href="/wiki/Calypso_Deep" title="Calypso Deep">Calypso Deep</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_north" title="30th parallel north">30°</a> and <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46° N</a> and longitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_meridian_west" title="6th meridian west">6° W</a> and <a href="/wiki/36th_meridian_east" title="36th meridian east">36° E</a>. Its west–east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alexandretta" title="Gulf of Alexandretta">Gulf of Alexandretta</a>, on the southeastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, is about 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi). The north–south length varies greatly between different shorelines and whether only straight routes are considered. Also including longitudinal changes, the shortest shipping route between the multinational <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Trieste" title="Gulf of Trieste">Gulf of Trieste</a> and the Libyan coastline of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a> is about 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi). The water temperatures are mild in winter and warm in summer and give name to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> type due to the majority of precipitation falling in the cooler months. Its southern and eastern coastlines are lined with hot deserts not far inland, but the immediate coastline on all sides of the Mediterranean tends to have strong maritime moderation. </p><p>The sea was an important route for <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a> and travellers of ancient times, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between the peoples of the region. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">history of the Mediterranean region</a> is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> maintained <a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">nautical hegemony</a> over the sea for centuries and is the only state to have ever controlled all of its coast. </p><p>The countries surrounding the Mediterranean and its marginal seas in clockwise order are <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>), <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> are <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island countries</a> in the sea. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">de facto state</a>) and two <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">overseas territories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>) also have <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastlines</a> along the Mediterranean Sea. The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">drainage basin</a> encompasses a large number of other countries, the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> being the longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wadj-ur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wadj-ur.png/140px-Wadj-ur.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wadj-ur.png/210px-Wadj-ur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wadj-ur.png/280px-Wadj-ur.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="54" /></a><figcaption>Wadj-Ur, or Wadj-Wer, ancient Egyptian name of the Mediterranean Sea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_Orbit_Photo_1989_by_Atlas_STS-34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greece_Orbit_Photo_1989_by_Atlas_STS-34.jpg/220px-Greece_Orbit_Photo_1989_by_Atlas_STS-34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greece_Orbit_Photo_1989_by_Atlas_STS-34.jpg/330px-Greece_Orbit_Photo_1989_by_Atlas_STS-34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greece_Orbit_Photo_1989_by_Atlas_STS-34.jpg/440px-Greece_Orbit_Photo_1989_by_Atlas_STS-34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>With its highly indented coastline and large number of islands, Greece has the longest Mediterranean coastline.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> called the Mediterranean Wadj-wr/Wadj-Wer/Wadj-Ur. This term (literally "great green") was the name given by the Ancient Egyptians to the semi-solid, semi-aquatic region characterized by papyrus forests to the north of the cultivated Nile delta, and, by extension, the sea beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a> called the Mediterranean simply <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ θάλασσα</span></span> (<i>hē thálassa</i>; "the Sea") or sometimes <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ μεγάλη θάλασσα</span></span> (<i>hē megálē thálassa</i>; "the Great Sea"), <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ ἡμετέρα θάλασσα</span></span> (<i>hē hēmetérā thálassa</i>; "Our Sea"), or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ θάλασσα ἡ καθ’ ἡμᾶς</span></span> (<i>hē thálassa hē kath’hēmâs</i>; "the sea around us"). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> called it <i>Mare Magnum</i> ("Great Sea") or <i>Mare Internum</i> ("Internal Sea") and, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a></i> ("Our Sea"). The term <i>Mare Mediterrāneum</i> appears later: <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Solinus</a> apparently used this in the 3rd century, but the earliest extant witness to it is in the 6th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Seirinidou2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seirinidou2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It means 'in the middle of land, inland' in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, a compound of <i>medius</i> ("middle"), <i>terra</i> ("land, earth"), and <i>-āneus</i> ("having the nature of"). </p><p>The modern Greek name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα</span></span> (<i>mesógeios</i>; "inland") is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the Latin name, from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μέσος</span></span> (<i>mésos</i>, "in the middle") and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γήινος</span></span> (<i>gḗinos</i>, "of the earth"), from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γῆ</span></span> (<i>gê</i>, "land, earth"). The original meaning may have been 'the sea in the middle of the earth', rather than 'the sea enclosed by land'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iranian peoples">Ancient Iranians</a> called it the "Roman Sea", and in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Persian_texts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Persian texts (page does not exist)">Classical Persian texts</a>, it was called <i>Daryāy-e Rōm</i> (دریای روم), which may be from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> form, <i>Zrēh ī Hrōm</i> (𐭦𐭫𐭩𐭤 𐭩 𐭤𐭫𐭥𐭬).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> called it the "Syrian Sea". In ancient <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a> texts, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> epics and in the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, it was primarily known as the "Great Sea", הים הגדול <i>HaYam HaGadol</i>, (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a>; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>) or simply as "The Sea" (<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1 Kings</a>). However, it has also been called the "Hinder Sea" because of its location on the west coast of the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> (and therefore behind a person facing the east), which is sometimes translated as "Western Sea". Another name was the "Sea of the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>", (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>), from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, it is called הים התיכון <i>HaYam HaTikhon</i> 'the Middle Sea'.<sup id="cite_ref-melitensia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melitensia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Classic Persian</a> texts was called Daryāy-e Šām (دریای شام) "The Western Sea" or "Syrian Sea".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, it is known as <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Baḥr [al-Abyaḍ] al-Mutawassiṭ</i></span></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البحر [الأبيض] المتوسط</span></span>) 'the [White] Middle Sea'. In Islamic and older Arabic literature, it was <i>Baḥr al-Rūm</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بحر الروم</span></span>) or al-<i>Baḥr al-Rūmī</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بحر الرومي</span></span>) 'the Sea of the Romans' or 'the Roman Sea' or <i>Baḥr al-šām</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بحر الشام</span></span>) or <i>al-Baḥr al-šāmī</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البحر الشامي</span></span>) ("the Sea of Syria"). At first, that name referred only to the eastern Mediterranean, but the term was later extended to the whole Mediterranean, it was also called <i>Baḥr al-Maghrib</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بحر المغرب</span></span>) ("the Sea of the West").<sup id="cite_ref-eoi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seirinidou2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seirinidou2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A name that was used mainly for the western basin. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, it is the <i>Akdeniz</i> 'the White Sea'; in Ottoman, <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">ﺁق دڭيز</span></span>, which sometimes means only the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the name is not clear, as it is not known in earlier Greek, Byzantine or Islamic sources. It may be to contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eoi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-melitensia_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melitensia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Persian, the name was translated as <i>Baḥr-i Safīd</i>, which was also used in later <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eoi_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 19th century Greek, the name was <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Άσπρη Θάλασσα</span></span> (<i>áspri thálassa</i>; "white sea").<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Johann Knobloch, in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, cultures in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> used colours to refer to the cardinal points: black referred to the north (explaining the name <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>), yellow or blue to east, red to south (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>) and white to west. That would explain the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> <i>Byalo More</i>, the Turkish <i>Akdeniz</i>, and the Arab nomenclature described above, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "White Sea".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_civilizations">Ancient civilizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient civilizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntikeGriechen1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AntikeGriechen1.jpg/390px-AntikeGriechen1.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AntikeGriechen1.jpg/585px-AntikeGriechen1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/AntikeGriechen1.jpg/780px-AntikeGriechen1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Greek (red) and Phoenician (yellow) <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies in antiquity</a> c. the 6th century BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/390px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/585px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/780px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b23938; color:white;"> </span> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> at its farthest extent in AD 117</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Major ancient civilizations were located around the Mediterranean. The sea provided routes for trade, colonization, and war, as well as food (from fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest advanced civilizations in the Mediterranean were the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoans</a>, who traded extensively with each other. Other notable civilizations that appeared somewhat later are the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mycenean_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenean Greece">Mycenean Greece</a>. Around 1200 BC the eastern Mediterranean was greatly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a>, which resulted in the destruction of many cities and trade routes. </p><p>The most notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity were the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, both of which extensively colonized the coastlines of the Mediterranean. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius I of Persia</a>, who conquered Ancient Egypt, built a canal linking the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to the Nile, and thus the Mediterranean. Darius's canal was wide enough for two <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">triremes</a> to pass each other with oars extended and required four days to traverse.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> to become the preeminent power in the Mediterranean. When <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a></i> ("Our Sea"). For the next 400 years, the Roman Empire completely controlled the Mediterranean Sea and virtually all its coastal regions from Gibraltar to the Levant, being the only state in history to ever do so, being given the nickname "Roman Lake". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_empires">Middle Ages and empires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> collapsed around 476 AD. The east was again dominant as Roman power lived on in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> formed in the 4th century from the eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Though the Eastern Roman Empire would continue to hold almost all of the Mediterranean, another power arose in the 7th century, and with it the religion of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which soon swept across from the east; at its greatest extent, the Arabs, under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>, controlled most of the Mediterranean region and left a lasting footprint on its eastern and southern shores. </p><p>A variety of foodstuffs, spices and crops were introduced to the western Mediterranean's Spain and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Sicily</a> during Arab rule, via the commercial networks of the Islamic world. These include sugarcane,<sup id="cite_ref-spanish-food.org_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spanish-food.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rice,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cotton, alfalfa, oranges,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lemons,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apricots,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>spinach,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eggplants,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carrots,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabs also continued extensive cultivation and production of olive oil (the Spanish words for 'oil' and 'olive'—<i>aceite</i> and <i>aceituna</i>, respectively—are derived from the Arabic <i>al-zait</i>, meaning 'olive juice'),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pomegranates (the heraldic symbol of Granada) from classical <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> times. </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Arab invasions</a> disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while disrupting trade routes with Eastern Asian Empires. This, however, had the indirect effect of promoting trade across the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. The export of grains from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> was re-routed towards the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern world</a>. Products from East Asian empires, like silk and spices, were carried from Egypt under the Arab rule to ports like <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> by sailors and Jewish merchants. The <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking raids</a> further disrupted the trade in western Europe and brought it to a halt. However, the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> developed the trade from Norway to the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a>, while also trading in luxury goods from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Spain</a> and the Mediterranean. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Isaurian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty">Byzantines in the mid-8th century</a> retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. Venetian ships from the 9th century armed themselves to counter the harassment by Arabs while concentrating trade of Asian goods in Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a>, 1571, ended in victory for the European <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> maintained trade relations with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> like <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> before the Crusades, according to the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> documents. A document dated 996 mentions Amalfian merchants living in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. The caliph <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ad_al-Mustansir_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a> had allowed Amalfian merchants to reside in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> about 1060 in place of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> led to the flourishing of trade between Europe and the <i><a href="/wiki/Outremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Outremer">outremer</a></i> region.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genoa, Venice and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> created colonies in regions controlled by the Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world. Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily disrupted the trade with the Orient, it however continued.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europe started to revive, however, as more organized and centralized states began to form in the later <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">Renaissance of the 12th century</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven,_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven%2C_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven%2C_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven%2C_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">bombardment of Algiers</a> by the Anglo-Dutch fleet in support of an ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> power based in Anatolia continued to grow, and in 1453 extinguished the Byzantine Empire with the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a>. Ottomans gained control of much of the eastern part sea in the 16th century and also maintained naval bases in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_occupation_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman occupation of Toulon">southern France</a> (1543–1544), Algeria and Tunisia. <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a>, the Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a> (1538). The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a> (1560) marked the apex of Ottoman naval domination in the eastern Mediterranean. As the naval prowess of the European powers increased, they confronted Ottoman expansion in the region when the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> (1571) checked the power of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a>. This was the last naval battle to be fought primarily between <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">Northwest Africa</a> preyed on Christian shipping and coastlines in the Western Mediterranean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean. Once, most of the trade between Western Europe and the East was <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">passing through the region</a>, but after the 1490s the development of a sea route to the Indian Ocean allowed the importation of Asian <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spices</a> and other goods through the Atlantic ports of western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sea remained strategically important. British mastery of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> ensured their influence in Africa and Southwest Asia. Especially after the naval battles of Abukir (1799, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a> (1805), the British had for a long time strengthened their dominance in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wars included <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean theatre of World War II">Mediterranean theatre of World War II</a>. </p><p>With the opening of the lockless <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869, the flow of trade between Europe and Asia changed fundamentally. The fastest route now led through the Mediterranean towards East Africa and Asia. This led to a preference for the Mediterranean countries and their ports like <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> with direct connections to Central and Eastern Europe experienced a rapid economic rise. In the 20th century, the 1st and 2nd World Wars as well as the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> led to a shift of trade routes to the European northern ports, which changed again towards the southern ports through European integration, the activation of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and free world trade.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_and_migrations">21st century and migrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century and migrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_migrant_vessel_incidents_on_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea">List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the European migrant crisis">Timeline of the European migrant crisis</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 272px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 270px; height: 110px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -265px; left: -1055px; width: 2200px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackMarble20161km.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BlackMarble20161km.jpg/2200px-BlackMarble20161km.jpg" decoding="async" width="2200" height="1100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BlackMarble20161km.jpg/3300px-BlackMarble20161km.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BlackMarble20161km.jpg/4400px-BlackMarble20161km.jpg 2x" data-file-width="43200" data-file-height="21600" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackMarble20161km.jpg" title="File:BlackMarble20161km.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Satellite image</a> of the Mediterranean Sea at night </div> </div> </div> <p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltese</a> president described the Mediterranean Sea as a "cemetery" due to the large number of migrants who drowned there after their boats capsized.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> president <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a> said in 2014 that Europe's migration policy "turned the Mediterranean into a graveyard", referring to the number of drowned refugees in the region as a direct result of the policies.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Azerbaijani official described the sea as "a burial ground ... where people die".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2013_Lampedusa_migrant_shipwreck" title="2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck">2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Letta_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Letta Cabinet">Italian government</a> decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorising "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Mare_Nostrum" title="Operation Mare Nostrum">Operation Mare Nostrum</a>", a military and humanitarian mission in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants. In 2015, more than one million migrants crossed the Mediterranean Sea into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy was particularly affected by the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>. Since 2013, over 700,000 migrants have landed in Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly sub-Saharan Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:STS059-238-074_Strait_of_Gibraltar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/STS059-238-074_Strait_of_Gibraltar.jpg/180px-STS059-238-074_Strait_of_Gibraltar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/STS059-238-074_Strait_of_Gibraltar.jpg/270px-STS059-238-074_Strait_of_Gibraltar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/STS059-238-074_Strait_of_Gibraltar.jpg/360px-STS059-238-074_Strait_of_Gibraltar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5275" data-file-height="5222" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A satellite image showing the Mediterranean Sea. The <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> appears in the bottom left (north-west) quarter of the image; to its left is the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and to its right, the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.jpg/180px-Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.jpg/270px-Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.jpg/360px-Gallipoli_peninsula_from_space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">strait</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The north (upper) side forms part of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Gelibolu_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelibolu Peninsula">Gelibolu Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> region); on the south (lower) side is <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Mediterranean Sea connects: </p> <ul><li>to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> (known in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s writings as the "<a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a>") in the west</li> <li>to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, by the Straits of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> respectively, in the east</li></ul> <p>The 163 km (101 mi) long artificial <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> without ship lock, because the water level is essentially the same.<sup id="cite_ref-melitensia_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melitensia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The westernmost point of the Mediterranean is located at the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Albor%C3%A1n_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Alborán Sea">Alborán Sea</a> to the Strait of Gibraltar, the easternmost point is on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Iskenderun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Iskenderun">Gulf of Iskenderun</a> in southeastern Turkey. The northernmost point of the Mediterranean is on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Trieste" title="Gulf of Trieste">Gulf of Trieste</a> near <a href="/wiki/Monfalcone" title="Monfalcone">Monfalcone</a> in northern Italy while the southernmost point is on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a> near the Libyan town of <a href="/wiki/El_Agheila" title="El Agheila">El Agheila</a>. </p><p>Large islands in the Mediterranean include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbos Island">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnos" class="mw-redirect" title="Limnos">Limnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Island">Naxos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cres" title="Cres">Cres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krk" title="Krk">Krk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C4%8D" title="Brač">Brač</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hvar" title="Hvar">Hvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pag_(island)" title="Pag (island)">Pag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula" title="Korčula">Korčula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malta_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta Island">Malta</a> in the central Mediterranean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> in the Western Mediterranean</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine arc</a>, which also has a great meteorological impact on the Mediterranean area, touches the Mediterranean in the west in the area around <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>. </p><p>The typical <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> has hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Crops of the region include <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carob" title="Carob">carobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marginal_seas">Marginal seas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marginal seas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lopud_island,_Croatia_(48612709613).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lopud_island%2C_Croatia_%2848612709613%29.jpg/220px-Lopud_island%2C_Croatia_%2848612709613%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lopud_island%2C_Croatia_%2848612709613%29.jpg/330px-Lopud_island%2C_Croatia_%2848612709613%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lopud_island%2C_Croatia_%2848612709613%29.jpg/440px-Lopud_island%2C_Croatia_%2848612709613%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5323" data-file-height="3546" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Elaphiti_Islands" title="Elaphiti Islands">Elaphiti Islands</a> off the coast of Croatia; the Adriatic Sea contains over <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">1200 islands and islets</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illots_d%27Eivissa_(Piti%C3%BCses)_12._Es_Malvins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Illots_d%27Eivissa_%28Piti%C3%BCses%29_12._Es_Malvins.jpg/220px-Illots_d%27Eivissa_%28Piti%C3%BCses%29_12._Es_Malvins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Illots_d%27Eivissa_%28Piti%C3%BCses%29_12._Es_Malvins.jpg/330px-Illots_d%27Eivissa_%28Piti%C3%BCses%29_12._Es_Malvins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Illots_d%27Eivissa_%28Piti%C3%BCses%29_12._Es_Malvins.jpg/440px-Illots_d%27Eivissa_%28Piti%C3%BCses%29_12._Es_Malvins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Es Malvins, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionian_sea_islands,_pic1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic1.JPG/230px-Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic1.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic1.JPG/345px-Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic1.JPG/460px-Ionian_sea_islands%2C_pic1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Ionian Sea, view from the island <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mediterranean Sea includes 15 <a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">marginal seas</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Number </th> <th rowspan="2">Sea </th> <th colspan="2">Area </th> <th rowspan="2">Marginal countries and territories </th></tr> <tr> <th>km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th>sq mi </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011350000000000000">350,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011350000000000000">140,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011320000000000000">320,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011320000000000000">120,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_of_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri & Dhekelia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011275000000000000">275,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011275000000000000">106,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011214000000000000">214,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011214000000000000">83,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a></b></td> <td colspan="2" align="center">(Part of Aegean)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></b></td> <td colspan="2" align="center">(Part of Aegean)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></b></td> <td colspan="2" align="center">(Part of Aegean)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011169000000000000">169,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011169000000000000">65,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011150000000000000">150,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011150000000000000">58,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011138000000000000">138,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011138000000000000">53,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011120000000000000">120,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011120000000000000">46,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010950000000000000">95,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010950000000000000">37,000 <small>(Part of Aegean)</small></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010800000000000000">80,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010800000000000000">31,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010530000000000000">53,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010530000000000000">20,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010115000000000000">11,500 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010115000000000000">4,400</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">–</td> <td><b>Other</b></td> <td data-sort-value="7011500000000000000">500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011500000000000000">190,000</td> <td>Consists of gulfs, straits, channels and other parts that do not have the name of a specific sea. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>Mediterranean Sea</th> <th data-sort-value="7012250000000000000">2,500,000 </th> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7012250000000000000">970,000 </td> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas#Marginal_seas_by_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="List of seas">List of seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marginal_seas_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Category:Marginal seas of the Mediterranean">Category:Marginal seas of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gulfs_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Category:Gulfs of the Mediterranean">Category:Gulfs of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Straits_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Category:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea">Category:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Channels_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Category:Channels of the Mediterranean Sea">Category:Channels of the Mediterranean Sea</a></li></ul> <p>Note 1: The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the area as generic Mediterranean Sea, in the Western Basin. It does not recognize the label <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IHO_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHO-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Note 2: <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a> are <a href="/wiki/Seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Seas">seas</a> that are part of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. </p><p>Note 3: The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> is not considered part of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent">Extent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins_by_area" title="List of drainage basins by area">List of drainage basins by area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG/220px-Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG/330px-Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG/440px-Locatie_Middellandse_Zee.PNG 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Borders of the Mediterranean Sea</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the limits of the Mediterranean Sea as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-IHO_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHO-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> in the west to the entrances to the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in the east, the Mediterranean Sea is bounded by the coasts of Europe, Africa, and Asia and is divided into two deep basins: </p> <ul><li>Western Basin: <ul><li>On the west: A line joining the extremities of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Trafalgar" title="Cape Trafalgar">Cape Trafalgar</a> (Spain) and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Spartel" title="Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a> (Africa)</li> <li>On the northeast: The west coast of Italy. In the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, a line joining the north extreme of Cape Paci (15°42′E) with Cape Peloro, the east extreme of the Island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The north coast of Sicily</li> <li>On the east: A line joining Cape Lilibeo the western point of Sicily (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mediterranean_Sea&params=37_47_N_12_22_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°47′N</span> <span class="longitude">12°22′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.783°N 12.367°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.783; 12.367</span></span></span></a></span></span>), through the Adventure Bank to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bon" title="Cape Bon">Cape Bon</a> (Tunisia)</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Basin: <ul><li>On the west: The northeastern and eastern limits of the Western Basin</li> <li>On the northeast: A line joining <a href="/wiki/Kumkale,_%C3%87anakkale" title="Kumkale, Çanakkale">Kum Kale</a> (26°11′E) and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Helles" title="Cape Helles">Cape Helles</a>, the western entrance to the Dardanelles</li> <li>On the southeast: The entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li>On the east: The coasts of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (through the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hydrography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Basin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mediterranean_Basin.png/220px-Mediterranean_Basin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mediterranean_Basin.png/330px-Mediterranean_Basin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mediterranean_Basin.png/440px-Mediterranean_Basin.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Approximate extent of the Mediterranean drainage basin (dark green). <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> basin only partially shown</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the Mediterranean Sea is particularly heterogeneous and extends much further than the Mediterranean region.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its size has been estimated between 4,000,000 and 5,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,500,000 and 2,100,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depending on whether non-active parts (deserts) are included or not.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Margat_2004_p4_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margat_2004_p4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest river ending in the Mediterranean Sea is the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, which takes its sources in equatorial Africa. The basin of the Nile constitutes about two-thirds of the Mediterranean drainage basin<sup id="cite_ref-Margat_2004_p4_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margat_2004_p4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encompasses areas as high as the <a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwenzori Mountains">Ruwenzori Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other important rivers in Africa, are the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Moulouya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chelif_River" title="Chelif River">Chelif</a>, both on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>. In Asia, are the <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan</a>, both on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, the largest basins are those of the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNECE_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNECE-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basin of the Rhône is the largest and extends up as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a>, encompassing areas even on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basins of the Ebro, Po, and Maritsa, are respectively south of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, Alps, and <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>, which are the major ranges bordering Southern Europe. </p><p>Total annual precipitation is significantly higher on the European part of the Mediterranean basin, especially near the Alps (the 'water tower of Europe') and other high mountain ranges. As a consequence, the <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">river discharges</a> of the Rhône and Po are similar to that of the Nile, despite the latter having a much larger basin.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are the only three rivers with an average discharge of over 1,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (35,000 cu ft/s).<sup id="cite_ref-Margat_2004_p4_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margat_2004_p4-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among large natural fresh bodies of water are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> (Nile basin), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a> (Rhône), and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Lakes" title="Italian Lakes">Italian Lakes</a> (Po). While the Mediterranean watershed is bordered by other river basins in Europe, it is essentially bordered by <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basins</a> or deserts elsewhere. </p><p>The following countries are in the Mediterranean drainage basin while <i>not</i> having a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea: </p> <ul><li>In Europe, through various rivers:<sup id="cite_ref-UNECE_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNECE-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Africa, through the Nile:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_countries">Coastal countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coastal countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mediterranean_countries" title="List of Mediterranean countries">List of Mediterranean countries</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Area_of_the_Mediterranean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Area_of_the_Mediterranean.jpg/300px-Area_of_the_Mediterranean.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Area_of_the_Mediterranean.jpg/450px-Area_of_the_Mediterranean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Area_of_the_Mediterranean.jpg/600px-Area_of_the_Mediterranean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5441" data-file-height="2699" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Mediterranean Sea from open Natural Earth data, 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea: </p> <ul><li><b>Northern shore</b> (from west to east): <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.</li> <li><b>Eastern shore</b> (from north to south): <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</li> <li><b>Southern shore</b> (from west to east): <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.</li> <li><b>Island nations</b>: <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.</li></ul> <p>Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea (from west to east): </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territory">British overseas territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li>the Spanish autonomous cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">nearby islands</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Base Areas">Sovereign Base Areas</a> on Cyprus</li> <li>the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_coast_(2715600220).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Alexandria_coast_%282715600220%29.jpg/220px-Alexandria_coast_%282715600220%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Alexandria_coast_%282715600220%29.jpg/330px-Alexandria_coast_%282715600220%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Alexandria_coast_%282715600220%29.jpg/440px-Alexandria_coast_%282715600220%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, the largest city on the Mediterranean</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Barcelona_skyline.jpg/220px-Barcelona_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Barcelona_skyline.jpg/330px-Barcelona_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Barcelona_skyline.jpg/440px-Barcelona_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, the second largest metropolitan area on the Mediterranean Sea (after <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>) and the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeri08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Algeri08.jpg/220px-Algeri08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Algeri08.jpg/330px-Algeri08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Algeri08.jpg/440px-Algeri08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Algiers (third largest metropolitan area on the Mediterranean) as seen from Bologhine district</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attica_06-13_Athens_36_View_from_Lycabettus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Attica_06-13_Athens_36_View_from_Lycabettus.jpg/220px-Attica_06-13_Athens_36_View_from_Lycabettus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Attica_06-13_Athens_36_View_from_Lycabettus.jpg/330px-Attica_06-13_Athens_36_View_from_Lycabettus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Attica_06-13_Athens_36_View_from_Lycabettus.jpg/440px-Attica_06-13_Athens_36_View_from_Lycabettus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2488" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a> with the Mediterranean Sea in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Malabata_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cape_Malabata_view.jpg/220px-Cape_Malabata_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cape_Malabata_view.jpg/330px-Cape_Malabata_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cape_Malabata_view.jpg/440px-Cape_Malabata_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> (View of Cape Malabata) on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_of_Tel_Aviv-Yaffo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coast_of_Tel_Aviv-Yaffo.JPG/220px-Coast_of_Tel_Aviv-Yaffo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coast_of_Tel_Aviv-Yaffo.JPG/330px-Coast_of_Tel_Aviv-Yaffo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coast_of_Tel_Aviv-Yaffo.JPG/440px-Coast_of_Tel_Aviv-Yaffo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The ancient port of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv-Yafo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv-Yafo">Tel Aviv-Yafo</a>), from which the biblical <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> set sail before being swallowed by a whale<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisie_Carthage_Ruines_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tunisie_Carthage_Ruines_08.JPG/220px-Tunisie_Carthage_Ruines_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tunisie_Carthage_Ruines_08.JPG/330px-Tunisie_Carthage_Ruines_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tunisie_Carthage_Ruines_08.JPG/440px-Tunisie_Carthage_Ruines_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, with the Mediterranean in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg/220px-White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg/330px-White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg/440px-White_Tower_and_Beach_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> view from the <a href="/wiki/Thermaic_Gulf" title="Thermaic Gulf">Thermaic Gulf</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicilia_-_Catania_dall%27alto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sicilia_-_Catania_dall%27alto.jpg/220px-Sicilia_-_Catania_dall%27alto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sicilia_-_Catania_dall%27alto.jpg/330px-Sicilia_-_Catania_dall%27alto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Sicilia_-_Catania_dall%27alto.jpg/440px-Sicilia_-_Catania_dall%27alto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, Sicily, Italy, with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/220px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/330px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/440px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, the third metropolis of Turkey (after <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusive_economic_zone">Exclusive economic zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exclusive economic zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive economic zones">Exclusive economic zones</a> in Mediterranean Sea:<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_Around_Us_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_Around_Us-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" width="75">Number </th> <th rowspan="2" width="250">Country </th> <th colspan="2" width="200">Area </th></tr> <tr> <th width="100">km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th width="100">sq mi </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011541915000000000">541,915 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011541915000000000">209,235 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011493708000000000">493,708 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011493708000000000">190,622 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011355604000000000">355,604 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011355604000000000">137,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011260000000000000">260,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011260000000000000">100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011169125000000000">169,125 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011169125000000000">65,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011128843000000000">128,843 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011128843000000000">49,747 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011102047000000000">102,047 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7011102047000000000">39,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010883890000000000">88,389 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010883890000000000">34,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010804120000000000">80,412 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010804120000000000">31,047 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010721950000000000">72,195 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010721950000000000">27,875 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010590320000000000">59,032 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010590320000000000">22,792 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010555420000000000">55,542 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010555420000000000">21,445 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010251390000000000">25,139 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010251390000000000">9,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010192650000000000">19,265 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010192650000000000">7,438 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010183020000000000">18,302 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010183020000000000">7,066 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010176760000000000">17,676 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010176760000000000">6,825 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010136910000000000">13,691 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010136910000000000">5,286 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010101890000000000">10,189 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010101890000000000">3,934 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009774500000000000">7,745 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009774500000000000">2,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">20</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009259100000000000">2,591 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009259100000000000">1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">21</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7008288000000000000">288 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7008288000000000000">111 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">22</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7008220000000000000">220 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7008220000000000000">85 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">23</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7007500000000000000">50 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7007500000000000000">19 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">24</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7006680000000000000">6.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7006680000000000000">2.6 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#9acdff;"> <th>Total </th> <td><b>Mediterranean Sea</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7012250000000000000">2,500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7012250000000000000">970,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastline_length">Coastline length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coastline length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coastline_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline length">Coastline length</a> is about 46,000 km (29,000 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_cities">Coastal cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coastal cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_coastal_settlements_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea">List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea</a>.</div> <p>Major cities (municipalities), with populations larger than 200,000 people, bordering the Mediterranean Sea include: </p> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pescara" title="Pescara">Pescara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a></li> <li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya" title="Zawiya, Libya">Zawiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zliten" title="Zliten">Zliten</a></li> <li>Malta: <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></li> <li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badalona" title="Badalona">Badalona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>.</li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Alanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale" title="Çanakkale">Çanakkale</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucht_%26_Stra%C3%9Fe_von_Gibraltar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bucht_%26_Stra%C3%9Fe_von_Gibraltar.jpg/220px-Bucht_%26_Stra%C3%9Fe_von_Gibraltar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bucht_%26_Stra%C3%9Fe_von_Gibraltar.jpg/330px-Bucht_%26_Stra%C3%9Fe_von_Gibraltar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bucht_%26_Stra%C3%9Fe_von_Gibraltar.jpg/440px-Bucht_%26_Stra%C3%9Fe_von_Gibraltar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Africa (left, on horizon) and Europe (right), as seen from Gibraltar</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> (IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each with their own designation (from west to east):<sup id="cite_ref-IHO_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHO-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a>, between Spain and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a>, between mainland Spain and its <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a> between <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> (Italy)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> enclosed by <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> between Italy, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and Greece</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> between Italy, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> between Greece and Turkey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_seas">Other seas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other seas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Positano_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Positano_-_01.jpg/220px-Positano_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Positano_-_01.jpg/330px-Positano_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Positano_-_01.jpg/440px-Positano_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3870" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Positano" title="Positano">Positano</a>, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some other seas whose names have been in common use from the ancient times, or in the present: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Sicily">Sea of Sicily</a> between <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a> between <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a> in its north</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a> north of Crete</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li></ul></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilician Sea">Cilician Sea</a> between Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a> at the eastern end of the Mediterranean</li></ul> <p>Many of these smaller seas feature in local myth and folklore and derive their names from such associations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_features">Other features</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bey-Sannine-BCD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bey-Sannine-BCD.jpg/220px-Bey-Sannine-BCD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bey-Sannine-BCD.jpg/330px-Bey-Sannine-BCD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bey-Sannine-BCD.jpg/440px-Bey-Sannine-BCD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Bay" title="Saint George Bay">Saint George Bay</a>, and snow-capped <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sannine" title="Mount Sannine">Mount Sannine</a> from a tower in the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Autonome_de_Marseille.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Port_Autonome_de_Marseille.JPG/220px-Port_Autonome_de_Marseille.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Port_Autonome_de_Marseille.JPG/330px-Port_Autonome_de_Marseille.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Port_Autonome_de_Marseille.JPG/440px-Port_Autonome_de_Marseille.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Port of Marseille seen from <a href="/wiki/L%27Estaque" title="L'Estaque">L'Estaque</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIty_of_Saranda_Albania_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CIty_of_Saranda_Albania_2016.jpg/220px-CIty_of_Saranda_Albania_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CIty_of_Saranda_Albania_2016.jpg/330px-CIty_of_Saranda_Albania_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/CIty_of_Saranda_Albania_2016.jpg/440px-CIty_of_Saranda_Albania_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a>, Albania, stands on an open-sea gulf of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> in the central Mediterranean.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serra_de_Tramuntana_-_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Serra_de_Tramuntana_-_6.jpg/220px-Serra_de_Tramuntana_-_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Serra_de_Tramuntana_-_6.jpg/330px-Serra_de_Tramuntana_-_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Serra_de_Tramuntana_-_6.jpg/440px-Serra_de_Tramuntana_-_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Serra_de_Tramuntana" title="Serra de Tramuntana">Serra de Tramuntana</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the seas, a number of gulfs and <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">straits</a> are recognised: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Bay" title="Saint George Bay">Saint George Bay</a> in Beirut, Lebanon</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Ras_Ibn_Hani" title="Ras Ibn Hani">Ras Ibn Hani</a> cape in <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Bassit" title="Ras al-Bassit">Ras al-Bassit</a> cape in northern Syria.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Minet_el-Beida" title="Minet el-Beida">Minet el-Beida</a> ("White Harbour") bay near ancient <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, Syria</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Algeciras" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Algeciras">Bay of Algeciras</a>, at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a>, an enclosed sea between the Ionian Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Pagasetic_Gulf" title="Pagasetic Gulf">Pagasetic Gulf</a>, the gulf of <a href="/wiki/Volos" title="Volos">Volos</a>, south of the Thermaic Gulf, formed by the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Pelion">Mount Pelion</a> peninsula</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Gulf" title="Saronic Gulf">Saronic Gulf</a>, the gulf of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, between the Corinth Canal and the <a href="/wiki/Mirtoan_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirtoan Sea">Mirtoan Sea</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Thermaic_Gulf" title="Thermaic Gulf">Thermaic Gulf</a>, the gulf of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, located in the northern Greek region of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li>the Gulf of Almeria, southeast of Spain</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a>, south of France</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Valencia" title="Gulf of Valencia">Gulf of Valencia</a>, east of Spain</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabrian</a> peninsula</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Genoa" title="Gulf of Genoa">Gulf of Genoa</a>, northwestern Italy</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venice" title="Gulf of Venice">Gulf of Venice</a>, northeastern Italy</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Trieste" title="Gulf of Trieste">Gulf of Trieste</a>, northeastern Italy</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto" title="Gulf of Taranto">Gulf of Taranto</a>, southern Italy</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Euphemia" title="Gulf of Saint Euphemia">Gulf of Saint Euphemia</a>, southern Italy, with the international airport nearby</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Salerno" title="Gulf of Salerno">Gulf of Salerno</a>, southwestern Italy</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Gaeta" title="Gulf of Gaeta">Gulf of Gaeta</a>, southwestern Italy</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Squillace" title="Gulf of Squillace">Gulf of Squillace</a>, southern Italy</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Otranto" title="Strait of Otranto">Strait of Otranto</a>, between Italy and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Haifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Haifa">Gulf of Haifa</a>, northern Israel</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> (western Libya) and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> (eastern Libya)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Corsica_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica Channel">Corsica Channel</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and Italy</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Bonifacio" title="Strait of Bonifacio">Strait of Bonifacio</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Antalya" title="Gulf of Antalya">Gulf of Antalya</a>, between west and east shores of Antalya (Turkey)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_%C4%B0skenderun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of İskenderun">Gulf of İskenderun</a>, between <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> (Turkey)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_%C4%B0zmir" title="Gulf of İzmir">Gulf of İzmir</a>, in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> (Turkey)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fethiye" title="Gulf of Fethiye">Gulf of Fethiye</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Fethiye" title="Fethiye">Fethiye</a> (Turkey)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Ku%C5%9Fadas%C4%B1" title="Gulf of Kuşadası">Gulf of Kuşadası</a>, in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> (Turkey)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a>, in south-western <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and south-eastern Croatia</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Malta_Channel" title="Malta Channel">Malta Channel</a>, between Sicily and Malta</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gozo_Channel" title="Gozo Channel">Gozo Channel</a>, between Malta Island and <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_islands">Largest islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Largest islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">List of islands in the Mediterranean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia_-_Sicily_-_South_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tunisia_-_Sicily_-_South_Italy.jpg/220px-Tunisia_-_Sicily_-_South_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tunisia_-_Sicily_-_South_Italy.jpg/330px-Tunisia_-_Sicily_-_South_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tunisia_-_Sicily_-_South_Italy.jpg/440px-Tunisia_-_Sicily_-_South_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>The two biggest islands of the Mediterranean: <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (Italy)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tower_of_Porto_Giunco_Beach_(Spiaggia_Torre_Porto_Giunco)_with_a_view_to_the_beach_and_the_lake_Stagno_di_Notteri_in_Sardinia,_Italy_(48402759012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_Tower_of_Porto_Giunco_Beach_%28Spiaggia_Torre_Porto_Giunco%29_with_a_view_to_the_beach_and_the_lake_Stagno_di_Notteri_in_Sardinia%2C_Italy_%2848402759012%29.jpg/220px-The_Tower_of_Porto_Giunco_Beach_%28Spiaggia_Torre_Porto_Giunco%29_with_a_view_to_the_beach_and_the_lake_Stagno_di_Notteri_in_Sardinia%2C_Italy_%2848402759012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_Tower_of_Porto_Giunco_Beach_%28Spiaggia_Torre_Porto_Giunco%29_with_a_view_to_the_beach_and_the_lake_Stagno_di_Notteri_in_Sardinia%2C_Italy_%2848402759012%29.jpg/330px-The_Tower_of_Porto_Giunco_Beach_%28Spiaggia_Torre_Porto_Giunco%29_with_a_view_to_the_beach_and_the_lake_Stagno_di_Notteri_in_Sardinia%2C_Italy_%2848402759012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_Tower_of_Porto_Giunco_Beach_%28Spiaggia_Torre_Porto_Giunco%29_with_a_view_to_the_beach_and_the_lake_Stagno_di_Notteri_in_Sardinia%2C_Italy_%2848402759012%29.jpg/440px-The_Tower_of_Porto_Giunco_Beach_%28Spiaggia_Torre_Porto_Giunco%29_with_a_view_to_the_beach_and_the_lake_Stagno_di_Notteri_in_Sardinia%2C_Italy_%2848402759012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3070" /></a><figcaption>XVI century <a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">watchtower</a> on the coast of Sardinia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mediterranean Sea encompasses about 10,000 islands and islets, of which about 250 are permanently inhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the table below are listed the ten largest by size. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th rowspan="2">Island </th> <th colspan="2">Area </th> <th rowspan="2">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th>km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th>sq mi </th></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010254600000000000">25,460 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010254600000000000">9,830 </td> <td>5,048,995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010238210000000000">23,821 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7010238210000000000">9,197 </td> <td>1,672,804 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyprus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009925100000000000">9,251 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009925100000000000">3,572 </td> <td>1,088,503 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009868000000000000">8,680 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009868000000000000">3,350 </td> <td>299,209 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009833600000000000">8,336 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009833600000000000">3,219 </td> <td>623,666 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009365500000000000">3,655 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009365500000000000">1,411 </td> <td>218,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009364000000000000">3,640 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009364000000000000">1,410 </td> <td>869,067 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009163200000000000">1,632 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009163200000000000">630 </td> <td>90,643 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009140000000000000">1,400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7009140000000000000">540 </td> <td>117,007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7008842000000000000">842 </td> <td style="text-align:right;" data-sort-value="7008842000000000000">325 </td> <td>51,936 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the Mediterranean coast enjoys a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate#Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a>. However, most of its southeastern coast has a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">hot desert climate</a>, and much of Spain's eastern (Mediterranean) coast has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Cold_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">cold semi-arid climate</a>, while most of Italy's northern (Adriatic) coast has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>. Although they are rare, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_tropical-like_cyclone" title="Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone">tropical cyclones occasionally form in the Mediterranean Sea</a>, typically in September–November. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:777px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen_World_Map_(Mediterranean_Sea_area_only).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of climate zones in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, according to the Köppen climate classification"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Koppen_World_Map_%28Mediterranean_Sea_area_only%29.png" decoding="async" width="769" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen_World_Map_(Mediterranean_Sea_area_only).png" title="File:Koppen World Map (Mediterranean Sea area only).png"> </a></div>Map of climate zones in the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea_temperature">Sea temperature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sea temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Mean sea temperature in °C (°F) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>15 (59) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>23 (73) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <th>18.6 (65.5) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>13 (55) </td> <td>12 (54) </td> <td>13 (55) </td> <td>14 (57) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <td>23 (73) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>23 (73) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>15 (59) </td> <th>17.8 (64.0) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>13 (55) </td> <td>13 (55) </td> <td>13 (55) </td> <td>14 (57) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>21 (70) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>21 (70) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>14 (57) </td> <th>16.6 (61.9) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>15 (59) </td> <td>14 (57) </td> <td>14 (57) </td> <td>15 (59) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>27 (81) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>19 (66) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <th>19.3 (66.7) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>15 (59) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>21 (70) </td> <td>24 (75) </td> <td>26 (79) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>23 (73) </td> <td>21 (70) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <th>19.9 (67.8) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>11 (52) </td> <td>10 (50) </td> <td>11 (52) </td> <td>13 (55) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>26 (79) </td> <td>23 (73) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>14 (57) </td> <th>17.4 (63.3) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>15 (59) </td> <td>15 (59) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>21 (70) </td> <td>24 (75) </td> <td>24 (75) </td> <td>24 (75) </td> <td>21 (70) </td> <td>19 (66) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <th>19.3 (66.7) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>15 (59) </td> <td>15 (59) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>19 (66) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>24 (75) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>24 (75) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <th>19.7 (67.5) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>16 (61) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>21 (70) </td> <td>24 (75) </td> <td>27 (81) </td> <td>29 (84) </td> <td>27 (81) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>19 (66) </td> <th>21.8 (71.2) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <td>24 (75) </td> <td>26 (79) </td> <td>28 (82) </td> <td>27 (81) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>19 (66) </td> <th>21.7 (71.1) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>21 (70) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>28 (82) </td> <td>29 (84) </td> <td>28 (82) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>19 (66) </td> <th>22.3 (72.1) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>21 (70) </td> <td>24 (75) </td> <td>27 (81) </td> <td>28 (82) </td> <td>28 (82) </td> <td>26 (79) </td> <td>23 (73) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <th>22.3 (72.1) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>17 (63) </td> <td>18 (64) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <td>23 (73) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>26 (79) </td> <td>26 (79) </td> <td>25 (77) </td> <td>22 (72) </td> <td>20 (68) </td> <th>21.4 (70.5) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanography">Oceanography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Oceanography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MEDCURR.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MEDCURR.GIF/360px-MEDCURR.GIF" decoding="async" width="360" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/MEDCURR.GIF 1.5x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Predominant surface currents for June</figcaption></figure> <p>Being nearly landlocked affects conditions in the Mediterranean Sea: for instance, <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a> are very limited as a result of the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. The Mediterranean is characterised and immediately recognised by its deep blue colour. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a> greatly exceeds <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> and river runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> to increase eastward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet1996206_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet1996206-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average salinity in the basin is 38 <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">PSU</a> at 5 m (16 ft) depth.<sup id="cite_ref-tempandsal_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tempandsal-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-tempandsal_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tempandsal-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The net water influx from the Atlantic Ocean is ca. 70,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (2.5 million cu ft/s) or 2.2<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>12</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/a (7.8<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>13</sup> cu ft/a).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without this Atlantic water, the sea level of the Mediterranean Sea would fall at a rate of about 1 m (3 ft) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>, it is sometimes called the <i>Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea</i>, the <i>European Mediterranean Sea</i> or the <i>African Mediterranean Sea</i> to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_sea_(oceanography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean sea (oceanography)">mediterranean seas</a> elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag provides only one attribution when multiple sources are suggested (December 2022)">who else?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_circulation">General circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Water_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water circulation">Water circulation</a> in the Mediterranean can be attributed to the surface waters entering from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> (and also low salinity water entering the Mediterranean from the Black Sea through the Bosphorus). The cool and relatively low-salinity Atlantic water circulates eastwards along the North African coasts. A part of the surface water does not pass the Strait of Sicily, but deviates towards <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> before exiting the Mediterranean. The surface waters entering the eastern Mediterranean Basin circulate along the Libyan and Israeli coasts. Upon reaching the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a>, the surface waters having warmed and increased its salinity from its initial Atlantic state, is now denser and sinks to form the Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW). Most of the water found anywhere between 50 and 600 m (160 and 2,000 ft) deep in the Mediterranean originates from the LIW.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LIW are formed along the coasts of Turkey and circulate westwards along the Greek and south Italian coasts. LIW are the only waters passing the Sicily Strait westwards. After the Strait of Sicily, the LIW waters circulate along the Italian, French and Spanish coasts before exiting the Mediterranean through the depths of the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep water in the Mediterranean originates from three main areas: the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, from which most of the deep water in the eastern Mediterranean originates, the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a>. Deep water formation in the Mediterranean is triggered by strong winter <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> fueled by intense cold winds like the <a href="/wiki/Bora_(wind)" title="Bora (wind)">Bora</a>. When new deep water is formed, the older waters mix with the overlaying intermediate waters and eventually exit the Mediterranean. The <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle#Residence_times" title="Water cycle">residence time of water</a> in the Mediterranean is approximately 100 years, making the Mediterranean especially sensitive to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_events_affecting_water_circulation">Other events affecting water circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other events affecting water circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being a semi-enclosed basin, the Mediterranean experiences transitory events that can affect the water circulation on short time scales. In the mid-1990s, the Aegean Sea became the main area for deep water formation in the eastern Mediterranean after particularly cold winter conditions. This transitory switch in the origin of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean was termed Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and had major consequences on water circulation of the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of a transient event affecting the Mediterranean circulation is the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre, which is an <a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_rotation" title="Anticyclonic rotation">anticyclonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">ocean gyre</a> observed in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>, off the Greek coast. The transition from anticyclonic to cyclonic rotation of this gyre changes the origin of the waters fueling it; when the circulation is anticyclonic (most common), the waters of the gyre originate from the Adriatic Sea. When the circulation is cyclonic, the waters originate from the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a>. These waters have different physical and chemical characteristics, and the periodic inversion of the North Ionian Gyre (called Bimodal Oscillating System or BiOS) changes the Mediterranean circulation and biogeochemistry around the Adriatic and Levantine regions.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot spot for climate change effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Giorgi,_F._2006_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giorgi,_F._2006-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deep water temperatures have increased by 0.12 °C (0.22 °F) between 1959 and 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to climate projections, the Mediterranean Sea could become warmer. The decrease in precipitation over the region could lead to more evaporation ultimately increasing the Mediterranean Sea salinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Giorgi,_F._2006_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giorgi,_F._2006-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the changes in temperature and salinity, the Mediterranean Sea may become more stratified by the end of the 21st century, with notable consequences on water circulation and <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemistry</a>. The stratification and warming have already led to the eastern Mediterranean to become a net source of CO<sub>2</sub> to the atmosphere<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably during summer. This strong summer degassing, combined with the prolonged and pronounced stratification results in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> crystals abiotically in the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cumulative warming at the surface of the Mediterranean has a significant impact on the ecological system. Extreme warming has led to <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and presents an existential threat to some habitats<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while making conditions more hospitable to invasive tropical species.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Biogeochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A detailed description of the cycling of marine phytoplankton in the ocean's photic zone. Phytoplankton's role in photosynthesis, oxygen production, and marine food webs highlighted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png/220px-Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png/330px-Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png/440px-Cycling_of_marine_phytoplankton.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>Cycling of marine phytoplankton</figcaption></figure> <p>In spite of its great <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea are very low, making it one of the most <a href="/wiki/Oligotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligotrophic">oligotrophic</a> ocean regions in the world. The Mediterranean Sea is commonly referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Low-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_region" title="Low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll region">LNLC (Low-Nutrient, Low-Chlorophyll) area</a>. The Mediterranean Sea fits the definition of a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> in which its nutrient contents are low, making it difficult for plants and animals to develop. </p><p>There are steep gradients in nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll concentrations and primary productivity in the Mediterranean. Nutrient concentrations in the western part of the basin are about double the concentrations in the eastern basin. The <a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, has a daily <a href="/wiki/Primary_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary productivity">primary productivity</a> of about 0.25 g C (grams of carbon) m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup> whereas the eastern basin has an average daily productivity of 0.16 g C m<sup>−2</sup> day<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uitz_Stramski_Gentili_DOrtenzio_2012_p._111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uitz_Stramski_Gentili_DOrtenzio_2012_p.-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea is termed "ultraoligotrophic". The productive areas of the Mediterranean Sea are few and small. High (i.e. more than 0.5 grams of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">Chlorophyll <i>a</i></a> per cubic meter) productivity occurs in coastal areas, close to the river mouths which are the primary suppliers of dissolved nutrients. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a> has a relatively high productivity because it is an area of high vertical mixing, bringing nutrients to the surface waters that can be used by <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> to produce Chlorophyll <i>a</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosc,_E._2004_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosc,_E._2004-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primary productivity in the Mediterranean is also marked by an intense seasonal variability. In winter, the strong winds and precipitation over the basin generate <a href="/wiki/Convective_mixing" title="Convective mixing">vertical mixing</a>, bringing nutrients from the deep waters to the surface, where phytoplankton can convert it into <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in winter, light may be the limiting factor for primary productivity. Between March and April, spring offers the ideal trade-off between light intensity and nutrient concentrations in surface for a <a href="/wiki/Spring_bloom" title="Spring bloom">spring bloom</a> to occur. In summer, high atmospheric temperatures lead to the warming of the surface waters. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> difference virtually isolates the surface waters from the rest of the water column and nutrient exchanges are limited. As a consequence, primary productivity is very low between June and October.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bosc,_E._2004_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosc,_E._2004-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oceanographic expeditions uncovered a characteristic feature of the Mediterranean Sea biogeochemistry: most of the chlorophyll production does not occur on the surface, but in sub-surface waters between 80 and 200 meters deep.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another key characteristic of the Mediterranean is its high nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio (N:P). <a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Redfield" title="Alfred C. Redfield">Redfield</a> demonstrated that most of the world's oceans have an average N:P ratio around 16. However, the Mediterranean Sea has an average N:P between 24 and 29, which translates a widespread phosphorus limitation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its low productivity, plankton assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea are dominated by small organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Picophytoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Picophytoplankton">picophytoplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uitz_Stramski_Gentili_DOrtenzio_2012_p._111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uitz_Stramski_Gentili_DOrtenzio_2012_p.-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_and_paleoclimatology_of_the_Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin">Geology and paleoclimatology of the Mediterranean Basin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vrulja_kod_Omi%C5%A1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vrulja_kod_Omi%C5%A1a.jpg/220px-Vrulja_kod_Omi%C5%A1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vrulja_kod_Omi%C5%A1a.jpg/330px-Vrulja_kod_Omi%C5%A1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vrulja_kod_Omi%C5%A1a.jpg/440px-Vrulja_kod_Omi%C5%A1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>A submarine <a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">karst spring</a>, called <i>vrulja</i>, near <a href="/wiki/Omi%C5%A1" title="Omiš">Omiš</a>; observed through several ripplings of an otherwise calm sea surface.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologic history</a> of the Mediterranean Sea is complex. Underlain by <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a>, the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a>; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the <a href="/wiki/Neotethys" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotethys">Neotethys</a>, which was first formed by the convergence of the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a> during the Late <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> and Early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>. Because it is a near-landlocked body of water in a normally dry climate, the Mediterranean is subject to intensive evaporation and the precipitation of <a href="/wiki/Evaporites" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporites">evaporites</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a> started about six million years ago (mya) when the Mediterranean became landlocked, and then essentially dried up. There are salt deposits accumulated on the bottom of the basin of more than a million cubic kilometres—in some places more than three kilometres thick.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists estimate that the sea was last filled about 5.3 million years ago (mya) in less than two years by the <a href="/wiki/Zanclean_flood" title="Zanclean flood">Zanclean flood</a>. Water poured in from the Atlantic Ocean through a newly breached gateway now called the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> at an estimated rate of about three orders of magnitude (one thousand times) larger than the current flow of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GCetal2009_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCetal2009-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,267 m (17,280 ft) in the <a href="/wiki/Calypso_Deep" title="Calypso Deep">Calypso Deep</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>. The coastline extends for 46,000 km (29,000 mi). A shallow submarine ridge (the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a>) between the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and the coast of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> divides the sea in two main subregions: the Western Mediterranean, with an area of about 850,000 km<sup>2</sup> (330,000 sq mi); and the Eastern Mediterranean, of about 1.65 million km<sup>2</sup> (640,000 sq mi). Coastal areas have submarine <a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">karst springs</a> or <span title="Croatian-language text"><i lang="hr">vrulja</i></span>s, which discharge pressurised groundwater into the water from below the surface; the discharge water is usually fresh, and sometimes may be thermal.<sup id="cite_ref-LaMoreaux2001_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaMoreaux2001-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tectonics_and_paleoenvironmental_analysis">Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tectonics and paleoenvironmental analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Mediterranean Sea">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Mediterranean basin and sea system were established by the ancient African-Arabian continent colliding with the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian">Eurasian</a> continent. As Africa-Arabia drifted northward, it closed over the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> which had earlier separated the two supercontinents <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. At about that time in the middle <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period (roughly 170 million years ago <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mediterranean_Sea#Dubious" title="Talk:Mediterranean Sea">discuss</a></i>]</sup>) a much smaller sea basin, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Neotethys" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotethys">Neotethys</a>, was formed shortly before the Tethys Ocean closed at its western (Arabian) end. The broad line of collisions pushed up a very long system of mountains from the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> in Spain to the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> in Iran in an episode of mountain-building tectonics known as the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>. The Neotethys grew larger during the episodes of collisions (and associated foldings and subductions) that occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> epochs (34 to 5.33 mya); see animation: <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">Africa-Arabia colliding with Eurasia</a>. Accordingly, the Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">basin</a> consists of several stretched <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> plates in <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> which are the foundation of the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Various zones of subduction contain the highest oceanic ridges, east of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> and south of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Indian_Ridge" title="Central Indian Ridge">Central Indian Ridge</a> runs east of the Mediterranean Sea south-east across the in-between<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Messinian_salinity_crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Messinian salinity crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etapa3muda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Etapa3muda.jpg/260px-Etapa3muda.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Etapa3muda.jpg/390px-Etapa3muda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Etapa3muda.jpg/520px-Etapa3muda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3246" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>Messinian salinity crisis before the <a href="/wiki/Zanclean_flood" title="Zanclean flood">Zanclean flood</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv/260px--Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="195" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv/Crisis_salina_del_Messiniense.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Animation: Messinian salinity crisis</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> times, as the northwest corner of Africa converged on Iberia, it lifted the Betic-Rif <a href="/wiki/Mountain_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain belt">mountain belts</a> across southern Iberia and northwest Africa. There the development of the intramontane Betic and Rif basins created two roughly parallel marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Betic_corridor" title="Betic corridor">Betic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rifian_corridors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rifian corridors (page does not exist)">Rifian corridors</a>, they gradually closed during the middle and late Miocene: perhaps several times.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Miocene the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Betic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Betic Corridor">Betic Corridor</a> triggered the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a>" (MSC), characterized by the deposition of a thick evaporitic sequence – with salt deposits up to 2 km thick in the Levantine sea – and by a massive drop in water level in much of the Basin. This event was for long the subject of acute scientific controversy, now much appeased,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding its sequence, geographic range, processes leading to evaporite facies and salt deposits. The start of the MSC was recently estimated astronomically at 5.96 mya, and it persisted for some 630,000 years until about 5.3 mya;<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis, at right. </p><p>After the initial drawdown<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and re-flooding, there followed more episodes—the total number is debated—of sea drawdowns and re-floodings for the duration of the MSC. It ended when the Atlantic Ocean last re-flooded the basin—creating the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and causing the <a href="/wiki/Zanclean_flood" title="Zanclean flood">Zanclean flood</a>—at the end of the Miocene (5.33 mya). Some research has suggested that a desiccation-flooding-desiccation cycle may have repeated several times, which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a <a href="/wiki/Geodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodynamic">geodynamic</a> point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GCV_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCV-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desiccation_and_exchanges_of_flora_and_fauna">Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Desiccation and exchanges of flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant">Dwarf elephant</a></div> <p>The present-day Atlantic gateway, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, originated in the early Pliocene via the <a href="/wiki/Zanclean_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanclean Flood">Zanclean Flood</a>. As mentioned, there were two earlier gateways: the <a href="/wiki/Betic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Betic Corridor">Betic Corridor</a> across southern Spain and the Rifian Corridor across northern Morocco. The Betic closed about 6 mya, causing the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC); the Rifian or possibly both gateways closed during the earlier <a href="/wiki/Tortonian" title="Tortonian">Tortonian</a> times, causing a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tortonian_salinity_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tortonian salinity crisis (page does not exist)">Tortonian salinity crisis</a>" (from 11.6 to 7.2 mya), long before the MSC and lasting much longer. Both "crises" resulted in broad connections between the mainlands of Africa and Europe, which allowed migrations of flora and fauna—especially large mammals including primates—between the two continents. The <a href="/wiki/Vallesian" title="Vallesian">Vallesian crisis</a> indicates a typical extinction and replacement of mammal species in Europe during Tortonian times following climatic upheaval and overland migrations of new species:<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see Animation: Messinian salinity crisis (and mammal migrations), at right. </p><p>The almost complete enclosure of the Mediterranean basin has enabled the oceanic gateways to dominate seawater circulation and the environmental evolution of the sea and basin. Circulation patterns are also affected by several other factors—including climate, bathymetry, and water chemistry and temperature—which are interactive and can induce precipitation of <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a>. Deposits of evaporites accumulated earlier in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Western_Carpathians#Foredeep" title="Geology of the Western Carpathians">Carpathian foredeep</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a>, and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sea Basin">Red Sea Basin</a> (during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a>), and in the whole Mediterranean basin (during the MSC and the <a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a> age). Many <a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">diatomites</a> are found underneath the evaporite deposits, suggesting a connection between their<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> formations. </p><p>Today, evaporation of surface seawater (output) is more than the supply (input) of fresh water by precipitation and coastal drainage systems, causing the salinity of the Mediterranean to be much higher than that of the Atlantic—so much so that the saltier Mediterranean waters sink below the waters incoming from the Atlantic, causing a two-layer flow across the Strait of Gibraltar: that is, an outflow <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar#Inflow_and_outflow" title="Strait of Gibraltar"><i>submarine current</i></a> of warm saline Mediterranean water, counterbalanced by an inflow surface current of less saline cold oceanic water from the Atlantic. In the 1920s, Herman Sörgel proposed the building of a hydroelectric dam (the <a href="/wiki/Atlantropa" title="Atlantropa">Atlantropa</a> project) across the Straits, using the inflow current to provide a large amount of hydroelectric energy. The underlying energy grid was also intended to support a political union between Europe and, at least, the Maghreb part of Africa (compare <a href="/wiki/Eurafrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurafrique">Eurafrika</a> for the later impact and <a href="/wiki/Desertec" title="Desertec">Desertec</a> for a later project with some parallels in the planned grid).<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shift_to_a_"Mediterranean_climate""><span id="Shift_to_a_.22Mediterranean_climate.22"></span>Shift to a "Mediterranean climate"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Shift to a "Mediterranean climate""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> also marked a change in the climate of the Mediterranean basin. Fossil evidence from that period reveals that the larger basin had a humid subtropical climate with rainfall in the summer supporting <a href="/wiki/Laurel_forest" title="Laurel forest">laurel forests</a>. The shift to a "Mediterranean climate" occurred largely within the last three million years (the late <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> epoch) as summer rainfall decreased. The subtropical laurel forests retreated; and even as they persisted on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a> off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyllous" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerophyllous">sclerophyllous</a> trees and shrubs with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoclimate">Paleoclimate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Paleoclimate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its latitude and its landlocked position, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is subject to the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Eolian_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Eolian dust">eolian dust</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> during dry periods, whereas riverine <a href="/wiki/Detritus_(geology)" title="Detritus (geology)">detrital</a> input prevails during wet ones, the Mediterranean marine <a href="/wiki/Sapropel" title="Sapropel">sapropel</a>-bearing sequences provide high-resolution climatic information. These data have been employed in reconstructing astronomically calibrated time scales for the last 9 Ma of the Earth's history, helping to constrain the time of past <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal" title="Geomagnetic reversal">geomagnetic reversals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the exceptional accuracy of these paleoclimatic records has improved our knowledge of the Earth's orbital variations in the past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eunicella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Eunicella.jpg/220px-Eunicella.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Eunicella.jpg/330px-Eunicella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Eunicella.jpg/440px-Eunicella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1957" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>Soft coral <i><a href="/wiki/Eunicella_cavolini" title="Eunicella cavolini">Eunicella cavolini</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the vast multidirectional <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> in open <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> within their respective <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">oceanic zones</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">biodiversity</a> in the Mediterranean Sea is stable due to the subtle but strong locked nature of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a> which is favourable to life, even the smallest macroscopic type of <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">volcanic life form</a>. The stable <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a> of the Mediterranean Sea and <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea temperature</a> provides a nourishing environment for <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">life in the deep sea</a> to flourish while assuring a balanced <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystem</a> excluded from any external <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanic factors</a>. It is estimated that there are more than 17,000 <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine species</a> in the Mediterranean Sea with generally higher marine <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal areas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelves</a>, and decreases with depth.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the drying of the sea during the <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the marine biota of the Mediterranean is derived primarily from the Atlantic Ocean. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranean, and the marine life of the Mediterranean has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million years since the basin was reflooded. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a> is a transition zone between the two seas, containing a mix of Mediterranean and Atlantic species. The Alboran Sea has the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphins</a> in the Western Mediterranean, is home to the last population of <a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">harbour porpoises</a> in the Mediterranean and is the most important feeding grounds for <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtles</a> in Europe. The Alboran Sea also hosts important commercial fisheries, including <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seals</a> live in the Aegean Sea in Greece. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> raised concerns about the widespread <a href="/wiki/Drift_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift net">drift net</a> fishing endangering populations of dolphins, turtles, and other marine animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Galathea_strigosa" title="Galathea strigosa">spiny squat lobster</a>. </p><p>There was a resident population of <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a> in the Mediterranean until the 1980s, when they went extinct, probably due to long-term PCB exposure. There are still annual sightings of orca vagrants.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Specially_Protected_Areas_of_Mediterranean_Importance" title="Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance">Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fish of the Mediterranean Sea">List of fish of the Mediterranean Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_of_the_Black_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fish of the Black Sea">List of fish of the Black Sea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For 4,000 years, human activity has transformed most parts of Mediterranean Europe, and the "humanisation of the landscape" overlapped with the appearance of the present Mediterranean climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of a simplistic, environmental determinist notion of a Mediterranean paradise on Earth in antiquity, which was destroyed by later civilisations, dates back to at least the 18th century and was for centuries fashionable in archaeological and historical circles. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. historical documents, analysis of trade relations, <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> sediments, <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, tree-ring and further archaeometric analyses and population studies, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Grove" title="Alfred Thomas Grove">Alfred Thomas Grove</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Rackham" title="Oliver Rackham">Oliver Rackham</a>'s work on "The Nature of Mediterranean Europe" challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranean Europe as a "Lost Eden", a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to measure up to the imaginary past of the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a> as idealised by artists, poets and scientists of the early modern <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg/220px-Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg/330px-Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Palomares_H-Bomb_Incident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear bomb">thermonuclear bomb</a> that fell into the sea recovered off <a href="/wiki/Palomares,_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Palomares, Almería">Palomares, Almería</a>, 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>The historical evolution of climate, vegetation and landscape in southern Europe from prehistoric times to the present is much more complex and underwent various changes. For example, some of the deforestation had already taken place before the Roman age. While in the Roman age large enterprises such as the <a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">latifundia</a> took effective care of forests and agriculture, the largest depopulation effects came with the end of the empire. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> assume that the major deforestation took place in modern times—the later usage patterns were also quite different e.g. in southern and northern Italy. Also, the climate has usually been unstable and there is evidence of various ancient and modern "<a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Ages</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and plant cover accommodated to various extremes and became resilient to various patterns of human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_139-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even Grove considered that human activity could be the cause of climate change. Modern science has been able to provide clear evidence of this. The wide ecological diversity typical of Mediterranean Europe is predominantly based on human behaviour, as it is and has been closely related to human usage patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_139-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diversity range<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was enhanced by the widespread exchange and interaction of the longstanding and highly diverse local agriculture, intense transport and trade relations, and the interaction with settlements, pasture and other land use. The greatest human-induced changes, however, came after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in line with the "1950s syndrome"<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as rural populations throughout the region abandoned traditional subsistence economies. Grove and Rackham suggest that the locals left the traditional agricultural patterns and instead became scenery-setting agents<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for tourism. This resulted in more uniform, large-scale formations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">of what?</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_139-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among further current important threats to Mediterranean landscapes are overdevelopment of coastal areas, abandonment of mountains and, as mentioned, the loss of variety via the reduction of traditional agricultural occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_139-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_hazards">Natural hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Natural hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_(view_from_the_northeast).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/240px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/360px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/480px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a> volcano in Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The region has a variety of geological hazards, which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns. Among others, in the eastern Mediterranean, the <a href="/wiki/Thera_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera eruption">Thera eruption</a>, dated to the 17th or 16th century BC, caused a large <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> that some experts hypothesise devastated the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilisation</a> on the nearby island of Crete, further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> legend.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> is the only active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> on the European mainland, while others, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a>, are on neighbouring islands. The region around Vesuvius including the <a href="/wiki/Phlegraean_Fields" title="Phlegraean Fields">Phlegraean Fields</a> Caldera west of Naples is quite active<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and constitute the most densely populated volcanic region in the world where an eruptive event may occur within decades.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vesuvius itself is regarded as quite dangerous due to a tendency towards explosive (<a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">Plinian</a>) eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-mcguire2003_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcguire2003-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is best known for its <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_AD_79" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79">eruption in AD 79</a> that led to the burying and destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>. </p><p>The large experience<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of member states and regional authorities has led to exchange<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">of what?</span></a></i>]</sup> on the international level with the cooperation of NGOs, states, regional and municipality authorities and private persons.<sup id="cite_ref-evch_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evch-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Turkish_earthquake_diplomacy" title="Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy">Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy</a> is a quite positive example of natural hazards leading to improved relations between traditional rivals in the region after earthquakes in İzmit and Athens in 1999. The European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) was set up to respond to major natural disasters and express European solidarity to disaster-stricken regions within all of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest amount of funding requests in the EU relates to <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">forest fires</a>, followed by floods and earthquakes. Forest fires, whether human-made or natural, are a frequent and dangerous hazard in the Mediterranean region.<sup id="cite_ref-evch_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evch-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunamis</a> are also an often-underestimated hazard in the region. For example, the <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">1908 Messina earthquake</a> and tsunami took more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and were among the deadliest natural disasters in modern Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Invasive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himantura_uarnak_egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Himantura_uarnak_egypt.jpg/220px-Himantura_uarnak_egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Himantura_uarnak_egypt.jpg/330px-Himantura_uarnak_egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Himantura_uarnak_egypt.jpg/440px-Himantura_uarnak_egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Reticulate_whipray" title="Reticulate whipray">reticulate whipray</a> is one of the species that colonised the Eastern Mediterranean through the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> as part of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian migration</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. The Red Sea is higher than the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, so the canal functions as a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_strait" title="Tidal strait">tidal strait</a> that pours Red Sea water into the Mediterranean. The <a href="/wiki/Bitter_Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter Lakes">Bitter Lakes</a>, which are hyper-saline natural lakes that form part of the canal, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea, the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the Eastern Mediterranean. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient-poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the salty and nutrient-poor Eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly, Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and not vice versa; this phenomenon is known as the <a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian migration</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a>, the French engineer) or Erythrean ("red") invasion. The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_High_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Aswan High Dam">Aswan High Dam</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. </p><p>Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering a number of local and <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> Mediterranean species. A first look at some groups of marine species shows that over 70% of exotic <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapods</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Briand_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briand-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some 2/3 of exotic fishes<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in the Mediterranean are of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> origin, <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> from the Red Sea via the Suez Canal. This makes the Canal the first pathway of arrival of <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">alien</a> species into the Mediterranean. The impacts of some Lessepsian species have proven to be considerable, mainly in the Levantine basin of the Mediterranean, where they are replacing native species and becoming a familiar sight. </p><p>According to definitions by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Science_Commission" title="Mediterranean Science Commission">Mediterranean Science Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD) and <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> terminologies, they are alien species, as they are non-native (non-indigenous) to the Mediterranean Sea, and are found outside their normal, non-adjacent area of distribution. When these species succeed in establishing populations in the Mediterranean Sea, compete with and begin to replace native species they are "Alien Invasive Species", as they are an agent of change and a threat to the native biodiversity. In the context of CBD, "introduction" refers to the movement by human agency, indirect or direct, of an alien species outside of its natural range (past or present). The Suez Canal, being an artificial (human-made) canal, is a human agency. Lessepsian migrants are therefore "introduced" species (indirect, and unintentional). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this sea. In recent years, the Egyptian government's announcement of its intentions to deepen and widen the Canal<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raised concerns from <a href="/wiki/Marine_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biologist">marine biologists</a>, fearing that such an act will only worsen the invasion of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean, and lead to even more species passing through the Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_of_new_tropical_Atlantic_species">Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Arrival of new tropical Atlantic species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent decades, the arrival of exotic species from the tropical Atlantic has become noticeable. In many cases this reflects an expansion – favoured by a warming trend of sub-tropical Atlantic waters, and also by a fast-growing maritime traffic – of the natural range of species that now enter the Mediterranean through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>. While not as intense as <a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian migration</a>, the process is of importance and is therefore receiving increased levels of scientific coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea-level_rise">Sea-level rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sea-level rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 and 61 cm (1.2 and 24.0 in) as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could have adverse effects on populations across the Mediterranean: </p> <ul><li>Rising sea levels will submerge parts of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. Rising sea levels will also mean rising salt water levels in Malta's groundwater supply and reduce the availability of drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 30 cm (12 in) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, displacing over 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> wetlands are also in danger of being destroyed by the rising temperatures and sea levels.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Coastal ecosystems also appear to be threatened by <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, especially enclosed seas such as the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. These seas have only small and primarily east–west movement <a href="/wiki/Habitat_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat corridor">corridors</a>, which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between 30 and 100 cm (12 and 39 in) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.05–0.1 °C (0.09–0.18 °F) in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpeace.org_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpeace.org-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Pollution</a> in this region has been extremely high in recent years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2012)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> has estimated that 650,000,000 t (720,000,000 short tons) of <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, 129,000 t (142,000 short tons) of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>, 60,000 t (66,000 short tons) of mercury, 3,800 t (4,200 short tons) of lead and 36,000 t (40,000 short tons) of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a> are dumped into the Mediterranean each year.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Convention" title="Barcelona Convention">Barcelona Convention</a> aims to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development.'<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the sea's pollution. One of them is the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal</a> which is considered to be among the world's most <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mediterranean is also plagued by <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>. A 1994 study of the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> using <a href="/wiki/Trawl_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawl net">trawl nets</a> around the coasts of Spain, France and Italy reported a particularly high mean concentration of debris; an average of 1,935 items per km<sup>2</sup> (5,010/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-nep.org/regionalseas/ma_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nep.org/regionalseas/ma-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping">Shipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portacontainer_MSC_in_navigazione_nello_stretto_di_Messina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Portacontainer_MSC_in_navigazione_nello_stretto_di_Messina.jpg/220px-Portacontainer_MSC_in_navigazione_nello_stretto_di_Messina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Portacontainer_MSC_in_navigazione_nello_stretto_di_Messina.jpg/330px-Portacontainer_MSC_in_navigazione_nello_stretto_di_Messina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Portacontainer_MSC_in_navigazione_nello_stretto_di_Messina.jpg/440px-Portacontainer_MSC_in_navigazione_nello_stretto_di_Messina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>A cargo ship cruises towards the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the world's busiest shipping routes are in the Mediterranean Sea. In particular, the Maritime Silk Road from Asia and Africa leads through the Suez Canal directly into the Mediterranean Sea to its deep-water ports in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. It is estimated that approximately 220,000 <a href="/wiki/Merchant_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant vessel">merchant vessels</a> of more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">tonnes</a> cross the Mediterranean Sea each year—about one-third of the world's total merchant shipping. These ships often carry hazardous cargo, which if lost would result in severe damage to the marine environment. </p><p>The discharge of chemical tank washings and oily wastes also represent a significant source of marine pollution. The Mediterranean Sea constitutes 0.7% of the global water surface and yet receives 17% of global marine oil pollution. It is estimated that every year between 100,000 and 150,000 t (98,000 and 148,000 long tons) of crude oil are deliberately released into the sea from shipping activities. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg/350px-Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg/525px-Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg/700px-Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Port of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Approximately 370,000,000 t (360,000,000 long tons) of oil are transported annually in the Mediterranean Sea (more than 20% of the world total), with around 250–300 <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a> crossing the sea every day. An important destination is the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Trieste" title="Port of Trieste">Port of Trieste</a>, the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Pipeline" title="Transalpine Pipeline">Transalpine Pipeline</a>, which covers 40% of Germany's oil demand (100% of the federal states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg), 90% of Austria and 50% of the Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accidental <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> happen frequently with an average of 10 spills per year. A major oil spill could occur at any time in any part of the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpeace.org_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpeace.org-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media 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div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:702px"><div style="position:relative;width:700px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mediterranean Sea is located in Mediterranean"><img alt="Mediterranean Sea is located in Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/700px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/1050px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png/1400px-Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="862" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.031%;left:13.502%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Valencia"><img alt="Valencia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Valencia" title="Port of Valencia">Valencia</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.088%;left:18.485%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Barcelona"><img alt="Barcelona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Barcelona" title="Port of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.947%;left:32.155%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Genoa"><img alt="Genoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Genoa" title="Port of Genoa">Genoa</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.018%;left:72.054%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ambarlı"><img alt="Ambarlı" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Ambarl%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Ambarlı (page does not exist)">Ambarlı</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.895%;left:61.886%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Piraeus"><img alt="Piraeus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Piraeus" title="Port of Piraeus">Piraeus</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.263%;left:80.808%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Limassol"><img alt="Limassol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Limassol" title="Port of Limassol">Limassol</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.263%;left:24.646%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fos"><img alt="Fos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Marseille-Fos_Port" title="Marseille-Fos Port">Fos</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.123%;left:43.502%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Marsaxlokk"><img alt="Marsaxlokk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Malta_Freeport" title="Malta Freeport">Marsaxlokk</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20.526%;left:34.04%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="La Spezia"><img alt="La Spezia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_La_Spezia" title="Port of La Spezia">La Spezia</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.368%;left:3.165%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Algeciras"><img alt="Algeciras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Algeciras" title="Port of Algeciras">Algeciras</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.351%;left:46.263%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gioia Tauro"><img alt="Gioia Tauro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gioia_Tauro" title="Port of Gioia Tauro">Gioia Tauro</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.035%;left:2.963%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tanger-Med"><img alt="Tanger-Med" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Tanger-Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Med">Tanger-Med</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.333%;left:34.949%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Leghorn"><img alt="Leghorn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Livorno" title="Port of Livorno">Leghorn</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.982%;left:74.141%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Evyap"><img alt="Evyap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evyapport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evyapport (page does not exist)">Evyap</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.947%;left:84.108%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mersin"><img alt="Mersin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mersin" title="Port of Mersin">Mersin</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.912%;left:84.848%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Haifa"><img alt="Haifa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Haifa" title="Port of Haifa">Haifa</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.175%;left:84.141%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ashdod"><img alt="Ashdod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ashdod" title="Port of Ashdod">Ashdod</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.211%;left:85.926%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Beirut"><img alt="Beirut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:7px"><div><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Beirut" title="Port of Beirut">Beirut</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.912%;left:72.896%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gemlik"><img alt="Gemlik" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:7px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Gemlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Gemlik (page does not exist)">Gemlik</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.351%;left:68.519%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-6px;top:-6px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nemrut Bay"><img alt="Nemrut Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/12px-Legenda_port.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/18px-Legenda_port.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Legenda_port.svg/24px-Legenda_port.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:7px"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Nemrut_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Nemrut Bay (page does not exist)">Nemrut Bay</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Mediterranean_Sea.png" title="File:Relief Map of Mediterranean Sea.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Largest ports of the Mediterranean area per total vessel traffic as of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemer_beach,_Antalya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kemer_beach%2C_Antalya.jpg/220px-Kemer_beach%2C_Antalya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kemer_beach%2C_Antalya.jpg/330px-Kemer_beach%2C_Antalya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kemer_beach%2C_Antalya.jpg/440px-Kemer_beach%2C_Antalya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kemer" title="Kemer">Kemer</a> Beach in <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera (Turquoise Coast)</a>. In 2019, Turkey <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings#Most_visited_destinations_by_international_tourist_arrivals" title="World Tourism rankings">ranked sixth in the world</a> in terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 million foreign tourists visiting the country.<sup id="cite_ref-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2019_Edition_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2019_Edition-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The coast of the Mediterranean has been used for tourism since ancient times, as the Roman villa buildings on the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Barcola" title="Barcola">Barcola</a> show. From the end of the 19th century, in particular, the beaches became places of longing for many Europeans and travellers. From then on, and especially after World War II, <a href="/wiki/Mass_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass tourism">mass tourism</a> to the Mediterranean began with all its advantages and disadvantages. While initially, the journey was by train and later by bus or car, today the plane is increasingly used.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism is today one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries, despite the human-made geopolitical conflicts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the region. The countries have tried to extinguish rising human-made chaotic zones<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that might affect the region's economies and societies in neighbouring coastal countries, and <a href="/wiki/Shipping_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping route">shipping routes</a>. Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered to be among the best<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> due to the rapid cooperation between various <a href="/wiki/List_of_fleets" title="List of fleets">naval fleets</a>. Unlike the vast open oceans, the sea's closed position facilitates effective naval and rescue missions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, considered the safest<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and regardless of<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> any human-made or <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism is a source of income for small coastal communities, including islands, independent of urban centres. However, tourism has also played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">degradation</a> of the coastal and <a href="/wiki/Marine_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine environment">marine environment</a>. Rapid development has been encouraged by Mediterranean governments to support the large numbers of tourists visiting the region, but this has caused serious disturbance to <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">marine habitats</a> by erosion and <a href="#Pollution">pollution</a> in many places along the Mediterranean coasts. </p><p>Tourism often concentrates in areas of high natural wealth<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, causing a serious threat to the habitats of endangered species such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">monk seals</a>. Reductions in natural wealth may reduce the incentive for tourists to visit.<sup id="cite_ref-greenpeace.org_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenpeace.org-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of tourism">Environmental impact of tourism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overfishing">Overfishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Overfishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></div> <p>Fish stock levels in the Mediterranean Sea are alarmingly low. The European Environment Agency says that more than 65% of all fish stocks in the region are outside safe biological limits and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, that some of the most important fisheries—such as <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">bluefin tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_mullet" title="Red mullet">red mullet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_bream" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea bream">sea bream</a>—are threatened.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply a full or month-and-year "|date=" of publication, or use "|year=year not specified" for intentional omission.">date missing</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are clear indications that catch size and quality have declined, often dramatically, and in many areas, larger and longer-lived species have disappeared entirely from commercial catches. </p><p>Large open-water fish like tuna have been a shared fisheries resource for thousands of years but the stocks are now dangerously low. In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> published a report revealing that the amount of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean had decreased by over 80% in the previous 20 years and government scientists warn that without immediate action the stock will collapse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_heatwaves">Marine heatwaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Marine heatwaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine heatwave</a></div> <p>A study showed that <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">climate change-related</a> exceptional <a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">marine heatwaves</a> in the Mediterranean Sea during 2015–2019 resulted in widespread mass sealife die-offs in five consecutive years.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Europa Point, Gibraltar"><img alt="Europa Point, Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg/240px-Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg/360px-Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg/480px-Gibraltar-Europa-Point-LH-from-the-sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Europa_Point" title="Europa Point">Europa Point</a>, Gibraltar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ForbysIbizaTown_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old city of Ibiza Town, Spain"><img alt="Old city of Ibiza Town, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ForbysIbizaTown_02.jpg/240px-ForbysIbizaTown_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ForbysIbizaTown_02.jpg/360px-ForbysIbizaTown_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/ForbysIbizaTown_02.jpg/480px-ForbysIbizaTown_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old city of <a href="/wiki/Ibiza_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibiza Town">Ibiza Town</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 380px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 378px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monaco_City_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of La Condamine, Monaco"><img alt="Panoramic view of La Condamine, Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Monaco_City_001.jpg/567px-Monaco_City_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="378" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Monaco_City_001.jpg/850px-Monaco_City_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Monaco_City_001.jpg/1133px-Monaco_City_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6843" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/La_Condamine" title="La Condamine">La Condamine</a>, Monaco</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The beach of la Courtade in the Îles d'Hyères, France"><img alt="The beach of la Courtade in the Îles d'Hyères, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg/247px-Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg/370px-Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg/493px-Plage-de-la-courtade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The beach of la Courtade in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_d%27Hy%C3%A8res" title="Îles d'Hyères">Îles d'Hyères</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chia_beach,_Sardinia,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sardinia's south coast, Italy"><img alt="Sardinia's south coast, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chia_beach%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy.jpg/240px-Chia_beach%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chia_beach%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy.jpg/360px-Chia_beach%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chia_beach%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy.jpg/480px-Chia_beach%2C_Sardinia%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>'s south coast, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panagiotis_wreck.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navagio, Greece"><img alt="Navagio, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Panagiotis_wreck.jpg/241px-Panagiotis_wreck.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Panagiotis_wreck.jpg/361px-Panagiotis_wreck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Panagiotis_wreck.jpg/482px-Panagiotis_wreck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Navagio" class="mw-redirect" title="Navagio">Navagio</a>, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_il-Bajja_s-Sabiha_%2B_Pretty_Bay_%2B_Gnien_Mons._Guzeppi_Minuti_03_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pretty Bay in Birżebbuġa, Malta"><img alt="Pretty Bay in Birżebbuġa, Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_il-Bajja_s-Sabiha_%2B_Pretty_Bay_%2B_Gnien_Mons._Guzeppi_Minuti_03_ies.jpg/270px-Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_il-Bajja_s-Sabiha_%2B_Pretty_Bay_%2B_Gnien_Mons._Guzeppi_Minuti_03_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_il-Bajja_s-Sabiha_%2B_Pretty_Bay_%2B_Gnien_Mons._Guzeppi_Minuti_03_ies.jpg/405px-Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_il-Bajja_s-Sabiha_%2B_Pretty_Bay_%2B_Gnien_Mons._Guzeppi_Minuti_03_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_il-Bajja_s-Sabiha_%2B_Pretty_Bay_%2B_Gnien_Mons._Guzeppi_Minuti_03_ies.jpg/540px-Malta_-_Birzebbuga_-_Triq_il-Bajja_s-Sabiha_%2B_Pretty_Bay_%2B_Gnien_Mons._Guzeppi_Minuti_03_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pretty Bay in <a href="/wiki/Bir%C5%BCebbu%C4%A1a" title="Birżebbuġa">Birżebbuġa</a>, Malta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piran_Stadtpanorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Piran, Slovenia"><img alt="Panoramic view of Piran, Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Piran_Stadtpanorama.jpg/318px-Piran_Stadtpanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Piran_Stadtpanorama.jpg/477px-Piran_Stadtpanorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Piran_Stadtpanorama.jpg/636px-Piran_Stadtpanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3535" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Piran" title="Piran">Piran</a>, Slovenia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavtat_Croatia_2008-10-07.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Cavtat, Croatia"><img alt="Panoramic view of Cavtat, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cavtat_Croatia_2008-10-07.JPG/240px-Cavtat_Croatia_2008-10-07.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cavtat_Croatia_2008-10-07.JPG/360px-Cavtat_Croatia_2008-10-07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cavtat_Croatia_2008-10-07.JPG/480px-Cavtat_Croatia_2008-10-07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Cavtat" title="Cavtat">Cavtat</a>, Croatia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neum02451.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Neum, Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="View of Neum, Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Neum02451.JPG/240px-Neum02451.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Neum02451.JPG/360px-Neum02451.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Neum02451.JPG/480px-Neum02451.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of <a href="/wiki/Neum" title="Neum">Neum</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Svetistefan1756.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of Sveti Stefan, Montenegro"><img alt="A view of Sveti Stefan, Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Svetistefan1756.JPG/240px-Svetistefan1756.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Svetistefan1756.JPG/360px-Svetistefan1756.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Svetistefan1756.JPG/480px-Svetistefan1756.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of <a href="/wiki/Sveti_Stefan" title="Sveti Stefan">Sveti Stefan</a>, Montenegro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksamill-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ksamil Islands, Albania"><img alt="Ksamil Islands, Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ksamill-1.jpg/270px-Ksamill-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ksamill-1.jpg/405px-Ksamill-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ksamill-1.jpg/540px-Ksamill-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ksamil_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksamil Islands">Ksamil Islands</a>, Albania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ölüdeniz, Turquoise Coast, Turkey"><img alt="Ölüdeniz, Turquoise Coast, Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg/360px-Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg/480px-Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4286" data-file-height="3214" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCdeniz" title="Ölüdeniz">Ölüdeniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turquoise Coast</a>, Turkey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petra_tou_romiou_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paphos, Cyprus"><img alt="Paphos, Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Petra_tou_romiou_beach.jpg/270px-Petra_tou_romiou_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Petra_tou_romiou_beach.jpg/405px-Petra_tou_romiou_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Petra_tou_romiou_beach.jpg/541px-Petra_tou_romiou_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>, Cyprus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burjeslam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burj Islam Beach, Latakia, Syria"><img alt="Burj Islam Beach, Latakia, Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Burjeslam.jpg/271px-Burjeslam.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Burjeslam.jpg/407px-Burjeslam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Burjeslam.jpg/542px-Burjeslam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Burj_Islam" title="Burj Islam">Burj Islam</a> Beach, <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, Syria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BeirutRaouche1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of Raouché off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon"><img alt="A view of Raouché off the coast of Beirut, Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BeirutRaouche1.jpg/240px-BeirutRaouche1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BeirutRaouche1.jpg/360px-BeirutRaouche1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BeirutRaouche1.jpg/480px-BeirutRaouche1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of <a href="/wiki/Raouch%C3%A9" title="Raouché">Raouché</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bat_Galim_neighborhood_and_Haifa_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of Haifa, Israel"><img alt="A view of Haifa, Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bat_Galim_neighborhood_and_Haifa_Bay.jpg/252px-Bat_Galim_neighborhood_and_Haifa_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bat_Galim_neighborhood_and_Haifa_Bay.jpg/378px-Bat_Galim_neighborhood_and_Haifa_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bat_Galim_neighborhood_and_Haifa_Bay.jpg/504px-Bat_Galim_neighborhood_and_Haifa_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A6_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD_horizon_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunset at the Deir al-Balah beach, Gaza Strip"><img alt="Sunset at the Deir al-Balah beach, Gaza Strip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A6_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD_horizon_adjusted.jpg/240px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A6_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD_horizon_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A6_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD_horizon_adjusted.jpg/360px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A6_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD_horizon_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A6_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD_horizon_adjusted.jpg/480px-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A6_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD_horizon_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="1423" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sunset at the <a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Balah" title="Deir al-Balah">Deir al-Balah</a> beach, Gaza Strip</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_of_Alexandria,_A_view_From_Bibliotheca_Alexandrina,_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coast of Alexandria, view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt"><img alt="Coast of Alexandria, view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coast_of_Alexandria%2C_A_view_From_Bibliotheca_Alexandrina%2C_Egypt.jpg/267px-Coast_of_Alexandria%2C_A_view_From_Bibliotheca_Alexandrina%2C_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coast_of_Alexandria%2C_A_view_From_Bibliotheca_Alexandrina%2C_Egypt.jpg/401px-Coast_of_Alexandria%2C_A_view_From_Bibliotheca_Alexandrina%2C_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coast_of_Alexandria%2C_A_view_From_Bibliotheca_Alexandrina%2C_Egypt.jpg/534px-Coast_of_Alexandria%2C_A_view_From_Bibliotheca_Alexandrina%2C_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coast of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, view From <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">Bibliotheca Alexandrina</a>, Egypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ras_Elhilal_Coast_Sea_Cave%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ras El Hilal sea caves, Libya"><img alt="Ras El Hilal sea caves, Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ras_Elhilal_Coast_Sea_Cave%27s.jpg/270px-Ras_Elhilal_Coast_Sea_Cave%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ras_Elhilal_Coast_Sea_Cave%27s.jpg/405px-Ras_Elhilal_Coast_Sea_Cave%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ras_Elhilal_Coast_Sea_Cave%27s.jpg/540px-Ras_Elhilal_Coast_Sea_Cave%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ras El Hilal sea caves, Libya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammametgolf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beach of Hammamet, Tunisia"><img alt="Beach of Hammamet, Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hammametgolf.jpg/354px-Hammametgolf.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hammametgolf.jpg/531px-Hammametgolf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hammametgolf.jpg/707px-Hammametgolf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beach of <a href="/wiki/Hammamet,_Tunisia" title="Hammamet, Tunisia">Hammamet</a>, Tunisia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Aiguades.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Les Aiguades near Béjaïa, Algeria"><img alt="Les Aiguades near Béjaïa, Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Les_Aiguades.jpg/240px-Les_Aiguades.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Les_Aiguades.jpg/360px-Les_Aiguades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Les_Aiguades.jpg/480px-Les_Aiguades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Les Aiguades near <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, Algeria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EL_Jebha1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Jebha, a port town in Morocco"><img alt="El Jebha, a port town in Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/EL_Jebha1.jpg/240px-EL_Jebha1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/EL_Jebha1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">El Jebha, a port town in Morocco</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a> – Series of controversies between Greece and Turkey over the Aegean Sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantropa" title="Atlantropa">Atlantropa</a> – Proposed engineering project to create new land within the Mediterranean Sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babelmed" title="Babelmed">Babelmed</a>, the site of the Mediterranean cultures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a> – Dispute between Greek and Turkish Cypriots<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_maritime_zones_dispute" title="Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute">Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute</a> – Ongoing political dispute in the Mediterranean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> – Countries that are geographically located to the east of the Mediterranean Sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_Parliamentary_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly">Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly</a> – Parliamentary assembly<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Greece" title="Exclusive economic zone of Greece">Exclusive economic zone of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever" title="Familial Mediterranean fever">Familial Mediterranean fever</a> – Genetic autoinflammatory disease</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a> – Historical development of the Mediterranean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League (1571)</a> – Catholic southern European alliance (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Turkey_maritime_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya–Turkey maritime deal">Libya–Turkey maritime deal</a> – Maritime boundary treaty between Libya's GNA and Turkey<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">List of islands in the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mediterranean_countries" title="List of Mediterranean countries">List of Mediterranean countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> – Diet inspired by the Mediterranean region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a> – Habitat defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a> – Multi-sport event of the Mediterranean countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean race</a> – Outdated grouping of human beings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_sea_(oceanography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean sea (oceanography)">Mediterranean sea (oceanography)</a> – Mostly enclosed sea with limited exchange with outer oceans<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a> – Turkish admiral and cartographer – Early cartographer of the Mediterranean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression_Project" title="Qattara Depression Project">Qattara Depression Project</a> – Hydroelectric macro-engineering concept in Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a> – Japanese Inland Sea – also known as the Japanese Mediterranean Sea</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73849">The Mediterranean: Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers</a> (1911), by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Baedeker" title="Karl Baedeker">Karl Baedeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Basin" title="Tyrrhenian Basin">Tyrrhenian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a> – Intergovernmental organization</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not including the area of the Mediterranean Sea</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the <a href="/wiki/Struma_(river)" title="Struma (river)">Struma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestos_(river)" title="Nestos (river)">Nestos</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria#Hydrography" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Geography of Bulgaria#Hydrography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the <a href="/wiki/Marecchia" title="Marecchia">Marecchia</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the <a href="/wiki/Struma_(river)" title="Struma (river)">Struma</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology of Switzerland</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Water_Flow_in_Semienclosed_Seaways-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Water_Flow_in_Semienclosed_Seaways_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPinet2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Pinet, Paul R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TCm8Xy-sLUC&pg=PA220">"Invitation to Oceanography"</a>. <i>Paleoceanography</i>. Vol. 30, no. 5. Jones & Barlett Learning. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5993-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5993-3"><bdi>978-0-7637-5993-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography&rft.atitle=Invitation+to+Oceanography&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=220&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5993-3&rft.aulast=Pinet&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TCm8Xy-sLUC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, Baruch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mediterranean-Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/nile-river">"Nile River"</a>. <i>Education | National Geographic Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308110451/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/nile-river/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+%7C+National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Nile+River&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fnile-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolvin1991" class="citation book cs1">Golvin, Jean-Claude (1991). <i>L'Égypte restituée, Tome 3</i>. Paris: Éditions Errance. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-148-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-148-6"><bdi>978-2-87772-148-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gypte+restitu%C3%A9e%2C+Tome+3&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Errance&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-2-87772-148-6&rft.aulast=Golvin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seirinidou2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seirinidou2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seirinidou2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaso Seirinidou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c53vDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">"The Mediterranean"</a> in Diana Mishkova, Balázs Trencsényi, <i>European Regions and Boundaries: A Conceptual History</i>, series <i>European Conceptual History</i> <b>3</b>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-78533-585-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-78533-585-5">1-78533-585-5</a>, 2017, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickman2011" class="citation book cs1">Rickman, Geoffrey (2011). "The creation of <i>Mare Nostrum</i>: 300 BC – 500 AD". In David Abulafia (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean in History</i>. Getty Publications. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-057-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-057-5"><bdi>978-1-60606-057-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+creation+of+Mare+Nostrum%3A+300+BC+%E2%80%93+500+AD&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+in+History&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-057-5&rft.aulast=Rickman&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202133428/http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D">"entry μεσόγαιος"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liddell_%26_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Liddell & Scott">Liddell & Scott</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2366422">the original</a> on 2 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=entry+%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.pub=Liddell+%26+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252366422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Mediterranean" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115766">"Mediterranean"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mediterranean&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F115766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehkhoda" class="citation web cs1">Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/247689/%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%85">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"دریای روم" entry"</a>. <i>Parsi Wiki</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522152841/https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/247689/%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%85">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parsi+Wiki&rft.atitle=%22%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%22+entry&rft.aulast=Dehkhoda&rft.aufirst=Ali+Akbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parsi.wiki%2Ffa%2Fwiki%2F247689%2F%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1%25db%258c%25d8%25a7%25db%258c-%25d8%25b1%25d9%2588%25d9%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-melitensia-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-melitensia_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-melitensia_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-melitensia_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVella1985" class="citation journal cs1">Vella, Andrew P. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329163002/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%204%281985%295/02.pdf">"Mediterranean Malta"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hyphen</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 469–472. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%204(1985)5/02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hyphen&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+Malta&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=469-472&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Vella&rft.aufirst=Andrew+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2Fincoming%2FIndex%2FHyphen%2FHyphen.%25204%281985%295%2F02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehkhoda" class="citation web cs1">Dehkhoda, Ali Akabar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/247707/%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"دریای شام" entry"</a>. <i>Parsi Wiki</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522152842/https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/247707/%d8%af%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parsi+Wiki&rft.atitle=%22%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%22+entry&rft.aulast=Dehkhoda&rft.aufirst=Ali+Akabar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parsi.wiki%2Ffa%2Fwiki%2F247707%2F%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1%25db%258c%25d8%25a7%25db%258c-%25d8%25b4%25d8%25a7%25d9%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eoi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eoi_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoi_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoi_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Baḥr al-Rūm" in <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, 2nd ed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diran Kélékian, <i>Dictionnaire Turc-Français</i>, Constantinople, 1911</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zhan_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Özhan Öztürk">Özhan Öztürk</a> claims that in Old Turkish <i>ak</i> also means "west" and that <i>Akdeniz</i> hence means "West Sea" and that <i>Karadeniz</i> (Black Sea) means "North Sea". <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zhan_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Özhan Öztürk">Özhan Öztürk</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915062836/http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/kitap/pontus-antik-cagdan-gunumuze-karadeniz-etnik-siyasi-tarihi.htm"><i>Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi Genesis Yayınları</i></a>. Ankara: Genesis Kitap. 2011. pp. 5–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/kitap/pontus-antik-cagdan-gunumuze-karadeniz-etnik-siyasi-tarihi.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontus%3A+Antik+%C3%87a%C4%9F%27dan+G%C3%BCn%C3%BCm%C3%BCze+Karadeniz%27in+Etnik+ve+Siyasi+Tarihi+Genesis+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pages=5-9&rft.pub=Genesis+Kitap&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karalahana.com%2Fmakaleler%2Fkitap%2Fpontus-antik-cagdan-gunumuze-karadeniz-etnik-siyasi-tarihi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=Asia&item=/Asia1870m.sid&style=default/view.xsl">"Map of the Mediterranean and North Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823025838/http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=Asia&item=/Asia1870m.sid&style=default/view.xsl">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+the+Mediterranean+and+North+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartweb.geography.ua.edu%2Flizardtech%2Fiserv%2Fcalcrgn%3Fcat%3DAsia%26item%3D%2FAsia1870m.sid%26style%3Ddefault%2Fview.xsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/fsc/gis/ottomanmaps/maps/ottoman02/img_l.jpg">"Map of the Ottoman Empire"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801215428/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/fsc/gis/ottomanmaps/maps/ottoman02/img_l.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.tufs.ac.jp%2Ffsc%2Fgis%2Fottomanmaps%2Fmaps%2Fottoman02%2Fimg_l.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johann Knoblock. <i>Sprache und Religion</i>, Vol. 1 (Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1979), 18; cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (1989). "Black Sea". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/black-sea"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>. Vol. IV, Fasc. 3. pp. 310–313. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205070511/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/black-sea">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.series=Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+3&rft.pages=310-313&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fblack-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Abulafia2011" class="citation book cs1">David Abulafia (2011). <i>The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Sea%3A+A+Human+History+of+the+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.au=David+Abulafia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rappoport, S. (Doctor of Philosophy, Basel). History of Egypt (undated, early 20th century), Volume 12, Part B, Chapter V: "The Waterways of Egypt", pp. 248–257 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofegyptch12masp#page/248/mode/2up">online</a>). London: The Grolier Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spanish-food.org-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spanish-food.org_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-arab-influence.html">"Arab Influence | Spanish-food.org"</a>. <i>www.spanish-food.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spanish-food.org&rft.atitle=Arab+Influence+%7C+Spanish-food.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanish-food.org%2Fspanish-food-history-arab-influence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrist1957" class="citation journal cs1">Crist, Raymond E. (1957). "Rice Culture in Spain". <i>The Scientific Monthly</i>. <b>84</b> (2): 66–74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957SciMo..84...66C">1957SciMo..84...66C</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3771">0096-3771</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/21775">21775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientific+Monthly&rft.atitle=Rice+Culture+in+Spain&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=66-74&rft.date=1957&rft.issn=0096-3771&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F21775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957SciMo..84...66C&rft.aulast=Crist&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.lk/ft-lite/the-story-of-andalusian-oranges-in-spain/6-579841">"The story of Andalusian Oranges in Spain"</a>. <i>www.ft.lk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ft.lk&rft.atitle=The+story+of+Andalusian+Oranges+in+Spain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.lk%2Fft-lite%2Fthe-story-of-andalusian-oranges-in-spain%2F6-579841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/fruits/lemon-types.asp">"The Nibble: Lemon History"</a>. <i>www.thenibble.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenibble.com&rft.atitle=The+Nibble%3A+Lemon+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenibble.com%2Freviews%2Fmain%2Ffruits%2Flemon-types.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenker2016" class="citation web cs1">Denker, Joel (14 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/06/14/481932829/moon-of-the-faith-a-history-of-the-apricot-and-its-many-pleasures">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Moon Of The Faith:' A History Of The Apricot And Its Many Pleasures"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27Moon+Of+The+Faith%3A%27+A+History+Of+The+Apricot+And+Its+Many+Pleasures&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft.aulast=Denker&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthesalt%2F2016%2F06%2F14%2F481932829%2Fmoon-of-the-faith-a-history-of-the-apricot-and-its-many-pleasures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2014" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Stephen (28 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://underwoodgardens.com/history-spinach/">"History of Spinach | Terroir Seeds"</a>. <i>Terroir Seeds | Underwood Gardens</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terroir+Seeds+%7C+Underwood+Gardens&rft.atitle=History+of+Spinach+%7C+Terroir+Seeds&rft.date=2014-02-28&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funderwoodgardens.com%2Fhistory-spinach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie-Christine_Daunay_and_Jules_Janick2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marie-Christine Daunay and Jules Janick (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/chronicaeggplant.pdf">"History and Iconography of Eggplant"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chronica Horticulturae</i>. <b>47</b>: 16–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronica+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=History+and+Iconography+of+Eggplant&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=16-22&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Marie-Christine+Daunay+and+Jules+Janick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fchronicaeggplant.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220728070445/http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/history.html">"History of Carrots –  A brief summary and timeline"</a>. <i>www.carrotmuseum.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/history.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.carrotmuseum.co.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+Carrots+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+A+brief+summary+and+timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carrotmuseum.co.uk%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707215152/https://cyrussaffron.com/the-history-of-saffron/">"The history of saffron"</a>. <i>Saffron</i>. 4 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyrussaffron.com/the-history-of-saffron/">the original</a> on 7 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saffron&rft.atitle=The+history+of+saffron&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyrussaffron.com%2Fthe-history-of-saffron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=1560989661&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true">"Bananas: an American History"</a>. <i>www.worldcat.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldcat.org&rft.atitle=Bananas%3A+an+American+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fwcpa%2Fservlet%2FDCARead%3FstandardNo%3D1560989661%26standardNoType%3D1%26excerpt%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruceeats.com/grades-of-spanish-olive-oil-3082923">"Learn All About Spanish Olive Oil"</a>. <i>The Spruce Eats</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spruce+Eats&rft.atitle=Learn+All+About+Spanish+Olive+Oil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespruceeats.com%2Fgrades-of-spanish-olive-oil-3082923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouper2015" class="citation book cs1">Couper, Alastair (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WFVACwAAQBAJ&q=The+Geography+of+Sea+Transport&pg=PA37"><i>The Geography of Sea Transport</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 33–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35150-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35150-4"><bdi>978-1-317-35150-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Sea+Transport&rft.pages=33-37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-35150-4&rft.aulast=Couper&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWFVACwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BGeography%2Bof%2BSea%2BTransport%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalard2003" class="citation book cs1">Balard, Michel (2003). Bull, Marcus Graham; Edbury, Peter; Phillips, Jonathan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JEN-0A3icQUC&q=amalfi+cairo&pg=PA233"><i>The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 – Defining the Crusader Kingdom</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78151-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78151-0"><bdi>978-0-521-78151-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145302/https://books.google.com/books?id=JEN-0A3icQUC&q=amalfi+cairo&pg=PA233#v=snippet&q=amalfi%20cairo&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experience+of+Crusading%2C+Volume+2+%E2%80%93+Defining+the+Crusader+Kingdom&rft.pages=23-35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78151-0&rft.aulast=Balard&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJEN-0A3icQUC%26q%3Damalfi%2Bcairo%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Housley" title="Norman Housley">Housley, Norman</a> (2006). <i>Contesting the Crusades</i>. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 152–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1189-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-1189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+the+Crusades&rft.pages=152-54&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1189-8&rft.aulast=Housley&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrundage2004" class="citation book cs1">Brundage, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=through+all+these+military+triumphs+and+reverses,+italian+merchants+constituted+the+mainstay&pg=PT303"><i>Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94880-1"><bdi>978-1-135-94880-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145303/https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=through+all+these+military+triumphs+and+reverses,+italian+merchants+constituted+the+mainstay&pg=PT303#v=snippet&q=through%20all%20these%20military%20triumphs%20and%20reverses%2C%20italian%20merchants%20constituted%20the%20mainstay&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Italy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94880-1&rft.aulast=Brundage&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2CTAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthrough%2Ball%2Bthese%2Bmilitary%2Btriumphs%2Band%2Breverses%2C%2Bitalian%2Bmerchants%2Bconstituted%2Bthe%2Bmainstay%26pg%3DPT303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Davis2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert Davis (5 December 2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392"><i>Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800</i></a></span>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-71966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-71966-4"><bdi>978-0-333-71966-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Slaves%2C+Muslim+Masters%3A+White+Slavery+in+the+Mediterranean%2C+the+Barbary+Coast+and+Italy%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003-12-05&rft.isbn=978-0-333-71966-4&rft.au=Robert+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116405722392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208143435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.I. Gable – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/ottomans.html">Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029132035/http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/ottomans.html">Archived</a> 29 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <i> Boglewood Timeline</i> – 1998 – Retrieved 3 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html">"History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018040430/http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <i>Sephardic Studies and Culture</i> – Retrieved 3 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Guisepi – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311160503/http://history-world.org/ottoman%20empire.htm">The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> – 1992 – <i>History World International</i> – Retrieved 3 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Brian Lavery "Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793–1815" (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Pelletier "A brief history of the Suez Canal" In: Apollo 3 July 2018; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17. December 2019; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), pp 112; Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal – die wichtigste von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkämpft" In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung 17 November 2019; Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? in The Maritime Executive, 1 January 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/10/13/migrant-deaths-prompt-calls-for-eu-action/">"Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera – English</i>. 13 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314151430/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/10/13/migrant-deaths-prompt-calls-for-eu-action/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+%E2%80%93+English&rft.atitle=Migrant+deaths+prompt+calls+for+EU+action&rft.date=2013-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F10%2F13%2Fmigrant-deaths-prompt-calls-for-eu-action%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/tickers/121894">"Schulz: EU migrant policy 'turned Mediterranean into graveyard'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>EUobserver</i>. 24 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029130716/http://euobserver.com/tickers/121894">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUobserver&rft.atitle=Schulz%3A+EU+migrant+policy+%27turned+Mediterranean+into+graveyard%27&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Ftickers%2F121894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topnews.az/en/news/148766/Novruz-Mammadov-The-Mediterranean-become-a-burial-ground.html">"Novruz Mammadov: The Mediterranean become a burial ground"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925095650/http://topnews.az/en/news/148766/Novruz-Mammadov-The-Mediterranean-become-a-burial-ground.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Novruz+Mammadov%3A+The+Mediterranean+become+a+burial+ground&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopnews.az%2Fen%2Fnews%2F148766%2FNovruz-Mammadov-The-Mediterranean-become-a-burial-ground.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/12/5683d0b56/million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html">"Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015"</a>. <i>UNHCR – The UN Refugee Agency</i>. 30 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224084500/http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/12/5683d0b56/million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNHCR+%E2%80%93+The+UN+Refugee+Agency&rft.atitle=Over+one+million+sea+arrivals+reach+Europe+in+2015&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Fnews%2Flatest%2F2015%2F12%2F5683d0b56%2Fmillion-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants">"What will Italy's new government mean for migrants?"</a>. <i>The Local Italy</i>. 21 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231010/https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local+Italy&rft.atitle=What+will+Italy%27s+new+government+mean+for+migrants%3F&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.it%2F20180521%2Fwhat-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD">"African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 18 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402002627/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=African+migrants+fear+for+future+as+Italy+struggles+with+surge+in+arrivals&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-italy-migrants-africa%2Fafrican-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Krachler "Alois Negrelli, der Suezkanalplaner" In: Wiener Zeitung 18 January 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaiHeYuChen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bai, Yan; He, Xianqiang; Yu, Shujie; Chen, Chen-Tung (28 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10030635">"Changes in the Ecological Environment of the Marginal Seas along the Eurasian Continent from 2003 to 2014"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10030635">10.3390/su10030635</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Changes+in+the+Ecological+Environment+of+the+Marginal+Seas+along+the+Eurasian+Continent+from+2003+to+2014&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=635&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu10030635&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.aufirst=Yan&rft.au=He%2C+Xianqiang&rft.au=Yu%2C+Shujie&rft.au=Chen%2C+Chen-Tung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu10030635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sea-of-Crete">"Sea of Crete | sea, Greece"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032903/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sea-of-Crete">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Sea+of+Crete+%26%23124%3B+sea%2C+Greece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSea-of-Crete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHO-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHO_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHO_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHO_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf">"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiho.int%2Fuploads%2Fuser%2Fpubs%2Fstandards%2Fs-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLionello,_P.2012" class="citation book cs1">Lionello, P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2u4HMfAMXoC"><i>The Climate of the Mediterranean Region: From the Past to the Future</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. lxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-391477-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-391477-4"><bdi>978-0-12-391477-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=a2u4HMfAMXoC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>Geographically, the Mediterranean catchment is extremely large and heterogeneous, covering an area of approximately 5 millions km<sup>2</sup>. It extends from the equator, where the springs of the White Nile River are located, to the source of the Rhone River at approximately 48°N. In longitude, it spans about 40°, from the middle of the Iberian peninsula, at 4°W, towards southern Turkey and the Middle East coasts facing the Mediterranean Sea (35°E).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Climate+of+the+Mediterranean+Region%3A+From+the+Past+to+the+Future&rft.pages=lxii&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-12-391477-4&rft.au=Lionello%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da2u4HMfAMXoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulos,_Serafeim2011" class="citation book cs1">Poulos, Serafeim (2011). "An insight to the fluvial characteristics of the Mediterranean and Black Sea watersheds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226665381"><i>Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 191. <q>The drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea, accounting for some 4,184 10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>2</sup> (including the R. Nile)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+insight+to+the+fluvial+characteristics+of+the+Mediterranean+and+Black+Sea+watersheds&rft.btitle=Advances+in+the+Research+of+Aquatic+Environment&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Poulos%2C+Serafeim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F226665381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margat_2004_p4-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margat_2004_p4_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margat_2004_p4_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margat_2004_p4_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargat,_Jean_F.2004" class="citation book cs1">Margat, Jean F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ"><i>Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9517181-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9517181-5-9"><bdi>978-2-9517181-5-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>A basin of varied geometry: Area of the entire Mediterranean Basin, including the whole of the Nile Basin = 4,562,480 km<sup>2</sup>; Area of the 'conventional' Mediterranean Basin (i.e. counting only part of the Nile Basin in Egypt) = 1,836,480 km<sup>2</sup> [...] There are few rivers with an abundant flow. Only three rivers have a mean discharge of more than 1000 m<sup>3</sup>/s: the Nile (at Aswan), the Rhône and the Po.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Basin+Water+Atlas&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-9517181-5-9&rft.au=Margat%2C+Jean+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5CGAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-García,_D.2022" class="citation journal cs1">García-García, D. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00382-022-06188-2">"Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Climate_Dynamics" title="Climate Dynamics">Climate Dynamics</a></i>. <b>59</b> (7–8): 1919–1938. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ClDy...59.1919G">2022ClDy...59.1919G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00382-022-06188-2">10.1007/s00382-022-06188-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10045%2F121760">10045/121760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0930-7575">0930-7575</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247013753">247013753</a>. <q>In the continents, the drainage basins discharging into the Mediterranean and Black seas are defined according to the global continental runoff pathways scheme (Oki and Sud 1998), and they cover 5.34 × 10<sup>6</sup> and 2.43 × 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup>, respectively</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Hydrological+cycle+of+the+Mediterranean-Black+Sea+system&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=1919-1938&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10045%2F121760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247013753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ClDy...59.1919G&rft.issn=0930-7575&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-022-06188-2&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00382-022-06188-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_Avijit2008" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Avijit (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC"><i>Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-72371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-72371-5"><bdi>978-0-470-72371-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145323/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>The highest point in the Nile basin is Mount Stanley (5109 m) in the Ruwenzori Mountain range between Lake Edward and Lake Albert</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Large+Rivers%3A+Geomorphology+and+Management&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-72371-5&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Avijit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXgyHLT_hwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024184710/https://www.medqsr.org/mediterranean-marine-and-coastal-environment">"The Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment: Hydrological and climatic setting"</a>. Mediterranean Action Plan of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/MAP). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medqsr.org/mediterranean-marine-and-coastal-environment">the original</a> on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Mediterranean is an area of transition between a temperate Europe with relatively abundant and consistent water resources, and the arid African and Arabian deserts that are very short of water.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+Marine+and+Coastal+Environment%3A+Hydrological+and+climatic+setting.&rft.pub=Mediterranean+Action+Plan+of+the+United+Nations+Environment+Programme+%28UNEP%2FMAP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medqsr.org%2Fmediterranean-marine-and-coastal-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNECE-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNECE_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNECE_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415181121/https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/pub76.htm"><i>Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders: First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>. 2007. pp. 154–181. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/pub76.htm">the original</a> on 15 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drainage+basin+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea&rft.btitle=Our+Waters%3A+Joining+Hands+Across+Borders%3A+First+Assessment+of+Transboundary+Rivers%2C+Lakes+and+Groundwaters&rft.pages=154-181&rft.pub=United+Nations+Economic+Commission+for+Europe&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Fenv%2Fwater%2Fpublications%2Fpub76.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier,_Andreas2015" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Andreas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZiKCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Central European Magdalenian: Regional Diversity and Internal Variability</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-7206-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-7206-8"><bdi>978-94-017-7206-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145419/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZiKCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>The major geographic features characterizing the landscape are the Rhône-Saône valley, the Jura Mountains, the Molasse basin and the northwestern slopes of the Alps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Central+European+Magdalenian%3A+Regional+Diversity+and+Internal+Variability&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-94-017-7206-8&rft.au=Maier%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ZiKCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Marino-republic-Europe">"San Marino"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503170939/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/521449/San-Marino">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Marino&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSan-Marino-republic-Europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rti.org/impact/nile-river-basin-initiative">"The Nile River Basin Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RTI_International" title="RTI International">RTI International</a>. 23 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321232928/https://www.rti.org/impact/nile-river-basin-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The longest river in the world, the Nile spans 35 degrees of latitude, drains three million square kilometers of land (one-tenth of the total surface area of Africa), and runs through 11 countries whose combined population totals over 300 million people: Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Nile's primary water source, Lake Victoria, is the world's second-largest body of fresh water, and the Nile Delta in northern Egypt covers over 150 miles of the Mediterranean coastline.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nile+River+Basin+Initiative&rft.pub=RTI+International&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rti.org%2Fimpact%2Fnile-river-basin-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jonah#1:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jonah">Jonah 1:3</a> – "But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish [...]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sea_Around_Us-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sea_Around_Us_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez">"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity"</a>. <i>seaaroundus.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seaaroundus.org&rft.atitle=Sea+Around+Us+%26%23124%3B+Fisheries%2C+Ecosystems+and+Biodiversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2Fdata%2F%23%2Feez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/793?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10">"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/793?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+Around+Us+%26%23124%3B+Fisheries%2C+Ecosystems+and+Biodiversity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2Fdata%2F%23%2Feez%2F793%3Fchart%3Dcatch-chart%26dimension%3Dtaxon%26measure%3Dtonnage%26limit%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mediterranean-Sea">"Mediterranean Sea | Facts, History, Islands, & Countries"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928203909/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mediterranean-Sea">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+Sea+%26%23124%3B+Facts%2C+History%2C+Islands%2C+%26+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMediterranean-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/mediterranean/">"The Mediterranean – a sea surrounded by land | WWF"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907160225/https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/mediterranean/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+%E2%80%93+a+sea+surrounded+by+land+%26%23124%3B+WWF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fknowledge_hub%2Fwhere_we_work%2Fmediterranean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/W4347E/w4347e0s.htm">"The Mediterranean coast"</a>. FAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907160227/http://www.fao.org/3/W4347E/w4347e0s.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+coast&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2FW4347E%2Fw4347e0s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoatti,_Jean-PaulThiébault,_Stéphane2018" class="citation book cs1">Moatti, Jean-Paul; Thiébault, Stéphane (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e799DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Mediterranean region under climate change: A scientific update</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_recherche_pour_le_d%C3%A9veloppement" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut de recherche pour le développement">Institut de recherche pour le développement</a>. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2220-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2220-3"><bdi>978-2-7099-2220-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101145303/https://books.google.com/books?id=e799DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>With about 10,000 islands and islets (approx. 250 inhabited by humans), the Mediterranean Sea can be considered as one of the largest archipelagos in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+region+under+climate+change%3A+A+scientific+update&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Institut+de+recherche+pour+le+d%C3%A9veloppement&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-7099-2220-3&rft.au=Moatti%2C+Jean-Paul&rft.au=Thi%C3%A9bault%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De799DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather2visit.com/europe/spain/malaga.htm">"Malaga Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Costa del Sol"</a>. <i>Weather2Visit.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104190643/https://www.weather2visit.com/europe/spain/malaga.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Visit.com&rft.atitle=Malaga+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Costa+del+Sol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2visit.com%2Feurope%2Fspain%2Fmalaga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/spain/barcelona.php">"Barcelona Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Spain"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718005932/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/spain/barcelona.php">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Barcelona+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Spain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Fspain%2Fbarcelona.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/france/marseille.php">"Marseille Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – France"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100916025328/http://weather2travel.com/climate-guides/france/marseille.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Marseille+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Ffrance%2Fmarseille.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/neapolitan-riviera/naples.php">"Naples Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Neapolitan Riviera"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531065556/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/neapolitan-riviera/naples.php">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Naples+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Neapolitan+Riviera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Fitaly%2Fneapolitan-riviera%2Fnaples.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/malta/valletta.php">"Valletta Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Malta – Malta"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101003085828/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/malta/valletta.php">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Valletta+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Malta+%E2%80%93+Malta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Fmalta%2Fvalletta.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/venetian-riviera/venice.php">"Venice Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Venetian Riviera"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616170441/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/venetian-riviera/venice.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Venice+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Venetian+Riviera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Fitaly%2Fvenetian-riviera%2Fvenice.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/athens.php">"Athens Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Greece – Greece"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527035347/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/athens.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Athens+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Greece+%E2%80%93+Greece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Fgreece%2Fathens.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/crete/iraklion.php">"Iraklion Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Crete – Crete"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026150816/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/greece/crete/iraklion.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Iraklion+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Crete+%E2%80%93+Crete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Fgreece%2Fcrete%2Firaklion.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather2travel.com/antalya-coast/antalya/climate/">"Antalya: Monthly Weather Averages – Antalya Coast – Turkey"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008080543/https://www.weather2travel.com/antalya-coast/antalya/climate/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Antalya%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Antalya+Coast+%E2%80%93+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fantalya-coast%2Fantalya%2Fclimate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/limassol.php">"Limassol Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Cyprus"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529205915/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/limassol.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Limassol+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Cyprus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Fcyprus%2Flimassol.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeatemperature.org" class="citation web cs1">Seatemperature.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/turkey/mercin.htm">"Mercin (alternate names – Mersin, Mersina, Mersine): Monthly Weather Averages – Turkey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008193335/https://www.seatemperature.org/middle-east/turkey/mercin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercin+%28alternate+names+%E2%80%93+Mersin%2C+Mersina%2C+Mersine%29%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Turkey&rft.au=Seatemperature.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seatemperature.org%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkey%2Fmercin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/israel/tel-aviv.php">"Tel Aviv Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Israel"</a>. <i>Weather2Travel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527183424/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/israel/tel-aviv.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather2Travel.com&rft.atitle=Tel+Aviv+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather2travel.com%2Fclimate-guides%2Fisrael%2Ftel-aviv.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeatemperature.org" class="citation web cs1">Seatemperature.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seatemperature.org/africa/egypt/alexandria.htm">"Alexandria Climate: Monthly Weather Averages – Egypt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308120342/https://www.seatemperature.org/africa/egypt/alexandria.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexandria+Climate%3A+Monthly+Weather+Averages+%E2%80%93+Egypt&rft.au=Seatemperature.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seatemperature.org%2Fafrica%2Fegypt%2Falexandria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinet1996" class="citation book cs1">Pinet, Paul R. (1996). <i>Invitation to Oceanography</i> (3rd ed.). St Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-06339-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-06339-7"><bdi>978-0-314-06339-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+Oceanography&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=202&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=West+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-314-06339-7&rft.aulast=Pinet&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet1996206-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet1996206_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet1996">Pinet 1996</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tempandsal-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tempandsal_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tempandsal_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmeisStruckSchulzRosenberg2000" class="citation journal cs1">Emeis, Kay-Christian; Struck, Ulrich; Schulz, Hans-Martin; Rosenberg, Reinhild; et al. 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"Temperature and salinity variations of Mediterranean Sea surface waters over the last 16,000 years from records of planktonic stable oxygen isotopes and alkenone unsaturation ratios". <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>. <b>158</b> (3–4): 259–280. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PPP...158..259E">2000PPP...158..259E</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.378.4964">10.1.1.378.4964</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0031-0182%2800%2900053-5">10.1016/s0031-0182(00)00053-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Temperature+and+salinity+variations+of+Mediterranean+Sea+surface+waters+over+the+last+16%2C000+years+from+records+of+planktonic+stable+oxygen+isotopes+and+alkenone+unsaturation+ratios&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=259-280&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.378.4964%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0031-0182%2800%2900053-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PPP...158..259E&rft.aulast=Emeis&rft.aufirst=Kay-Christian&rft.au=Struck%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Hans-Martin&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Reinhild&rft.au=Bernasconi%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Erlenkeuser%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Sakamoto%2C+Tatsuhiko&rft.au=Martinez-Ruiz%2C+Francisca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenberg1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ellenberg, L. (30 September 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fgh-36-109-1981">"Die Meerenge von Gibraltar : Küstenmorphologie zwischen Mittelmeer und Atlantik"</a>. <i>Geographica Helvetica</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 109–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fgh-36-109-1981">10.5194/gh-36-109-1981</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2194-8798">2194-8798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographica+Helvetica&rft.atitle=Die+Meerenge+von+Gibraltar+%3A+K%C3%BCstenmorphologie+zwischen+Mittelmeer+und+Atlantik&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=109-120&rft.date=1981-09-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fgh-36-109-1981&rft.issn=2194-8798&rft.aulast=Ellenberg&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fgh-36-109-1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofrichter2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hofrichter, R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u1vrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA530"><i>Das Mittelmeer: Geschichte und Zukunft eines ökologisch sensiblen Raums</i></a> (in German). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-58929-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-58929-8"><bdi>978-3-662-58929-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501210608/https://books.google.com/books?id=u1vrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA530">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Mittelmeer%3A+Geschichte+und+Zukunft+eines+%C3%B6kologisch+sensiblen+Raums&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-662-58929-8&rft.aulast=Hofrichter&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du1vrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTAUPIER-LETAGEMILLOT" class="citation report cs1">TAUPIER-LETAGE, Isabelle; MILLOT, Claude. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifremer.fr/lobtln/OTHER/ext_abstr_East_Sea_workshop_TLM.pdf">Recent results and new ideas about the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea. Outlook on the similarities and differences with the Asian Mediterranean Sea</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180948/http://www.ifremer.fr/lobtln/OTHER/ext_abstr_East_Sea_workshop_TLM.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Recent+results+and+new+ideas+about+the+Eurafrican+Mediterranean+Sea.+Outlook+on+the+similarities+and+differences+with+the+Asian+Mediterranean+Sea&rft.aulast=TAUPIER-LETAGE&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft.au=MILLOT%2C+Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifremer.fr%2Flobtln%2FOTHER%2Fext_abstr_East_Sea_workshop_TLM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillotTaupier-Letage2005" class="citation book cs1">Millot, Claude; Taupier-Letage, Isabelle (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191856/file/Millot_Taupier-Letage_Circulation_Med_Handbook_2005_HAL%20%281%29.pdf">"Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Mediterranean Sea</i>. 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Paris, Monaco: CIESM Publishers. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-990003-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-990003-2-8"><bdi>978-92-990003-2-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223120847/https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2002">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Egypt+to+deepen%2C+widen+Suez+Canal+after+blockage&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2021%2F05%2Fegypt-deepen-widen-suez-canal-after-blockage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalilZenetos2002" class="citation book cs1">Galil, Bella S.; Zenetos, Argyro (2002). "A Sea Change — Exotics in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea". <i>Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sustainable+tourism+in+the+Mediterranean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcor.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fengage%2Fstudies%2FDocuments%2Fsustainable-tourism-mediterranean%2Fsustainable-tourism-mediterranean.pdf%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWithin%2520the%2520wider%2520Mediterranean%2520region%252C%2520the%2520Mediterranean%2520countries%2Cis%2520likely%2520to%2520resume%2520when%2520the%2520situation%2520stabilises.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/marine-heatwave-sea-temperaturesmediterranean">"Marine heatwave: Record sea temperatures seen in the Mediterranean could devastate marine life"</a>. <i>interestingengineering.com</i>. 20 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820164944/https://interestingengineering.com/science/marine-heatwave-sea-temperaturesmediterranean">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=interestingengineering.com&rft.atitle=Marine+heatwave%3A+Record+sea+temperatures+seen+in+the+Mediterranean+could+devastate+marine+life&rft.date=2022-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterestingengineering.com%2Fscience%2Fmarine-heatwave-sea-temperaturesmediterranean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrabouGómez-GrasMedranoCerrano2022" class="citation journal cs1">Garrabou, Joaquim; Gómez-Gras, Daniel; Medrano, Alba; Cerrano, Carlo; et al. (18 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9543131">"Marine heatwaves drive recurrent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea"</a>. <i>Global Change Biology</i>. <b>28</b> (19): 5708–5725. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.16301">10.1111/gcb.16301</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10754%2F679702">10754/679702</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-1013">1354-1013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9543131">9543131</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35848527">35848527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250622761">250622761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Marine+heatwaves+drive+recurrent+mass+mortalities+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=5708-5725&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10754%2F679702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250622761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgcb.16301&rft.issn=1354-1013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35848527&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9543131%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=Garrabou&rft.aufirst=Joaquim&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Gras%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Medrano%2C+Alba&rft.au=Cerrano%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Ponti%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Schlegel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Bensoussan%2C+Nathaniel&rft.au=Turicchia%2C+Eva&rft.au=Sini%2C+Maria&rft.au=Gerovasileiou%2C+Vasilis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9543131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Newton_Dickson" title="Henry Newton Dickson">Dickson, Henry Newton</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mediterranean Sea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mediterranean_Sea">"Mediterranean Sea" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 67–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+Sea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=67-69&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMediterranean+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?area=Mediterranean+Sea&aktion=suche">Mediterranean Sea Microorganisms: 180+ images of Foraminifera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511142659/http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?area=Mediterranean+Sea&aktion=suche">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://med-lter.haifa.ac.il/index.php/about">Eastern Mediterranean Sea Long Term Ecological Research Station</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184556/http://med-lter.haifa.ac.il/index.php/about">Archived</a> 5 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73849">The Mediterranean : Seaports and sea routes including Madeira, the Canary Islands, the coast of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; handbook for travellers</a>. Written and published in Leipzig by Karl Baedeker in 1911.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(UK)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template talk:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Marginal seas of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottles_Bay" title="Pottles Bay">Pottles Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulfs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Mediterranean Sea</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mediterranean_Sea" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mediterranean Sea">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" class="extiw" title="c:Mediterranean Sea">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Sea" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mediterranean Sea">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" class="extiw" title="q:Mediterranean Sea">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mediterranean_Sea" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mediterranean Sea">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mediterranean_Sea" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mediterranean Sea">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" class="extiw" title="voy:Mediterranean Sea">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4918#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4918#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4918#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/239897976">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074895-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85083236">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Méditerranée (mer)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933509p">France</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Méditerranée, Mer"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15199561n">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Méditerranée (mer)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933509p">BnF data</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Méditerranée, Mer"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15199561n">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573122">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Středozemní moře"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134513&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlkdhq2gnbp3s">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563017105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/1043">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046199">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&oldid=1259000799">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Sea&oldid=1259000799</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean" title="Category:Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Sea" title="Category:Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marine_ecoregions" title="Category:Marine ecoregions">Marine ecoregions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" 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href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_France" title="Category:Seas of France">Seas of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Greece" title="Category:Seas of Greece">Seas of Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Italy" title="Category:Seas of Italy">Seas of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Spain" title="Category:Seas of Spain">Seas of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Turkey" title="Category:Seas of Turkey">Seas of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Africa" title="Category:Bodies of water of Africa">Bodies of water of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Asia" title="Category:Bodies of water of Asia">Bodies of water of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Europe" title="Category:Bodies of water of Europe">Bodies of water of Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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Template:Annotated_link"," 6.65% 215.893 56 Template:Cite_web"," 5.99% 194.427 253 Template:Convert"," 4.19% 136.034 1 Template:Sfn"," 3.89% 126.217 26 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.890","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24551234,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdloffSomotSevaultJordà2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgustiMoya-Sola1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArvisVesinCarruthersDucruet2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaiHeYuChen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlandBoninMaestrini1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethouxGentiliRaunetTailliez1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethouxMorinMadecGentili1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBialikSisma-VenturaVogt-VincentSilverman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoscBricaudAntoine2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrundage2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCivitareseGačićLipizerEusebi_Borzelli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouper2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrist1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;OrtenzioRibera_d\u0026#039;Alcalà2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Abulafia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehkhoda\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDenker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickson1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllenberg1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElmer_LaMoreaux2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmeisStruckSchulzRosenberg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF.J._Hilgen1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalilFrogliaNoël2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalilZenetos2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia-CastellanosEstradaJiménez-MuntGorini2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia-CastellanosVillaseñor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía-García,_D.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGargani_J.,_Rigollet_C.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGargani_J.Moretti_I.Letouzey_J.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrabouGómez-GrasMedranoCerrano2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaspariniOrtonaBudillonAstraldi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiorgi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolaniAzzurroDulčićMassutí2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolvin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovers2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossowiczBialikShemeshTchernov2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta,_Avijit2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofrichter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHousley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaiaPaola_MarianelliAlessandro_Sbrana2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordàMarbàDuarte2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKressHerut2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrijgsmanFortuinHilgenSierro2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKromThingstadBrennerCarbo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLascaratosRoetherNittisKlein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebeaupin_BrossierBérangerDeltelDrobinski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLionello,_P.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier,_Andreas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargat,_Jean_F.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarie-Christine_Daunay_and_Jules_Janick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuire2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillot1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillotTaupier-Letage2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoatti,_Jean-PaulThiébault,_Stéphane2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoutinVan_WambekePrieur2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinet1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinet2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulos,_Serafeim2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRickman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Davis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammartinoDi_CiccoMarulloSantoleri2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeatemperature.org\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSisma-VenturaBialikYamHerut2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTAUPIER-LETAGEMILLOT\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheocharisNittisKontoyiannisPapageorgiou1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUitzStramskiGentiliD\u0026#039;Ortenzio2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVella1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerduraLinaresBallesterosComa2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Ryan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWimart-RousseauWagenerÁlvarezMoutin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_VaraTopperMeijerKouwenhoven2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽumer2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"ALB\"] = 1,\n [\"ALG\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 24,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BIH\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica URL\"] = 1,\n [\"CO2\"] = 2,\n [\"CRO\"] = 1,\n [\"CSS image crop\"] = 1,\n [\"CYP\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 56,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 11,\n [\"Convert\"] = 253,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 7,\n [\"Date missing\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"EGY\"] = 1,\n [\"ESP\"] = 1,\n [\"Endflatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"FRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Fix\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GBR\"] = 1,\n [\"GRE\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISR\"] = 1,\n [\"ITA\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox body of water\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"LBA\"] = 1,\n [\"LBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 17,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"List of seas\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 20,\n [\"MAR\"] = 1,\n [\"MLT\"] = 1,\n [\"MNE\"] = 1,\n [\"MON\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Main list\"] = 2,\n [\"Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 7,\n [\"Notetag\"] = 1,\n [\"PLE\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regions of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"SLO\"] = 1,\n [\"SYR\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"TUN\"] = 1,\n [\"TUR\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Who else\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","17.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","160","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","5.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.3"],["[others]","500","28.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fb9fb","timestamp":"20241123093041","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_Sea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4918","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4918","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-12T17:26:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T21:04:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/96\/Mediterranee_02_EN.jpg","headline":"sea between Europe, Africa and Asia"}</script> </body> </html>