CINXE.COM
<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="no-js b-pw-1280 b-reith-sans-font b-reith-serif-font b-reith-serif-loaded b-reith-sans-loaded"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/language","20201221001053","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1608509453"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta data-rh="true" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="google-site-verification" content="I0_h0oRDIOewanIX2SQEN0-dHGdH6uBQT7V9l_WqRY8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="keywords" content="INDEX,tags-content-index,tag,live"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Stories about Language"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Language"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="website"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/language"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Stories about Language"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/live/624x351/p052s88y.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:width" content="624"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:height" content="351"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:pages" content="133536249999517"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:site" content="@BBC_Worklife"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="Language"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="Stories about Language"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/live/624x351/p052s88y.jpg"/> <title data-rh="true">Language - BBC Worklife</title> <link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/language"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/worklife/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/worklife/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/worklife/favicon-16x16.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/worklife/favicon.ico"/><link data-rh="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/worklife/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#063d90"/><link data-rh="true" rel="manifest" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/assets/worklife/site.webmanifest"/> <script> window.orb_fig_blocking = true; </script> <script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace('no-js', '');</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/7ba98e3db9d415f8cbdb0978bf084f9e/js/require.min.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/7ba98e3db9d415f8cbdb0978bf084f9e/css/orb-ltr.min.css"> <!-- Orbit: 3.0.0-1321.ae2f5443 --> <!-- Environment: live --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <script> // nav-orbit-pollyfills // Promise polyfill from https://github.com/bramstein/promis (function(){'use strict';var f,g=[];function l(a){g.push(a);1==g.length&&f()}function m(){for(;g.length;)g[0](),g.shift()}f=function(){setTimeout(m)};function n(a){this.a=p;this.b=void 0;this.f=[];var b=this;try{a(function(a){q(b,a)},function(a){r(b,a)})}catch(c){r(b,c)}}var p=2;function t(a){return new n(function(b,c){c(a)})}function u(a){return new n(function(b){b(a)})}function q(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;var c=!1;try{var d=b&&b.then;if(null!=b&&"object"==typeof b&&"function"==typeof d){d.call(b,function(b){c||q(a,b);c=!0},function(b){c||r(a,b);c=!0});return}}catch(e){c||r(a,e);return}a.a=0;a.b=b;v(a)}} function r(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;a.a=1;a.b=b;v(a)}}function v(a){l(function(){if(a.a!=p)for(;a.f.length;){var b=a.f.shift(),c=b[0],d=b[1],e=b[2],b=b[3];try{0==a.a?"function"==typeof c?e(c.call(void 0,a.b)):e(a.b):1==a.a&&("function"==typeof d?e(d.call(void 0,a.b)):b(a.b))}catch(h){b(h)}}})}n.prototype.g=function(a){return this.c(void 0,a)};n.prototype.c=function(a,b){var c=this;return new n(function(d,e){c.f.push([a,b,d,e]);v(c)})}; function w(a){return new n(function(b,c){function d(c){return function(d){h[c]=d;e+=1;e==a.length&&b(h)}}var e=0,h=[];0==a.length&&b(h);for(var k=0;k<a.length;k+=1)u(a[k]).c(d(k),c)})}function x(a){return new n(function(b,c){for(var d=0;d<a.length;d+=1)u(a[d]).c(b,c)})};window.Promise||(window.Promise=n,window.Promise.resolve=u,window.Promise.reject=t,window.Promise.race=x,window.Promise.all=w,window.Promise.prototype.then=n.prototype.c,window.Promise.prototype["catch"]=n.prototype.g);}()); // Polyfill Event constructor for IE ref: https://jira.dev.bbc.co.uk/browse/ORBITEN-919 // see: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26596123 (function () { if (typeof window.CustomEvent === "function") { return false; } function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: undefined }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.Event = CustomEvent; })(); //Element.prototype.matches polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/matches#Polyfill if (!Element.prototype.matches) { Element.prototype.matches = Element.prototype.msMatchesSelector || Element.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector; } //NodeList.forEach Polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/NodeList/forEach#Polyfill if (window.NodeList && !NodeList.prototype.forEach) { NodeList.prototype.forEach = Array.prototype.forEach; } // Object.assign polyfill from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/assign#Polyfill if (typeof Object.assign != 'function') { // Must be writable: true, enumerable: false, configurable: true Object.defineProperty(Object, "assign", { value: function assign(target, varArgs) { // .length of function is 2 'use strict'; if (target == null) { // TypeError if undefined or null throw new TypeError('Cannot convert undefined or null to object'); } var to = Object(target); for (var index = 1; index < arguments.length; index++) { var nextSource = arguments[index]; if (nextSource != null) { // Skip over if undefined or null for (var nextKey in nextSource) { // Avoid bugs when hasOwnProperty is shadowed if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(nextSource, nextKey)) { to[nextKey] = nextSource[nextKey]; } } } } return to; }, writable: true, configurable: true }); } // window.fetch polyfill https://github.com/github/fetch/blob/v0.11.0/fetch.js - chosen for IE9 compatibility if(typeof window.fetch !== 'function') { (function(self){"use strict";if(self.fetch){return}function normalizeName(name){if(typeof name!=="string"){name=String(name)}if(/[^a-z0-9\-#$%&'*+.\^_`|~]/i.test(name)){throw new TypeError("Invalid character in header field name")}return name.toLowerCase()}function normalizeValue(value){if(typeof value!=="string"){value=String(value)}return value}function Headers(headers){this.map={};if(headers instanceof Headers){headers.forEach(function(value,name){this.append(name,value)},this)}else if(headers){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(headers).forEach(function(name){this.append(name,headers[name])},this)}}Headers.prototype.append=function(name,value){name=normalizeName(name);value=normalizeValue(value);var list=this.map[name];if(!list){list=[];this.map[name]=list}list.push(value)};Headers.prototype["delete"]=function(name){delete this.map[normalizeName(name)]};Headers.prototype.get=function(name){var values=this.map[normalizeName(name)];return values?values[0]:null};Headers.prototype.getAll=function(name){return this.map[normalizeName(name)]||[]};Headers.prototype.has=function(name){return this.map.hasOwnProperty(normalizeName(name))};Headers.prototype.set=function(name,value){this.map[normalizeName(name)]=[normalizeValue(value)]};Headers.prototype.forEach=function(callback,thisArg){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this.map).forEach(function(name){this.map[name].forEach(function(value){callback.call(thisArg,value,name,this)},this)},this)};function consumed(body){if(body.bodyUsed){return Promise.reject(new TypeError("Already read"))}body.bodyUsed=true}function fileReaderReady(reader){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){reader.onload=function(){resolve(reader.result)};reader.onerror=function(){reject(reader.error)}})}function readBlobAsArrayBuffer(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsArrayBuffer(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}function readBlobAsText(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsText(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}var support={blob:"FileReader"in self&&"Blob"in self&&function(){try{new Blob;return true}catch(e){return false}}(),formData:"FormData"in self,arrayBuffer:"ArrayBuffer"in self};function Body(){this.bodyUsed=false;this._initBody=function(body){this._bodyInit=body;if(typeof body==="string"){this._bodyText=body}else if(support.blob&&Blob.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyBlob=body}else if(support.formData&&FormData.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyFormData=body}else if(!body){this._bodyText=""}else if(support.arrayBuffer&&ArrayBuffer.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){}else{throw new Error("unsupported BodyInit type")}if(!this.headers.get("content-type")){if(typeof body==="string"){this.headers.set("content-type","text/plain;charset=UTF-8")}else if(this._bodyBlob&&this._bodyBlob.type){this.headers.set("content-type",this._bodyBlob.type)}}};if(support.blob){this.blob=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return Promise.resolve(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as blob")}else{return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyText]))}};this.arrayBuffer=function(){return this.blob().then(readBlobAsArrayBuffer)};this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return readBlobAsText(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as text")}else{return Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}}else{this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);return rejected?rejected:Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}if(support.formData){this.formData=function(){return this.text().then(decode)}}this.json=function(){return this.text().then(JSON.parse)};return this}var methods=["DELETE","GET","HEAD","OPTIONS","POST","PUT"];function normalizeMethod(method){var upcased=method.toUpperCase();return methods.indexOf(upcased)>-1?upcased:method}function Request(input,options){options=options||{};var body=options.body;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)){if(input.bodyUsed){throw new TypeError("Already read")}this.url=input.url;this.credentials=input.credentials;if(!options.headers){this.headers=new Headers(input.headers)}this.method=input.method;this.mode=input.mode;if(!body){body=input._bodyInit;input.bodyUsed=true}}else{this.url=input}this.credentials=options.credentials||this.credentials||"omit";if(options.headers||!this.headers){this.headers=new Headers(options.headers)}this.method=normalizeMethod(options.method||this.method||"GET");this.mode=options.mode||this.mode||null;this.referrer=null;if((this.method==="GET"||this.method==="HEAD")&&body){throw new TypeError("Body not allowed for GET or HEAD requests")}this._initBody(body)}Request.prototype.clone=function(){return new Request(this)};function decode(body){var form=new FormData;body.trim().split("&").forEach(function(bytes){if(bytes){var split=bytes.split("=");var name=split.shift().replace(/\+/g," ");var value=split.join("=").replace(/\+/g," ");form.append(decodeURIComponent(name),decodeURIComponent(value))}});return form}function headers(xhr){var head=new Headers;var pairs=xhr.getAllResponseHeaders().trim().split("\n");pairs.forEach(function(header){var split=header.trim().split(":");var key=split.shift().trim();var value=split.join(":").trim();head.append(key,value)});return head}Body.call(Request.prototype);function Response(bodyInit,options){if(!options){options={}}this.type="default";this.status=options.status;this.ok=this.status>=200&&this.status<300;this.statusText=options.statusText;this.headers=options.headers instanceof Headers?options.headers:new Headers(options.headers);this.url=options.url||"";this._initBody(bodyInit)}Body.call(Response.prototype);Response.prototype.clone=function(){return new Response(this._bodyInit,{status:this.status,statusText:this.statusText,headers:new Headers(this.headers),url:this.url})};Response.error=function(){var response=new Response(null,{status:0,statusText:""});response.type="error";return response};var redirectStatuses=[301,302,303,307,308];Response.redirect=function(url,status){if(redirectStatuses.indexOf(status)===-1){throw new RangeError("Invalid status code")}return new Response(null,{status:status,headers:{location:url}})};self.Headers=Headers;self.Request=Request;self.Response=Response;self.fetch=function(input,init){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){var request;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)&&!init){request=input}else{request=new Request(input,init)}var xhr=new XMLHttpRequest;function responseURL(){if("responseURL"in xhr){return xhr.responseURL}if(/^X-Request-URL:/m.test(xhr.getAllResponseHeaders())){return xhr.getResponseHeader("X-Request-URL")}return}xhr.onload=function(){var status=xhr.status===1223?204:xhr.status;if(status<100||status>599){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"));return}var options={status:status,statusText:xhr.statusText,headers:headers(xhr),url:responseURL()};var body="response"in xhr?xhr.response:xhr.responseText;resolve(new Response(body,options))};xhr.onerror=function(){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"))};xhr.open(request.method,request.url,true);if(request.credentials==="include"){xhr.withCredentials=true}if("responseType"in xhr&&support.blob){xhr.responseType="blob"}request.headers.forEach(function(value,name){xhr.setRequestHeader(name,value)});xhr.send(typeof request._bodyInit==="undefined"?null:request._bodyInit)})};self.fetch.polyfill=true})(typeof self!=="undefined"?self:this); } if (typeof window.CustomEvent !== 'function') { function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; } </script> <script> window.orbitData = {}; var additionalPageProperties = {}; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_5'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_1'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_3'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_9'] = '1'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_10'] = ''; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_6'] = ''; window.orbitData.partialCookieOvenUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://cookie-oven.api.bbc'; window.orbitData.language = 'en'; window.orbitData.language = 'en'; window.orbitData.userProfileUrl = "https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/userprofile"; window.orbitData.modal = false; function generateCountername() { if (window.location.protocol === 'file:') { return 'local.file'; } var pathName = window.location.pathname .replace(/\/$/, "") .replace(/^\//, "") .replace(/\//g, '.'); return pathName + '.page'; } window.orbitData.page = { name: 'worklife.tags.language.page' || generateCountername(), destination: 'FEATURE_SITES_GNL' || null, producer: 'GNL_CAPITAL' || null, section: '' || null, site: '' || null, contentId: '' || null, contentType: 'index-section' || null, edition: '' || null, additionalProperties: additionalPageProperties }; window.orb = { worldwideNavlinks: '<li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-reeldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/reel">Reel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-worklife"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife">Worklife</a></li><li class="orb-nav-traveldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/travel">Travel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-future"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/future">Future</a></li><li class="orb-nav-culture"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/culture">Culture</a></li><li class="orb-nav-music"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/culture/music">Music</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m">TV</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li>', } function updatePageData(newData) { window.orbitData.page = Object.assign(window.orbitData.page, newData); } document.addEventListener('bbc-page-reset', function(event) { if (event.detail && event.detail.page) { updatePageData(event.detail.page); } document.dispatchEvent(new Event('bbc-page-updated')); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript">!function(){var t={1391:function(t){var r={getName:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.page.name)},getLanguage:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.language)},getDestination:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.page.destination)},getProducer:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.page.producer)},getSection:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.page.section)},getContentType:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.page.contentType)},getContentId:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.page.contentId)},getReferrer:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orb&&null!==window.orb.referrer&&void 0!==window.orb.referrer?window.orb.referrer:document.referrer)},getAdditionalProperties:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.page.additionalProperties)},loadCSS:function(t){return new Promise((function(r,e){var n=document.createElement("link");n.type="text/css",n.rel="stylesheet",n.onload=function(){r()},n.href=t,document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(n)}))},isModal:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.modal)}};window.bbcpage=r,t.exports={bbcpage:r}},9135:function(t){function r(t){return(r="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}function e(t,r){if(!(t instanceof r))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}function n(t,e){return!e||"object"!==r(e)&&"function"!=typeof e?function(t){if(void 0===t)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return t}(t):e}function o(t){var r="function"==typeof Map?new Map:void 0;return(o=function(t){if(null===t||(e=t,-1===Function.toString.call(e).indexOf("[native code]")))return t;var e;if("function"!=typeof t)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function");if(void 0!==r){if(r.has(t))return r.get(t);r.set(t,n)}function n(){return i(t,arguments,c(this).constructor)}return n.prototype=Object.create(t.prototype,{constructor:{value:n,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),a(n,t)})(t)}function i(t,r,e){return(i=u()?Reflect.construct:function(t,r,e){var n=[null];n.push.apply(n,r);var o=new(Function.bind.apply(t,n));return e&&a(o,e.prototype),o}).apply(null,arguments)}function u(){if("undefined"==typeof Reflect||!Reflect.construct)return!1;if(Reflect.construct.sham)return!1;if("function"==typeof Proxy)return!0;try{return Date.prototype.toString.call(Reflect.construct(Date,[],(function(){}))),!0}catch(t){return!1}}function a(t,r){return(a=Object.setPrototypeOf||function(t,r){return t.__proto__=r,t})(t,r)}function c(t){return(c=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.getPrototypeOf:function(t){return t.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(t)})(t)}var s=function(t){!function(t,r){if("function"!=typeof r&&null!==r)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function");t.prototype=Object.create(r&&r.prototype,{constructor:{value:t,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),r&&a(t,r)}(s,t);var r,o,i=(r=s,o=u(),function(){var t,e=c(r);if(o){var i=c(this).constructor;t=Reflect.construct(e,arguments,i)}else t=e.apply(this,arguments);return n(this,t)});function s(){return e(this,s),i.apply(this,arguments)}return s}(o(Error));function f(t){return new Promise((function(r,e){window.require(t,(function(){r.apply(this,arguments)}),(function(t){e(t)}))}))}var l,p=null;function h(){if(window.orbitData&&window.orbitData.user&&["X-Country","X-Ip_is_advertise_combined","X-Ip_is_uk_combined"].every((function(t){return!!window.orbitData.user[t]})))return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.user);if(!p){var t=window.location.hostname.endsWith(".com")?"com":"co.uk";p=fetch("https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.".concat(t,"/userinfo")).then((function(t){return t.json()}))}return p}function d(t){if(t.status>=200&&t.status<300)return t;var r=new Error(t.statusText);throw r.response=t,r}function v(t){return t.json()}function y(){if(window.orbitData.user&&window.orbitData.user.ageBand)return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.user);if(!l){if("undefined"==typeof XMLHttpRequest||!("withCredentials"in new XMLHttpRequest))return Promise.resolve(window.orbitData.user);l=f(["idcta-v2/idcta-1"]).then((function(t){return t.initiateTokenRefresh().then((function(){return window.fetch(window.orbitData.userProfileUrl,{credentials:"include"}).then(d).then(v).then((function(t){return void 0===window.orbitData.user?window.orbitData.user=t:Object.assign(window.orbitData.user,t),window.orbitData.user}))}))}))}return l}var g={getHashedId:function(){return f(["idcta-v2/idcta-1"]).then((function(t){return t.getCookieInstance().getHidFromCookie()}))},isSignedIn:function(){return f(["idcta-v2/idcta-1"]).then((function(t){return t&&t.getCookieInstance().hasCookie()}))},getCountry:function(){return h().then((function(t){return t["X-Country"]||"gb"}))},isUKCombined:function(){return h().then((function(t){if(!t["X-Ip_is_uk_combined"])throw new s("missing isUKCombined from userinfo response");return"yes"===t["X-Ip_is_uk_combined"].toLowerCase()}))},canSeeAdverts:function(){return h().then((function(t){if(!t["X-Ip_is_advertise_combined"])throw new s("missing canSeeAdverts from userinfo response");return"yes"===t["X-Ip_is_advertise_combined"].toLowerCase()}))},getAgeBand:function(){return h().then((function(t){return t["X-Age-Band"]?Promise.resolve(t["X-Age-Band"]):g.isSignedIn().then((function(r){if(r)return y().then((function(r){return t["X-Age-Band"]=r["X-Age-Band"],t["X-Age-Band"]||void 0})).catch((function(r){return t["X-Age-Band"]||void 0}))}))}))},allowsPerformanceCookies:function(){return f(["orb/cookies"]).then((function(t){return!!t.cookiesEnabled()&&!!t.readPolicy("performance")}))},allowsFunctionalCookies:function(){return f(["orb/cookies"]).then((function(t){return!!t.cookiesEnabled()&&!!t.readPolicy("personalisation")}))},getCookieValue:function(t){return f(["orb/cookies"]).then((function(r){return r.get(t)}))}};window.bbcuser=g,t.exports={bbcuser:g,BBCUserError:s}},7633:function(t,r,e){e(1539),e(8783),e(3948),e(8674),e(7922),e(7727);var n=e(857);t.exports=n.Promise},1111:function(t,r,e){e(4916),e(4953),e(8992),e(9841),e(7852),e(2023),e(4723),e(6373),e(6528),e(3112),e(2481),e(5306),e(4765),e(3123),e(3157),e(3210),e(5674),e(8702),e(8783),e(5218),e(4475),e(7929),e(915),e(9253),e(2125),e(8830),e(8734),e(9254),e(7268),e(7397),e(86),e(623);var n=e(857);t.exports=n.String},3099:function(t){t.exports=function(t){if("function"!=typeof t)throw TypeError(String(t)+" is not a function");return t}},6077:function(t,r,e){var n=e(111);t.exports=function(t){if(!n(t)&&null!==t)throw TypeError("Can't set "+String(t)+" as a prototype");return t}},1223:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5112),o=e(30),i=e(3070),u=n("unscopables"),a=Array.prototype;null==a[u]&&i.f(a,u,{configurable:!0,value:o(null)}),t.exports=function(t){a[u][t]=!0}},1530:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(8710).charAt;t.exports=function(t,r,e){return r+(e?n(t,r).length:1)}},5787:function(t){t.exports=function(t,r,e){if(!(t instanceof r))throw TypeError("Incorrect "+(e?e+" ":"")+"invocation");return t}},9670:function(t,r,e){var n=e(111);t.exports=function(t){if(!n(t))throw TypeError(String(t)+" is not an object");return t}},1318:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5656),o=e(7466),i=e(1400),u=function(t){return function(r,e,u){var a,c=n(r),s=o(c.length),f=i(u,s);if(t&&e!=e){for(;s>f;)if((a=c[f++])!=a)return!0}else for(;s>f;f++)if((t||f in c)&&c[f]===e)return t||f||0;return!t&&-1}};t.exports={includes:u(!0),indexOf:u(!1)}},3411:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670);t.exports=function(t,r,e,o){try{return o?r(n(e)[0],e[1]):r(e)}catch(r){var i=t.return;throw void 0!==i&&n(i.call(t)),r}}},7072:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5112)("iterator"),o=!1;try{var i=0,u={next:function(){return{done:!!i++}},return:function(){o=!0}};u[n]=function(){return this},Array.from(u,(function(){throw 2}))}catch(t){}t.exports=function(t,r){if(!r&&!o)return!1;var e=!1;try{var i={};i[n]=function(){return{next:function(){return{done:e=!0}}}},t(i)}catch(t){}return e}},4326:function(t){var r={}.toString;t.exports=function(t){return r.call(t).slice(8,-1)}},648:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1694),o=e(4326),i=e(5112)("toStringTag"),u="Arguments"==o(function(){return arguments}());t.exports=n?o:function(t){var r,e,n;return void 0===t?"Undefined":null===t?"Null":"string"==typeof(e=function(t,r){try{return t[r]}catch(t){}}(r=Object(t),i))?e:u?o(r):"Object"==(n=o(r))&&"function"==typeof r.callee?"Arguments":n}},9920:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6656),o=e(3887),i=e(1236),u=e(3070);t.exports=function(t,r){for(var e=o(r),a=u.f,c=i.f,s=0;s<e.length;s++){var f=e[s];n(t,f)||a(t,f,c(r,f))}}},4964:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5112)("match");t.exports=function(t){var r=/./;try{"/./"[t](r)}catch(e){try{return r[n]=!1,"/./"[t](r)}catch(t){}}return!1}},8544:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293);t.exports=!n((function(){function t(){}return t.prototype.constructor=null,Object.getPrototypeOf(new t)!==t.prototype}))},4230:function(t,r,e){var n=e(4488),o=/"/g;t.exports=function(t,r,e,i){var u=String(n(t)),a="<"+r;return""!==e&&(a+=" "+e+'="'+String(i).replace(o,""")+'"'),a+">"+u+"</"+r+">"}},4994:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(3383).IteratorPrototype,o=e(30),i=e(9114),u=e(8003),a=e(7497),c=function(){return this};t.exports=function(t,r,e){var s=r+" Iterator";return t.prototype=o(n,{next:i(1,e)}),u(t,s,!1,!0),a[s]=c,t}},8880:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(3070),i=e(9114);t.exports=n?function(t,r,e){return o.f(t,r,i(1,e))}:function(t,r,e){return t[r]=e,t}},9114:function(t){t.exports=function(t,r){return{enumerable:!(1&t),configurable:!(2&t),writable:!(4&t),value:r}}},654:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4994),i=e(9518),u=e(7674),a=e(8003),c=e(8880),s=e(1320),f=e(5112),l=e(1913),p=e(7497),h=e(3383),d=h.IteratorPrototype,v=h.BUGGY_SAFARI_ITERATORS,y=f("iterator"),g="keys",b="values",m="entries",w=function(){return this};t.exports=function(t,r,e,f,h,x,S){o(e,r,f);var E,_,O,T=function(t){if(t===h&&R)return R;if(!v&&t in A)return A[t];switch(t){case g:case b:case m:return function(){return new e(this,t)}}return function(){return new e(this)}},P=r+" Iterator",j=!1,A=t.prototype,I=A[y]||A["@@iterator"]||h&&A[h],R=!v&&I||T(h),L="Array"==r&&A.entries||I;if(L&&(E=i(L.call(new t)),d!==Object.prototype&&E.next&&(l||i(E)===d||(u?u(E,d):"function"!=typeof E[y]&&c(E,y,w)),a(E,P,!0,!0),l&&(p[P]=w))),h==b&&I&&I.name!==b&&(j=!0,R=function(){return I.call(this)}),l&&!S||A[y]===R||c(A,y,R),p[r]=R,h)if(_={values:T(b),keys:x?R:T(g),entries:T(m)},S)for(O in _)(v||j||!(O in A))&&s(A,O,_[O]);else n({target:r,proto:!0,forced:v||j},_);return _}},9781:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293);t.exports=!n((function(){return 7!=Object.defineProperty({},1,{get:function(){return 7}})[1]}))},317:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(111),i=n.document,u=o(i)&&o(i.createElement);t.exports=function(t){return u?i.createElement(t):{}}},8324:function(t){t.exports={CSSRuleList:0,CSSStyleDeclaration:0,CSSValueList:0,ClientRectList:0,DOMRectList:0,DOMStringList:0,DOMTokenList:1,DataTransferItemList:0,FileList:0,HTMLAllCollection:0,HTMLCollection:0,HTMLFormElement:0,HTMLSelectElement:0,MediaList:0,MimeTypeArray:0,NamedNodeMap:0,NodeList:1,PaintRequestList:0,Plugin:0,PluginArray:0,SVGLengthList:0,SVGNumberList:0,SVGPathSegList:0,SVGPointList:0,SVGStringList:0,SVGTransformList:0,SourceBufferList:0,StyleSheetList:0,TextTrackCueList:0,TextTrackList:0,TouchList:0}},6833:function(t,r,e){var n=e(8113);t.exports=/(iphone|ipod|ipad).*applewebkit/i.test(n)},8113:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5005);t.exports=n("navigator","userAgent")||""},7392:function(t,r,e){var n,o,i=e(7854),u=e(8113),a=i.process,c=a&&a.versions,s=c&&c.v8;s?o=(n=s.split("."))[0]+n[1]:u&&(!(n=u.match(/Edge\/(\d+)/))||n[1]>=74)&&(n=u.match(/Chrome\/(\d+)/))&&(o=n[1]),t.exports=o&&+o},748:function(t){t.exports=["constructor","hasOwnProperty","isPrototypeOf","propertyIsEnumerable","toLocaleString","toString","valueOf"]},2109:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(1236).f,i=e(8880),u=e(1320),a=e(3505),c=e(9920),s=e(4705);t.exports=function(t,r){var e,f,l,p,h,d=t.target,v=t.global,y=t.stat;if(e=v?n:y?n[d]||a(d,{}):(n[d]||{}).prototype)for(f in r){if(p=r[f],l=t.noTargetGet?(h=o(e,f))&&h.value:e[f],!s(v?f:d+(y?".":"#")+f,t.forced)&&void 0!==l){if(typeof p==typeof l)continue;c(p,l)}(t.sham||l&&l.sham)&&i(p,"sham",!0),u(e,f,p,t)}}},7293:function(t){t.exports=function(t){try{return!!t()}catch(t){return!0}}},7007:function(t,r,e){"use strict";e(4916);var n=e(1320),o=e(7293),i=e(5112),u=e(2261),a=e(8880),c=i("species"),s=!o((function(){var t=/./;return t.exec=function(){var t=[];return t.groups={a:"7"},t},"7"!=="".replace(t,"$<a>")})),f="$0"==="a".replace(/./,"$0"),l=i("replace"),p=!!/./[l]&&""===/./[l]("a","$0"),h=!o((function(){var t=/(?:)/,r=t.exec;t.exec=function(){return r.apply(this,arguments)};var e="ab".split(t);return 2!==e.length||"a"!==e[0]||"b"!==e[1]}));t.exports=function(t,r,e,l){var d=i(t),v=!o((function(){var r={};return r[d]=function(){return 7},7!=""[t](r)})),y=v&&!o((function(){var r=!1,e=/a/;return"split"===t&&((e={}).constructor={},e.constructor[c]=function(){return e},e.flags="",e[d]=/./[d]),e.exec=function(){return r=!0,null},e[d](""),!r}));if(!v||!y||"replace"===t&&(!s||!f||p)||"split"===t&&!h){var g=/./[d],b=e(d,""[t],(function(t,r,e,n,o){return r.exec===u?v&&!o?{done:!0,value:g.call(r,e,n)}:{done:!0,value:t.call(e,r,n)}:{done:!1}}),{REPLACE_KEEPS_$0:f,REGEXP_REPLACE_SUBSTITUTES_UNDEFINED_CAPTURE:p}),m=b[0],w=b[1];n(String.prototype,t,m),n(RegExp.prototype,d,2==r?function(t,r){return w.call(t,this,r)}:function(t){return w.call(t,this)})}l&&a(RegExp.prototype[d],"sham",!0)}},9974:function(t,r,e){var n=e(3099);t.exports=function(t,r,e){if(n(t),void 0===r)return t;switch(e){case 0:return function(){return t.call(r)};case 1:return function(e){return t.call(r,e)};case 2:return function(e,n){return t.call(r,e,n)};case 3:return function(e,n,o){return t.call(r,e,n,o)}}return function(){return t.apply(r,arguments)}}},5005:function(t,r,e){var n=e(857),o=e(7854),i=function(t){return"function"==typeof t?t:void 0};t.exports=function(t,r){return arguments.length<2?i(n[t])||i(o[t]):n[t]&&n[t][r]||o[t]&&o[t][r]}},1246:function(t,r,e){var n=e(648),o=e(7497),i=e(5112)("iterator");t.exports=function(t){if(null!=t)return t[i]||t["@@iterator"]||o[n(t)]}},7854:function(t,r,e){var n=function(t){return t&&t.Math==Math&&t};t.exports=n("object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis)||n("object"==typeof window&&window)||n("object"==typeof self&&self)||n("object"==typeof e.g&&e.g)||Function("return this")()},6656:function(t){var r={}.hasOwnProperty;t.exports=function(t,e){return r.call(t,e)}},3501:function(t){t.exports={}},842:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854);t.exports=function(t,r){var e=n.console;e&&e.error&&(1===arguments.length?e.error(t):e.error(t,r))}},490:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5005);t.exports=n("document","documentElement")},4664:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(7293),i=e(317);t.exports=!n&&!o((function(){return 7!=Object.defineProperty(i("div"),"a",{get:function(){return 7}}).a}))},8361:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293),o=e(4326),i="".split;t.exports=n((function(){return!Object("z").propertyIsEnumerable(0)}))?function(t){return"String"==o(t)?i.call(t,""):Object(t)}:Object},2788:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5465),o=Function.toString;"function"!=typeof n.inspectSource&&(n.inspectSource=function(t){return o.call(t)}),t.exports=n.inspectSource},9909:function(t,r,e){var n,o,i,u=e(8536),a=e(7854),c=e(111),s=e(8880),f=e(6656),l=e(6200),p=e(3501),h=a.WeakMap;if(u){var d=new h,v=d.get,y=d.has,g=d.set;n=function(t,r){return g.call(d,t,r),r},o=function(t){return v.call(d,t)||{}},i=function(t){return y.call(d,t)}}else{var b=l("state");p[b]=!0,n=function(t,r){return s(t,b,r),r},o=function(t){return f(t,b)?t[b]:{}},i=function(t){return f(t,b)}}t.exports={set:n,get:o,has:i,enforce:function(t){return i(t)?o(t):n(t,{})},getterFor:function(t){return function(r){var e;if(!c(r)||(e=o(r)).type!==t)throw TypeError("Incompatible receiver, "+t+" required");return e}}}},7659:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5112),o=e(7497),i=n("iterator"),u=Array.prototype;t.exports=function(t){return void 0!==t&&(o.Array===t||u[i]===t)}},4705:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293),o=/#|\.prototype\./,i=function(t,r){var e=a[u(t)];return e==s||e!=c&&("function"==typeof r?n(r):!!r)},u=i.normalize=function(t){return String(t).replace(o,".").toLowerCase()},a=i.data={},c=i.NATIVE="N",s=i.POLYFILL="P";t.exports=i},111:function(t){t.exports=function(t){return"object"==typeof t?null!==t:"function"==typeof t}},1913:function(t){t.exports=!1},7850:function(t,r,e){var n=e(111),o=e(4326),i=e(5112)("match");t.exports=function(t){var r;return n(t)&&(void 0!==(r=t[i])?!!r:"RegExp"==o(t))}},408:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(7659),i=e(7466),u=e(9974),a=e(1246),c=e(3411),s=function(t,r){this.stopped=t,this.result=r};(t.exports=function(t,r,e,f,l){var p,h,d,v,y,g,b,m=u(r,e,f?2:1);if(l)p=t;else{if("function"!=typeof(h=a(t)))throw TypeError("Target is not iterable");if(o(h)){for(d=0,v=i(t.length);v>d;d++)if((y=f?m(n(b=t[d])[0],b[1]):m(t[d]))&&y instanceof s)return y;return new s(!1)}p=h.call(t)}for(g=p.next;!(b=g.call(p)).done;)if("object"==typeof(y=c(p,m,b.value,f))&&y&&y instanceof s)return y;return new s(!1)}).stop=function(t){return new s(!0,t)}},3383:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o,i,u=e(9518),a=e(8880),c=e(6656),s=e(5112),f=e(1913),l=s("iterator"),p=!1;[].keys&&("next"in(i=[].keys())?(o=u(u(i)))!==Object.prototype&&(n=o):p=!0),null==n&&(n={}),f||c(n,l)||a(n,l,(function(){return this})),t.exports={IteratorPrototype:n,BUGGY_SAFARI_ITERATORS:p}},7497:function(t){t.exports={}},5948:function(t,r,e){var n,o,i,u,a,c,s,f,l=e(7854),p=e(1236).f,h=e(4326),d=e(261).set,v=e(6833),y=l.MutationObserver||l.WebKitMutationObserver,g=l.process,b=l.Promise,m="process"==h(g),w=p(l,"queueMicrotask"),x=w&&w.value;x||(n=function(){var t,r;for(m&&(t=g.domain)&&t.exit();o;){r=o.fn,o=o.next;try{r()}catch(t){throw o?u():i=void 0,t}}i=void 0,t&&t.enter()},m?u=function(){g.nextTick(n)}:y&&!v?(a=!0,c=document.createTextNode(""),new y(n).observe(c,{characterData:!0}),u=function(){c.data=a=!a}):b&&b.resolve?(s=b.resolve(void 0),f=s.then,u=function(){f.call(s,n)}):u=function(){d.call(l,n)}),t.exports=x||function(t){var r={fn:t,next:void 0};i&&(i.next=r),o||(o=r,u()),i=r}},3366:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854);t.exports=n.Promise},133:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293);t.exports=!!Object.getOwnPropertySymbols&&!n((function(){return!String(Symbol())}))},8536:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(2788),i=n.WeakMap;t.exports="function"==typeof i&&/native code/.test(o(i))},8523:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(3099),o=function(t){var r,e;this.promise=new t((function(t,n){if(void 0!==r||void 0!==e)throw TypeError("Bad Promise constructor");r=t,e=n})),this.resolve=n(r),this.reject=n(e)};t.exports.f=function(t){return new o(t)}},3929:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7850);t.exports=function(t){if(n(t))throw TypeError("The method doesn't accept regular expressions");return t}},30:function(t,r,e){var n,o=e(9670),i=e(6048),u=e(748),a=e(3501),c=e(490),s=e(317),f=e(6200),l=f("IE_PROTO"),p=function(){},h=function(t){return"<script>"+t+"</"+"script>"},d=function(){try{n=document.domain&&new ActiveXObject("htmlfile")}catch(t){}var t,r;d=n?function(t){t.write(h("")),t.close();var r=t.parentWindow.Object;return t=null,r}(n):((r=s("iframe")).style.display="none",c.appendChild(r),r.src=String("javascript:"),(t=r.contentWindow.document).open(),t.write(h("document.F=Object")),t.close(),t.F);for(var e=u.length;e--;)delete d.prototype[u[e]];return d()};a[l]=!0,t.exports=Object.create||function(t,r){var e;return null!==t?(p.prototype=o(t),e=new p,p.prototype=null,e[l]=t):e=d(),void 0===r?e:i(e,r)}},6048:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(3070),i=e(9670),u=e(1956);t.exports=n?Object.defineProperties:function(t,r){i(t);for(var e,n=u(r),a=n.length,c=0;a>c;)o.f(t,e=n[c++],r[e]);return t}},3070:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(4664),i=e(9670),u=e(7593),a=Object.defineProperty;r.f=n?a:function(t,r,e){if(i(t),r=u(r,!0),i(e),o)try{return a(t,r,e)}catch(t){}if("get"in e||"set"in e)throw TypeError("Accessors not supported");return"value"in e&&(t[r]=e.value),t}},1236:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9781),o=e(5296),i=e(9114),u=e(5656),a=e(7593),c=e(6656),s=e(4664),f=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;r.f=n?f:function(t,r){if(t=u(t),r=a(r,!0),s)try{return f(t,r)}catch(t){}if(c(t,r))return i(!o.f.call(t,r),t[r])}},8006:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6324),o=e(748).concat("length","prototype");r.f=Object.getOwnPropertyNames||function(t){return n(t,o)}},5181:function(t,r){r.f=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols},9518:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6656),o=e(7908),i=e(6200),u=e(8544),a=i("IE_PROTO"),c=Object.prototype;t.exports=u?Object.getPrototypeOf:function(t){return t=o(t),n(t,a)?t[a]:"function"==typeof t.constructor&&t instanceof t.constructor?t.constructor.prototype:t instanceof Object?c:null}},6324:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6656),o=e(5656),i=e(1318).indexOf,u=e(3501);t.exports=function(t,r){var e,a=o(t),c=0,s=[];for(e in a)!n(u,e)&&n(a,e)&&s.push(e);for(;r.length>c;)n(a,e=r[c++])&&(~i(s,e)||s.push(e));return s}},1956:function(t,r,e){var n=e(6324),o=e(748);t.exports=Object.keys||function(t){return n(t,o)}},5296:function(t,r){"use strict";var e={}.propertyIsEnumerable,n=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor,o=n&&!e.call({1:2},1);r.f=o?function(t){var r=n(this,t);return!!r&&r.enumerable}:e},7674:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(6077);t.exports=Object.setPrototypeOf||("__proto__"in{}?function(){var t,r=!1,e={};try{(t=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Object.prototype,"__proto__").set).call(e,[]),r=e instanceof Array}catch(t){}return function(e,i){return n(e),o(i),r?t.call(e,i):e.__proto__=i,e}}():void 0)},288:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(1694),o=e(648);t.exports=n?{}.toString:function(){return"[object "+o(this)+"]"}},3887:function(t,r,e){var n=e(5005),o=e(8006),i=e(5181),u=e(9670);t.exports=n("Reflect","ownKeys")||function(t){var r=o.f(u(t)),e=i.f;return e?r.concat(e(t)):r}},857:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854);t.exports=n},2534:function(t){t.exports=function(t){try{return{error:!1,value:t()}}catch(t){return{error:!0,value:t}}}},9478:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(111),i=e(8523);t.exports=function(t,r){if(n(t),o(r)&&r.constructor===t)return r;var e=i.f(t);return(0,e.resolve)(r),e.promise}},2248:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1320);t.exports=function(t,r,e){for(var o in r)n(t,o,r[o],e);return t}},1320:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(8880),i=e(6656),u=e(3505),a=e(2788),c=e(9909),s=c.get,f=c.enforce,l=String(String).split("String");(t.exports=function(t,r,e,a){var c=!!a&&!!a.unsafe,s=!!a&&!!a.enumerable,p=!!a&&!!a.noTargetGet;"function"==typeof e&&("string"!=typeof r||i(e,"name")||o(e,"name",r),f(e).source=l.join("string"==typeof r?r:"")),t!==n?(c?!p&&t[r]&&(s=!0):delete t[r],s?t[r]=e:o(t,r,e)):s?t[r]=e:u(r,e)})(Function.prototype,"toString",(function(){return"function"==typeof this&&s(this).source||a(this)}))},7651:function(t,r,e){var n=e(4326),o=e(2261);t.exports=function(t,r){var e=t.exec;if("function"==typeof e){var i=e.call(t,r);if("object"!=typeof i)throw TypeError("RegExp exec method returned something other than an Object or null");return i}if("RegExp"!==n(t))throw TypeError("RegExp#exec called on incompatible receiver");return o.call(t,r)}},2261:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o,i=e(7066),u=e(2999),a=RegExp.prototype.exec,c=String.prototype.replace,s=a,f=(n=/a/,o=/b*/g,a.call(n,"a"),a.call(o,"a"),0!==n.lastIndex||0!==o.lastIndex),l=u.UNSUPPORTED_Y||u.BROKEN_CARET,p=void 0!==/()??/.exec("")[1];(f||p||l)&&(s=function(t){var r,e,n,o,u=this,s=l&&u.sticky,h=i.call(u),d=u.source,v=0,y=t;return s&&(-1===(h=h.replace("y","")).indexOf("g")&&(h+="g"),y=String(t).slice(u.lastIndex),u.lastIndex>0&&(!u.multiline||u.multiline&&"\n"!==t[u.lastIndex-1])&&(d="(?: "+d+")",y=" "+y,v++),e=new RegExp("^(?:"+d+")",h)),p&&(e=new RegExp("^"+d+"$(?!\\s)",h)),f&&(r=u.lastIndex),n=a.call(s?e:u,y),s?n?(n.input=n.input.slice(v),n[0]=n[0].slice(v),n.index=u.lastIndex,u.lastIndex+=n[0].length):u.lastIndex=0:f&&n&&(u.lastIndex=u.global?n.index+n[0].length:r),p&&n&&n.length>1&&c.call(n[0],e,(function(){for(o=1;o<arguments.length-2;o++)void 0===arguments[o]&&(n[o]=void 0)})),n}),t.exports=s},7066:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(9670);t.exports=function(){var t=n(this),r="";return t.global&&(r+="g"),t.ignoreCase&&(r+="i"),t.multiline&&(r+="m"),t.dotAll&&(r+="s"),t.unicode&&(r+="u"),t.sticky&&(r+="y"),r}},2999:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(7293);function o(t,r){return RegExp(t,r)}r.UNSUPPORTED_Y=n((function(){var t=o("a","y");return t.lastIndex=2,null!=t.exec("abcd")})),r.BROKEN_CARET=n((function(){var t=o("^r","gy");return t.lastIndex=2,null!=t.exec("str")}))},4488:function(t){t.exports=function(t){if(null==t)throw TypeError("Can't call method on "+t);return t}},6029:function(t){t.exports=Object.is||function(t,r){return t===r?0!==t||1/t==1/r:t!=t&&r!=r}},3505:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(8880);t.exports=function(t,r){try{o(n,t,r)}catch(e){n[t]=r}return r}},6340:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(5005),o=e(3070),i=e(5112),u=e(9781),a=i("species");t.exports=function(t){var r=n(t),e=o.f;u&&r&&!r[a]&&e(r,a,{configurable:!0,get:function(){return this}})}},8003:function(t,r,e){var n=e(3070).f,o=e(6656),i=e(5112)("toStringTag");t.exports=function(t,r,e){t&&!o(t=e?t:t.prototype,i)&&n(t,i,{configurable:!0,value:r})}},6200:function(t,r,e){var n=e(2309),o=e(9711),i=n("keys");t.exports=function(t){return i[t]||(i[t]=o(t))}},5465:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(3505),i="__core-js_shared__",u=n[i]||o(i,{});t.exports=u},2309:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1913),o=e(5465);(t.exports=function(t,r){return o[t]||(o[t]=void 0!==r?r:{})})("versions",[]).push({version:"3.6.5",mode:n?"pure":"global",copyright:"© 2020 Denis Pushkarev (zloirock.ru)"})},6707:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9670),o=e(3099),i=e(5112)("species");t.exports=function(t,r){var e,u=n(t).constructor;return void 0===u||null==(e=n(u)[i])?r:o(e)}},3429:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293);t.exports=function(t){return n((function(){var r=""[t]('"');return r!==r.toLowerCase()||r.split('"').length>3}))}},8710:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9958),o=e(4488),i=function(t){return function(r,e){var i,u,a=String(o(r)),c=n(e),s=a.length;return c<0||c>=s?t?"":void 0:(i=a.charCodeAt(c))<55296||i>56319||c+1===s||(u=a.charCodeAt(c+1))<56320||u>57343?t?a.charAt(c):i:t?a.slice(c,c+2):u-56320+(i-55296<<10)+65536}};t.exports={codeAt:i(!1),charAt:i(!0)}},4986:function(t,r,e){var n=e(8113);t.exports=/Version\/10\.\d+(\.\d+)?( Mobile\/\w+)? Safari\//.test(n)},6650:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7466),o=e(8415),i=e(4488),u=Math.ceil,a=function(t){return function(r,e,a){var c,s,f=String(i(r)),l=f.length,p=void 0===a?" ":String(a),h=n(e);return h<=l||""==p?f:(c=h-l,(s=o.call(p,u(c/p.length))).length>c&&(s=s.slice(0,c)),t?f+s:s+f)}};t.exports={start:a(!1),end:a(!0)}},8415:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(9958),o=e(4488);t.exports="".repeat||function(t){var r=String(o(this)),e="",i=n(t);if(i<0||i==1/0)throw RangeError("Wrong number of repetitions");for(;i>0;(i>>>=1)&&(r+=r))1&i&&(e+=r);return e}},6091:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7293),o=e(1361);t.exports=function(t){return n((function(){return!!o[t]()||" "!=" "[t]()||o[t].name!==t}))}},3111:function(t,r,e){var n=e(4488),o="["+e(1361)+"]",i=RegExp("^"+o+o+"*"),u=RegExp(o+o+"*$"),a=function(t){return function(r){var e=String(n(r));return 1&t&&(e=e.replace(i,"")),2&t&&(e=e.replace(u,"")),e}};t.exports={start:a(1),end:a(2),trim:a(3)}},261:function(t,r,e){var n,o,i,u=e(7854),a=e(7293),c=e(4326),s=e(9974),f=e(490),l=e(317),p=e(6833),h=u.location,d=u.setImmediate,v=u.clearImmediate,y=u.process,g=u.MessageChannel,b=u.Dispatch,m=0,w={},x="onreadystatechange",S=function(t){if(w.hasOwnProperty(t)){var r=w[t];delete w[t],r()}},E=function(t){return function(){S(t)}},_=function(t){S(t.data)},O=function(t){u.postMessage(t+"",h.protocol+"//"+h.host)};d&&v||(d=function(t){for(var r=[],e=1;arguments.length>e;)r.push(arguments[e++]);return w[++m]=function(){("function"==typeof t?t:Function(t)).apply(void 0,r)},n(m),m},v=function(t){delete w[t]},"process"==c(y)?n=function(t){y.nextTick(E(t))}:b&&b.now?n=function(t){b.now(E(t))}:g&&!p?(i=(o=new g).port2,o.port1.onmessage=_,n=s(i.postMessage,i,1)):!u.addEventListener||"function"!=typeof postMessage||u.importScripts||a(O)||"file:"===h.protocol?n=x in l("script")?function(t){f.appendChild(l("script")).onreadystatechange=function(){f.removeChild(this),S(t)}}:function(t){setTimeout(E(t),0)}:(n=O,u.addEventListener("message",_,!1))),t.exports={set:d,clear:v}},1400:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9958),o=Math.max,i=Math.min;t.exports=function(t,r){var e=n(t);return e<0?o(e+r,0):i(e,r)}},5656:function(t,r,e){var n=e(8361),o=e(4488);t.exports=function(t){return n(o(t))}},9958:function(t){var r=Math.ceil,e=Math.floor;t.exports=function(t){return isNaN(t=+t)?0:(t>0?e:r)(t)}},7466:function(t,r,e){var n=e(9958),o=Math.min;t.exports=function(t){return t>0?o(n(t),9007199254740991):0}},7908:function(t,r,e){var n=e(4488);t.exports=function(t){return Object(n(t))}},7593:function(t,r,e){var n=e(111);t.exports=function(t,r){if(!n(t))return t;var e,o;if(r&&"function"==typeof(e=t.toString)&&!n(o=e.call(t)))return o;if("function"==typeof(e=t.valueOf)&&!n(o=e.call(t)))return o;if(!r&&"function"==typeof(e=t.toString)&&!n(o=e.call(t)))return o;throw TypeError("Can't convert object to primitive value")}},1694:function(t,r,e){var n={};n[e(5112)("toStringTag")]="z",t.exports="[object z]"===String(n)},9711:function(t){var r=0,e=Math.random();t.exports=function(t){return"Symbol("+String(void 0===t?"":t)+")_"+(++r+e).toString(36)}},3307:function(t,r,e){var n=e(133);t.exports=n&&!Symbol.sham&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator},5112:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(2309),i=e(6656),u=e(9711),a=e(133),c=e(3307),s=o("wks"),f=n.Symbol,l=c?f:f&&f.withoutSetter||u;t.exports=function(t){return i(s,t)||(a&&i(f,t)?s[t]=f[t]:s[t]=l("Symbol."+t)),s[t]}},1361:function(t){t.exports="\t\n\v\f\r \u2028\u2029\ufeff"},6992:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(5656),o=e(1223),i=e(7497),u=e(9909),a=e(654),c="Array Iterator",s=u.set,f=u.getterFor(c);t.exports=a(Array,"Array",(function(t,r){s(this,{type:c,target:n(t),index:0,kind:r})}),(function(){var t=f(this),r=t.target,e=t.kind,n=t.index++;return!r||n>=r.length?(t.target=void 0,{value:void 0,done:!0}):"keys"==e?{value:n,done:!1}:"values"==e?{value:r[n],done:!1}:{value:[n,r[n]],done:!1}}),"values"),i.Arguments=i.Array,o("keys"),o("values"),o("entries")},1539:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1694),o=e(1320),i=e(288);n||o(Object.prototype,"toString",i,{unsafe:!0})},7922:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(3099),i=e(8523),u=e(2534),a=e(408);n({target:"Promise",stat:!0},{allSettled:function(t){var r=this,e=i.f(r),n=e.resolve,c=e.reject,s=u((function(){var e=o(r.resolve),i=[],u=0,c=1;a(t,(function(t){var o=u++,a=!1;i.push(void 0),c++,e.call(r,t).then((function(t){a||(a=!0,i[o]={status:"fulfilled",value:t},--c||n(i))}),(function(t){a||(a=!0,i[o]={status:"rejected",reason:t},--c||n(i))}))})),--c||n(i)}));return s.error&&c(s.value),e.promise}})},7727:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(1913),i=e(3366),u=e(7293),a=e(5005),c=e(6707),s=e(9478),f=e(1320);n({target:"Promise",proto:!0,real:!0,forced:!!i&&u((function(){i.prototype.finally.call({then:function(){}},(function(){}))}))},{finally:function(t){var r=c(this,a("Promise")),e="function"==typeof t;return this.then(e?function(e){return s(r,t()).then((function(){return e}))}:t,e?function(e){return s(r,t()).then((function(){throw e}))}:t)}}),o||"function"!=typeof i||i.prototype.finally||f(i.prototype,"finally",a("Promise").prototype.finally)},8674:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o,i,u,a=e(2109),c=e(1913),s=e(7854),f=e(5005),l=e(3366),p=e(1320),h=e(2248),d=e(8003),v=e(6340),y=e(111),g=e(3099),b=e(5787),m=e(4326),w=e(2788),x=e(408),S=e(7072),E=e(6707),_=e(261).set,O=e(5948),T=e(9478),P=e(842),j=e(8523),A=e(2534),I=e(9909),R=e(4705),L=e(5112),k=e(7392),C=L("species"),D="Promise",B=I.get,U=I.set,F=I.getterFor(D),M=l,N=s.TypeError,G=s.document,X=s.process,H=f("fetch"),$=j.f,q=$,W="process"==m(X),V=!!(G&&G.createEvent&&s.dispatchEvent),z="unhandledrejection",K=R(D,(function(){if(!(w(M)!==String(M))){if(66===k)return!0;if(!W&&"function"!=typeof PromiseRejectionEvent)return!0}if(c&&!M.prototype.finally)return!0;if(k>=51&&/native code/.test(M))return!1;var t=M.resolve(1),r=function(t){t((function(){}),(function(){}))};return(t.constructor={})[C]=r,!(t.then((function(){}))instanceof r)})),Y=K||!S((function(t){M.all(t).catch((function(){}))})),J=function(t){var r;return!(!y(t)||"function"!=typeof(r=t.then))&&r},Q=function(t,r,e){if(!r.notified){r.notified=!0;var n=r.reactions;O((function(){for(var o=r.value,i=1==r.state,u=0;n.length>u;){var a,c,s,f=n[u++],l=i?f.ok:f.fail,p=f.resolve,h=f.reject,d=f.domain;try{l?(i||(2===r.rejection&&et(t,r),r.rejection=1),!0===l?a=o:(d&&d.enter(),a=l(o),d&&(d.exit(),s=!0)),a===f.promise?h(N("Promise-chain cycle")):(c=J(a))?c.call(a,p,h):p(a)):h(o)}catch(t){d&&!s&&d.exit(),h(t)}}r.reactions=[],r.notified=!1,e&&!r.rejection&&tt(t,r)}))}},Z=function(t,r,e){var n,o;V?((n=G.createEvent("Event")).promise=r,n.reason=e,n.initEvent(t,!1,!0),s.dispatchEvent(n)):n={promise:r,reason:e},(o=s["on"+t])?o(n):t===z&&P("Unhandled promise rejection",e)},tt=function(t,r){_.call(s,(function(){var e,n=r.value;if(rt(r)&&(e=A((function(){W?X.emit("unhandledRejection",n,t):Z(z,t,n)})),r.rejection=W||rt(r)?2:1,e.error))throw e.value}))},rt=function(t){return 1!==t.rejection&&!t.parent},et=function(t,r){_.call(s,(function(){W?X.emit("rejectionHandled",t):Z("rejectionhandled",t,r.value)}))},nt=function(t,r,e,n){return function(o){t(r,e,o,n)}},ot=function(t,r,e,n){r.done||(r.done=!0,n&&(r=n),r.value=e,r.state=2,Q(t,r,!0))},it=function(t,r,e,n){if(!r.done){r.done=!0,n&&(r=n);try{if(t===e)throw N("Promise can't be resolved itself");var o=J(e);o?O((function(){var n={done:!1};try{o.call(e,nt(it,t,n,r),nt(ot,t,n,r))}catch(e){ot(t,n,e,r)}})):(r.value=e,r.state=1,Q(t,r,!1))}catch(e){ot(t,{done:!1},e,r)}}};K&&(M=function(t){b(this,M,D),g(t),n.call(this);var r=B(this);try{t(nt(it,this,r),nt(ot,this,r))}catch(t){ot(this,r,t)}},(n=function(t){U(this,{type:D,done:!1,notified:!1,parent:!1,reactions:[],rejection:!1,state:0,value:void 0})}).prototype=h(M.prototype,{then:function(t,r){var e=F(this),n=$(E(this,M));return n.ok="function"!=typeof t||t,n.fail="function"==typeof r&&r,n.domain=W?X.domain:void 0,e.parent=!0,e.reactions.push(n),0!=e.state&&Q(this,e,!1),n.promise},catch:function(t){return this.then(void 0,t)}}),o=function(){var t=new n,r=B(t);this.promise=t,this.resolve=nt(it,t,r),this.reject=nt(ot,t,r)},j.f=$=function(t){return t===M||t===i?new o(t):q(t)},c||"function"!=typeof l||(u=l.prototype.then,p(l.prototype,"then",(function(t,r){var e=this;return new M((function(t,r){u.call(e,t,r)})).then(t,r)}),{unsafe:!0}),"function"==typeof H&&a({global:!0,enumerable:!0,forced:!0},{fetch:function(t){return T(M,H.apply(s,arguments))}}))),a({global:!0,wrap:!0,forced:K},{Promise:M}),d(M,D,!1,!0),v(D),i=f(D),a({target:D,stat:!0,forced:K},{reject:function(t){var r=$(this);return r.reject.call(void 0,t),r.promise}}),a({target:D,stat:!0,forced:c||K},{resolve:function(t){return T(c&&this===i?M:this,t)}}),a({target:D,stat:!0,forced:Y},{all:function(t){var r=this,e=$(r),n=e.resolve,o=e.reject,i=A((function(){var e=g(r.resolve),i=[],u=0,a=1;x(t,(function(t){var c=u++,s=!1;i.push(void 0),a++,e.call(r,t).then((function(t){s||(s=!0,i[c]=t,--a||n(i))}),o)})),--a||n(i)}));return i.error&&o(i.value),e.promise},race:function(t){var r=this,e=$(r),n=e.reject,o=A((function(){var o=g(r.resolve);x(t,(function(t){o.call(r,t).then(e.resolve,n)}))}));return o.error&&n(o.value),e.promise}})},4916:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(2261);n({target:"RegExp",proto:!0,forced:/./.exec!==o},{exec:o})},5218:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("anchor")},{anchor:function(t){return o(this,"a","name",t)}})},4475:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("big")},{big:function(){return o(this,"big","","")}})},7929:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("blink")},{blink:function(){return o(this,"blink","","")}})},915:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("bold")},{bold:function(){return o(this,"b","","")}})},9841:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(8710).codeAt;n({target:"String",proto:!0},{codePointAt:function(t){return o(this,t)}})},7852:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o=e(2109),i=e(1236).f,u=e(7466),a=e(3929),c=e(4488),s=e(4964),f=e(1913),l="".endsWith,p=Math.min,h=s("endsWith");o({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:!!(f||h||(n=i(String.prototype,"endsWith"),!n||n.writable))&&!h},{endsWith:function(t){var r=String(c(this));a(t);var e=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0,n=u(r.length),o=void 0===e?n:p(u(e),n),i=String(t);return l?l.call(r,i,o):r.slice(o-i.length,o)===i}})},9253:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("fixed")},{fixed:function(){return o(this,"tt","","")}})},2125:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("fontcolor")},{fontcolor:function(t){return o(this,"font","color",t)}})},8830:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("fontsize")},{fontsize:function(t){return o(this,"font","size",t)}})},4953:function(t,r,e){var n=e(2109),o=e(1400),i=String.fromCharCode,u=String.fromCodePoint;n({target:"String",stat:!0,forced:!!u&&1!=u.length},{fromCodePoint:function(t){for(var r,e=[],n=arguments.length,u=0;n>u;){if(r=+arguments[u++],o(r,1114111)!==r)throw RangeError(r+" is not a valid code point");e.push(r<65536?i(r):i(55296+((r-=65536)>>10),r%1024+56320))}return e.join("")}})},2023:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(3929),i=e(4488);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:!e(4964)("includes")},{includes:function(t){return!!~String(i(this)).indexOf(o(t),arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}})},8734:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("italics")},{italics:function(){return o(this,"i","","")}})},8783:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(8710).charAt,o=e(9909),i=e(654),u="String Iterator",a=o.set,c=o.getterFor(u);i(String,"String",(function(t){a(this,{type:u,string:String(t),index:0})}),(function(){var t,r=c(this),e=r.string,o=r.index;return o>=e.length?{value:void 0,done:!0}:(t=n(e,o),r.index+=t.length,{value:t,done:!1})}))},9254:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("link")},{link:function(t){return o(this,"a","href",t)}})},6373:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4994),i=e(4488),u=e(7466),a=e(3099),c=e(9670),s=e(4326),f=e(7850),l=e(7066),p=e(8880),h=e(7293),d=e(5112),v=e(6707),y=e(1530),g=e(9909),b=e(1913),m=d("matchAll"),w="RegExp String",x="RegExp String Iterator",S=g.set,E=g.getterFor(x),_=RegExp.prototype,O=_.exec,T="".matchAll,P=!!T&&!h((function(){"a".matchAll(/./)})),j=o((function(t,r,e,n){S(this,{type:x,regexp:t,string:r,global:e,unicode:n,done:!1})}),w,(function(){var t=E(this);if(t.done)return{value:void 0,done:!0};var r=t.regexp,e=t.string,n=function(t,r){var e,n=t.exec;if("function"==typeof n){if("object"!=typeof(e=n.call(t,r)))throw TypeError("Incorrect exec result");return e}return O.call(t,r)}(r,e);return null===n?{value:void 0,done:t.done=!0}:t.global?(""==String(n[0])&&(r.lastIndex=y(e,u(r.lastIndex),t.unicode)),{value:n,done:!1}):(t.done=!0,{value:n,done:!1})})),A=function(t){var r,e,n,o,i,a,s=c(this),f=String(t);return r=v(s,RegExp),void 0===(e=s.flags)&&s instanceof RegExp&&!("flags"in _)&&(e=l.call(s)),n=void 0===e?"":String(e),o=new r(r===RegExp?s.source:s,n),i=!!~n.indexOf("g"),a=!!~n.indexOf("u"),o.lastIndex=u(s.lastIndex),new j(o,f,i,a)};n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:P},{matchAll:function(t){var r,e,n,o=i(this);if(null!=t){if(f(t)&&!~String(i("flags"in _?t.flags:l.call(t))).indexOf("g"))throw TypeError("`.matchAll` does not allow non-global regexes");if(P)return T.apply(o,arguments);if(void 0===(e=t[m])&&b&&"RegExp"==s(t)&&(e=A),null!=e)return a(e).call(t,o)}else if(P)return T.apply(o,arguments);return r=String(o),n=new RegExp(t,"g"),b?A.call(n,r):n[m](r)}}),b||m in _||p(_,m,A)},4723:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(7007),o=e(9670),i=e(7466),u=e(4488),a=e(1530),c=e(7651);n("match",1,(function(t,r,e){return[function(r){var e=u(this),n=null==r?void 0:r[t];return void 0!==n?n.call(r,e):new RegExp(r)[t](String(e))},function(t){var n=e(r,t,this);if(n.done)return n.value;var u=o(t),s=String(this);if(!u.global)return c(u,s);var f=u.unicode;u.lastIndex=0;for(var l,p=[],h=0;null!==(l=c(u,s));){var d=String(l[0]);p[h]=d,""===d&&(u.lastIndex=a(s,i(u.lastIndex),f)),h++}return 0===h?null:p}]}))},6528:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(6650).end;n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(4986)},{padEnd:function(t){return o(this,t,arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}})},3112:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(6650).start;n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(4986)},{padStart:function(t){return o(this,t,arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}})},8992:function(t,r,e){var n=e(2109),o=e(5656),i=e(7466);n({target:"String",stat:!0},{raw:function(t){for(var r=o(t.raw),e=i(r.length),n=arguments.length,u=[],a=0;e>a;)u.push(String(r[a++])),a<n&&u.push(String(arguments[a]));return u.join("")}})},2481:function(t,r,e){e(2109)({target:"String",proto:!0},{repeat:e(8415)})},5306:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(7007),o=e(9670),i=e(7908),u=e(7466),a=e(9958),c=e(4488),s=e(1530),f=e(7651),l=Math.max,p=Math.min,h=Math.floor,d=/\$([$&'`]|\d\d?|<[^>]*>)/g,v=/\$([$&'`]|\d\d?)/g;n("replace",2,(function(t,r,e,n){var y=n.REGEXP_REPLACE_SUBSTITUTES_UNDEFINED_CAPTURE,g=n.REPLACE_KEEPS_$0,b=y?"$":"$0";return[function(e,n){var o=c(this),i=null==e?void 0:e[t];return void 0!==i?i.call(e,o,n):r.call(String(o),e,n)},function(t,n){if(!y&&g||"string"==typeof n&&-1===n.indexOf(b)){var i=e(r,t,this,n);if(i.done)return i.value}var c=o(t),h=String(this),d="function"==typeof n;d||(n=String(n));var v=c.global;if(v){var w=c.unicode;c.lastIndex=0}for(var x=[];;){var S=f(c,h);if(null===S)break;if(x.push(S),!v)break;""===String(S[0])&&(c.lastIndex=s(h,u(c.lastIndex),w))}for(var E,_="",O=0,T=0;T<x.length;T++){S=x[T];for(var P=String(S[0]),j=l(p(a(S.index),h.length),0),A=[],I=1;I<S.length;I++)A.push(void 0===(E=S[I])?E:String(E));var R=S.groups;if(d){var L=[P].concat(A,j,h);void 0!==R&&L.push(R);var k=String(n.apply(void 0,L))}else k=m(P,h,j,A,R,n);j>=O&&(_+=h.slice(O,j)+k,O=j+P.length)}return _+h.slice(O)}];function m(t,e,n,o,u,a){var c=n+t.length,s=o.length,f=v;return void 0!==u&&(u=i(u),f=d),r.call(a,f,(function(r,i){var a;switch(i.charAt(0)){case"$":return"$";case"&":return t;case"`":return e.slice(0,n);case"'":return e.slice(c);case"<":a=u[i.slice(1,-1)];break;default:var f=+i;if(0===f)return r;if(f>s){var l=h(f/10);return 0===l?r:l<=s?void 0===o[l-1]?i.charAt(1):o[l-1]+i.charAt(1):r}a=o[f-1]}return void 0===a?"":a}))}}))},4765:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(7007),o=e(9670),i=e(4488),u=e(6029),a=e(7651);n("search",1,(function(t,r,e){return[function(r){var e=i(this),n=null==r?void 0:r[t];return void 0!==n?n.call(r,e):new RegExp(r)[t](String(e))},function(t){var n=e(r,t,this);if(n.done)return n.value;var i=o(t),c=String(this),s=i.lastIndex;u(s,0)||(i.lastIndex=0);var f=a(i,c);return u(i.lastIndex,s)||(i.lastIndex=s),null===f?-1:f.index}]}))},7268:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("small")},{small:function(){return o(this,"small","","")}})},3123:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(7007),o=e(7850),i=e(9670),u=e(4488),a=e(6707),c=e(1530),s=e(7466),f=e(7651),l=e(2261),p=e(7293),h=[].push,d=Math.min,v=4294967295,y=!p((function(){return!RegExp(v,"y")}));n("split",2,(function(t,r,e){var n;return n="c"=="abbc".split(/(b)*/)[1]||4!="test".split(/(?:)/,-1).length||2!="ab".split(/(?:ab)*/).length||4!=".".split(/(.?)(.?)/).length||".".split(/()()/).length>1||"".split(/.?/).length?function(t,e){var n=String(u(this)),i=void 0===e?v:e>>>0;if(0===i)return[];if(void 0===t)return[n];if(!o(t))return r.call(n,t,i);for(var a,c,s,f=[],p=(t.ignoreCase?"i":"")+(t.multiline?"m":"")+(t.unicode?"u":"")+(t.sticky?"y":""),d=0,y=new RegExp(t.source,p+"g");(a=l.call(y,n))&&!((c=y.lastIndex)>d&&(f.push(n.slice(d,a.index)),a.length>1&&a.index<n.length&&h.apply(f,a.slice(1)),s=a[0].length,d=c,f.length>=i));)y.lastIndex===a.index&&y.lastIndex++;return d===n.length?!s&&y.test("")||f.push(""):f.push(n.slice(d)),f.length>i?f.slice(0,i):f}:"0".split(void 0,0).length?function(t,e){return void 0===t&&0===e?[]:r.call(this,t,e)}:r,[function(r,e){var o=u(this),i=null==r?void 0:r[t];return void 0!==i?i.call(r,o,e):n.call(String(o),r,e)},function(t,o){var u=e(n,t,this,o,n!==r);if(u.done)return u.value;var l=i(t),p=String(this),h=a(l,RegExp),g=l.unicode,b=(l.ignoreCase?"i":"")+(l.multiline?"m":"")+(l.unicode?"u":"")+(y?"y":"g"),m=new h(y?l:"^(?:"+l.source+")",b),w=void 0===o?v:o>>>0;if(0===w)return[];if(0===p.length)return null===f(m,p)?[p]:[];for(var x=0,S=0,E=[];S<p.length;){m.lastIndex=y?S:0;var _,O=f(m,y?p:p.slice(S));if(null===O||(_=d(s(m.lastIndex+(y?0:S)),p.length))===x)S=c(p,S,g);else{if(E.push(p.slice(x,S)),E.length===w)return E;for(var T=1;T<=O.length-1;T++)if(E.push(O[T]),E.length===w)return E;S=x=_}}return E.push(p.slice(x)),E}]}),!y)},3157:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n,o=e(2109),i=e(1236).f,u=e(7466),a=e(3929),c=e(4488),s=e(4964),f=e(1913),l="".startsWith,p=Math.min,h=s("startsWith");o({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:!!(f||h||(n=i(String.prototype,"startsWith"),!n||n.writable))&&!h},{startsWith:function(t){var r=String(c(this));a(t);var e=u(p(arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0,r.length)),n=String(t);return l?l.call(r,n,e):r.slice(e,e+n.length)===n}})},7397:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("strike")},{strike:function(){return o(this,"strike","","")}})},86:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("sub")},{sub:function(){return o(this,"sub","","")}})},623:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(4230);n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(3429)("sup")},{sup:function(){return o(this,"sup","","")}})},8702:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(3111).end,i=e(6091)("trimEnd"),u=i?function(){return o(this)}:"".trimEnd;n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:i},{trimEnd:u,trimRight:u})},5674:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(3111).start,i=e(6091)("trimStart"),u=i?function(){return o(this)}:"".trimStart;n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:i},{trimStart:u,trimLeft:u})},3210:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n=e(2109),o=e(3111).trim;n({target:"String",proto:!0,forced:e(6091)("trim")},{trim:function(){return o(this)}})},3948:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7854),o=e(8324),i=e(6992),u=e(8880),a=e(5112),c=a("iterator"),s=a("toStringTag"),f=i.values;for(var l in o){var p=n[l],h=p&&p.prototype;if(h){if(h[c]!==f)try{u(h,c,f)}catch(t){h[c]=f}if(h[s]||u(h,s,l),o[l])for(var d in i)if(h[d]!==i[d])try{u(h,d,i[d])}catch(t){h[d]=i[d]}}}},1150:function(t,r,e){var n=e(7633);t.exports=n},9712:function(t,r,e){var n=e(1111);t.exports=n},5666:function(t){var r=function(t){"use strict";var r,e=Object.prototype,n=e.hasOwnProperty,o="function"==typeof Symbol?Symbol:{},i=o.iterator||"@@iterator",u=o.asyncIterator||"@@asyncIterator",a=o.toStringTag||"@@toStringTag";function c(t,r,e){return Object.defineProperty(t,r,{value:e,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}),t[r]}try{c({},"")}catch(t){c=function(t,r,e){return t[r]=e}}function s(t,r,e,n){var o=r&&r.prototype instanceof y?r:y,i=Object.create(o.prototype),u=new j(n||[]);return i._invoke=function(t,r,e){var n=l;return function(o,i){if(n===h)throw new Error("Generator is already running");if(n===d){if("throw"===o)throw i;return I()}for(e.method=o,e.arg=i;;){var u=e.delegate;if(u){var a=O(u,e);if(a){if(a===v)continue;return a}}if("next"===e.method)e.sent=e._sent=e.arg;else if("throw"===e.method){if(n===l)throw n=d,e.arg;e.dispatchException(e.arg)}else"return"===e.method&&e.abrupt("return",e.arg);n=h;var c=f(t,r,e);if("normal"===c.type){if(n=e.done?d:p,c.arg===v)continue;return{value:c.arg,done:e.done}}"throw"===c.type&&(n=d,e.method="throw",e.arg=c.arg)}}}(t,e,u),i}function f(t,r,e){try{return{type:"normal",arg:t.call(r,e)}}catch(t){return{type:"throw",arg:t}}}t.wrap=s;var l="suspendedStart",p="suspendedYield",h="executing",d="completed",v={};function y(){}function g(){}function b(){}var m={};m[i]=function(){return this};var w=Object.getPrototypeOf,x=w&&w(w(A([])));x&&x!==e&&n.call(x,i)&&(m=x);var S=b.prototype=y.prototype=Object.create(m);function E(t){["next","throw","return"].forEach((function(r){c(t,r,(function(t){return this._invoke(r,t)}))}))}function _(t,r){function e(o,i,u,a){var c=f(t[o],t,i);if("throw"!==c.type){var s=c.arg,l=s.value;return l&&"object"==typeof l&&n.call(l,"__await")?r.resolve(l.__await).then((function(t){e("next",t,u,a)}),(function(t){e("throw",t,u,a)})):r.resolve(l).then((function(t){s.value=t,u(s)}),(function(t){return e("throw",t,u,a)}))}a(c.arg)}var o;this._invoke=function(t,n){function i(){return new r((function(r,o){e(t,n,r,o)}))}return o=o?o.then(i,i):i()}}function O(t,e){var n=t.iterator[e.method];if(n===r){if(e.delegate=null,"throw"===e.method){if(t.iterator.return&&(e.method="return",e.arg=r,O(t,e),"throw"===e.method))return v;e.method="throw",e.arg=new TypeError("The iterator does not provide a 'throw' method")}return v}var o=f(n,t.iterator,e.arg);if("throw"===o.type)return e.method="throw",e.arg=o.arg,e.delegate=null,v;var i=o.arg;return i?i.done?(e[t.resultName]=i.value,e.next=t.nextLoc,"return"!==e.method&&(e.method="next",e.arg=r),e.delegate=null,v):i:(e.method="throw",e.arg=new TypeError("iterator result is not an object"),e.delegate=null,v)}function T(t){var r={tryLoc:t[0]};1 in t&&(r.catchLoc=t[1]),2 in t&&(r.finallyLoc=t[2],r.afterLoc=t[3]),this.tryEntries.push(r)}function P(t){var r=t.completion||{};r.type="normal",delete r.arg,t.completion=r}function j(t){this.tryEntries=[{tryLoc:"root"}],t.forEach(T,this),this.reset(!0)}function A(t){if(t){var e=t[i];if(e)return e.call(t);if("function"==typeof t.next)return t;if(!isNaN(t.length)){var o=-1,u=function e(){for(;++o<t.length;)if(n.call(t,o))return e.value=t[o],e.done=!1,e;return e.value=r,e.done=!0,e};return u.next=u}}return{next:I}}function I(){return{value:r,done:!0}}return g.prototype=S.constructor=b,b.constructor=g,g.displayName=c(b,a,"GeneratorFunction"),t.isGeneratorFunction=function(t){var r="function"==typeof t&&t.constructor;return!!r&&(r===g||"GeneratorFunction"===(r.displayName||r.name))},t.mark=function(t){return Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,b):(t.__proto__=b,c(t,a,"GeneratorFunction")),t.prototype=Object.create(S),t},t.awrap=function(t){return{__await:t}},E(_.prototype),_.prototype[u]=function(){return this},t.AsyncIterator=_,t.async=function(r,e,n,o,i){void 0===i&&(i=Promise);var u=new _(s(r,e,n,o),i);return t.isGeneratorFunction(e)?u:u.next().then((function(t){return t.done?t.value:u.next()}))},E(S),c(S,a,"Generator"),S[i]=function(){return this},S.toString=function(){return"[object Generator]"},t.keys=function(t){var r=[];for(var e in t)r.push(e);return r.reverse(),function e(){for(;r.length;){var n=r.pop();if(n in t)return e.value=n,e.done=!1,e}return e.done=!0,e}},t.values=A,j.prototype={constructor:j,reset:function(t){if(this.prev=0,this.next=0,this.sent=this._sent=r,this.done=!1,this.delegate=null,this.method="next",this.arg=r,this.tryEntries.forEach(P),!t)for(var e in this)"t"===e.charAt(0)&&n.call(this,e)&&!isNaN(+e.slice(1))&&(this[e]=r)},stop:function(){this.done=!0;var t=this.tryEntries[0].completion;if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return this.rval},dispatchException:function(t){if(this.done)throw t;var e=this;function o(n,o){return a.type="throw",a.arg=t,e.next=n,o&&(e.method="next",e.arg=r),!!o}for(var i=this.tryEntries.length-1;i>=0;--i){var u=this.tryEntries[i],a=u.completion;if("root"===u.tryLoc)return o("end");if(u.tryLoc<=this.prev){var c=n.call(u,"catchLoc"),s=n.call(u,"finallyLoc");if(c&&s){if(this.prev<u.catchLoc)return o(u.catchLoc,!0);if(this.prev<u.finallyLoc)return o(u.finallyLoc)}else if(c){if(this.prev<u.catchLoc)return o(u.catchLoc,!0)}else{if(!s)throw new Error("try statement without catch or finally");if(this.prev<u.finallyLoc)return o(u.finallyLoc)}}}},abrupt:function(t,r){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var o=this.tryEntries[e];if(o.tryLoc<=this.prev&&n.call(o,"finallyLoc")&&this.prev<o.finallyLoc){var i=o;break}}i&&("break"===t||"continue"===t)&&i.tryLoc<=r&&r<=i.finallyLoc&&(i=null);var u=i?i.completion:{};return u.type=t,u.arg=r,i?(this.method="next",this.next=i.finallyLoc,v):this.complete(u)},complete:function(t,r){if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return"break"===t.type||"continue"===t.type?this.next=t.arg:"return"===t.type?(this.rval=this.arg=t.arg,this.method="return",this.next="end"):"normal"===t.type&&r&&(this.next=r),v},finish:function(t){for(var r=this.tryEntries.length-1;r>=0;--r){var e=this.tryEntries[r];if(e.finallyLoc===t)return this.complete(e.completion,e.afterLoc),P(e),v}},catch:function(t){for(var r=this.tryEntries.length-1;r>=0;--r){var e=this.tryEntries[r];if(e.tryLoc===t){var n=e.completion;if("throw"===n.type){var o=n.arg;P(e)}return o}}throw new Error("illegal catch attempt")},delegateYield:function(t,e,n){return this.delegate={iterator:A(t),resultName:e,nextLoc:n},"next"===this.method&&(this.arg=r),v}},t}(t.exports);try{regeneratorRuntime=r}catch(t){Function("r","regeneratorRuntime = r")(r)}},7147:function(t,r,e){"use strict";var n="undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis||"undefined"!=typeof self&&self||void 0!==n&&n,o="URLSearchParams"in n,i="Symbol"in n&&"iterator"in Symbol,u="FileReader"in n&&"Blob"in n&&function(){try{return new Blob,!0}catch(t){return!1}}(),a="FormData"in n,c="ArrayBuffer"in n;if(c)var s=["[object Int8Array]","[object Uint8Array]","[object Uint8ClampedArray]","[object Int16Array]","[object Uint16Array]","[object Int32Array]","[object Uint32Array]","[object Float32Array]","[object Float64Array]"],f=ArrayBuffer.isView||function(t){return t&&s.indexOf(Object.prototype.toString.call(t))>-1};function l(t){if("string"!=typeof t&&(t=String(t)),/[^a-z0-9\-#$%&'*+.^_`|~!]/i.test(t)||""===t)throw new TypeError("Invalid character in header field name");return t.toLowerCase()}function p(t){return"string"!=typeof t&&(t=String(t)),t}function h(t){var r={next:function(){var r=t.shift();return{done:void 0===r,value:r}}};return i&&(r[Symbol.iterator]=function(){return r}),r}function d(t){this.map={},t instanceof d?t.forEach((function(t,r){this.append(r,t)}),this):Array.isArray(t)?t.forEach((function(t){this.append(t[0],t[1])}),this):t&&Object.getOwnPropertyNames(t).forEach((function(r){this.append(r,t[r])}),this)}function v(t){if(t.bodyUsed)return Promise.reject(new TypeError("Already read"));t.bodyUsed=!0}function y(t){return new Promise((function(r,e){t.onload=function(){r(t.result)},t.onerror=function(){e(t.error)}}))}function g(t){var r=new FileReader,e=y(r);return r.readAsArrayBuffer(t),e}function b(t){if(t.slice)return t.slice(0);var r=new Uint8Array(t.byteLength);return r.set(new Uint8Array(t)),r.buffer}function m(){return this.bodyUsed=!1,this._initBody=function(t){var r;this.bodyUsed=this.bodyUsed,this._bodyInit=t,t?"string"==typeof t?this._bodyText=t:u&&Blob.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)?this._bodyBlob=t:a&&FormData.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)?this._bodyFormData=t:o&&URLSearchParams.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)?this._bodyText=t.toString():c&&u&&((r=t)&&DataView.prototype.isPrototypeOf(r))?(this._bodyArrayBuffer=b(t.buffer),this._bodyInit=new Blob([this._bodyArrayBuffer])):c&&(ArrayBuffer.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)||f(t))?this._bodyArrayBuffer=b(t):this._bodyText=t=Object.prototype.toString.call(t):this._bodyText="",this.headers.get("content-type")||("string"==typeof t?this.headers.set("content-type","text/plain;charset=UTF-8"):this._bodyBlob&&this._bodyBlob.type?this.headers.set("content-type",this._bodyBlob.type):o&&URLSearchParams.prototype.isPrototypeOf(t)&&this.headers.set("content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=UTF-8"))},u&&(this.blob=function(){var t=v(this);if(t)return t;if(this._bodyBlob)return Promise.resolve(this._bodyBlob);if(this._bodyArrayBuffer)return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyArrayBuffer]));if(this._bodyFormData)throw new Error("could not read FormData body as blob");return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyText]))},this.arrayBuffer=function(){if(this._bodyArrayBuffer){var t=v(this);return t||(ArrayBuffer.isView(this._bodyArrayBuffer)?Promise.resolve(this._bodyArrayBuffer.buffer.slice(this._bodyArrayBuffer.byteOffset,this._bodyArrayBuffer.byteOffset+this._bodyArrayBuffer.byteLength)):Promise.resolve(this._bodyArrayBuffer))}return this.blob().then(g)}),this.text=function(){var t,r,e,n=v(this);if(n)return n;if(this._bodyBlob)return t=this._bodyBlob,r=new FileReader,e=y(r),r.readAsText(t),e;if(this._bodyArrayBuffer)return Promise.resolve(function(t){for(var r=new Uint8Array(t),e=new Array(r.length),n=0;n<r.length;n++)e[n]=String.fromCharCode(r[n]);return e.join("")}(this._bodyArrayBuffer));if(this._bodyFormData)throw new Error("could not read FormData body as text");return Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)},a&&(this.formData=function(){return this.text().then(S)}),this.json=function(){return this.text().then(JSON.parse)},this}d.prototype.append=function(t,r){t=l(t),r=p(r);var e=this.map[t];this.map[t]=e?e+", "+r:r},d.prototype.delete=function(t){delete this.map[l(t)]},d.prototype.get=function(t){return t=l(t),this.has(t)?this.map[t]:null},d.prototype.has=function(t){return this.map.hasOwnProperty(l(t))},d.prototype.set=function(t,r){this.map[l(t)]=p(r)},d.prototype.forEach=function(t,r){for(var e in this.map)this.map.hasOwnProperty(e)&&t.call(r,this.map[e],e,this)},d.prototype.keys=function(){var t=[];return this.forEach((function(r,e){t.push(e)})),h(t)},d.prototype.values=function(){var t=[];return this.forEach((function(r){t.push(r)})),h(t)},d.prototype.entries=function(){var t=[];return this.forEach((function(r,e){t.push([e,r])})),h(t)},i&&(d.prototype[Symbol.iterator]=d.prototype.entries);var w=["DELETE","GET","HEAD","OPTIONS","POST","PUT"];function x(t,r){if(!(this instanceof x))throw new TypeError('Please use the "new" operator, this DOM object constructor cannot be called as a function.');var e,n,o=(r=r||{}).body;if(t instanceof x){if(t.bodyUsed)throw new TypeError("Already read");this.url=t.url,this.credentials=t.credentials,r.headers||(this.headers=new d(t.headers)),this.method=t.method,this.mode=t.mode,this.signal=t.signal,o||null==t._bodyInit||(o=t._bodyInit,t.bodyUsed=!0)}else this.url=String(t);if(this.credentials=r.credentials||this.credentials||"same-origin",!r.headers&&this.headers||(this.headers=new d(r.headers)),this.method=(e=r.method||this.method||"GET",n=e.toUpperCase(),w.indexOf(n)>-1?n:e),this.mode=r.mode||this.mode||null,this.signal=r.signal||this.signal,this.referrer=null,("GET"===this.method||"HEAD"===this.method)&&o)throw new TypeError("Body not allowed for GET or HEAD requests");if(this._initBody(o),!("GET"!==this.method&&"HEAD"!==this.method||"no-store"!==r.cache&&"no-cache"!==r.cache)){var i=/([?&])_=[^&]*/;if(i.test(this.url))this.url=this.url.replace(i,"$1_="+(new Date).getTime());else{this.url+=(/\?/.test(this.url)?"&":"?")+"_="+(new Date).getTime()}}}function S(t){var r=new FormData;return t.trim().split("&").forEach((function(t){if(t){var e=t.split("="),n=e.shift().replace(/\+/g," "),o=e.join("=").replace(/\+/g," ");r.append(decodeURIComponent(n),decodeURIComponent(o))}})),r}function E(t,r){if(!(this instanceof E))throw new TypeError('Please use the "new" operator, this DOM object constructor cannot be called as a function.');r||(r={}),this.type="default",this.status=void 0===r.status?200:r.status,this.ok=this.status>=200&&this.status<300,this.statusText="statusText"in r?r.statusText:"",this.headers=new d(r.headers),this.url=r.url||"",this._initBody(t)}x.prototype.clone=function(){return new x(this,{body:this._bodyInit})},m.call(x.prototype),m.call(E.prototype),E.prototype.clone=function(){return new E(this._bodyInit,{status:this.status,statusText:this.statusText,headers:new d(this.headers),url:this.url})},E.error=function(){var t=new E(null,{status:0,statusText:""});return t.type="error",t};var _=[301,302,303,307,308];E.redirect=function(t,r){if(-1===_.indexOf(r))throw new RangeError("Invalid status code");return new E(null,{status:r,headers:{location:t}})};var O=n.DOMException;try{new O}catch(t){(O=function(t,r){this.message=t,this.name=r;var e=Error(t);this.stack=e.stack}).prototype=Object.create(Error.prototype),O.prototype.constructor=O}function T(t,r){return new Promise((function(e,o){var i=new x(t,r);if(i.signal&&i.signal.aborted)return o(new O("Aborted","AbortError"));var a=new XMLHttpRequest;function s(){a.abort()}a.onload=function(){var t,r,n={status:a.status,statusText:a.statusText,headers:(t=a.getAllResponseHeaders()||"",r=new d,t.replace(/\r?\n[\t ]+/g," ").split(/\r?\n/).forEach((function(t){var e=t.split(":"),n=e.shift().trim();if(n){var o=e.join(":").trim();r.append(n,o)}})),r)};n.url="responseURL"in a?a.responseURL:n.headers.get("X-Request-URL");var o="response"in a?a.response:a.responseText;setTimeout((function(){e(new E(o,n))}),0)},a.onerror=function(){setTimeout((function(){o(new TypeError("Network request failed"))}),0)},a.ontimeout=function(){setTimeout((function(){o(new TypeError("Network request failed"))}),0)},a.onabort=function(){setTimeout((function(){o(new O("Aborted","AbortError"))}),0)},a.open(i.method,function(t){try{return""===t&&n.location.href?n.location.href:t}catch(r){return t}}(i.url),!0),"include"===i.credentials?a.withCredentials=!0:"omit"===i.credentials&&(a.withCredentials=!1),"responseType"in a&&(u?a.responseType="blob":c&&i.headers.get("Content-Type")&&-1!==i.headers.get("Content-Type").indexOf("application/octet-stream")&&(a.responseType="arraybuffer")),!r||"object"!=typeof r.headers||r.headers instanceof d?i.headers.forEach((function(t,r){a.setRequestHeader(r,t)})):Object.getOwnPropertyNames(r.headers).forEach((function(t){a.setRequestHeader(t,p(r.headers[t]))})),i.signal&&(i.signal.addEventListener("abort",s),a.onreadystatechange=function(){4===a.readyState&&i.signal.removeEventListener("abort",s)}),a.send(void 0===i._bodyInit?null:i._bodyInit)}))}T.polyfill=!0,n.fetch||(n.fetch=T,n.Headers=d,n.Request=x,n.Response=E)}},r={};function e(n){if(r[n])return r[n].exports;var o=r[n]={exports:{}};return t[n](o,o.exports,e),o.exports}e.d=function(t,r){for(var n in r)e.o(r,n)&&!e.o(t,n)&&Object.defineProperty(t,n,{enumerable:!0,get:r[n]})},e.g=function(){if("object"==typeof globalThis)return globalThis;try{return this||new Function("return this")()}catch(t){if("object"==typeof window)return window}}(),e.o=function(t,r){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,r)},e(5666),e(1150),e(9712),e(7147),e(1391),e(9135)}();</script> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Rg.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Rg.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_It.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_It.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Bd.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Bd.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_BdIt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_BdIt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Lt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Lt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_LtIt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_LtIt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_ExBd.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_ExBd.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_ExBdIt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_ExBdIt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Md.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Md.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSans_W_MdIt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/r2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_MdIt.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/7ba98e3db9d415f8cbdb0978bf084f9e/css/orb-ltr.min.css"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/7ba98e3db9d415f8cbdb0978bf084f9e/js/api-forge-free.min.js"></script> <!-- navid Web Module: 0.2.0-40.c81e15f --> <!-- searchbox Web Module: 3.0.0-216.84208de --> <!-- navpromo Web Module: 3.0.0-174.1602592 --> <!-- cookiebanner Web Module: 0.0.2-558.1392f15 --> <!-- useractivityhelper Web Module: 1.0.0-113.5385597 --> <!-- reverb Web Module: 1.6.1 --> <!-- ads Web Module: 20201214-105455-ee20933ac-4.12.0 --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.53.0/style/id-cta.css"/><!--[if IE 8]><link href="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.53.0/style/ie8.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <![endif]--><script type="text/javascript">(function() {if (!window.require) {throw new Error('idcta: could not find require module');}if (typeof(map) == 'undefined') {var map = {};}if (!!document.createElementNS && !!document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg').createSVGRect) {document.documentElement.className += ' id-svg';}var ptrt = new RegExp("[\\?&]ptrt=([^&]*)").exec(document.location.href);var ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://idcta.api.bbc.co.uk';var ENDPOINT_CONFIG = ('/idcta/config?callback=&ptrt=' + encodeURIComponent((ptrt ? ptrt[1] : document.location.href))).replace(/\&/g, '&');var ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS = '/idcta/translations?callback=';function hasPromise() {var P = window.Promise;var promiseToString = null;if (P) {try {promiseToString = Object.prototype.toString.call(P.resolve());} catch(e) {/*silently ignored*/}}return (promiseToString === '[object Promise]' && !P.cast);}if (hasPromise()) {define('idcta/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});define('idcta-v2/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});}map['idcta-v2'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.53.0/modules/idcta-v2';map['idcta-v2/config'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_CONFIG;map['idcta-v2/translations'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS;map['idcta'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.8.2/modules/idcta';map['idcta-v2/idcta-1'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.53.0/modules/idcta-v2/dist/idcta-1.min';map['idcta-v2/experiment-snippet'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/idcta_live';const idctaShim = {deps: ['idcta-v2/idcta-1'],};require({shim: {'idcta-v2/statusbar': idctaShim,'idcta-v2/id-config': idctaShim},map: {'*': {'idcta/idcta-1': 'idcta-v2/idcta-1','idcta': 'idcta-v2',}},paths: map});window.idctaBaseUrl = ENDPOINT_URL;define('idcta/config', ['idcta-v2/config'], function(data) {return data;});define('idcta/translations', ['idcta-v2/translations'], function(data) {return data;});})();</script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Globally available search context window.SEARCHBOX={"variant":"default","locale":"en","feature":"forge-free","navSearchboxStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5bd951f6aac2ac491095aed2c248e936/","searchboxAppStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5bd951f6aac2ac491095aed2c248e936/drawer","searchFormHtml":"<div tabindex=\"-1\"><div><section class=\"se-searchbox-panel\"><div class=\"se-g-wrap\"><div class=\"se-g-layout\"><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox-title\" aria-hidden=\"true\">search</div><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox\"><form accept-charset=\"utf-8\" id=\"searchboxDrawerForm\" method=\"get\" action=\"https://search.bbc.co.uk/search\"><label class=\"se-searchbox__input\" for=\"se-searchbox-input-field\"><span class=\"se-sr-only\">Search Term</span><div><input type=\"text\" name=\"q\" value=\"\" id=\"se-searchbox-input-field\" class=\"se-searchbox__input__field\" maxLength=\"100\" autoComplete=\"off\" autoCorrect=\"off\" autoCapitalize=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"/></div></label><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"scope\" value=\"\"/><button type=\"submit\" class=\"se-searchbox__submit\" tabindex=\"0\" data-bbc-container=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-bbc-title=\"search-icon\" data-bbc-metadata=\"{"PAR":"form::1","CHD":"button::1"}\" data-bbc-personalisation=\"{"QRY":""}\">Search</button><button type=\"button\" class=\"se-searchbox__clear se-searchbox__clear--visible\" tabindex=\"0\" data-bbc-container=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-bbc-title=\"clear-icon\" data-bbc-metadata=\"{"PAR":"form::1","CHD":"button::2"}\" data-bbc-personalisation=\"{"QRY":""}\">Close</button></form></div></div></div></section><div aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" class=\"se-suggestions-container\"><section class=\"se-g-wrap\"></section></div></div></div>","searchScopePlaceholder":"","searchScopeParam":"","searchScopeTemplate":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperStart":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperEnd":""}; window.SEARCHBOX.searchScope = SEARCHBOX.searchScopeTemplate.split('-')[0]; </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5bd951f6aac2ac491095aed2c248e936/css/main.css"> <!--[if IE 8]> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5bd951f6aac2ac491095aed2c248e936/script/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window['searchboxIEVersion'] = 8;</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5bd951f6aac2ac491095aed2c248e936/css/ie8.css"> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript">window['searchboxIEVersion'] = 9;</script> <![endif]--> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-558.1392f15/cookie-banner/cookie-library.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.define !== undefined) { define('orb/cookies', function() { return window.bbccookies; }); }</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.__detectview={clickManagementEnabled:false};</script> <script type="text/javascript">"use strict";!function(){window.__reverbStaticLocation="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/",window.__smarttagVersion="5.22.0",window.__reverb={},window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise=new Promise(function(e,n){window.__reverb.__resolveReverbLoaded=e,window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded=n}),window.__reverb.__reverbTimeout=setTimeout(function(){window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded()},5e3);var n=function(r,d){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){if(r&&r.detail){var n=r.detail.label,t=r.detail.type,i=r.detail.elem,o=r.detail.originalEvent;r.detail.isClick&&(d=r.detail.isClick),e.userActionEvent(t,n,r.detail,i,o,d)}},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})};document.addEventListener("bbc-user-event",function(e){n(e,!1)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-user-click",function(e){n(e,!0)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-page-updated",function(){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})})}();</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/reverb-1.6.1.js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript">const adsDebug=/[?|&]ads-debug/.test(window.location.href);var bbcdotcomConfig={},bbcdotcomForgeAsync=!0,googletag=googletag||{};googletag.cmd=googletag.cmd||[],bbcdotcomScripts=[],tp=window.tp||[],_comscore=window._comscore||[];var bbcdotcom={test:/test/.test(window.location.hostname),adverts:{keyValues:{},breakpoints:{}},advert:{write:function(){},show:function(){},isActive:function(){return!1},layout:function(){return{reset:function(){}}}},config:{init:function(){},isAvailable:function(){return new Promise(function(t){bbcdotcom.resolves?bbcdotcom.resolves.isAvailable.push(t):t(!1)})},isAdsEnabledAsync:function(){return new Promise(function(t){bbcdotcom.resolves?bbcdotcom.resolves.adsEnabled.push(t):t(!1)})},isAnalyticsEnabledAsync:function(){return new Promise(function(t){bbcdotcom.resolves?bbcdotcom.resolves.analyticsEnabled.push(t):t(!1)})},setSections:function(){},setAdsEnabled:function(){},setAnalyticsEnabled:function(){},setAssetPrefix:function(){},setFlagpoles:function(){},setVersion:function(){},setJsPrefix:function(){},setSwfPrefix:function(){},setCssPrefix:function(){},setConfig:function(){},getAssetPrefix:function(){},getJsPrefix:function(){},getSwfPrefix:function(){},getCssPrefix:function(){},isOptimizelyEnabled:function(){},isThirdPartyDisabled:function(){},isThirdPartyDisabledEU:function(){},setEU:function(){}},survey:{init:function(){return!1}},data:{},init:function(){},objects:function(t){return!1},locale:{set:function(){},get:function(){}},setAdKeyValue:function(){},utils:{addEvent:function(){},addHtmlTagClass:function(){},log:function(){}},addLoadEvent:function(){},resolves:{isAvailable:[],adsEnabled:[],analyticsEnabled:[]},resolvePromises:function(){if(bbcdotcom.resolves){for(var t=0;t<bbcdotcom.resolves.isAvailable.length;t++)bbcdotcom.resolves.isAvailable[t](!1);delete bbcdotcom.resolves}},flag:{a:!1,s:!1},asyncCmd:[],isSportApp:function(){var t=window.location.pathname;return void 0!==t&&-1!==t.indexOf(".app")&&0===t.indexOf("/sport")},init:function(t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.init(t)})},slotAsync:function(t,o,n,e){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.slotAsync(t,o,n,e)})}};bbcdotcom.adverts.slotAsync=function(t,o,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.slotAsync(t,o,n)})},bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled=function(){var t=window.location.pathname;return void 0===t||0!==t.indexOf("/sport")||-1===t.indexOf(".app")},bbcdotcom.config.isActive=function(){var t=window.location.pathname;return void 0===t||0!==t.indexOf("/sport")||-1===t.indexOf(".app")},bbcdotcom.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!0},bbcdotcom.registerAd=function(t,o,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.registerAd(t,o,n)})},bbcdotcom.setAdUnit=function(t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.setAdUnit(t)})},bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit={},bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit.setUid=function(t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit.setUid(t)})},bbcdotcom.setConfig=function(t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.setConfig(t)})},bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue=function(t,o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue(t,o)})},bbcdotcom.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!0}}},bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue=function(t,o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.set(t,o)})},bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.set=function(t,o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.set(t,o)})},bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.unset=function(t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.unset(t)})},bbcdotcom.pubsub={},bbcdotcom.pubsub.on=function(t,o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.pubsub.on(t,o)})},bbcdotcom.pubsub.off=function(t,o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.pubsub.off(t,o)})},bbcdotcom.analytics={},bbcdotcom.analytics.page=function(t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.analytics.page(t)})},bbcdotcom.av={emp:{adverts:""}},bbcdotcom.config.isContinuousPlayPage=function(){return!1},bbcdotcom.config.isSportApp=function(){var t=window.location.pathname;return void 0!==t&&-1!==t.indexOf(".app")&&0===t.indexOf("/sport")},bbcdotcom.adverts.breakpoints.setGroupStart=function(t,o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.breakpoints.setGroupStart(t,o)})},"undefined"!=typeof require&&require({paths:{bbcdotcom:"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20201214-105455-ee20933ac-4.12.0/script"}}),window.bbcdotcom&&bbcdotcom.isSportApp&&!bbcdotcom.isSportApp()&&window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(t){return t&&!adsDebug?(adsDebug&&console.log("UK location, not ads debug mode, don't load flags, don't load ads."),(t=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.config.isActive=function(){return!1},t.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},void t.resolvePromises()):void window.bbcuser.canSeeAdverts().then(function(t){if(!t&&!adsDebug)return adsDebug&&console.log("canSeeAdverts false, not ads debug mode, don't load ads."),(o=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.config.isActive=function(){return!1},o.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},void o.resolvePromises();var o=/test/.test(window.location.hostname)?"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-flagpoles.test.api.bbci.co.uk/gnlops":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-flagpoles.api.bbci.co.uk/gnlops",c=new XMLHttpRequest;c.open("GET",o),c.onload=function(){var o,t,n=JSON.parse(c.responseText),e=window.bbcdotcom||{};e.flag.a="true"===n.adverts?1:0,e.flag.s="true"===n.analytics?1:0,e.flag.a||e.flag.s?(t=/test/.test(window.location.hostname)?"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-flagpoles.test.api.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-flagpoles.api.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom",(o=new XMLHttpRequest).open("GET",t),o.onload=function(){var e=JSON.parse(o.responseText),c=window.bbcdotcom||{};[{tp:"thirdPartyEEA"},{o:"outbrain"},{d:"adsense"},{asa:"adsportapp"},{l:"lotame"},{p:"platinum"},{g:"grapeshot"},{sh:"sherlock"},{pe:"permutive"},{si:"signin"},{sis:"signinSport"},{sin:"signinNews"},{siw:"signinWWHP"}].forEach(function(t,o){for(var n in t)c.flag[n]="true"===e[t[n]]?1:0}),c.data={ads:c.flag.a,stats:c.flag.s,statsProvider:"",country:""},function(){const t=document.createElement("link");t.href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20201214-105455-ee20933ac-4.12.0/style/bbcdotcom-async.css",t.rel="stylesheet",t.type="text/css",document.head.appendChild(t)}();var t=document.createElement("script"),s=document.head||document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];t.type="text/javascript",t.async=!0,t.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20201214-105455-ee20933ac-4.12.0/script/bbcdotcom.js",t.onload=function(){c.assetPrefix="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20201214-105455-ee20933ac-4.12.0/",bbcdotcomConfig={assetPrefix:"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20201214-105455-ee20933ac-4.12.0/",staticVersion:"20201214-105455-ee20933ac-4.12.0",staticPrefix:"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20201214-105455-ee20933ac-4.12.0/"},c.config.init(bbcdotcomConfig,c.data,window.location,window.document),c.config.setAssetPrefix(bbcdotcomConfig.assetPrefix),c.config.setVersion(bbcdotcomConfig.staticVersion),c.config.setFlagpoles(c.flag);var n=["AT","BE","BG","HR","CY","CZ","DK","EE","FI","FR","DE","GR","HU","IE","IT","LV","LT","LU","MT","NL","PL","PT","RO","SK","SI","ES","SE","IS","LI","NO","CH"];window.bbcuser.getCountry().then(function(t){var o=!!t&&-1!==n.indexOf(t.toUpperCase());c.config.setEU(o),c.data.country=t});function t(t){var o=document.createElement("link"),n=document.head||document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];o.href=t,o.rel="dns-prefetch",n.appendChild(o)}var o,e;if(c.flag.s&&(t("//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://secure-us.imrworldwide.com/"),t("//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://me-cdn.effectivemeasure.net/"),t("//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://ssc.api.bbc.com/")),c.flag.a&&(t("//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.googletagservices.com/"),t("//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/"),t("//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/"),t("//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/"),(o=document.createElement("meta")).setAttribute("name","google-site-verification"),o.setAttribute("content","auTeTTwSt_KBY_4iDoR00Lwb7-qzx1IgzJy6ztaWgEI"),s.appendChild(o)),c.flag.s||c.flag.a)for(c.config.isPermutiveEnabled()&&!c.config.isWorldService()&&(function(n){if(!n){n=n||{},(window.permutive=n).q=[],n.config={consentRequired:!0},n.config.projectId="e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491",n.config.apiKey="1bb84885-9325-4fef-adda-a208032b2715",n.config.environment=n.config.environment||"production";for(var t=["addon","identify","track","trigger","query","segment","segments","ready","on","once","user","consent"],o=0;o<t.length;o++){var e=t[o];n[e]=function(o){return function(){var t=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);n.q.push({functionName:o,arguments:t})}}(e)}}}((document,window.permutive)),bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://cdn.permutive.com/e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491-web.js"})),c.config.isGrapeshotEnabled()&&!c.config.isWorldService()&&(e=window.location.href.split("?")[0],bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/?url="+encodeURIComponent(e)})),c.config.isLotameActive()&&c.config.isLotameEnabled()&&(o=c.config.isWorldService&&c.config.isWorldService()?"10826":"10816",e="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/c/"+o+"/cc.js?ns="+o,bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:e,id:"LOTCC"+o}),bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/5/c=10815/pe=y/var=ccauds"})),bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"}),c.config.isThirdPartyDisabledEU()||bbcdotcomScripts.forEach(function(t){var o=document.createElement("script");o.async=!1,t.id&&(o.id=t.id),o.src=t.src,s.appendChild(o)});0<window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.length;)window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.shift()();window.adsDebug&&adsDebug&&console.log("bbcdotcom up and running...")},s.appendChild(t)},o.onerror=function(){var t;(t=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.config.isActive=function(){return!1},t.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},t.resolvePromises()},o.send()):((t=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.config.isActive=function(){return!1},t.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},t.resolvePromises())},c.onerror=function(){var t;(t=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.config.isActive=function(){return!1},t.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},t.resolvePromises()},c.send()})});</script> <style>/* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-list { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .styled-list__item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 8px; } .styled-list__item a { font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .styled-list__item--worklife a { color: #8beed9; } .styled-list__item--future a { color: #ffc857; } .styled-list__item--culture a { color: #472479; } .styled-list__item--earth a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__item--travel a { color: #002856; } .styled-list__text { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-left: 20px; } .styled-list__dot { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 8px; } .article-intro { position: relative; } .article-intro__line { margin-top: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .author-unit { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; } .author-unit--small-mobile { line-height: 30px; } .author-unit .author-unit__container { margin: 0 auto; } .author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop { margin: 0; } .author-unit__container { -ms-flex-align: baseline; align-items: baseline; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 10px 0; } .author-unit__text { color: #6a6a6a; font-style: italic; font-weight: 600; padding-right: 10px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon { color: #6a6a6a; padding-right: 14px; text-decoration: none; } .author-unit__icon:hover { color: #00bbf2; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .partner-module { border-bottom: 1px solid #472479; border-top: 0; } .partner-module__link, .partner-module__link:visited { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; padding: 0 12px; text-decoration: none; } .partner-module__link:hover { background-color: #f5f5f5; } .partner-module__heading { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: 16px 0; } .partner-module__partner-name { font-weight: bold; } .partner-module__partner-logo { display: block; height: 31px; margin: 12px 0; margin-left: 17px; width: 88px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @font-face { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/curious-sans-bold.b389ec59.eot), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/curious-sans-bold.b389ec59.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/curious-sans-bold.ba46d70f.ttf) format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'gelicons-core'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/gelicons-core.cc52df12.eot); src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/gelicons-core.cc52df12.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/gelicons-core.5435c223.ttf) format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'gelicons-media'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/gelicons-media.41063609.eot); src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/gelicons-media.41063609.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/gelicons-media.28e9b877.ttf) format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'gelicons-social'; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/gelicons-social.523533c6.eot); src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/gelicons-social.523533c6.eot) format("embedded-opentype"), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/media/gelicons-social.407b297d.ttf) format("truetype"); } .gelicon { font-family: 'gelicons-core'; } .gelicon, .gelicon::before { -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; speak: none; text-decoration: none !important; } .gelicon--leading::before { margin-right: 8px; } .gelicon--trailing::before { margin-left: 8px; } .gelicon--social { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } .gelicon--core { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Set font on all icons (need to do this as Opera doesn't fallback per Glyph) */ /* On the icon, not ::before as IE7 hack injects the icon into the element instead of a pseudo element */ .gelicon--iplayer, .gelicon--iplayer-radio, .gelicon--previous, .gelicon--up, .gelicon--down, .gelicon--next, .gelicon--tobottom, .gelicon--totop, .gelicon--zoomin, .gelicon--zoomout, .gelicon--search, .gelicon--print, .gelicon--print-invert, .gelicon--yes, .gelicon--no, .gelicon--add, .gelicon--help, .gelicon--info, .gelicon--alert, .gelicon--expires, .gelicon--duration, .gelicon--alarm, .gelicon--countdown, .gelicon--grid, .gelicon--chapters, .gelicon--list, .gelicon--listthumb, .gelicon--lock, .gelicon--unlock, .gelicon--home, .gelicon--new, .gelicon--vocab, .gelicon--degraded, .gelicon--calendar-mini, .gelicon--calendar, .gelicon--mail, .gelicon--location, .gelicon--load, .gelicon--settings, .gelicon--embed, .gelicon--external, .gelicon--traffic, .gelicon--refresh, .gelicon--link, .gelicon--point, .gelicon--upload, .gelicon--download, .gelicon--finder, .gelicon--stations, .gelicon--untitled, .gelicon--untitled-2, .gelicon--quote, .gelicon--calendar-30, .gelicon--download-desktop, .gelicon--map, .gelicon--previous-alternative, .gelicon--next-alternative, .gelicon--arrow-down { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--iplayer::before { content: '\e000'; } .gelicon--iplayer-radio::before { content: '\e001'; } .gelicon--previous::before { content: '\e002'; } .gelicon--up::before { content: '\e003'; } .gelicon--down::before { content: '\e004'; } .gelicon--next::before { content: '\e005'; } .gelicon--tobottom::before { content: '\e006'; } .gelicon--totop::before { content: '\e007'; } .gelicon--zoomin::before { content: '\e008'; } .gelicon--zoomout::before { content: '\e00a'; } .gelicon--search::before { content: '\e009'; } .gelicon--print::before { content: '\e00b'; } .gelicon--print-invert::before { content: '\e00c'; } .gelicon--yes::before { content: '\e00d'; } .gelicon--no::before { content: '\e00e'; } .gelicon--add::before { content: '\e00f'; } .gelicon--help::before { content: '\e010'; } .gelicon--info::before { content: '\e011'; } .gelicon--alert::before { content: '\e012'; } .gelicon--expires::before { content: '\e013'; } .gelicon--duration::before { content: '\e014'; } .gelicon--alarm::before { content: '\e015'; } .gelicon--countdown::before { content: '\e016'; } .gelicon--grid::before { content: '\e017'; } .gelicon--chapters::before { content: '\e018'; } .gelicon--list::before { content: '\e019'; } .gelicon--listthumb::before { content: '\e01a'; } .gelicon--lock::before { content: '\e01b'; } .gelicon--unlock::before { content: '\e01c'; } .gelicon--home::before { content: '\e01d'; } .gelicon--new::before { content: '\e01e'; } .gelicon--vocab::before { content: '\e01f'; } .gelicon--degraded::before { content: '\e020'; } .gelicon--calendar-mini::before { content: '\e021'; } .gelicon--calendar::before { content: '\e022'; } .gelicon--mail::before { content: '\e023'; } .gelicon--location::before { content: '\e024'; } .gelicon--load::before { content: '\e025'; } .gelicon--settings::before { content: '\e026'; } .gelicon--embed::before { content: '\e027'; } .gelicon--external::before { content: '\e028'; } .gelicon--traffic::before { content: '\e029'; } .gelicon--refresh::before { content: '\e02a'; } .gelicon--link::before { content: '\e02b'; } .gelicon--point::before { content: '\e02c'; } .gelicon--upload::before { content: '\e02d'; } .gelicon--download::before { content: '\e02e'; } .gelicon--finder::before { content: '\e02f'; } .gelicon--stations::before { content: '\e030'; } .gelicon--untitled::before { content: '\42'; } .gelicon--untitled-2::before { content: '\43'; } .gelicon--quote::before { content: '\22'; } .gelicon--playlister-add::before { content: '\e031'; } .gelicon--calendar-30::before { content: '\e032'; } .gelicon--download-desktop::before { content: '\e033'; } .gelicon--map::before { content: '\e034'; } .gelicon--previous-alternative::before { content: '\e035'; } .gelicon--next-alternative::before { content: '\e036'; } .gelicon--arrow-down::before { content: '\e038'; } /* Media icons */ .gelicon--menu, .gelicon--live, .gelicon--subtitles, .gelicon--ws, .gelicon--sd, .gelicon--hd, .gelicon--bsl, .gelicon--ad, .gelicon--3d, .gelicon--tv, .gelicon--radio, .gelicon--mobile, .gelicon--desktop, .gelicon--game, .gelicon--tablet, .gelicon--quiz, .gelicon--guidance, .gelicon--record, .gelicon--listen, .gelicon--play, .gelicon--pause, .gelicon--rewind, .gelicon--forward, .gelicon--restart, .gelicon--image, .gelicon--document, .gelicon--slideshow, .gelicon--activity, .gelicon--360, .gelicon--podcast, .gelicon--newsletter, .gelicon--rss, .gelicon--fullscreen, .gelicon--expand, .gelicon--popout, .gelicon--mute, .gelicon--music-on, .gelicon--music-off, .gelicon--windows, .gelicon--apple, .gelicon--interactive { font-family: 'gelicons-media' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--menu::before { content: '\e900'; } .gelicon--live::before { content: '\e100'; } .gelicon--subtitles::before { content: '\e101'; } .gelicon--ws::before { content: '\e102'; } .gelicon--sd::before { content: '\e103'; } .gelicon--hd::before { content: '\e104'; } .gelicon--bsl::before { content: '\e105'; } .gelicon--ad::before { content: '\e106'; } .gelicon--3d::before { content: '\e107'; } .gelicon--tv::before { content: '\e108'; } .gelicon--radio::before { content: '\e109'; } .gelicon--mobile::before { content: '\e10a'; } .gelicon--desktop::before { content: '\e10b'; } .gelicon--game::before { content: '\e10c'; } .gelicon--tablet::before { content: '\e10d'; } .gelicon--quiz::before { content: '\e10e'; } .gelicon--guidance::before { content: '\e10f'; } .gelicon--record::before { content: '\e110'; } .gelicon--listen::before { content: '\e111'; } .gelicon--play::before { content: '\e112'; } .gelicon--pause::before { content: '\e113'; } .gelicon--rewind::before { content: '\e114'; } .gelicon--forward::before { content: '\e115'; } .gelicon--restart::before { content: '\e116'; } .gelicon--image::before { content: '\e117'; } .gelicon--document::before { content: '\e118'; } .gelicon--slideshow::before { content: '\e119'; } .gelicon--activity::before { content: '\e11a'; } .gelicon--360::before { content: '\e11b'; } .gelicon--podcast::before { content: '\e11c'; } .gelicon--newsletter::before { content: '\e11d'; } .gelicon--rss::before { content: '\e11e'; } .gelicon--fullscreen::before { content: '\e11f'; } .gelicon--expand::before { content: '\e120'; } .gelicon--popout::before { content: '\e121'; } .gelicon--mute::before { content: '\e122'; } .gelicon--music-on::before { content: '\e123'; } .gelicon--music-off::before { content: '\e124'; } .gelicon--windows::before { content: '\e125'; } .gelicon--apple::before { content: '\e126'; } .gelicon--interactive::before { content: '\e900'; } /* Social Icons */ .gelicon--share, .gelicon--recommend, .gelicon--comments, .gelicon--blog, .gelicon--smiley, .gelicon--love, .gelicon--twitter, .gelicon--facebook, .gelicon--google-plus, .gelicon--google, .gelicon--spotify, .gelicon--pinterest, .gelicon--tumblr, .gelicon--stumbleupon, .gelicon--linkedin, .gelicon--reddit, .gelicon--digg, .gelicon--instagram, .gelicon--whatsapp { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } /* GEL */ .gelicon--share::before { content: '\e200'; } .gelicon--recommend::before { content: '\e201'; } .gelicon--comments::before { content: '\e202'; } .gelicon--blog::before { content: '\e203'; } .gelicon--smiley::before { content: '\e204'; } .gelicon--love::before { content: '\e205'; } /* THIRD PARTY */ .gelicon--twitter::before { content: '\e300'; } .gelicon--facebook::before { content: '\e301'; } .gelicon--google-plus::before { content: '\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; padding: 22px 10; } .inline-video__description--desktop { padding: 28px 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } .spinner--culture { fill: #472479; } .spinner--travel { fill: #002856; } .spinner--earth { fill: #002856; } .spinner--white { fill: #fff; } .spinner--audio { height: 32px; width: 32px; } .body-text-card-inline-video { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-image__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); font-style: italic; padding: 20px 10px 12px; } .inline-image__description--desktop { padding: 20px 18px 18px; } .inline-image img { border-radius: 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-quote { border-left: 3px solid #575757; color: #575757; letter-spacing: -1.69px; line-height: 32px; margin: 0; padding-left: 22px; } .inline-quote--worklife { border-left: 3px solid #8beed9; } .inline-quote--future { border-left: 3px solid #ffc857; } .inline-quote--culture { border-left: 3px solid #472479; } .inline-quote--earth { border-left: 3px solid #002856; } .inline-quote h2 { font-weight: 300; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-audio-player { background: none; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div { height: 50px; position: relative; } .inline-audio-player__smp-container > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__cta-holder { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #ededed; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-right: 8px; } .inline-audio-player__cta-container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #222; cursor: pointer; font-size: 18px; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player__text--offline { cursor: default; pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__beta { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__beta:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__clicked { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__beta-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player-old { height: 100%; } .inline-audio-player-old__container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player-old__container > div { height: 50px; position: relative; } .inline-audio-player-old__container > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player-old__cta-holder { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player-old__cta-container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player-old__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #4a4a4a; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player-old__beta { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player-old__beta:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player-old__beta-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player-old__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player-old__played { background-color: #ededed; } .inline-audio-player-old__hidden { display: none; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .bookmark-icon { background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; height: 54px; padding: 0; width: 54px; } .bookmark-icon svg { height: 15px; margin: 15px; stroke: #949494; stroke-width: 40; -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform: scale(0.8); width: 15px; } .bookmark__icon--true-white svg { fill: #fff; } .bookmark__icon--black svg, .bookmark__icon--black path { fill: #000 !important; stroke: #000; } .bookmark__icon--light-grey svg { fill: currentColor !important; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .tooltip-box__container { position: relative; } .tooltip-box__message { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: -80px; width: 215px; z-index: 1; } .tooltip-box__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 21px; position: absolute; top: -15px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-135deg); transform: rotate(-135deg); width: 12px; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close { border: 0 !important; height: 15px !important; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 5px; top: -75px; width: 15px !important; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close:hover .tooltip-box__close-icon { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .tooltip-box__close-icon { color: #444; cursor: pointer; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__remove-bookmark-btn { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #adadad; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: left; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: start; align-items: flex-start; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-line { background-color: #8beed9; height: 3px; width: 72px; } .styled-line--small { width: 45px; } .styled-line--medium { width: 135px; } .styled-line--large { height: 1px; width: auto; } .styled-line--height--large { height: 5px; } .styled-line--height--small { height: 1px; } .styled-line--xs-small { width: 25px; } .styled-line--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-line--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-line--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-line--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--white { background-color: #fff; } .styled-line--dark-grey { background-color: #6a6a6a; } .styled-line--light-grey { background-color: #4b4b4b; } .styled-line--grey { background-color: #dedede; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 38px 0 32px; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } .similar-articles-list { background-color: #f9f9f9; position: relative; text-align: center; } .similar-articles-list__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: -50px; } .similar-articles-list__collection { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__header { background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 36px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.19px; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .similar-articles-list__number { color: #000; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0; margin-right: 26px; opacity: 0.18; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 262px; padding-bottom: 32px; position: relative; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article:last-child { padding-bottom: 58px; } .similar-articles-list__number, .similar-articles-list__text { display: inline-block; } .similar-articles-list__text { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 210px; text-align: left; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 20px; line-height: 27px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; }html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .index { display: block; margin-bottom: 16px; } @media (min-width: 600px) { .index { margin-bottom: 24px; } } .index__article-hero { margin-bottom: 27px; } .index .article-hero__content { margin-top: 60px; } .index__latest-articles { width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .index__latest-articles { margin-top: 8px; padding: 0; } } @media (min-width: 768px) { .index__latest-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 24px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__latest-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding-top: 8px; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__latest-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 976px; } } .index__load-more { display: flex; justify-content: center; padding: 0 0 24px; } .index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__storyworks-section { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__storyworks-section { max-width: 976px; } } .index__storyworks-section > div > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .index__more-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__more-articles { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__more-articles { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 0 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__more-articles { max-width: 976px; } } .index__full-width-image-article { padding-top: 8px; } .index__stories-container { margin: 16px 16px 0; } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .index__stories-container { margin: 16px 8px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__stories-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__stories-container { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__stories-container { max-width: 976px; } } .index__section-header-unit img { width: 100vw; } @media (max-width: 420px) { .index__section-header-unit img { width: 150vw; } } .index__section-header-unit { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 8px 8px 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__section-header-unit { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index__section-header-unit { max-width: 990px; padding: 16px 8px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 767px) { .index__section-header-unit { padding-bottom: 24px; } } @media (max-width: 599px) { .index__section-header-unit { padding: 8px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .index__section-header-unit { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .index__latest-articles--desktop-ad { max-width: 1280px; padding: 24px 0 0; } } .latest-articles__container { margin-bottom: 24px; } .latest-articles__container--tablet { margin-bottom: 26px; } .latest-articles__container--desktop { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__articles { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle { margin: auto; } .latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle { margin: auto 8px; } .latest-articles__editor { color: #020202; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 2.92px; margin: 0 0 22px; } .latest-articles__editor--tablet { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__editor--desktop { margin-bottom: 36px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu { background: #f1f1f1; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu > div { padding: 0 8px 8px 8px !important; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu .bbccom_advert { padding: 0 8px 8px 8px; } .latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu .bbccom_advert > div { padding: 0; } .latest-articles__rectangle .bbccom_mpu_bottom { background: #f1f1f1; padding: 0 8px 8px 8px; padding-bottom: 8px !important; } .index__stories-container { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; } @supports (display: grid) { .index__stories-container { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; -ms-grid-columns: 100%; grid-template-columns: 100%; row-gap: 16px; } } @media (min-width: 768px) { .index__stories-container { -ms-grid-columns: (33%)[3]; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 33%); margin: auto; max-width: 950px; row-gap: 24px; } .index__stories-container--advert { max-width: 942px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 767px) { .index__stories-container { grid-row-gap: 24px; -ms-grid-columns: (100%)[1]; grid-template-columns: repeat(1, 100%); } } @media (min-width: 768px) { .index__stories-container { -ms-grid-columns: (33%)[3]; grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 33%); margin: auto; max-width: 950px; row-gap: 24px; } .index__stories-container--advert { max-width: 942px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .index__stories-container { margin-top: 24px; } } .index__stories-container--advert { margin-top: 16px; } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index-stories__ad-container { -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-row-span: 2; grid-row: 3 / span 2; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 767px) { .index-stories__ad-container { grid-row: auto; } } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .index-stories__ad-container { -ms-grid-column: 2; -ms-grid-column-span: 2; grid-column: 2 / span 2; -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-row-span: 2; grid-row: 3 / span 2; } } .index-stories__story-item { margin: 10px; } @supports (display: grid) { .index-stories__story-item { margin: 0; } } .index-stories__ad-container { display: block; } .index-stories__ad-container--invisible { display: none; } .around-the-bbc-swimlane { margin-top: auto; } </style> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/features_prod.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="cookiePrompt"></div> <noscript><p style="position: absolute; top: -999em"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://a1.api.bbc.co.uk/hit.xiti?&col=1&from=p&ptag=js&s=598253&p=worklife.tags.language.page&x2=[responsive]&x3=[bbc_website]&x4=[en]&x7=[index-section]&x8=[reverb-1.6.1-nojs]&x11=[FEATURE_SITES_GNL]&x12=[GNL_CAPITAL]" height="1" width="1" alt=""></p></noscript><div id="bbccom_interstitial_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_interstitial" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper" class="bbccom_display_none"></div> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" aria-label="BBC"><div id="orb-header" class="orb-nav-pri orb-nav-pri-white orb-nav-empty" dir="ltr"><div class="orb-nav-pri-container b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-blocks"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Homepage</a></div><section><div class="orb-skip-links"><h2>Accessibility links</h2><ul><li><a href="#orb-modules">Skip to content</a></li><li><a id="orb-accessibility-help" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li></ul></div></section><div id="mybbc-wrapper" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-id orb-nav-focus orb-nav-id-default"> <div id="idcta-statusbar" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-focus" data-bbc-container="id-cta" data-bbc-event-type="click" data-bbc-ignore-views="1" data-bbc-metadata="{"id-cta-type": "statusbar-orb"}" data-bbc-source="responsive_web" data-bbc-title="id-cta-sign-in"><a id="idcta-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://account.bbc.com/account"><span id="idcta-username">BBC Account</span></a></div><script type="text/javascript">require(['idcta/statusbar'], function (statusbar) {new statusbar.Statusbar({id: 'idcta-statusbar', publiclyCacheable: true});});</script><!-- Because we are now loading the notification bell CSS asynchronously, we need this inline style hack to ensure that the notification div is hidden by default, and shown only if and when the bell code is loaded from notification-ui --><a id="notification-link" class="js-notification-link animated three" href="#" style="display: none"><span class="hidden-span">Notifications</span><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><span id="not-num"></span></a> </div><nav role="navigation" aria-label="BBC" class="orb-nav"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-links orb-nav-focus" id="orb-nav-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li><li id="orb-nav-more" style="width: 88px" aria-controls="orb-panel-more"><a href="#orb-footer" data-alt="More" class="istats-notrack">Menu<span class="orb-icon orb-icon-arrow"></span></a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-search"> <a class="orb-search__button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" title="Search the BBC">Search</a><form class="b-f" id="orb-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" accept-charset="utf-8"><div><label for="orb-search-q">Search the BBC</label><input id="orb-search-q" type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" maxlength="100" name="q" placeholder="Search"><button id="orb-search-button" class="orb-search__button">Search the BBC</button><input type="hidden" name="suggid" id="orb-search-suggid"></div></form> </div></div><div id="orb-panels"></div></div></header> <!-- Styling hook for shared modules only --> <div id="orb-modules"> <div id="root"><div id="ad-portal"></div><nav class="navigation navigation--display"><div class="nav-bar"><div class="nav-build-bar nav-build-bar--mobile"><div class="nav-build-bar__branding"><a class="branding branding--worklife branding--medium" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife"><span class="branding__icon branding__icon--worklife branding__icon--medium"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 107.9 15.8" style="enable-background:new 0 0 107.9 15.8;" xml:space="preserve"><style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style><g><g><path class="st0" d="M12.9,15.5c-0.5-1.8-1-3.6-1.5-5.4c-0.5-1.8-1-3.6-1.5-5.5c-0.5,1.8-1,3.6-1.5,5.5c-0.5,1.8-1,3.6-1.5,5.5 H4.1C3.3,13,2.6,10.5,1.9,8C1.3,5.4,0.6,2.9,0,0.3h2.9c0.4,2.1,0.8,4.1,1.3,6.2c0.5,2.1,0.9,4.1,1.5,6.1c0.5-1.9,1.1-3.9,1.6-5.8 c0.5-1.9,1-3.9,1.5-5.8h2.6c0.5,1.9,0.9,3.8,1.4,5.7c0.5,1.9,1,3.8,1.5,5.7c0.5-2,1-4,1.4-6c0.5-2,0.9-4.1,1.3-6.1h2.8 c-0.6,2.6-1.3,5.1-1.9,7.6c-0.7,2.5-1.4,5-2.1,7.5H12.9z"></path><path class="st0" d="M28.2,0c1.1,0,2.1,0.2,3.1,0.6c0.9,0.4,1.7,0.9,2.3,1.6c0.7,0.7,1.2,1.5,1.5,2.5c0.3,1,0.5,2.1,0.5,3.3 c0,1.2-0.2,2.3-0.5,3.3c-0.3,1-0.8,1.8-1.5,2.5c-0.6,0.7-1.4,1.2-2.3,1.6c-0.9,0.4-1.9,0.6-3.1,0.6c-1.1,0-2.1-0.2-3.1-0.6 c-0.9-0.4-1.7-0.9-2.3-1.6c-0.7-0.7-1.2-1.5-1.5-2.5s-0.5-2.1-0.5-3.3s0.2-2.3,0.5-3.3s0.8-1.8,1.5-2.5c0.6-0.7,1.4-1.2,2.3-1.6 C26.1,0.2,27.1,0,28.2,0z M28.2,13.5c1,0,1.8-0.2,2.5-0.7c0.7-0.4,1.2-1.1,1.6-1.9c0.4-0.8,0.6-1.8,0.6-3c0-1.2-0.2-2.2-0.6-3 c-0.4-0.8-0.9-1.5-1.6-1.9c-0.7-0.4-1.5-0.7-2.5-0.7c-1,0-1.8,0.2-2.5,0.7c-0.7,0.4-1.2,1.1-1.6,1.9c-0.4,0.8-0.6,1.8-0.6,3 s0.2,2.2,0.6,3c0.4,0.8,0.9,1.5,1.6,1.9C26.4,13.2,27.3,13.5,28.2,13.5z"></path><path class="st0" d="M41,9.7v5.8h-2.6V0.3h5.2c2,0,3.5,0.4,4.5,1.2c1,0.8,1.6,2,1.6,3.5c0,1-0.3,1.9-0.8,2.6 c-0.5,0.7-1.2,1.2-2.2,1.6c0.7,1,1.3,2,2,3.1c0.6,1,1.3,2.1,1.9,3.2h-3.1c-0.6-1-1.1-2-1.7-2.9c-0.6-1-1.2-1.9-1.7-2.9 c-0.2,0-0.3,0-0.5,0H41z M41,2.5v5.1h2.4c1.2,0,2.1-0.2,2.6-0.6c0.6-0.4,0.9-1,0.9-1.9c0-0.9-0.3-1.5-0.9-1.9 c-0.6-0.4-1.5-0.6-2.6-0.6H41z"></path><path class="st0" d="M55.9,8.7h-0.8v6.8h-2.7V0.3h2.7v6.1H56c1-1.1,2-2.1,2.9-3.1c0.9-1,1.8-2,2.8-3.1h3.3 c-1.1,1.2-2.2,2.4-3.3,3.6c-1.1,1.2-2.3,2.4-3.4,3.6c1.2,1.3,2.4,2.6,3.7,3.9c1.2,1.3,2.4,2.7,3.7,4H62c-1-1.1-2-2.3-3-3.4 C58,11,57,9.8,55.9,8.7z"></path><path class="st0" d="M67.3,0.3H70v12.8h7.5v2.3H67.3V0.3z"></path><path class="st0" d="M79.4,0.3h2.7v15.1h-2.7V0.3z"></path><path class="st0" d="M85.5,0.3h9.8v2.3h-7.1v4.3h6.3v2.3h-6.3v6.3h-2.7V0.3z"></path><path class="st0" d="M97.3,0.3h10.1v2.3H100v3.9h6.6v2.3H100v4.4h7.8v2.3H97.3V0.3z"></path></g></g></svg></span></a></div><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile"><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav-button"><button class="open-nav" aria-label="Open more navigation" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" id="open-nav"><div class="open-nav__label"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Menu</p></div><div class="open-nav__icon"><div class="burger-nav gelicon--menu burger-nav--worklife"></div></div></button></div></div></div></div></nav><div class="app__body"><div class="loader loader--is-active"><div class="loader__body loader__body--show-loader"><div class="loading-spinner"><span class="loading-spinner__image"><span class="spinner--worklife"><svg class="spinner__image" viewbox="0 0 32 32" id="gel-icon-loading" width="100%" height="100%"><path d="M29.8 8l-3.5 2c1 1.8 1.6 3.8 1.6 6 0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12S4 22.6 4 16 9.4 4 16 4V0C7.2 0 0 7.2 0 16s7.2 16 16 16 16-7.2 16-16c0-2.9-.8-5.6-2.2-8z"></path></svg></span></span><span class="loading-spinner__message b-reith-sans-font">Loading</span></div></div></div><main class="main"><div class="index"><div class="index__latest-articles"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--tablet">Language</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How Denmark flattened the curve" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08mjt8h.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08mjt8h.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08mjt8h.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08mjt8h.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08mjt8h.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08mjt8h.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08mjt8h.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08mjt8h.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Food preparation in the JunkFood kitchen" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08mjt8h.jpg" alt="Food preparation in the JunkFood kitchen" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--worklife"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/language"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife">Language</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">How Denmark flattened the curve</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--light-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif b-reith-sans-font">By <!-- -->Mark Johanson</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The easy way to learn a new language" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0718lvq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0718lvq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0718lvq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0718lvq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0718lvq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0718lvq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0718lvq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0718lvq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Language-learning programmes are important, but spending time with a native speaker is the most effective method (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0718lvq.jpg" alt="Language-learning programmes are important, but spending time with a native speaker is the most effective method (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/columns/power-of-an-hour"><span>Power of an Hour</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day"><span>The easy way to learn a new language</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Peter Rubinstein and Bryan Lufkin</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Mansplaining, explained in one chart" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06g368x.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06g368x.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06g368x.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06g368x.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06g368x.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06g368x.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06g368x.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06g368x.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06g368x.jpg" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/workplace"><span>Workplace</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart"><span>Mansplaining, explained in one chart</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Kim Goodwin</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How a single comma can cost millions" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p031c34v.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p031c34v.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p031c34v.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p031c34v.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p031c34v.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p031c34v.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p031c34v.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p031c34v.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="In early Greece and Rome, understanding a text on a first reading was unheard of (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p031c34v.jpg" alt="In early Greece and Rome, understanding a text on a first reading was unheard of (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/best-of-2018"><span>Best of 2018</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions"><span>How a single comma can cost millions</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Chris Stokel-Walker</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index__more-articles"></div><div class="index__stories-container"><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Why there are so many Japanese emoji" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06dhbmf.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06dhbmf.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06dhbmf.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06dhbmf.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06dhbmf.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06dhbmf.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06dhbmf.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06dhbmf.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Emoji have become a core part of 21st Century communications, but many nations feel their cultures aren't well-represented (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06dhbmf.jpg" alt="Emoji have become a core part of 21st Century communications, but many nations feel their cultures aren't well-represented (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/language"><span>Language</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji"><span>Why there are so many Japanese emoji</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Bryan Lufkin</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="How the letter H divides a nation" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06c2q03.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p06c2q03.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06c2q03.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p06c2q03.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06c2q03.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06c2q03.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06c2q03.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p06c2q03.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Until the 1700s, it was fashionable for speakers to drop aspirates at the beginning of words, but H enthusiasts preserves the letter's breathy sound (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06c2q03.jpg" alt="Until the 1700s, it was fashionable for speakers to drop aspirates at the beginning of words, but H enthusiasts preserves the letter's breathy sound (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/communication"><span>Communication</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h"><span>How the letter H divides a nation</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><a class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife"><span>Worklife</span></a></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The Finnish secret to inner strength" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p065zlkp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p065zlkp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p065zlkp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p065zlkp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p065zlkp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p065zlkp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p065zlkp.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p065zlkp.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Sisu lets people to go beyond what they think they are capable of – but it can lead to burnout, says Emilia Lahti (pictured training) (Credit: Tomi Kosonen/Ilkka and Pohjalainen)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p065zlkp.jpg" alt="Sisu lets people to go beyond what they think they are capable of – but it can lead to burnout, says Emilia Lahti (pictured training) (Credit: Tomi Kosonen/Ilkka and Pohjalainen)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/language"><span>Language</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength"><span>The Finnish secret to inner strength</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Olga Smirnova</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="How corporate gibberish is changing" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p05srm6w.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p05srm6w.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p05srm6w.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p05srm6w.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05srm6w.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05srm6w.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p05srm6w.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p05srm6w.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05srm6w.jpg" alt="(Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/language"><span>Language</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books"><span>How corporate gibberish is changing</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Miriam Quick</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="How to avoid email snark" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::5"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p05f4jjr.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p05f4jjr.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p05f4jjr.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p05f4jjr.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05f4jjr.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05f4jjr.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p05f4jjr.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p05f4jjr.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05f4jjr.jpg" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/workplace"><span>Workplace</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails"><span>How to avoid email snark</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Alina Dizik</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The true importance of good spelling" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::6"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p05bsym3.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p05bsym3.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p05bsym3.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p05bsym3.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05bsym3.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05bsym3.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p05bsym3.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p05bsym3.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="President Trump's now infamous 'covfefe' gaffe caused him to be the butt of many jokes and memes around the world (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p05bsym3.jpg" alt="President Trump's now infamous 'covfefe' gaffe caused him to be the butt of many jokes and memes around the world (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/language"><span>Language</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling"><span>The true importance of good spelling</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By <!-- -->Lennox Morrison</span></div></div></div></div></div><span></span><div class="around-the-bbc-swimlane"><div class="swimlane"><div class="swimlane-inner swimlane-inner--small"><div class="swimlane__content"><span class="swimlane__title b-reith-sans-font">Around the BBC</span><div class="swimlane__items"></div></div></div><div class="swimlane__background-image swimlane__background-image--atb" style="background-image:linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.50) 100%), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p06dkks1.jpg);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover"></div></div></div></main></div></div> <script>window.__PWA_PRELOADED_STATE__ = {"router":{"location":{"pathname":"\u002Fworklife\u002Ftags\u002Flanguage","search":"","hash":"","state":undefined,"key":"2z4sj0"},"action":"POP"},"config":{"version":"rc-109.2","adsEnabled":false,"domain":"www.bbc.com","env":"live","clientApiUrl":"\u002Fdata","faqsUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffaqs","imageRecipe":{"recipePrefix":"live\u002F"},"analytics":{"ati":{"destination":"FEATURE_SITES_GNL","producer":"GNL_HOMEPAGE"},"chartbeat":{"uid":50924,"domain":"bbc.co.uk"}},"entityRouterProtocol":"https","swimlanes":true,"future":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Future","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_FUTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCFuture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbcfuture_official","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official"}},"facebookPageIds":"279678448760878"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"BBC Future Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp08gp0tv.jpg"},"future-planet":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp0836dcl.jpg"},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.future","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"future"},"metaData":{"description":"You’ll find stories on BBC Future on almost every topic that matters: psychology, food, climate change, health, social trends, technology and more.","titleDefault":"BBC Future","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_FUTURE"}}},"worklife":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCWorklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCWorklife"},"instagram":{"username":"BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"}},"facebookPageIds":"133536249999517"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"image"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06dkks1.jpg"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.worklife","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"worklife"},"metaData":{"description":"The latest insight and advice from BBC Worklife: careers, milestones, leadership, personal finance, economy, future of work, wellness, professional life abroad - everything you need to upgrade yourself.","titleDefault":"BBC Worklife","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CAPITAL"}},"swimlanes":[{"id":"office-space","title":"Office Space","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp00sm03v.jpg"},{"id":"work-ethic","title":"Work Ethic","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06yflr4.jpg"}]},"culture":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_CULTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCCulture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCulture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbc_culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_culture"}},"facebookPageIds":"237388053065908"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"BBC Culture Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp08bmlwb.jpg","title":"Around the BBC background image"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.culture","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"culture"},"metaData":{"description":"Covering the latest in global arts and culture in all its forms, BBC Culture gives an international view of film and TV, books, art, music and style.","titleDefault":"BBC Culture","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CULTURE"}}},"moduleId":"worklife","isUk":false,"cacheExpiryMs":600000},"entities":{"authors":{"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-johanson":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-johanson","_id":"5fda3f731d61b33c3c8fbfb1","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Mark Johanson","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"author","guid":"b12553b6-79cc-4829-b869-44dcde33211a","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-johanson","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"worklife","slug":"mark-johanson","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453921},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fpeter-rubinstein-and-bryan-lufkin":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fpeter-rubinstein-and-bryan-lufkin","_id":"5fda3f721d61b33c3c8fb55b","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Peter Rubinstein and Bryan Lufkin","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-02-19T01:55:09.70603Z","entity":"author","guid":"b42b5ccc-1691-4c51-919d-4ab1e9210b16","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fpeter-rubinstein-and-bryan-lufkin","modifiedDateTime":"2019-02-19T01:55:09.70603Z","project":"worklife","slug":"peter-rubinstein-and-bryan-lufkin","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fkim-goodwin":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fkim-goodwin","_id":"5fda3f711d61b33c3c8fb3fc","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Kim Goodwin","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2018-07-27T16:51:48.027779Z","entity":"author","guid":"a7272c5a-473a-4c6e-b046-cba4a871f5f1","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fkim-goodwin","modifiedDateTime":"2018-07-27T16:51:48.027779Z","project":"worklife","slug":"kim-goodwin","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"wwfuture\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-stokel-walker":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:wwfuture\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-stokel-walker","_id":"5fda3f761d61b33c3c8fd9a1","assetImage":[],"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Chris Stokel-Walker","primaryVertical":"wwfuture","creationDateTime":"2016-12-01T15:08:40.001063Z","entity":"author","guid":"8823f810-1bba-4123-b1c1-2f71280a147c","id":"wwfuture\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-stokel-walker","modifiedDateTime":"2017-03-10T12:57:08.215252Z","project":"wwfuture","slug":"chris-stokel-walker","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin","_id":"5fda3f721d61b33c3c8fb4ca","assetImage":[],"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Bryan Lufkin","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"@bryan_lufkin","creationDateTime":"2017-06-21T19:26:43.557098Z","entity":"author","guid":"dd191c86-15a6-4d6b-9803-4a7abf5e6f01","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin","modifiedDateTime":"2020-03-12T23:47:36.061496Z","project":"worklife","slug":"bryan-lufkin","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Folga-smirnova":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Folga-smirnova","_id":"5fda3f711d61b33c3c8fb2d1","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Olga Smirnova","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2018-05-02T16:12:47.183111Z","entity":"author","guid":"7a278854-8829-4a3d-833b-ed1a8cfceb85","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Folga-smirnova","modifiedDateTime":"2018-05-02T16:12:47.183111Z","project":"worklife","slug":"olga-smirnova","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"wwculture\u002Fauthor\u002Fmiriam-quick":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:wwculture\u002Fauthor\u002Fmiriam-quick","_id":"5fda3f731d61b33c3c8fc323","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Miriam Quick","primaryVertical":"wwculture","creationDateTime":"2017-08-17T15:11:02.253301Z","entity":"author","guid":"cf8d5411-f8a4-4265-a886-9364f14a7345","id":"wwculture\u002Fauthor\u002Fmiriam-quick","modifiedDateTime":"2017-08-17T15:11:02.253301Z","project":"wwculture","slug":"miriam-quick","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Falina-dizik":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Falina-dizik","_id":"5fda3f731d61b33c3c8fc30b","assetImage":null,"description":"\u003Cp\u003EAlina\nDizik is a freelance journalist who covers consumer trends, careers, lifestyle\nand small business for national publications. Her work appears in the Wall\nStreet Journal, Entrepreneur, Men's Journal and BBC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","email":"","links":null,"name":"Alina Dizik","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"author","guid":"8a38c135-6d51-461a-81ce-6c60b2e939b0","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Falina-dizik","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"worklife","slug":"alina-dizik","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Flennox-morrison":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:author:worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Flennox-morrison","_id":"5fda3f721d61b33c3c8fb7e7","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":null,"name":"Lennox Morrison","primaryVertical":"worklife","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"author","guid":"9869d341-7d96-4fa0-b015-0ef6fae01985","id":"worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Flennox-morrison","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"worklife","slug":"lennox-morrison","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924}},"collections":{"worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fpower-of-an-hour":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:collection:worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fpower-of-an-hour","_id":"5fda3f751d61b33c3c8fd178","adTargeting":"","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"Sometimes, the difference between a productive day and time wasted can come down to an hour: an hour’s extra sleep, an hour’s exercise, or an hour’s deep work can have a profoundly positive impact on how you work and live. ","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Power of an Hour","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","theme":"","title":"Power of an Hour","creationDateTime":"2019-02-11T15:24:59.052842Z","entity":"collection","guid":"b4196976-9c1d-43d6-b5ab-a2304f4e5bf8","id":"worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fpower-of-an-hour","modifiedDateTime":"2019-02-11T15:24:59.052842Z","project":"worklife","slug":"column\u002Fpower-of-an-hour","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922}},"images":{"p052s88y":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p052s88y","_id":"5fdf9b711d61b33c3c1f057e","copyright":"Andrew Watson\u002FGetty","fileSizeBytes":467596,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F52\u002Fs8\u002Fp052s88y.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Laura Aboriginal Dance Festival, Laura, Queensland, Australia (Credit: Andrew Watson\u002FGetty)","synopsisShort":"language","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052s88y.jpg","title":"language","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p052s88y","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp052s88y.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453615},"p08mjtdj":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08mjtdj","_id":"5fdae90c1d61b33c3c9a4f0f","copyright":"Claes Bech Poulsen","fileSizeBytes":1859222,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1076,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8m\u002Fjt\u002Fp08mjtdj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Chefs at Alchemist restaurant, with help from volunteers, switched from haute cuisine to providing hearty fare for the vulnerable during the pandemic (Credit: Claes Bech Poulsen)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Claes Bech Poulsen)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mjtdj.jpg","title":"Alchemist restaurant dome credit Claes Bech Poulsen","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08mjtdj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mjtdj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453921},"p08mjthj":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08mjthj","_id":"5fdd4f321d61b33c3c5d80c6","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":155256,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8m\u002Fjt\u002Fp08mjthj.jpg","sourceWidth":1919,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The word samfundssind was revived by Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen in March as she set out Denmark's response to Covid-19 (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mjthj.jpg","title":"Prime minister credit alamy","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08mjthj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mjthj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453921},"p08mjtp0":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08mjtp0","_id":"5fdd4a5b1d61b33c3c5bffd3","copyright":"Soren Gammelmark","fileSizeBytes":1946493,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8m\u002Fjt\u002Fp08mjtp0.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The JunkFood project is to continue, even though Alchemist has now reopened its doors (Credit: Soren Gammelmark)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Soren Gammelmark)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mjtp0.jpg","title":"Junk food service credit Soren Gammelmark","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08mjtp0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mjtp0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453921},"p08mjt8h":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p08mjt8h","_id":"5fdaaffb1d61b33c3c996f70","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":2125989,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F8m\u002Fjt\u002Fp08mjt8h.jpg","sourceWidth":1919,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Food preparation in the JunkFood kitchen","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mjt8h.jpg","title":"Junk food cooks credit Soren Gammelmark","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p08mjt8h","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp08mjt8h.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453921},"p0718m28":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p0718m28","_id":"5fdf69e21d61b33c3c0c37be","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":807550,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F71\u002F8m\u002Fp0718m28.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"'Intercultural competence' - knowing how to build relationships across cultures - can be a valuable skill (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718m28.jpg","title":"kids learning GettyImages-930135046.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p0718m28","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718m28.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p0718m15":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p0718m15","_id":"5fdf69e21d61b33c3c0c37b3","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":682963,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F71\u002F8m\u002Fp0718m15.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"At an hour a day's practice, a native English speaker could learn a Group 1 language in two years (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718m15.jpg","title":"clock GettyImages-532101290.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p0718m15","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718m15.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p0718m25":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p0718m25","_id":"5fdf69e31d61b33c3c0c3836","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1089982,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F71\u002F8m\u002Fp0718m25.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Learning a new language becomes much easier if you combine it with something else you enjoy – for instance, watching a football game with foreign commentary (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718m25.jpg","title":"football GettyImages-1097114532.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p0718m25","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718m25.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p0718m2l":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p0718m2l","_id":"5fdf69e31d61b33c3c0c38d0","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":749306,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F71\u002F8m\u002Fp0718m2l.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Language-learning programmes are important, but spending time with a native or skilled speaker is the most effective method (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718m2l.jpg","title":"group language class GettyImages-1041305434.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p0718m2l","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718m2l.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p0718lvq":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p0718lvq","_id":"5fda3ffb1d61b33c3c94a038","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1172371,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F71\u002F8l\u002Fp0718lvq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Language-learning programmes are important, but spending time with a native speaker is the most effective method (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718lvq.jpg","title":"man woman reading GettyImages-610886560.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p0718lvq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0718lvq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p06fzjxg":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06fzjxg","_id":"5fdf8d941d61b33c3c1973ec","copyright":"Kim Goodwin","fileSizeBytes":243996,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6f\u002Fzj\u002Fp06fzjxg.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Kim Goodwin)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fzjxg.jpg","title":"mansplaining large copy copy-inset.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06fzjxg","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fzjxg.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p06fzjxh":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06fzjxh","_id":"5fde6b1b1d61b33c3cbb8768","copyright":"Twitter\u002FKim Goodwin; Twitter\u002FGeoff Bills","fileSizeBytes":447147,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6f\u002Fzj\u002Fp06fzjxh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Goodwin's viral Tweet (left) left such an impression, some people even printed it out for reference (Credit: Twitter\u002FKim Goodwin; Twitter\u002FGeoff Bills)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Twitter\u002FKim Goodwin; Twitter\u002FGeoff Bills)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fzjxh.jpg","title":"tweets.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06fzjxh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fzjxh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p06fzjxd":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06fzjxd","_id":"5fdb8a101d61b33c3cba08ab","copyright":"Kim Goodwin","fileSizeBytes":243255,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6f\u002Fzj\u002Fp06fzjxd.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Kim Goodwin)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fzjxd.jpg","title":"Mansplaining large copy","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06fzjxd","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fzjxd.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p06g368x":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06g368x","_id":"5fdf92e91d61b33c3c1bab04","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1088384,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6g\u002F36\u002Fp06g368x.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06g368x.jpg","title":"mansplaining.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06g368x","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06g368x.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p06fglvj":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06fglvj","_id":"5fdf39b31d61b33c3cfbc9fd","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1254132,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6f\u002Fgl\u002Fp06fglvj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Workers load milk onto trucks at the Oakhurst dairy plant in 2013 (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fglvj.jpg","title":"dairy workers GettyImages-493062541.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06fglvj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fglvj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p06fglwz":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06fglwz","_id":"5fdf39b31d61b33c3cfbca6c","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":2239185,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6f\u002Fgl\u002Fp06fglwz.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"An 1872 tiff over tariffs and tropical fruit cost taxpayers $40m – all caused by a comma (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fglwz.jpg","title":"tropical fruit.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06fglwz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fglwz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p06fglzc":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06fglzc","_id":"5fdf39b21d61b33c3cfbc91a","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":864903,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1206,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6f\u002Fgl\u002Fp06fglzc.jpg","sourceWidth":2500,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Most people try to make contract language as clear as possible – but sometimes leaving a bit of ambiguity can help both sides negotiate better (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fglzc.jpg","title":"climate change GettyImages-874199482.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06fglzc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fglzc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p06fgm10":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06fgm10","_id":"5fdf39b31d61b33c3cfbc920","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":2001077,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6f\u002Fgm\u002Fp06fgm10.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Roger Casement, an Irish nationalist, was hanged in 1916 (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Roger Casement, an Irish nationalist,","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fgm10.jpg","title":"Roger Casement.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06fgm10","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06fgm10.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p031c34v":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p031c34v","_id":"5fdcbf731d61b33c3c283772","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":586499,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdeltaorigin.bbc.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Flive\u002Fp0\u002F31\u002Fc3\u002Fp031c34v.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"In early Greece and Rome, understanding a text on a first reading was unheard of (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisMedium":"In early Greece and Rome, understanding a text on a first reading was unheard of (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"In early Greece and Rome, understanding a text on a first reading was unheard of","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp031c34v.jpg","title":"book_GettyImages_1920x1080.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p031c34v","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp031c34v.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"p06dhdwj":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06dhdwj","_id":"5fdc131e1d61b33c3ceceaa0","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1189706,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6d\u002Fhd\u002Fp06dhdwj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Jeremy Burge is founder of Emojipedia, and online database of emoji, and a member of the Unicode Consortium - the body that approves all emoji (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhdwj.jpg","title":"emoji4.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06dhdwj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhdwj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p06dhc56":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06dhc56","_id":"5fdfab581d61b33c3c25221d","copyright":"Alamy Stock Photo","fileSizeBytes":509866,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6d\u002Fhc\u002Fp06dhc56.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Food from Japanese cuisine show up everywhere on the emoji list – like curry and rice, seen here (Credit: Alamy Stock Photo)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy Stock Photo)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhc56.jpg","title":"emoji5.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06dhc56","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhc56.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p06dhb4b":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06dhb4b","_id":"5fdc131f1d61b33c3cecead2","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1012468,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6d\u002Fhb\u002Fp06dhb4b.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"In May, 932 people in Fuyang, China gathered to set the Guinness World Record for most people dressed up as emoji faces (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhb4b.jpg","title":"emoji2.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06dhb4b","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhb4b.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p06dhc2z":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06dhc2z","_id":"5fdc131f1d61b33c3ceceac6","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":871270,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6d\u002Fhc\u002Fp06dhc2z.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Japanese culture is heavily represented in emoji – here, a woman celebrates Tanabata, the annual star festival, with a decoration (which has its own emoji) (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhc2z.jpg","title":"emoji6.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06dhc2z","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhc2z.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p06dhbmf":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06dhbmf","_id":"5fdf1bfc1d61b33c3cf24863","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":855096,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6d\u002Fhb\u002Fp06dhbmf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Emoji have become a core part of 21st Century communications, but many nations feel their cultures aren't well-represented (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhbmf.jpg","title":"emoji1.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06dhbmf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06dhbmf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p06c2qkk":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06c2qkk","_id":"5fdfcfcb1d61b33c3c33113f","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":672194,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6c\u002F2q\u002Fp06c2qkk.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"When the letter H is pronounced beginning with the letter sound it makes, children have an easier time learning its correspondence as they learn to read (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06c2qkk.jpg","title":"GettyImages-527506224.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06c2qkk","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06c2qkk.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p06c2rjq":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06c2rjq","_id":"5fdfcfcb1d61b33c3c33116f","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":714170,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6c\u002F2r\u002Fp06c2rjq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Interestingly, the Italian word for hospital doesn't have an H, yet the H is recognised as symbol for those seeking medical attention (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06c2rjq.jpg","title":"GettyImages-509079801.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06c2rjq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06c2rjq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p06c2q03":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p06c2q03","_id":"5fda732a1d61b33c3c987bd3","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1373865,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F6c\u002F2q\u002Fp06c2q03.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Until the 1700s, it was fashionable for speakers to drop aspirates at the beginning of words, but H enthusiasts preserves the letter's breathy sound (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06c2q03.jpg","title":"GettyImages-509078128.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p06c2q03","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp06c2q03.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p065zlt9":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p065zlt9","_id":"5fdc9b7b1d61b33c3c1a7f99","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":566595,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1770,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F65\u002Fzl\u002Fp065zlt9.jpg","sourceWidth":3146,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Finnish troops were far outnumbered by the Soviet troops in the Winter War, which was fought from 1939 to 1940 (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit:Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp065zlt9.jpg","title":"sisu image 2_finnnish troops_GettyImages-3281358 CROP.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p065zlt9","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp065zlt9.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p065zmgy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p065zmgy","_id":"5fdf1bd81d61b33c3cf2409c","copyright":"Veikka Gustafsson","fileSizeBytes":1856903,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2484,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F65\u002Fzm\u002Fp065zmgy.jpg","sourceWidth":4416,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Veikka Gustafsson on the summit of Gasherbrum I (8,080m) in Pakistan. He says he admires the Balti people for their sisu (Credit: Veikka Gustafsson)","synopsisShort":"(Credit:Veikka Gustafsson)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp065zmgy.jpg","title":"sisu image 4 veikka gasherbrum 8080m june 2009 CROP.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p065zmgy","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp065zmgy.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p065zlkp":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p065zlkp","_id":"5fdf88f31d61b33c3c17e45d","copyright":"Tomi Kosonen","fileSizeBytes":159005,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":576,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F65\u002Fzl\u002Fp065zlkp.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Sisu lets people to go beyond what they think they are capable of – but it can lead to burnout, says Emilia Lahti (pictured training) (Credit: Tomi Kosonen\u002FIlkka and Pohjalainen)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Tomi Kosonen)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp065zlkp.jpg","title":"sisu image 3 emilia lahti training Tomi Kosonen CROP.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p065zlkp","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp065zlkp.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p05sr04q":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05sr04q","_id":"5fdd83411d61b33c3c6e00d9","copyright":"Kieran Nash\u002FWordClouds.com","fileSizeBytes":1775083,"mimeType":"image\u002Fpng","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5s\u002Fr0\u002Fp05sr04q.png","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"From pre-2000 to the 2010s, words like 'strategies' and 'leadership' give way to 'world', 'future' and 'success'. (Credit: Kieran Nash\u002FWordClouds.com)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Kieran Nash\u002FWordClouds.com)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05sr04q.png","title":"all-4-wordclouds.png","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05sr04q","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05sr04q.png","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p05sqx94":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05sqx94","_id":"5fdf507f1d61b33c3c0346fc","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":2919154,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5s\u002Fqx\u002Fp05sqx94.jpg","sourceWidth":4928,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05sqx94.jpg","title":"GettyImages-183634612.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05sqx94","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05sqx94.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p05srm6w":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05srm6w","_id":"5fde4df31d61b33c3cb17adb","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":241375,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1329,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5s\u002Frm\u002Fp05srm6w.jpg","sourceWidth":2364,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05srm6w.jpg","title":"business buzzwords - david brent- GHPGDM.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05srm6w","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05srm6w.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"p05f4jgx":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05f4jgx","_id":"5fdb81b71d61b33c3cb6e8bf","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1239277,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5f\u002F4j\u002Fp05f4jgx.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Drafting business emails can sometimes be fraught with anxiety about potentially causing offence while trying to get your point across (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jgx.jpg","title":"(Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05f4jgx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jgx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"p05f4jpf":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05f4jpf","_id":"5fdb81b71d61b33c3cb6e8c5","copyright":"Twitter","fileSizeBytes":273770,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5f\u002F4j\u002Fp05f4jpf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A deluge of people related to René's email tactics after her tweet (Credit: Twitter)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Twitter)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jpf.jpg","title":"(Credit: Twitter)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05f4jpf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jpf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"p05f4jnf":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05f4jnf","_id":"5fdb8d571d61b33c3cbbbaf9","copyright":"Twitter","fileSizeBytes":359627,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5f\u002F4j\u002Fp05f4jnf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Responses to the Twitter thread revealed a wide range of seemingly harmless phrases that people often employ as passive aggressive put-downs (Credit: Twitter)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Twitter)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jnf.jpg","title":"(Credit: Twitter)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05f4jnf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jnf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"p05f4jky":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05f4jky","_id":"5fdb81b81d61b33c3cb6e954","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":945669,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5f\u002F4j\u002Fp05f4jky.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"It helps to be mindful of the misinterpretation that could occur as a result of generational or cultural differences (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jky.jpg","title":"(Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05f4jky","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jky.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"p05f4jjr":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05f4jjr","_id":"5fda3fe71d61b33c3c93e240","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1000493,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5f\u002F4j\u002Fp05f4jjr.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jjr.jpg","title":"(Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05f4jjr","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05f4jjr.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"p05bsy9r":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05bsy9r","_id":"5fdf903a1d61b33c3c1a8e9a","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1058264,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2880,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5b\u002Fsy\u002Fp05bsy9r.jpg","sourceWidth":5120,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Poor spelling can even affect your dating chances. A Match.com survey found that 39% of singles judged the suitability of candidates by their grammar (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05bsy9r.jpg","title":"(Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05bsy9r","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05bsy9r.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"p05bsym3":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05bsym3","_id":"5fdd9c511d61b33c3c754c50","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1286639,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3384,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5b\u002Fsy\u002Fp05bsym3.jpg","sourceWidth":6016,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"President Trump's now infamous 'covfefe' gaffe caused him to be the butt of many jokes and memes around the world (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05bsym3.jpg","title":"(Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05bsym3","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05bsym3.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"p05bsyjy":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:image:p05bsyjy","_id":"5fdd9c521d61b33c3c754c56","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":1163414,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3448,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F5b\u002Fsy\u002Fp05bsyjy.jpg","sourceWidth":6129,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Time to triple-check your CV: 37% of UK employers were dissatisfied with standards of literacy and use of English among college and school leavers (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05bsyjy.jpg","title":"(Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"","guid":"","id":"p05bsyjy","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp05bsyjy.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924}},"articles":{"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent","_id":"5fda3f721d61b33c3c8fb69d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A Swiss court has ruled that a company must cover a portion of its remote worker’s rent. What are the implications?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA year ago in Switzerland, a Federal Supreme Court ruling about whether companies should help pay remote workers’ rent passed largely unnoticed. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn its decision on 23 April 2019, the nation’s highest court ruled that if an employee is required to work from home, the company must pay a share of the rent. In the case, the part-time employee didn’t have to rent a bigger apartment or incur other additional costs by working remotely, but was entitled to a monthly rent reimbursement of CHF150 ($157, £127) because the company was able to save on office rent. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The employer has to compensate for the business use of your apartment, if you don’t have a suitable workplace,” explains Martin Müller, a partner and head of employment at Pestalozzi law firm in Switzerland. He compares it to companies reimbursing employees who use their personal car for business purposes. “The employee pays the car insurance, etc., but the law says the employer has to take over a share.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough the decision mostly flew under the radar, it’s found renewed relevance in light of Covid-19. With much of Switzerland’s labour force working from home during the pandemic, the ruling has sparked considerable debate. Does it mean that \u003Cem\u003Eevery \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eemployee now working from their kitchen table due to Covid-19 should expect to receive a subsidy? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Proportional to salary’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot exactly, says Müller. The ruling does not automatically entitle everyone who works from home to compensation, he explains. A deciding factor is whether an employee has to work remotely or chooses to do so; if you could also work from the office then your rent would not be reimbursed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of Zurich","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Zürich, a company can expect to pay between CHF3,000 and CHF5,000 ($3,148 - $5,247; £2,553 - £4,255 ) in office rent per employee per year, the Zürich branch of the Swiss Tenants Association estimates. But Müller says it is not the cost of office space that decides the amount of compensation for the home-working employee, but rather their salary. He’s drawn up contracts containing rent reimbursements in the past (including before the ruling), often for foreign companies who hire employees in Switzerland but don’t have an office there. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It needs to be somewhat proportional to the salary or you run the risk of the tax authorities requalifying the compensation as income,” he says. “For a full-time employee, that usually lies between CHF250 and CHF500.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The general consensus in the legal community is that the ruling does not apply to the current unique situation","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough many Swiss workers had no choice but to set up a home office when the nation went into lockdown, Müller says the general consensus in the legal community is that the ruling does not apply to the current unique situation. “In the case of Covid-19, the employers kept their offices and their employee’s workplace,” he says. “The employer didn’t save money by not providing an office.” It was also in people’s own interests in terms of safety to work remotely, he adds. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPossible downsides\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFredy Greuter, spokesperson for the Swiss Employers Confederation, says that although media reports about the ruling initially made companies concerned about its immediate implications, that worry has subsided. But he adds many companies are exploring the concept of rent compensation as part of defining what regular working from home might look like after Covid-19. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe points out that rent compensation could come with a downside; it may not always be financially beneficial for the employee. “It could mean that other standard allowances, such as for food or commuting, fall away,” he says. Permanent home work, even with a partial rental payment, could also potentially mean less money if salaries pegged to living in expensive cities fall when remote workers are based in areas with lower living costs, as Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marketwatch.com\u002Fstory\u002Ffacebook-employees-may-face-pay-cut-if-they-move-to-cheaper-areas-to-work-from-home-2020-05-21\"\u003Ehas suggested\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Local residents on their balcony in Geneva on 20 March 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd while Greuter expects home working to become more prevalent, he doesn't think companies will be rushing to scale down office facilities in the near future. A transition could come when companies next relocate or renovate their spaces, he thinks, but for now “employers are figuring out how to safely bring people back to the office”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChoosing your home\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet others believe that rent reimbursements are likely to become more common because of the changes caused by Covid-19.“Many employers saw that the home office works well and that not all employees always have to be present,” says Thomas Geiser, a law professor at the University of St Gallen. Although it is too soon to see any impact on the real estate market, he believes that a shift to remote work could well affect how people choose their accommodation. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of these signs are already there. Digital manager Céline Zemp, 24, took the increased likelihood of working from home into consideration when selecting a flat to share with her sister from July onward. The pair had planned on moving into a two-bedroom apartment close to Zürich, but ended up signing a lease on one with an extra bedroom which they intend to use as a home office. Instead of upping their budget, they compromised on location. “Because of the additional room, we extended our radius from a 10-minute to a 20-minute commute,” says Zemp. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Zemp’s company has offices and she isn’t expecting them to contribute to her rent, the fact that she’s factoring future home working into her choice of apartment is significant. And, as companies assess their post-coronavirus futures armed with new knowledge about what’s possible in terms of remote working, the Supreme Court’s ruling will likely play a role in their planning. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGeiser predicts that it will become the norm for employers to cover a portion of their remote workers’ rent. “I assume it will become very widespread, especially as the case received so much attention in the press.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The Swiss court ruling on home workers’ rent","headlineShort":"The country that helps pay for WFH","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of Swiss flags pictured in Zurich","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"A Swiss court has ruled that a company must cover a portion of its remote worker’s rent. What are the implications?","summaryShort":"What a Swiss court decision could mean for home workers’ pay","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-08T20:04:23.332752Z","entity":"article","guid":"8d6cdc48-1a04-477b-9569-b1a76ecb29d4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-09T13:32:33.915175Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453921},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash","_id":"5fda3f701d61b33c3c8fadfc","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"‘Cash is king’ has long been the motto of German consumers and small business owners – but Covid-19 is bringing rapid change.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EGermany might be known for its proud culture of technological innovation, but it's not uncommon for newcomers and tourists to be caught out at cafes and small businesses that only take cash.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAlthough online and mobile payment systems such as Apple Pay have made inroads in recent years, for many German businesses owners – and consumers, too – cash is king. This is especially true at smaller establishments, like the corner shop and neighbourhood restaurant. It’s a habit rooted in a thrifty culture with a preference for tangible spending.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Covid-19 has probably changed German payment behaviour faster than any single technology ever has - Georg Hauer","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYet since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, cash payments have, for the first time, been actively discouraged in Germany. “Covid-19 has probably changed German payment behaviour faster than any single technology ever has,” says Georg Hauer, general manager of the Germany-Austria-Switzerland region at N26, a Berlin-based online banking start-up. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor many Germans, using cash isn't just a personal preference; it's a cultural value that they've grown up with — and one tied closely to a national value with centuries-old roots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECash as a national value\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe longstanding preference for cash “is based on an underlying preference for the supposedly concrete versus the abstract”, says Dortmund-based historian Robert Muschalla, who curated 2018’s Saving – History of a German Virtue exhibition at Berlin’s German History Museum. Muschalla says this ideology emerged in the late 18th Century, when Germans were socialised to prioritise a tangible result from their labour over more abstract forms of exchange, such as IOUs, as the economy evolved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA century later, with worker-employer clashes increasingly common, Muschalla says encouraging saving was seen as a way to reduce factory tensions. “The motto was: ‘Those who work hard and save and have something to lose do not make a revolution’,” he says. Thrifty values persisted through periods of economic turbulence after both World Wars. After World War Two, he adds, savings banks opposed the introduction of consumer credit, fearing it would damage saving culture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBy the time bank cards were introduced for much of Europe and the US, Germans were still just fine dealing with cash. This belief has stuck around: ‘card payment’ in Germany still largely means debit card – and German-style ‘credit cards’ largely don't accrue long-term debt but deduct the balance in full from a user's bank account the next month.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A German piggy bank, on 6 March 2010","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EGrowing up in Bavaria in the 1980s and ‘90s, Anna Steigemann, an assistant professor in urban studies at the Technical University of Berlin, remembers going with her family to take cash out of the bank once a week. Her father would withdraw it on Thursdays, they’d go grocery shopping on Fridays and to the market on Saturday, and the remainder saw the family through the week. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EMaik Klotz, 44, co-founder of Payment & Banking, which reports on fintech innovation, says his parents taught him as a child to value cash. Debit-style card payments, if available, weren't popular when he was growing up. “Back then, the fear of losing track of things and the fear of abuse was high,\" he says, adding that his parents still remain sceptical of card payments. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA changing landscape\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn recent years, the German payment landscape has evolved. In 2017, an ongoing Bundesbank study tracking consumer payments noted a slow but steady shift in habits, but showed that 88% of Germans wanted to continue using cash in the future. The same study found that Germans carried an average of €107 ($116, £95) in their wallets; the year before, a European Banking Commission \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ecb.europa.eu\u002Fpub\u002Fpdf\u002Fscpops\u002Fecb.op201.en.pdf\"\u003Ereport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found Germans led their Eurozone neighbours in carrying cash.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In Germany, restaurant visits and groceries are paid in cash more than twice as often as the European average - Holger Sachse","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt was in 2018 that card payments made in stores overtook cash payments in value for the first time, the Cologne-based EHI Retail Institute \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ehi.org\u002Fde\u002Fpressemitteilungen\u002Fliebe-zum-bargeld-laesst-nach\u002F\"\u003Ereported\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, by fractions of a percentage (48.6% for card, 48.3% for cash). Yet cash was used in 76% of all retail transactions, still dominating smaller purchases. “In Germany, restaurant visits and groceries are paid in cash more than twice as often as the European average,\" Boston Consulting Group expert Holger Sachse told \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelocal.de\u002F20180102\u002Fwill-the-german-love-affair-with-cash-ever-end\"\u003EThe Local\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2018. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYoung Germans, in particular, are looking for new payment alternatives, the Bundesbank’s 2017 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bundesbank.de\u002Fresource\u002Fblob\u002F737278\u002F458ccd8a8367fe8b36bbfb501b5404c9\u002FmL\u002Fpayment-behaviour-in-germany-in-2017-data.pdf\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed. Yet there are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handelsblatt.com\u002Ftoday\u002Ffinance\u002Fpayments-why-germany-is-so-slow-on-the-global-road-toward-a-cashless-society\u002F23712232.html?ticket=ST-4455574-9ex5Bn4NwMjx15kznezQ-ap2\"\u003Econcerns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that transitioning to a cashless culture would alienate both the older generation and lower-income people who might be unbanked. Many point to lingering concerns over privacy, especially among older consumers. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\"Many older Germans still remember a previous era of state surveillance all too well. This is why many Germans continue to guard their personal data and privacy fiercely, and have been less trusting than many of their other European counterparts when it comes to adopting new tech solutions,\" says Hauer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A sign specifies no cash payments at an ice cream shop in Berlin on 29 April 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut older consumers aren’t the only hold-outs. Small businesses still prefer the simplicity of cash – even millennial owners. Sami Gottschalk, 28, owns MINE Salon in Berlin’s arty, alternative Kreuzberg neighbourhood. The hair salon has always been card-free because he finds it easier to avoid the constant juggle between what’s in the cash drawer and what’s gone through on cards. “This is how I’ve worked before in a previous hair salon, and I thought it was easier for me to keep going with this method,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAt the salon, which is popular with both Berliners and expats, he's noticed that German clientele tend to carry more cash than Americans or Brits. Cashless customers are asked to withdraw money from a nearby ATM, something Gottschalk says people generally don't mind, though it can catch his foreign clients by surprise. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWith Covid-19, a cultural shift to cards \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EYet since Covid-19 began spreading around the world, Germany’s on-the-ground reliance on cash has been upended. In a few short weeks, cash went in many places from being expected to stigmatised or banned altogether. Of course, Germany's not the only country where cash reliance has dropped as a result of the pandemic: One \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52455706\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the UK, where 50% of people are already estimated to be cashless, suggested that 75% of people were using less cash due to the outbreak. However, the shift is especially noticeable in cash-loving Germany. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E“[Covid-19] was the first time Germany’s biggest retailers all began actively promoting the use of contactless payments,” says N26's Hauer. “From grocery stores to petrol stations, and in-store signs to even purchased radio spots, big retailers encouraged Germans to change their behaviour.” Smaller retailers who only used to accept cash have pivoted, too: \"Not only have most of them started accepting card payments, quite a handful of them are actually only accepting card payments now, especially here in Berlin.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A cashier wearing a face mask serves supermarket customers in Duesseldorf on 29 April 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.handelsblatt.com\u002Fdpa\u002Fwirtschaft-handel-und-finanzen-bundesbank-verbraucher-zahlen-in-corona-krise-haeufiger-kontaktlos\u002F25796902.html?ticket=ST-1733625-EnD1A41tPbqdUAN9I72Z-ap6\"\u003EBundesbank survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has already shown Covid-19-driven changes in Germany’s consumer behaviour, aided by a change in late March that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bezahlen.de\u002F50-euro-visa-erhoeht-nfc-grenze.php\"\u003Edoubled the limit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for contactless transactions at the till to €50. (The UK, similarly, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fisabeltogoh\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F24\u002Fcontactless-payment-limit-rises-to-45-as-uk-fights-against-coronavirus\u002F%232d90bb9329d6\"\u003Eraised the limit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from £30 to £45 from April to drive card payments.). By late April, 43% of respondents said they had changed their payment behaviour, compared to 25% at the start of the month. Sixty-eight percent of those who changed their behaviour said they were now more likely to pay with a card. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAnother \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.initiative-deutsche-zahlungssysteme.de\u002Fpresse\u002Fpressemitteilungen\u002F2020\u002F23042020\u002F\"\u003Erecent survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, taken by the German Payment System Initiative, revealed that 57% of Germans use debit and credit cards now more than they did before the pandemic, and almost half have “significantly reduced” their cash use. At N26, Hauer says the bank recorded 56% fewer withdrawals from ATMs in the first month of Germany’s lockdown compared to the previous month.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Since I’m always paying with debit, I have no idea how much money I’m actually spending right now - Anna Steigemann","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFor Anna Steigemann, the transition has been tough. “Now I’m in a situation where I go to [natural supermarket] Bio Company and buy a single pretzel or roll and pay [for] even that with a debit card because they ask for it,” she says. “Since I’m always paying with debit, I have no idea how much money I’m actually spending right now…. It’s a very unstable and insecure time now anyway and losing control over my account right now makes me even more insecure.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFollowing historical precedent, Germans appear to be responding to the current crisis by spending more carefully – and saving. Hauer says an internal bank survey found that 55% of Germans (taken from a sample of 10,000 people across the bank’s main markets) had “already changed their financial priorities for 2020”. About two-thirds of respondents said they were putting aside more money than before the crisis. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThomas Giese and Marion Coulondre opened Bichou Cafe, a French comfort food outpost in Berlin’s gentrifying, eclectic southern district of Neukölln, in 2016. \"When we opened, very few businesses in Neukölln were offering card payment,” Coulondre says. \"People were totally used to paying cash, and as we were a small neighbourhood café, this was not an issue at all to not accept cards. It was just more simple for us and cheaper to start off like this.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThey started taking cards at the beginning of 2019. And, while they continue to accept cash, have seen more customers than ever pay by card during the pandemic – even regulars who always use cash. Yet, income is down. “At the moment we have as many card payments as on a regular day but sometimes half the revenue,” Coulondre says. Looking to the future, she anticipates an increase in card payments as the trend she's seen over the last two years continues. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPost-Covid: back to cash? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E It’s hard to imagine cash regaining its former throne in German consumer life. In Hauer’s view, Covid-19 provided a nudge that society was ready for. “All this together helped drive a change in behaviour: the speed and magnitude of the change tells us that it wasn’t difficult to make, but people needed a strong reason to break an old habit.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EHe says N26 believes that Covid-19 will “accelerate” the way to a future in which “cash payments are the exception rather than the norm”. Ingo Limburg, head of the German Payment System Initiative, told \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dw.com\u002Fen\u002Fpaying-in-cash-in-germany-and-the-coronavirus-corona-crisis-epidemic\u002Fa-53349878\"\u003EDW\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on 7 May he expects greater card use to continue: \"We assume that the trend toward card payments will increase disproportionately.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAt MINE, Gottschalk is sticking with cash for the moment – with hand sanitiser ready at the cash register – but he's open to change. “I don’t think people will actually go back to cash as often as they were,” he says. \"It's true now that [card payment is] starting more and more, and it’s definitely something we might have to consider in the future. I don’t think we can keep on going using cash only.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Will coronavirus change Germans’ love of cash?","headlineShort":"Why Germans are changing how they pay","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Cash and German bank cards on 25 March 2020","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"‘Cash is king’ has long been the motto of German consumers and small business owners – Covid-19 is bringing rapid change.","summaryShort":"Why the pandemic is eroding an entrenched preference for cash","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-20T20:00:36.408011Z","entity":"article","guid":"be22432a-e695-4b5a-b1b4-1b8699ffae35","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-20T20:00:36.408011Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus","_id":"5fda3f711d61b33c3c8fae67","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From ‘covidiots’ to ‘quarantine and chill’, the pandemic has led to many terms that help people laugh and commiserate.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThroughout history, challenging circumstances have given rise to new ways of expressing those challenges. George Eliot, the 19th Century writer who was famously frustrated by rigid gender and lifestyle norms, is credited with the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Fstory\u002F20200507-the-women-who-created-a-new-language\"\u003Efirst recorded use of the word ‘frustrating’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. More recently, Brexit led to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Farticle\u002F20190314-how-brexit-changed-the-english-language?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F\"\u003Eflowering of new\u003C\u002Fa\u003E words, including the inevitable ‘Bremain’ and ‘Bregret’, and a repurposing of existing words, such as ‘backstop’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile Brexit may be the closest parallel, the speed of the linguistic change we’re seeing with Covid-19 is unprecedented, says Robert Lawson, a sociolinguist at Birmingham City University. Lawson attributes this to multiple factors: the dizzying pace at which the virus has spread, its dominance in the media and global interconnectivity at a time when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200408-coronavirus-how-lockdown-helps-those-who-fear-the-phone\"\u003Esocial media and remote contact are so important\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of the newly popular terms relate to the socially distanced nature of human contact these days, such as ‘virtual happy hour’, ‘covideo party’ and ‘quarantine and chill’. Many use ‘corona’ as a prefix, whether Polish speakers convert ‘coronavirus’ into a verb or English speakers wonder how ‘coronababies’ (the children born or conceived during the pandemic) will fare. And, of course, there are abbreviations, like the ubiquitous ‘WFH’ and the life-saving ‘PPE’. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOld words in a new light\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike everyone else, lexicologists are scrambling to keep up with the changes the pandemic has wrought. According to Fiona McPherson, the senior editor of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), back in December ‘coronavirus’ appeared only 0.03 times per million tokens (tokens are the smallest units of language collected and tracked in the OED corpus). The term ‘Covid-19’ was only coined in February, when the WHO announced the official name of the virus. But in April, the figures for both ‘Covid-19’ and ‘coronavirus’ had skyrocketed to about 1,750 per million tokens (suggesting that the two terms are now being used at roughly the same frequency).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A sign warning 'covidiots' to go home in Barry, UK, on 25 March 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublic.oed.com\u002Fupdates\u002Fnew-words-list-april-2020\u002F\"\u003EAll of the terms added to the OED in April\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in an unscheduled update, were related to the pandemic in some way, including ‘infodemic’ and ‘elbow bump’. But McPherson notes that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublic.oed.com\u002Fupdates\u002F\"\u003Ethe only actual new word added to the dictionary is ‘Covid-19’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The others are pre-existing terms that have gained new resonance at a time when many people are subject to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublic.oed.com\u002Fblog\u002Fcircuit-breakers-ppes-veronica-buckets-world-englishes-covid-19\u002F\"\u003E‘stay-at-home order’ (US), ‘movement control order’ (Malaysia) or ‘enhanced community quarantine’ (Philippines)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Although a lot of the words we’re using just now and a lot of the terminology is actually older, a lot of it seems fairly new. ‘Coronavirus’ itself goes back to the 1960s,” she points out. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat McPherson calls the “nuancing of already existing words” can in some cases be subtly harmful. War metaphors invoking ‘battles’ and ‘front-lines’ are being widely applied to the pandemic, yet thinking only in terms of a wartime emergency \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-covid-19-what-we-can-learn-from-wartime-efforts\"\u003Ecan detract from longer-term structural changes needed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This has given rise to the project \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsites.google.com\u002Fview\u002Freframecovid\u002Fhome\"\u003E#ReframeCovid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in which linguists collect crowdsourced examples of alternatives to war language. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInés Olza, a linguist at the University of Navarra in Spain, says she started the project spontaneously on Twitter. She understands the temptation to invoke war metaphors, especially at the start of the pandemic when they were necessary to build unity and mobilise swiftly. But “a sustained use of that metaphor and abuse of it, and the lack of alternative frames, might generate anxiety and might distort things about the pandemic”, she believes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E As well, terms such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.popsci.com\u002Fno-such-thing-as-natural-disaster\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E‘natural disaster’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nejm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMp2005032?query=TOC\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E‘perfect storm’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can create the impression that the pandemic was inevitable and unavoidable, neglecting the political, economic and environmental contexts that make \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200420-coronavirus-why-some-racial-groups-are-more-vulnerable\"\u003Ecertain people more exposed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some healthcare workers have expressed their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kevinmd.com\u002Fblog\u002F2020\u002F03\u002Fim-a-physician-and-im-not-a-hero.html\"\u003Efrustration at being called ‘heroes’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, rather than seen as complex, frightened individuals doing a job, who need protective equipment and policy rather than relying on their own sacrifices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A health care worker holds a placard in Burbank, US, on 19 May 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Speakers are free to use the metaphors they want,” Olza emphasises. “We are not censors.” But she and some of her fellow linguists believe that it’s useful to reflect on language and to have alternative framings for discussing the pandemic – beyond militaristic language that can obscure the roles of individuals and communities, and toward expressions that communicate collective care and individual responsibility. She says that Germans have been especially good at finding non-war terms. German’s compounding of terms, for instance, has allowed for one-off words like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.zeit.de\u002Fpolitik\u002Fdeutschland\u002F2020-04\u002Fangela-merkel-lockerungen-corona-beschraenkungen-kritik-oeffnungsdiskussion\"\u003E‘Öffnungsdiskussionsorgien’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (‘orgies of discussion’) to describe the seemingly endless policy debates over reopening. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy humour helps\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOverall, there’s a wealth of linguistic creativity that hasn’t yet entered the dictionary, but reflects \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fcoronavirus-has-led-to-an-explosion-of-new-words-and-phrases-and-that-helps-us-cope-136909\"\u003Ethe role of novel language as a coping mechanism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These innovative usages, Lawson says, “allow us to name whatever it is that’s going on in the world. And once you can name the practices, the events, the social conditions around a particular event, it just gives people a shared vocabulary that they can all use as a bit of a shorthand. I think ultimately if you can name it, you can talk about it; and if you can talk about it, then it can help people cope and get a handle on really difficult situations”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWriter Karen Russell has found the newly ubiquitous term ‘flatten the curve’ to be reassuring – a reminder of the importance of both individual and collective action, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorker.com\u002Fmagazine\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F13\u002Fa-temporary-moment-in-time\"\u003E“alchemizes fear into action”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And both the practice and the terminology of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.visualthesaurus.com\u002Fcm\u002Fwordroutes\u002Fnew-virus-new-words\u002F\"\u003E‘caremongering’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, used for instance in Canadian and Indian English, allow for an alternative to scaremongering. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeyond earnest words like these, a kind of slightly anxious humour is central to many of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flanguage-and-innovation.com\u002F2020\u002F03\u002F31\u002Fcoronaspeak-the-language-of-covid-19-goes-viral\u002F\"\u003E‘coronacoinages’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The German ‘coronaspeck’, like the English ‘Covid 19’, playfully refers to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200331-how-to-eat-a-healthy-diet-when-work-from-home-coronavirus\"\u003Estress eating amid stay-at-home orders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The Spanish ‘covidiota’ and ‘coronaburro’ (a play on ‘burro’, the word for donkey) poke fun at the people disregarding public health advice. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dictionary.com\u002Fe\u002Fs\u002Fnew-words-we-created-because-of-coronavirus\u002F#doom-scrolling\"\u003E‘Doomscrolling’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E describes the hypnotic state of endlessly reading grim internet news. Lawson’s favourite, ‘Blursday’, captures the weakening sense of time when so many days bleed into each other.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I don’t think that by having a little bit of light in the dark, people are making light of the situation - Fiona McPherson","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAustralian English, no stranger to light-hearted abbreviations, has produced \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.visualthesaurus.com\u002Fcm\u002Fwordroutes\u002Fnew-virus-new-words\u002F\"\u003E‘quaz’ for ‘quarantine’ and ‘sanny’ for ‘sanitiser’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Queer and black communities, so often a wellspring of linguistic innovation, have given rise to ‘Miss Rona’ as a slang term for the virus. And for the unsayable, there are always emojis. The folded hands emoji, the medical mask emoji, and the microbe emoji (yes, that exists) have all \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.emojipedia.org\u002Fspread-of-the-coronavirus-emoji\u002F\"\u003Ebecome more popular during the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of these emojis and terms might seem flippant, but “I don’t think that by having a little bit of light in the dark, people are making light of the situation”, says McPherson. Lawson agrees: “If you can laugh at them, it makes things more manageable almost, and just helps with people’s psychological health more than anything else.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELinguists believe that many of the terms currently in vogue won’t endure. The ones with a stronger chance of sticking around post-pandemic are those that describe lasting behavioural changes, such as ‘zoombombing’, which is influenced by ‘photobombing’ and describes the practice of invading someone else’s video call. McPherson reckons that ‘zoombombing’ could become a generic term (like ‘hoovering’ up a mess) even if the company Zoom loses its market dominance. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIngenuity with vocabulary can also communicate that the current hardships, like many of the coronacoinages, won’t last forever. Olza has taken to referring to the tasks on her ‘corona-agenda’, which can be a subtle way of asking for people’s patience with her temporarily disrupted schedule. Eventually “I will get my usual agenda back,” she says hopefully. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUntil then, bring on the quarantinis. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-25T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why we’ve created new language for coronavirus","headlineShort":"Why we create new words in a crisis","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Covid-19, spelled out using blocks","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"Covid-19, spelled out using blocks","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"From ‘covidiots’ to ‘quarantine and chill’, the pandemic has led to many terms that help people laugh and commiserate.","summaryShort":"From ‘covidiots’ to ‘Blursday’: How new words help us cope","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-05-24T19:42:57.647353Z","entity":"article","guid":"84dded55-cafc-49ac-b37f-594bd09a6168","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-24T19:42:57.647353Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation","_id":"5fda3f6e1d61b33c3c8f9f3a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-johanson"],"bodyIntro":"A word buried in the history books helped Danes mobilise during the pandemic, flattening the curve and lifting community spirit.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDanish chef Rasmus Munk shocked the culinary world last year with the opening of his audacious Copenhagen restaurant Alchemist, which offers a multisensory food and entertainment experience across 50 courses and five acts. More surprising, still, was what the Michelin-starred chef did next when the pandemic brought his marathon meals to an abrupt halt on 15 March. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 19 March, Munk had pivoted from serving 2,900kr ($450) worth of molecular gastronomy (think wood ants preserved in candy ‘amber’ and cherry-infused lamb brains) for 48 nightly guests to whipping up 600 daily portions of down-to-earth staples (such as pasta carbonara and chicken puff pie) for Copenhagen’s homeless and socially vulnerable residents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I put out a call for help on Instagram, and the next day I had nearly 1,000 emails from fellow chefs and everyday people who offered to drive the food out to the 14 shelters we now work with,” he explains. Hotels and restaurants also got in touch to donate food that would have otherwise gone to waste. Soon, Alchemist’s four kitchens were buzzing with masked volunteers, and the nascent social responsibility project \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjunkfood.dk\u002Fstoet-junkfood\u002F\"\u003EJunkFood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which Munk had started as an experiment before the pandemic, took root. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We all could have been at home relaxing, but I think we felt like we were obligated to do something that was beyond our own needs,” he says. “Of course, it was not just us. Denmark really came together, and I think samfundssind was a big part of it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08mjtdj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Alchemist restaurant dome","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-34345791\"\u003EHygge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which roughly translates to ‘a quality of cosiness’ – may be the most appropriated Danish word of the past decade, but it’s samfundssind that’s really come to define the nation in the era of Covid-19. If hygge is something you practice with people you know, samfundssind is more of a behaviour towards those you might not know. Rarely used until just a few months ago, it’s now entered the Danish vernacular in an explosive way. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike hygge, there’s no direct English translation of samfundssind. Marianne Rathje, senior researcher at the Danish Language Council, says you can think of it as putting the good of the greater society above your own personal interests. Danes believe this word has played a key role in the country’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-52226763\"\u003Esuccessful response\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the pandemic, and it may just offer clues for how the rest of the world can follow suit. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESociety in mind\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERathje says samfundssind is a compound noun of ‘samfund’ (society) and ‘sind’ (mind). It dates back to 1936, and made an historical cameo in a call for solidarity by then prime minister Thorvald Stauning at the outbreak of World War II. Thereafter, it lay in relative dormancy until Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen revived the word at a press conference on 11 March of this year announcing the first major measures to shut down the country. She presented samfundssind to Danes as having two main pillars: collective responsibility and community spirit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"‘Samfundssind’ is a compound noun of ‘samfund’ (society) and ‘sind’ (mind). It dates back to 1936","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“As Danes, we usually seek community by being close together,” she \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.regeringen.dk\u002Fnyheder\u002F2020\u002Fstatsminister-mette-frederiksens-indledning-paa-pressemoede-i-statsministeriet-om-corona-virus-den-11-marts-2020\u002F\"\u003Esaid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Now, we must stand together by keeping apart. We need samfundssind\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Rathje, usage of samfundssind in the Danish media soared from 23 mentions in February to 2,855 in March. In the first six months of 2019, samfundssind appeared 611 times in Danish newspapers and magazines, compared to 9,299 times in the same period this year. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“All Danes watched the prime minister’s press conferences, and that gave us the same vocabulary,” explains Rathje. “The word reminded us to look at corona as a joint situation where it was important not to think of your own needs, but to think about yourself as part of a bigger cause.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08mjthj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen (file image)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe word was well chosen, she adds, when compared to the nearby synonym solidaritet (solidarity), which has connotations of the working class or of left-wing ideologies. “Samfundssind has been so relatively rarely used that it doesn’t have any connotations yet, except for corona[virus].” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce the word was re-introduced, hash-tagged and diffused on social media, researchers such as Kristian Kongshøj, of the Institute of Political Science at Aalborg University, were curious to find out how widely it would be adopted. Would younger generations really practice as much samfundssind as their parents and grandparents? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYouth in action\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs it turns out, they did. In a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvidenskab.dk\u002Fkultur-samfund\u002Fde-unge-udviser-faktisk-samfundssind\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 1,020 citizens conducted in late March, Kongshøj found no notable differences in behaviour across generations. Men were slightly less vigilant in their social distancing and personal hygiene than their female counterparts, however the survey found that Danes, as a whole, stood broadly together to make samfundssind a form of patriotism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Danes, as a whole, stood broadly together to make samfundssind a form of patriotism","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPosts tagged \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fhashtag\u002FSamfundsSind\"\u003E#samfundssind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed big and small acts of kindness, including the work of community volunteers, and call-outs for people to support local businesses – and also pointed out those who didn’t exhibit the spirit. “You could really see it in social media that there was this collective shaming of people who hoarded goods or didn’t practice samfundssind,” says Kongshøj. He believes that the word played a crucial role in Denmark flattening the curve. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Suddenly, you need everyone to behave the same way, and how do you do that? Well, you need to develop new norms extremely rapidly so that those who deviate from these norms become ashamed,” he explains. “What helps in Denmark, and what we found, is that there is quite a lot of trust in politicians, but they can only do so much.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESamfundssind worked, he adds, because the prime minister introduced it as a new norm, and the society, which trusted her, embraced it voluntarily. It’s a model the rest of the world may seek to replicate, albeit one that’s less easily adaptable in nations as politically polarised as the US or UK, where polls show little public confidence in leadership’s handling of the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08mjtp0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Handing over a box of supplies for JunkFood","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERathje says she doesn’t see samfundssind tip-toeing back into linguistic obscurity any time soon. Rather, the idea of putting aside individuality for the benefit of the community has become an even stronger pillar of Danish identity. Researchers at the University of Copenhagen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcoronakrisen.github.io\u002Fpost5.html\"\u003Edocumented\u003C\u002Fa\u003E more than 250 new volunteer groups on Facebook for community aid projects between March and April, while spacious Copenhagen landmarks, including the theme park Tivoli and the Copenhagen Zoo, pivoted into temporary kindergarten and day-care centres during the worst of the outbreak to help home-bound workers cope. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs for Munk, his JunkFood project will continue indefinitely, albeit out of a separate kitchen now that Alchemist has reopened its doors to the public. He may be back in action crafting sorbet lollipops shaped like seahorses, but his commitment to samfundssind, like the rest of his fellow Danes, is still going strong.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-04T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"'Samfundssind': How a long-forgotten word rallied a nation","headlineShort":"How Denmark flattened the curve","image":["p08mjt8h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Food preparation in the JunkFood kitchen","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda40101d61b33c3c956908"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-the-swiss-court-ruling-on-home-workers-rent","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200520-will-coronavirus-change-germans-love-of-cash","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200522-why-weve-created-new-language-for-coronavirus"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A word buried in the history books helped Danes mobilise during the pandemic, flattening the curve and lifting community spirit.","summaryShort":"The long-forgotten word that got Danes through the pandemic","tag":["tag\u002Flanguage","tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-03T20:04:12.717708Z","entity":"article","guid":"3c392e7d-2a63-412c-a89d-c53ba44469d3","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-07T18:40:12.265387Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453921},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day","_id":"5fda3f6d1d61b33c3c8f9cb9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fpeter-rubinstein-and-bryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"Being bilingual has vast benefits – but getting there needn’t be a lifelong slog.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fcolumns\u002Fpower-of-an-hour\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp07118n2.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Power of an Hour\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELearning a new language is an inherently scary idea. Thousands of unfamiliar words, an entirely different grammatical structure and the high potential for embarrassment are enough to intimidate many of us. With a busy work life, finding the time to commit to a new language can be a challenge in itself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut experts agree that it’s more than possible to make meaningful progress in just one hour a day. Not only that, the skills gained from practicing a new language can feel like superpowers in the workplace and beyond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EResearch shows there is a direct correlation between \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.actfl.org\u002Fadvocacy\u002Fwhat-the-research-shows\u002Freferences-cognitive#intelligence\"\u003Ebilingualism and intelligence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, memory skills and higher academic achievement. As the brain more efficiently processes information, it is even able to stave off age-related \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3583091\u002F\"\u003Ecognitive decline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDepending on your native tongue and which new language you’re learning, you can develop a diverse toolkit of both short-term and lifelong cognitive benefits. Of course, the further apart the language the tougher the challenge (think Dutch and Vietnamese), but focusing on a specific application can drastically narrow the practice time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhether it’s for a new job, for literary competence or for making casual conversation, you can sharpen language skills no matter your age or previous exposure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0718m28"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe most difficult languages\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe US Foreign Service Institute (FSI) divides languages into \u003Ca href=\"divhttps:\u002F\u002Fblog.thelinguist.com\u002Fhow-long-should-it-take-to-learn-a-language\"\u003Efour tiers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of difficulty for native English speakers to learn. Group 1, the easiest of the bunch, includes French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish and Swahili. According to FSI research, it takes around 480 hours of practice to reach basic fluency in all Group 1 languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The US Foreign Service Institute divides languages into four tiers of difficulty. The easiest take around 480 hours of practice to reach basic fluency","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe difficulty begins to spike as we move down the list. It takes 720 hours to achieve the same level of fluency in Group 2 languages, which include Bulgarian, Burmese, Greek, Hindi, Persian and Urdu. More difficult are Amharic, Cambodian, Czech, Finnish and Hebrew, which places them in in Group 3. Group 4 is comprised of some of the most challenging languages for English speakers to grasp: Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Korean.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDespite the daunting timeframe, experts say it’s worth learning a second language for the cognitive benefits alone. Doing so naturally develops our executive functions, “the high-level ability to flexibly manipulate and utilise information, and hold information in the mind and suppress irrelevant information,” says Julie Fiez, a professor at the University of Pittsburgh’s department of neuroscience. “It’s called executive functions because it’s thought of as skills of a CEO: managing a bunch of people, juggling a lot of information, multitasking, prioritising.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBilingual brains rely on executive functions – things like inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility – to maintain balance between two languages, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3583091\u002F\"\u003Ea study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from Northwestern University. Because both language systems are always active and competing, the brain’s control mechanisms are constantly strengthened.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0718m15"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELisa Meneghetti, a data analyst from Treviso, Italy, is a hyperpolyglot, meaning she is fluent in six or more languages - in her case English, French, Swedish, Spanish, Russian and Italian. When embarking on a new language, especially one with a lower difficulty curve that requires less cognitive stamina, she says her biggest challenge is to avoid mixing words.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s normal for the brain to switch and use shortcuts,” she says. “This happens more often and more easily with languages that belong to the same family… because the similarities are great but so are the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thoughtco.com\u002Ffaux-amis-vocabulary-1371249\"\u003Efalse friends\u003C\u002Fa\u003E!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe best way to avoid this issue, Meneghetti says, is to learn one language at a time, and to differentiate the linguistic families.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAn hour of difference\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELearning the basics of any language is a quick task. Programmes like Duolingo or Rosetta Stone can guide you through a few greetings and simple phrases at lightning speed. For a more personal experience, polyglot Timothy Doner recommends reading and watching material that you already have an interest in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“If you like cooking, buy a cookbook in a foreign language; if you like soccer, try watching a foreign game,” he says. “Even if you’re only picking up a handful of words per day - and the vast majority continue to sound like gibberish - they will be easier to recall later on.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0718m25"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBefore you go too far, however, it’s important to consider exactly how you plan to use the language in the future. And which language you learn depends on your personal motivations, says Beverly Baker, an associate professor and director of language assessment at the University of Ottawa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“A busy professional might see Mandarin as important to learn because they have business contacts, or it could be a language your family spoke and you lost, or you’re in love with someone who spoke that language”, she says. “Maybe you’re just interested in saying a few things to your in-laws.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Once your intentions for the new language are defined, you can begin planning out a productive hourly schedule for daily practice","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOnce your intentions for the new language are defined, you can begin planning out a productive hourly schedule for daily practice that includes multiple learning methods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAdvice on how to best spend this time varies depending on which polyglot or linguistics expert you’re speaking to. But there’s one tip they all seem to stand behind: devote at least half of your hour to stepping away from the books and videos to practice with a speaker face to face, be it someone who's native or highly fluent in the language. “To go over questions and do activities, to talk together in the language, and to discuss the culture,” Baker says. “I would not skip that part, because learning about the people and culture will motivate me to keep up with the rest of my learning.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Adults, some of them do their language learning trying to memorise words and practice pronunciation, all in silence and to themselves. They don’t actually take the leap to try and have a conversation actually using the language,” Fiez says. “You’re not really learning another language, you’re just learning picture-sound associations.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0718m2l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJust like exercise or musical instruments, people recommend a shorter amount of practice time on a regular basis rather than larger chunks on a more sporadic basis. Baker says this is because without a consistent schedule the brain fails to engage in any deep cognitive processes, like making connections between new knowledge and your previous learning. “An hour a day five days a week is therefore going to be more beneficial than a five-hour blitz once a week.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to the FSI index, it would take 96 weeks at this pace to achieve basic fluency in a Group 1 language, or nearly two years. But by following the advice from experts, narrowing down your lessons for specific applications rather than general fluency, new speakers will be able to shave off significant time towards reaching their desired level.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIQ and EQ\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Learning a second language can satisfy an immediate need but it will also help you become a more understanding and empathic person by opening the doors to a different way of thinking and feeling,” says Meneghetti. “It’s about IQ and EQ combined.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECommunicating and empathising across language barriers can lead to a high-demand skill called ‘intercultural competence’. According to Baker, intercultural competence is the ability to build successful relationships with a variety of people from other cultures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDedicating one hour of your day towards learning a new language can be thought of as practice in bridging gaps between people. The result is a more malleable communication skillset that brings you closer to your peers at work, home or abroad.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“You’re faced with a different worldview with someone from a different culture. You don’t rush to judgment and are more effective at resolving the clashes in the world that come up,” Baker says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Just learning one language, any language in any culture, helps you to develop that adaptability and flexibility when faced with other cultures, period.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day-12"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Fpower-of-an-hour"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-02-19T01:54:26.914Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to learn a language in an hour a day","headlineShort":"The easy way to learn a new language","image":["p0718lvq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda40101d61b33c3c956908"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Being bilingual has vast benefits – but getting there needn’t be a lifelong slog.","summaryShort":"Becoming bilingual needn’t be a lifelong slog","tag":["tag\u002Flanguage"],"creationDateTime":"2019-02-19T03:01:28.560921Z","entity":"article","guid":"9a83439f-eaa9-4856-b89e-0cf9805f7407","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day","modifiedDateTime":"2019-02-19T03:01:28.560921Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart","_id":"5fda3f701d61b33c3c8face1","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fkim-goodwin"],"bodyIntro":"Kim Goodwin was asked to help some colleagues tell if they were being helpful or condescending. So she created a simple chart – which went unexpectedly viral.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETwo male colleagues recently asked me, unprompted, “How do I know if I’m \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.guernicamag.com\u002Frebecca-solnit-men-explain-things-to-me\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Emansplaining\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?” Both are experts who are often asked to explain concepts to colleagues outside their fields. Both were concerned about those explanations being taken the wrong way. I wondered: Is it really so hard to tell the difference between condescending or simply explaining-while-male?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Thousands of female-appearing Twitter users started sharing the post, asking to print it on business cards or staple it to the foreheads of men","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen people (almost always men) explain the product design methods in my own book to me, I say I’m well-acquainted with them, mentally roll my eyes, and move on. I hadn’t developed a succinct explanation for what distinguishes mansplaining, so I spent a few minutes drafting a diagram, as I often do to examine or explain ideas in my work. I realised the “-splaining” part comes down to three factors:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDo they want the explanation?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E If someone asks you a question, explain away! Unsolicited explanations may be fine (within reason) if you’re someone’s teacher or manager. Explaining after they’ve declined your help is almost always disrespectful. Conversation is a good place to start building the habit of consent.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003EAre you making bad assumptions about competence? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EExplaining things to knowledgeable people isn’t just wasting everyone’s time. You may, regardless of your intent, undermine them by implying you don’t trust their competence or intelligence. You also run the risk of undermining yourself by looking like you have an inflated opinion of your own knowledge.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow does bias affect your interpretation of the above?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Both questions are complicated by sexism and other kinds of bias. We’re all taught gender bias in behavior and communication from an early age, with boys and girls being criticised and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcourses.lumenlearning.com\u002Fsuny-educationalpsychology\u002Fchapter\u002Fgender-differences-in-the-classroom\u002F\"\u003Epraised for different behaviors\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in school. We all like to think we treat people fairly, but men often \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.washington.edu\u002Fnews\u002F2016\u002F02\u002F11\u002Fmale-biology-students-consistently-underestimate-female-peers-study-finds\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eassume\u003C\u002Fa\u003E women are less competent, and white people are likely to assume \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F2329496514558628\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Edarker skin equals lower intelligence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen yet another colleague brought up his mansplaining worries, I decided to post the diagram on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fkimgoodwin\u002Fstatus\u002F1020029572266438657\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where my professional community often discusses communication issues. I was not quite prepared for the viral response—3,300 comments, 50,000 retweets, and 120,000 likes, as of Friday morning. I’ve seen stories on several blogs, and someone even translated it into \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fpr0zivka\u002Fstatus\u002F1021709890975399937\"\u003ESerbian\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThousands of female-appearing Twitter users started sharing the post, asking to print it on business cards or staple it to the foreheads of men. (Some added: asking first is polite behaviour for any gender.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fzjxg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResponses from male-appearing Tweeters were more mixed. Some responded with mansplaining, either explaining sexism to women or asking how women would learn if men didn’t share their knowledge. Many said the diagram was helpful. Others wondered whether this is really a gendered behaviour; a few argued (fairly, I think) that fathers are frequently mum-splained.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EQuite a few responses said: men do this to other men too – it’s annoying, but women should just respond as men do. In other words: men agree that men do this a lot, but men aren’t going to change, so women should adopt the “masculine” norm. Interesting assumption.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere was much angst about the m-word: is it sexism in reverse? Sorry, but no.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome women use this gendered term to express frustration with sexist communication norms, but that doesn’t invalidate the message. A snarky word is also not the equivalent of systemic sexism, which primarily targets women while also limiting the lives of men. And isn’t it odd that nobody gets offended when “mother-henning” behaviour is described as gendered?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPlenty of evidence supports the idea that communication behaviours are often gendered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org\u002Fe352\u002F8d78c8d88064ae54c0f75b902ab40b6feb45.pdf\"\u003Ein multiple ways\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.palgrave.com\u002Fus\u002Fbook\u002F9781403915832\"\u003Eschool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, boys are encouraged to take more air time. Adult men then \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bu.edu\u002Fwgs\u002Ffiles\u002F2014\u002F12\u002FKarpowitz-et-al.-2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Etalk much more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in groups, which adds to their perceived influence. Women are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0261927X14533197?papetoc=\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Einterrupted more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than men, by both men and women, but women \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.slate.com\u002Fblogs\u002Flexicon_valley\u002F2014\u002F07\u002F23\u002Fstudy_men_interrupt_women_more_in_tech_workplaces_but_high_ranking_women.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Erarely interrupt men\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Women in senior positions may learn to interrupt, but are likely to be seen as both \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.stanford.edu\u002F2018\u002F05\u002F02\u002Fexploring-interruption-conversation\u002F\"\u003Emore rude and less intelligent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Assertive women are called “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ffortune.com\u002F2014\u002F08\u002F26\u002Fperformance-review-gender-bias\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eabrasive\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” in performance reviews.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fzjxh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough there may be consequences for women who adopt stereotypically masculine communication behaviours, studies show men are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F229549045_Rewarding_Good_Citizens_The_Relationship_Between_Citizenship_Behavior_Gender_and_Organizational_Rewards1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Erewarded more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when they adopt certain “female” behaviors at work. Given that, I think it is fair to ask: if men also find mansplaining counterproductive, why, exactly, should any of us accept it as the norm?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMansplaining may seem like a trivial issue in isolation, but how we communicate tells other people how much or little they are valued. And in my experience, humans feel better, work more effectively, and behave better when we feel valued ourselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E {\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-07-29T17:51:04Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Mansplaining, explained in one simple chart","headlineShort":"Mansplaining, explained in one chart","image":["p06fzjxd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda40101d61b33c3c956908"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p06g368x"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Kim Goodwin was asked to help some colleagues tell if they were being helpful or condescending. So she created a simple chart – which went unexpectedly viral.","summaryShort":"Explaining helpfully, or condescending? This diagram shows the difference","tag":["tag\u002Fworkplace","tag\u002Flanguage"],"creationDateTime":"2018-07-27T16:55:14.403315Z","entity":"article","guid":"ddcfa407-f07f-4415-81a6-0d5d6f0eb159","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart","modifiedDateTime":"2018-07-27T16:55:14.403315Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions","_id":"5fda3f701d61b33c3c8fab5b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["wwfuture\u002Fauthor\u002Fchris-stokel-walker"],"bodyIntro":"For most people, a stray comma isn’t the end of the world. But in some cases, the exact placement of a punctuation mark can cost huge sums of money.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWe’re bidding farewell to 2018 with some of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Ftags\u002Fbest-of-2018\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBBC Capital’s greatest hits from over the last year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. With these compelling stories, indispensable tips and expert insight, you’ll be ready to make 2019 the best it can be.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHow much can a misplaced comma cost you?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIf you’re texting a loved one or dashing off an email to a colleague, the cost of misplacing a piece of punctuation will be – at worst – a red face and a minor mix-up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut for some, contentious commas can be a path to the poor house.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA dairy company in the US city of Portland, Maine settled a court case for $5m earlier this year because of a missing comma.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThree lorry drivers for Oakhurst Dairy claimed that they were owed years of unpaid overtime wages, all because of the way commas were used in legislation governing overtime payments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe state’s laws declared that overtime wasn’t due for workers involved in “\u003Cem\u003Ethe canning, processing, preserving, freezing, drying, marketing, storing, packing for shipment or distribution of: 1) agricultural produce; 2) meat and fish products; and 3) perishable foods\u003C\u002Fem\u003E”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe drivers managed to successfully argue that because there was no comma after “shipment” and before “or distribution”, they were owed overtime pay. If a comma had been there, the law would have explicitly ruled out those who distribute perishable foods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fglvj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBecause there was confusion, the US Court of Appeals \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcases.justia.com\u002Ffederal\u002Fappellate-courts\u002Fca1\u002F16-1901\u002F16-1901-2017-03-13.pdf?ts=1489437006\"\u003Eruled in their favour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, benefiting around 120 of the firm’s drivers. David Webbert, the lawyer who helped bring the case against the company, told reporters at the time that the inclusion of a comma in the clause “would have sunk our ship”. (He didn’t respond to interview requests from the BBC.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The slightest misstep in punctuating a clause in a contract can have massive unintended consequences","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe slip-up shows that the slightest misstep in punctuating a clause in a contract can have massive unintended consequences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Punctuation matters,” says Ken Adams, author of A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting. But not all punctuation is made equal: contractual minefields are not seeded with semicolons or em-dashes (here’s one: – ) waiting to explode when tripped over.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It boils down to commas,” says Adams. “They matter, and exactly how depends on the context.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDelivering definition\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECommas in contracts link separate clauses in a non-definitive way, leaving their reading open to interpretation. While a full stop is literally that – a full and complete stop to one thought or sentence, and the signal of the start of another – commas occupy a linguistic middle ground, and one that’s often muddled. “Commas are a proxy for confusion as to what part of a sentence relates to what,” Adams explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Commas occupy a linguistic middle ground, and one that’s often muddled","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe English language is fluid, evolving and highly subjective. Arguments have been fought over the value of so-called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.grammarly.com\u002Fblog\u002Fwhat-is-the-oxford-comma-and-why-do-people-care-so-much-about-it\u002F\"\u003EOxford commas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (an optional comma before the word “and” or “or” at the end of a list). There might be good arguments on either side of the debate, but this doesn’t work for the law because there needs to be a definitive answer: yes or no. In high-stakes legal agreements, how commas are deployed is crucial to their meaning. And in the case of Oakhurst Dairy against its delivery drivers, the Oxford comma is judged to have favoured the latter’s meaning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut just because you mean to say something, it doesn’t mean that a court will agree with you, says Jeff Nobles, a Texas-based appellate lawyer who was involved in an insurance case that hinged, in part, on the punctuation of a contract.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Nobles, most US courts will say it doesn’t really matter what the parties subjectively intended; it’s the objective intent in the written terms of their contract. “Punctuation sometimes will change the meaning of a sentence,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENobles represented an insurance company in a Texas Supreme Court case concerning insurance coverage for a worker who died on the job.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENobles argued successfully that punctuation mattered for a contractual indemnity provision, when the company tried to trigger coverage under its umbrella insurance policy after a subcontracted employee died on the job. It set a precedent in the state’s legal system, he believes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe says US courts have become increasingly textual – “they’ve looked more and more at the words on the paper rather than the testimony of the people who used those words on the paper.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYet arguments over commas have been raging for more than a century.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘An expensive comma’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1872, an American tariff law including an unwanted comma cost taxpayers nearly $2m (the equivalent of $40m today). The United States Tariff Act, as originally drafted in 1870, allowed “fruit plants, tropical and semi-tropical for the purpose of propagation or cultivation” to be exempt from import tariffs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor an unknown reason, when revised two years later, a stray comma sneaked in between “fruit” and “plants”. Suddenly all tropical and semi-tropical fruits could be imported without any charge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fglwz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMembers of the US Congress debated the issue and the problem was fixed – but not before the New York Times bemoaned the use of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fquery.nytimes.com\u002Fmem\u002Farchive\u002Fpdf?res=9A00E1D7103CE23ABC4F53DFB667838F629EDE\"\u003E“An Expensive Comma”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It wouldn’t be the last such error.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Contract language is like software code: do it right and everything works smoothly. But make a typo and the whole thing falls apart","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Contract language is limited and stylised,” says Adams. He compares it to software code: do it right and everything works smoothly. But make a typo and the whole thing falls apart.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen errors are introduced into legal documents, they’re likely to be noticed far more than in any other form of writing, he says. “People are more prone to fighting over instances of syntactic ambiguity than in other kinds of writing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMuddying the waters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOf course, in some circumstances, those drafting contracts may want to introduce ambiguities. Getting different countries to sign up to the same principles can be challenging, particularly for climate change agreements. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEarly climate change conventions included this line:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“\u003Cem\u003EThe Parties have a right to, and should, promote sustainable development.”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe sentence ensures those signing the agreement have the ability to promote sustainable development – and should do so.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut in its original draft, the second comma was placed after “promote”, not before it:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“\u003Cem\u003EThe Parties have a right to, and should promote, sustainable development.”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESome countries weren’t happy with the original wording because they didn’t necessarily want to be locked into promoting sustainable development. Moving the comma kept the naysayers happy while placating those who wanted stronger action.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“By being slightly creative with punctuation, countries can feel like their interests have been addressed,” explains Stephen Cornelius, chief advisor on climate change with the WWF, who has represented the UK and EU at UN climate change negotiations. “You’re trying to get an agreement that people can substantially agree with.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fglzc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETricks of the trade\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESuch linguistic flexibility happens more often than you’d think.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“In diplomacy, even though you try to have a single agreement, it’s very common to change the meaning for different parties,” says climate change negotiator Laura Hanning Scarborough. “You can use terms like ‘inter alia’, or ‘this includes, amongst other things’ to blur the lines to include anything. You can use commas as part of that, too. There are so many language tricks you use to appease people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor most people, however, making sure that contracts are unambiguous is important. For that reason, it’s crucial to test contract language to breaking point by giving it to someone who will test its limits – someone who will read it in the most awkward, unhelpful way, says Tiffany Kemp, a commercial contracting trainer for the International Association for Contract and Commercial Management.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOne of the biggest cases battled over a comma was a dispute between two Canadian telecommunications companies. Rogers Communications and Bell Aliant fought a legal battle worth CAD$1m ($760,000) over a contract to replace utility poles across the country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe argument stemmed from a single sentence:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E“This agreement shall be effective from the date it is made and shall continue in force for a period of five (5) years from the date it is made, and thereafter for successive five (5) year terms, unless and until terminated by one year prior notice in writing by either party.”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe two sides argued that the comma after “five (5) year terms” meant something different: Bell Aliant said that the single year’s notice of termination applied at any time, Rogers that it only applied after the first five-year term ended.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis was important as Rogers had struck a great deal under their reading of the contract: when they signed a contract to lease the poles from Bell Aliant in 2002, they were paying just CAD$9.60 per pole. By 2004, the cost had nearly doubled. Bell Aliant, understandably, wanted to terminate the contract and renegotiate at the new, higher price. Rogers didn’t.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESuccessive courts were equally uncertain about the agreement: Canada’s Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission first declared in favour of Bell Aliant in 2006; a year later, it changed its mind after consulting the French language version of the contract, which didn’t include the same ambiguity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis dispute wasn’t brought about by wilful ignorance, reckons Kemp. “Sometimes there are genuinely different understandings,” she explains. “That little comma was put in a place that you would put in a place for a breath if you’re reading it out loud.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDeadly punctuation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHow do these misplaced or misused commas make their way into complicated contracts that have been drafted by professionals? Part of the problem, says Adams, is technology. “Drafting contracts has long been a function of copying and pasting from precedent contracts, and that results in a kind of heedlessness, a detachment from the nitty gritty of how you’ve expressed what you want to express in a contract,” he says. “It’s easy to miss this sort of problem.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In one extreme example, a misplaced comma was at the heart of a death-penalty trial","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn one extreme example, a misplaced comma was at the heart of a death-penalty trial. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERoger Casement, an Irish nationalist, was hanged in 1916 under the 1351 Treason Act. He had incited Irish prisoners of war being held in Germany to band together to fight against the British. The debate over whether Casement was guilty hinged on the wording of the 14th Century Treason Act and the use of a comma: with it, Casement’s actions in Germany were illegal; without it, he would get away with it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06fgm10"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite Casement’s lead counsel’s assertion that “crimes should not depend on the significance of breaks or of commas”, and “if a crime depended on a comma, the matter should be determined in favour of the accused, and not of the Crown”, the court ruled that the comma mattered. Casement was found guilty and executed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThough today life and death doesn’t hinge on the use of commas – but big money, insurance policies and environmental agreements certainly do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor that reason, it’s important to carefully check any contracts we sign, the experts say – and that means not just dotting the Is and crossing the Ts but also making sure every comma is in the correct place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople sign contracts not because they’ve negotiated their meanings, but based on their own understanding of what they’re agreeing to, explains Nobles. Contracts written by lawyers on behalf of a business might have a different meaning than what the lay person understands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo it pays to pay attention. If a piece of punctuation seems out of place or introduces ambiguity, speak up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The purpose of a contract is to help people get the outcomes they both expected, and to know what they’re supposed to do and get from the other side,” says Kemp.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“If there’s a misunderstanding, you owe it to both of you to get it sorted out. Have the argument today, rather than tomorrow.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt could prevent a lot of pain in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-07-23T06:12:11.621Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The commas that cost companies millions","headlineShort":"How a single comma can cost millions","image":["p031c34v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda40101d61b33c3c956908"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"For most people, a stray comma isn’t the end of the world. But in some cases, the exact placement of a punctuation mark can cost huge sums of money.","summaryShort":"Punctuation problems that create huge headaches","tag":["tag\u002Fbest-of-2018","tag\u002Flanguage"],"creationDateTime":"2018-07-23T05:46:23.795319Z","entity":"article","guid":"3eb6c72a-69b7-4c4a-ad1e-d247c9a8b3f3","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions","modifiedDateTime":"2019-10-17T16:20:59.629889Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji","_id":"5fda3f701d61b33c3c8faa37","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"To have emoji of your country’s symbols is to have a place on the world stage – but will the already sprawling catalogue ever be fully inclusive?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIs there an emoji that represents your country?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESay you’re British – or you’re not, but maybe traveling to the UK and texting a friend about it – why isn’t there a fish and chips emoji? Or one of Big Ben, a red phone booth, Stonehenge?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESure, there’s a Queen’s guard 💂, a cricket bat 🏏 and the requisite Union Jack 🇬🇧. But this goes deeper than tourist landmarks – why aren’t there more emoji that communicate the tiny, goofy minutiae of daily life that might be specific to certain cultures or countries? After all, Japan has dozens and dozens of such emoji – so many of them, that people around the world \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002F2015\u002F05\u002Fusing-emoji-wrong\u002F\"\u003Econstantly misuse them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo if today’s world is so globalised and digital… what gives?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe answer is more complicated than it might seem. But a complicated process is not stopping governments and self-described “emoji activists” from rallying to get their designs into the official selection – and to get a slice of any potential geopolitical sway emoji might have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy are there so many emoji about Japan?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 2015, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.politico.com\u002Fstory\u002F2015\u002F04\u002Fobama-shinzo-abe-visit-emoji-anime-karate-117416\"\u003EUS President Barack Obama visited Japan and thanked the nation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for giving the world such cultural gifts as karate, karaoke, anime and – yes – emoji.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMeaning something akin to “picture” and “character” in Japanese, emoji originated in the 1990s as mobile phone culture exploded in Japan. Now there are more than 2,500 of them, and World Emoji Day is tomorrow. They even spawned \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fentertainment-arts-40751190\"\u003Elast year’s (widely panned) film\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESince emoji were invented in Japan and entered mainstream use there, it makes sense that there are dozens of Japan-specific ones. Some are more globally recognised as tourism-friendly icons – Mt Fuji, sushi, sake – but there are plenty that depict smaller aspects of Japanese life and culture, which may not be instantly recognisable to non-Japanese.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s dango 🍡 (a pastel-coloured kebab of gelatinous rice cakes), oni 👹 (a grotesque demon from Japanese folklore), and even a love hotel 🏩 (an adult establishment which can be booked by the hour).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn other words: scores of fun little pictures that shine a spotlight on all sorts of facets of Japanese life. So why is there a bullet train and not an Italian gondola? Why a red paper lantern and not a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fahistoryoftheworld\u002Fobjects\u002F0GYYOKSuQXmhso9EfXDEPA\"\u003Emenorah\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow emoji are approved\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEmoji are treated like actual characters – in other words, our phones recognise every eggplant and poo as they do the letters A, B and C.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAll characters of all fonts that appear on digital devices \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsround\u002F41860111\"\u003Eare approved and regulated by a not-for-profit based in California called the Unicode Consortium\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They oversee the industry standard for encoding and handling all text in computing systems across the world. President Mark Davis reckons they add around 50 to 70 new emoji per year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Emoji are never removed; each one can be used by all people across digital devices, forever","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDavis says any additions approved by the consortium are permanent. Emoji are never removed; each one can be used by all people across digital devices, forever.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESpacing out new emoji in waves each year allows the technology to keep up: for example, phones being built with enough memory (emoji take up a lot more space than just letters), as well as predictive typing constantly improving to auto-fill emoji as you’re typing words in all available languages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJeremy Burge is founder of Emojipedia, an online emoji database, and the latest member to be initiated into the Unicode Consortium. He says that the visual nature of emoji also dictates that any new entry must be visually compelling and distinct.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06dhdwj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne candidate for an emoji is the caffeinated Argentinian drink maté.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Luckily for them, it has a distinctively-shaped cup,” Burge says. “Beverages are tricky – if you wanted to approve your favourite drink, how does that look different in emoji sizes?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo if the standards are so rigorous, why are there so many Japanese symbols and icons that are totally foreign to nearly everyone outside Japan? It’s because all the original Japanese emoji were grandfathered in once the emoji keyboard became available abroad.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Emoji have afforded Japan a cultural soft power that extends around the world","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a result, emoji will likely always have a Japanese flavour, the experts say, and emoji have afforded Japan a cultural soft power that extends around the world and has boosted the nation’s “brand”. One could argue that to have an emoji related to your culture in the official line-up is to also have a spot on the world stage.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThat’s why other countries are looking for a chance to shine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06dhc56"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENational icons\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe Unicode Consortium doesn’t promote any business or specific person: no logos allowed, and no likeness of any person living or dead. (“Kimoji”, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-43330016\"\u003EKim Kardashian’s line of “emoji”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, aren’t official – they’re instead classified as “stickers”.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s been demonstrable interest in diversifying the emoji collection. Earlier this year, it was announced that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnewsbeat-43526392\"\u003Eemoji depicting differently abled people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in wheelchairs and using hearing aids would be added. A hijab-wearing emoji, various skin colours and same-sex couples and families also appeared in recent years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Many organisations and individuals are pushing for more representation, specifically to showcase their home countries and cultures","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut for some, it’s not enough. Many organisations and individuals are pushing for more representation, specifically to showcase their home countries and cultures. A recent example is Finland, which has lobbied to create Finland-themed emoji since 2015.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe person leading the effort is Petra Theman, director of public diplomacy at Finland’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who got the idea in 2015 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsround\u002F34844165\"\u003Ewhen an emoji was named Oxford Dictionaries’ word of the year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Theman wanted a way to talk about Finland in a social media-friendly way that appealed to a younger audience. “Emoji was the obvious choice,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShe says the government pitched dozens of ideas to Unicode – two main ones were Finland’s iconic sauna, plus any kind of winter clothing, which at the time was being dwarfed by the huge amount of summer clothing in the official line-up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the end, woolly socks and sauna made it in. But the sauna design was tweaked. Instead of the pitched image of two naked characters sitting in a sauna, it was changed to a more general, heads-up view of a person with a towel wrapped around their hair and surrounded by steam. This was very deliberate – Davis and Burge say the consortium aims to make emoji as accessible as possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also an avoidance of any kind of redundancy. Finland, a mecca for heavy metal, pitched emoji of big-haired rockers but were told the “rock on” 🤘emoji already communicated that sentiment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStill, the woolly socks and adjusted sauna emoji were a victory. Finland was the first nation to lead a successful emoji campaign.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“You really want to see yourself represented,” Theman says. “Emoji is such a big part of communication, [especially] for young people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06dhb4b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not just specific countries – it’s broader cultures, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E Jennifer 8. Lee is a journalist who helps run a group called Emojination, which has the motto “emoji for the people, by the people”. After a two-year campaign, she helped get the dumpling emoji approved, and worked with a 15-year-old Muslim girl in Germany to get the hijab emoji approved. Lee is also a member of the consortium.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“Some people say you can just do stickers,” Lee says, which is the route the “Kimoji” took a couple years ago. But stickers are not the real deal: there’s something different about “a formal recognition into a system when it’s on basically all mobile devices and is recognised as text”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELee points to items like Australian boomerangs that are tied to specific countries, but have transcended to become global symbols. She reiterates that many designs that get picked to be emoji are visually distinctive – like that maté cup. But sometimes, emoji that mean certain things to certain cultures get used in entirely different ways by people outside those cultures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMorphing language\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThough many of the Japan-centric emoji don’t meet current requirements – is the fish cake 🍥 really a visually distinctive global icon, for instance? – they remain because they got in early and at the right time. And despite a soft power boost as a social media mainstay, there’s no evidence to suggest that the sheer volume of Japan-focused emoji has brought geopolitical or fiscal benefits to the country.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Different interpretations might show that emoji really are being treated as language","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf anything, the fact that many of Japan’s emoji aren’t recognisable to the wider world has allowed people to use them in new ways (even if they are misusing them). The different interpretations aren’t limited to the more obscure Japanese emoji, either – we all know what the eggplant and peach emoji have come to symbolise. That might show \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fstory\u002F20151012-will-emoji-become-a-new-language\"\u003Ethat emoji really are being treated as language\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06dhc2z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd they can be malleable, like Finland’s tweaked “sauna” emoji: Mt Fuji can be used to represent any snow-capped peak. The winking emoji can mean flirtation in some cultures and not in others. And this swirly shooting star 💫 might be used by Westerners as a symbol of whimsy and fantasy, but it actually symbolises dizziness in Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPlus, consider the technical roadblocks of trying to include an emoji for everyone: there are already a lot of emoji for us to scroll through. What might that look like on our phones as we swipe through hundreds of categories with hundreds of entries each?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“You could have thousands of more emoji if there were more intuitive ways to filter them,” says Jeremy Burge. “Maybe you could add a set that are only for your country if you want to see those.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor now, the endless march toward total representation continues.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“So far what we’re seeing is a cautious, maybe cherry-picking of the most obvious and most requested emoji first and every year adding more until we see what happens in 10 years,” says Burge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-07-16T03:39:19Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why there are so many Japanese emoji","headlineShort":"Why there are so many Japanese emoji","image":["p06dhbmf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda40101d61b33c3c956908"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"","summaryShort":"Japan dominates the emoji landscape, and other countries want in","tag":["tag\u002Flanguage"],"creationDateTime":"2018-07-16T02:52:43.804545Z","entity":"article","guid":"40593ae5-228e-4898-bbc9-b996ce701d40","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji","modifiedDateTime":"2018-07-16T02:52:43.804545Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h","_id":"5fda3f6f1d61b33c3c8fa53e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Throughout history, those with social clout have set the standards for what’s the more acceptable pronunciation.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhaitch-or-aitch-how-a-humble-letter-was-held-hostage-by-historical-haughtiness-97184\"\u003Eoriginally appeared on The Conversation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and is republished under a Creative Commons licence. The authors are Kate Burridge, senior fellow at the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies and professor of linguistics at Monash University; and Catherine McBride, Marie Curie Fellow of the European Union Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies at University of Freiburg, and professor of psychology at Chinese University of Hong Kong.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELike Dr. Seuss’ Star-Belly Sneetches and Plain-Belly Sneetches, there are two types of creatures — haitchers with H on their 8th letter name and aitchers with “none upon thars”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThat H isn’t so big. It’s really so small. You might think such a thing wouldn’t matter at all.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut it does — the tiny H on “(h)aitch” divides the nation. The pronunciation has become something of a social password, a spoken shibboleth distinguishing in-groupers from out-groupers. Those with social clout set the standards for what’s “in” and what’s “out” — no H has the stamp of approval.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe best kind of people are people without!\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EShibboleths die hard — the opprobrium attached to \u003Cem\u003Ehaitch\u003C\u002Fem\u003E probably derives from its long association with Irish Catholic education. There’s no real evidence for this, mind, as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com.au\u002Fbooks\u002Fabout\u002FThe_Aitch_Factor.html?id=_cGQAwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y\"\u003ESue Butler\u003C\u002Fa\u003E points out, but never let facts get in the way of a good shibboleth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06c2qkk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAitchers’ \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smh.com.au\u002Fnational\u002Fthe-aitch-or-haitch-debate-has-a-dark-side-20180519-p4zgc0.html\"\u003Ereactions are often visceral\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Someone once reported to us an encounter with \u003Cem\u003Ehaitch\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is like an encounter with fire ants. We’ve no doubt that psycho-physiological testing would show that \u003Cem\u003Ehaitch\u003C\u002Fem\u003E can raise goosebumps. Linguistic pinpricks are established early on in the acquisition process (“Don’t say ‘haitch’”!) and they arouse emotions like other childhood reprimands (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpubmed\u002F11357132\"\u003Eincluding swearwords\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe ins and outs of H\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe story of the weakly articulated H is murkily entwined with the story of its name. Long gone from Old English words like \u003Cem\u003Ehring\u003C\u002Fem\u003E “ring”, \u003Cem\u003Ehnecca \u003C\u002Fem\u003E“neck” and \u003Cem\u003Ehlūd\u003C\u002Fem\u003E “loud”, it would have disappeared entirely if writing hadn’t thrown out a lifejacket.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Few things will the English youth find in after-life more pro-fitable than the right use of the aforesaid letter.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt was once usual for speakers to drop aspirates at the beginning of words — in fact up until the 1700s, it was fashionable to do so. But a spelling-obsessed 18th century stigmatised the loss of many consonants, including H.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ER-less pronunciations of \u003Cem\u003Earm\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ecar\u003C\u002Fem\u003E might have snuck under the radar, but H-dropping fell well and truly from grace.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn 1873, Thomas Laurence Kington-Oliphant wrote about this “revolting habit” in his chapter \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farchive.org\u002Fdetails\u002Fsourcesstandard00kinggoog\"\u003E“Good and Bad English”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, advising:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFew things will the English youth find in after-life more pro-fitable than the right use of the aforesaid letter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd so, the English youth restored H to words like \u003Cem\u003Ehat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, and even at the start of many French words like \u003Cem\u003Ehumble\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which had entered English H-less (the Romans pronounced their Hs, but the French dropped theirs). Spellers who weren’t quite sure whether or not to include H added a few extras along the way — \u003Cem\u003Eumble pie\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (“offal pie”) turned into \u003Cem\u003Ehumble pie\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p06c2rjq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHaitch has the pedigree\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere’s an ironic wrinkle to this story. The name \u003Cem\u003Eaitch\u003C\u002Fem\u003E might be a sign of high education in some circles, but is itself an example of H-dropping. Deriving from medieval French \u003Cem\u003Ehache\u003C\u002Fem\u003E or “axe” (\u003Cem\u003Ehatchet\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehashtag\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are relatives), it also arrived in English H-less (like \u003Cem\u003Ehumble\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eherb\u003C\u002Fem\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a curious letter name being, as the Oxford English Dictionary describes, “so remote from any connection with the sound”. In fact there’s solid evidence supporting \u003Cem\u003Ehaitch\u003C\u002Fem\u003E as the better option. To understand why, we need to appreciate the primacy of initial letter sounds in words.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELearning and alliteration\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEnglish speakers find it easiest to attend to and manipulate the beginning sounds of words. For example, it’s easier for us (orally, that is - by sound, not spelling) to take away the “b” sound in \u003Cem\u003Ebeat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (to make it \u003Cem\u003Eeat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) or to replace the “b” with a “p” to make it \u003Cem\u003EPete\u003C\u002Fem\u003E than it is to take away the “t” sound in \u003Cem\u003Ebeat\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (to make it \u003Cem\u003Ebe\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) or to replace it with a “k” to make it \u003Cem\u003Ebeak\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Fbuy\u002F1995-36362-001\"\u003EIt’s more natural for us to focus on initial sounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, especially for children.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F10926488.2013.797728?src=recsys&journalCode=hmet20\"\u003EWe often make use of alliteration in names and tongue twisters\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Dr. Seuss (think Aunt Annie’s Alligator or The Butter Battle Book), Walt Disney (such as Donald Duck; Mickey Mouse), and J.K. Rowling (Godric Gryffindor; Helga Hufflepuff; Rowena Ravenclaw; Salazar Slytherin) all capitalised on this phenomenon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETongue twisters highlight the special quality of alliteration for learning as well; who can forget Peter Piper and his pickled peppers, Silly Sally and her sheep, or Betty Botter and her butter?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe ABCs of the ABC\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany letters of the alphabet are phonetically iconic; their names represent the sound they make. In places where letter names are learned before letter sounds, such as Australia and the US, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F23093679?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Ethese letter names can facilitate children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in learning letter sounds and, ultimately, word reading. The letter sounds that are easiest to remember are those that begin with their corresponding letter, such as B, D, J, K, P, or T.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0010027707001758?via%3Dihub\"\u003EResearch shows \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eit’s more difficult to learn sounds made by letters that end with their letter sound, such as F, L, and M. Those that have no correspondences to the letter sound are the most difficult. Logically, W should make the “d” sound (or change its name to \u003Cem\u003Ewubble-u\u003C\u002Fem\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHaitch vs. aitch, round 2\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhatever your visceral reaction to pronouncing H one way or the other, \u003Cem\u003Ehaitch\u003C\u002Fem\u003E has definite benefits for letter sound learning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo it’s not surprising \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fphonetic-blog.blogspot.com.au\u002F2012\u002F06\u002Fha-ha.html\"\u003Eit’s taking off\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in some parts of the English-speaking world. When the letter H is pronounced beginning with the letter sound it makes, children have an easier time learning its correspondence as they learn to read.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDr. Seuss implicitly understood this. We suggest that a follow-up primer for young readers will one day include Horton hearing a Haitch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-06-26T11:12:06Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The haughty history of the letter H","headlineShort":"How the letter H divides a nation","image":["p06c2q03"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda40101d61b33c3c956908"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Throughout history, those with social clout have set the standards for what’s the more acceptable pronunciation","summaryShort":"Do you say 'aitch' or 'haitch'?","tag":["tag\u002Fcommunication","tag\u002Flanguage"],"creationDateTime":"2018-06-26T00:43:41.887656Z","entity":"article","guid":"275350f2-a4bc-49a0-82bb-072eaf5dd5e6","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h","modifiedDateTime":"2018-06-26T00:43:41.887656Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength","_id":"5fda3f6c1d61b33c3c8f9991","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Folga-smirnova"],"bodyIntro":"The concept of sisu has no direct translation, encompassing extreme perseverance and dignity in the face of adversity. But can it be learnt?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Sisu will get you even through granite,” my Finnish mother-in-law used to say. If you look at the enormous grey outcrops of granite scattered since the ice age through the Finnish countryside and forests, you’ll realise that getting through them is not just difficult, it is pretty well impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E‘Sisu’ in Finnish means strength, perseverance in a task that for some may seem crazy to undertake, almost hopeless. My mother-in-law experienced the bombings of the Winter War (1939-1940) when Finland was attacked by the much superior Soviet army but managed to mount a resistance to remain independent. The New York Times ran an article in 1940 with the headline “Sisu: A Word that Explains Finland”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The word originates from ‘sisus’, which literally means ‘guts’ or ‘the intestines’ in Finnish","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo, what is this almost mythical quality that appears to be so Finnish? “It is a special thing that is reserved for especially challenging moments. When we feel that we came to the end point of our preconceived capacities. You could say that sisu is energy, determination in the face of adversities that are more demanding than usual,” says Emilia Lahti, a researcher of sisu from Aalto University in Helsinki.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELahti’s route to a fascination with sisu is through survival and success after a physically and psychologically abusive relationship, and she has also become a social campaigner and promoter of sisu. “We all have these moments when we all need to reach beyond what we think we are capable of. At the end of physical, emotional and psychological endurance. And then we have some kind of force that allows us to continue even when we thought we couldn’t,” says Lahti. For Finns, that ‘second wind’ of inner strength is sisu.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p065zlt9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat’s in a word?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe history of the concept may help us understand its continuing resonance in Finnish culture today. The word originates from ‘sisus’, which literally means ‘guts’ or ‘the intestines’ in Finnish. In 1745, Daniel Juslenius, a Finnish bishop, defined ‘sisucunda’ in his dictionary as the location in the human body where strong emotions come from.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Sisu could be seen as a social glue that helped define the nation after Finland gained independence from Russia","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“With Lutheran philosophy this word came to denote more of a bad quality, that you are somebody really bad at taking orders, a misfit,” says Lahti. But the idea of sisu came to be embraced by Finnish intellectuals as a particularly Finnish quality during the period the new nation was built. Finland became independent from Russia in 1917, and sisu can be seen as a ‘social glue’ that helped define the nation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“In the 20s they needed to find some characterisation for Finns as an independent nation. So sisu was a very good positive thing. It gave us a feeling that there is something positive about us. It gave us the reason why we have survived as a nation in the cold. It was a young nation looking for those positive sorts of images of itself. All this strengthened the idea that there was something special in the Finns,” Rauno Lahtinen, cultural historian from Turku University points out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p065zmgy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVeikka Gustafsson became a national symbol of sisu in the 1990s, when he became the first Finn to climb Mount Everest. Here are his tips.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EGet used to pushing yourself a little bit further. I always say, if the water is not frozen, you can always go swimming. In the beginning, it does not seem very nice. But after a while you get used to it. You can push yourself into the icy water; afterwards you feel wonderful.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EIf you make a decision, stick with it no matter what.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWhen you face difficulties, think of how earlier generations coped with them.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EIf you are uncomfortable, treat it as an experience.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"A mountaineer’s guide to sisu","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFinnish history during the last 100 years has reinforced the notion of sisu as a particularly Finnish trait. Following Winter War, Finland honourably paid in full its reparations to the Soviet Union, despite the great hardship this imposed on the nation, so avoiding further threats to its independence. Sisu captured the sentiment of the country’s honourable survival.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Veikka Gustafsson not only named a mountain after Sisu; his five-year-old son is also called Sisu","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe word is also frequently used to explain Finland’s sporting achievements and feats of physical endurance. Veikka Gustafsson became a national symbol of sisu in the 1990s, when he became the first Finn to climb Mount Everest in 1993. By 2009 he had climbed all 14 of the world’s 8,000m peaks (eight-thousanders, as they are called) without supplementary oxygen. This made him the ninth climber in the world to have achieved this. He also climbed peaks in Antarctica, naming one of them ‘Mount Sisu’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EGustaffson not only named a mountain after Sisu; his five-year-old son is also called Sisu, and for a while (not any more) he became the face of a popular Finnish sweet called “sisu pastils”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHaving become the embodiment of sisu, who does Gustaffson admire as having sisu? “If I think of the Sherpa people in Nepal, they have lots and lots of sisu. And I think the Balti people who were helping us in the expeditions in Pakistan. They also have lots and lots of sisu,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFor all the sweetness of sisu pastils, sisu has its downsides. Even Gustafsson admits that Finnish sisu also denotes an element of stubbornness, “I do my own thing. If you have sisu, you don’t just endure adversity but you endure what Emilia Lahti calls ‘silent relentlessness’,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESisu can also make it difficult to admit weakness. “It’s hard to ask for help. You risk losing face if you admit weakness. That’s a challenge in a culture that holds sisu in high reverence’, Emilia Lahti tells me. If you persevere for too long, results could be damaging. “You might end with burnout if you try too hard.” You can also cause harm to others with too much sisu, she warns. “It’s almost too easy to impose this merciless attitude on other people as well. And it’s very hard to be around people like that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Young people are not even proud of being Finnish or of having sisu, they often think things are better abroad – Aino Niemi","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShe stresses the importance of combining sisu with compassion both to yourself and to others. In the meantime, the role of sisu as a social glue in Finland seems to be diminishing. Its appeal to younger generations is falling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAino Niemi, a 23-year old Finn, agrees that sisu has become something of a platitude. “For example, when Finland wins the ice hockey World Championship then we are proud that we have sisu,” she says. “But most of the time sisu is not important, young people are not even proud of being Finnish or of having sisu, they often think things are better abroad.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p065zlkp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENordic export\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELahti is keen to stress that many other cultures have comparable concepts: the Japanese ‘ganbaru’, which means going tenaciously through rough times. There is also the ‘stiff upper lip’ that the British have been proud of for centuries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut it is sisu, in particular, that seems to have captured the imagination abroad. This may be due, in part, to the idea that Nordic countries hold the secret of personal fulfilment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBefore sisu, the world came to admire another Nordic export, the Danish (and Norwegian) idea of ‘hygge’, which means comfortable cosiness and conviviality, and Swedish ‘lagom’, which is all about balance and moderation and simplicity. As I write this, another Finnish pastime is threatening to edge sisu out of the limelight. It’s ‘kalsarikännit’, which means ‘getting drunk in your underwear at home’. A new emoji has already appeared for this concept.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMany want to believe that these Finnish ways of doing things could make us happy and independent, as some Finns are. In reality it’s the investment needed in education and social provision that makes people feel more fulfilled in their lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESisu clearly isn’t the only explanation for Finnish success, but Gustafsson is adamant that the country would not be the same without it. “If it had not been for sisu, I would have been speaking Russian to you,” he tells me – a reminder of the Soviet attack in 1939 when Finland managed to preserve its independence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWherever you live, that same spirit of resilience is still worth remembering today, says Gustafsson: “The biggest obstacles are between our ears, what we tell ourselves.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength-15"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-05-07T16:36:21Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Sisu: The Finnish art of inner strength","headlineShort":"The Finnish secret to inner strength","image":["p065zlkp"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The concept of sisu has no direct translation, encompassing extreme perseverance and dignity in the face of adversity. But can it be learnt?","summaryShort":"What we can learn from the Nordic nation’s concept of ‘sisu’","tag":["tag\u002Flanguage"],"creationDateTime":"2018-05-07T01:19:38.564662Z","entity":"article","guid":"44befb0f-263e-4030-ad5c-a46f12869f29","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength","modifiedDateTime":"2018-05-07T01:19:38.564662Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books","_id":"5fda3f6c1d61b33c3c8f96ab","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["wwculture\u002Fauthor\u002Fmiriam-quick"],"bodyIntro":"Every new guide to the world of work and leadership brings the promise of money, power and success. But which ridiculous buzzwords and jargon-laden phrases are the most popular? And how have they changed over the years?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUnlock your potential. Turbocharge your productivity. Transform the ordinary into the extraordinary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThese are just some of the bombastic guarantees of self-help book titles, which make up a substantial portion of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2012-07-19\u002Fhow-to-write-a-bestselling-business-book\"\u003Estaggering 11,000 \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ebusiness books published in the US every year. The US market for self-improvement books and audiobooks is huge: it’s worth \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.webwire.com\u002FViewPressRel.asp?aId=211649\"\u003Eover $1.5 billion a year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including non-business titles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Around 11,000 business books are published in the US every year","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESo, which ridiculous buzzwords and jargon dominate? And are there differences between the irritating clichés of today and those popularised 20 years ago?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo find out, I gathered around 750 different business titles from various best-of lists, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fbooks\u002Fbest-sellers\u002Fbusiness-books\u002F\"\u003ENew York Times\u003C\u002Fa\u003E business best sellers, books longlisted for the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002F0481517c-7c47-11e7-ab01-a13271d1ee9c\"\u003EFinancial Times and McKinsey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Business Book of the Year Award and others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ETo be sure, a sample of 750 isn’t comprehensive, and most of the books were published after 1990, which limits the conclusions you can draw, but it’s a large enough sample to reveal some insights. The majority are self-help style books, but the list also includes historical non-fiction and memoirs, economics and management tomes, the odd Ayn Rand novel and a sprinkling of Dr. Seuss.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The ten most common words tend towards the generic, but analyse the trends over time, though, and fresh trends emerge","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe ten most common words tend towards the generic, as you might expect. The top word across all business book titles and subtitles was – by a comfortable margin – ‘business’, followed by ‘world’, ‘life’, 'new', 'money', 'guide', 'work', 'leadership', 'success' and 'power'.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnalyse the trends over time, though, and fresh trends emerge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EComparing titles published before 2000 with those published in the 2000s and 2010s reveals a small crop of words that seem to be gaining in popularity, including ‘money’, ‘world’, ‘future’ and ‘entrepreneur’. Other more traditional business staples are going out of fashion, including ‘strategy’, ‘management’, ‘leadership’ and even ‘market’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.huffingtonpost.com\u002Fsusan-lund\u002Ffreelance-economy-future-work_b_8420866.html\"\u003Erise of the freelance economy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also means today’s business books are more likely aimed at the start-up founder in sneakers than the suited company executive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05sr04q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGoing up\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMoney\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorld\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESuccess\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInside\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003EEntrepreneur\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGoing down\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EStrategy\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003EManagement\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELeadership\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMarket\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"What's hot, what's not","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EClick or pinch to zoom.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe word ‘start-up’ appears in book titles after 2010 to refer to what might earlier just have been termed ‘small businesses’ – a phrase that appears only twice, both times in books published before 2000.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOther new entries this decade include ‘digital’, ‘data’, ‘lean’, ‘dream’ and ‘prosperity’, as well as ‘men’ and ‘women’ – probably reflecting a growing awareness of workplace gender issues. Words like ‘quest’ and ‘fight’ suggest a shift to a more combative ‘mindset’ (also a new entry in the 2010s) perhaps reflecting the feeling of battling in an increasingly tough business environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESurprisingly tech speak has yet to disrupt the world of business books much, though. ‘Disrupt’ itself only gets three mentions, and while ‘revolutionise’ and related words might be getting more popular over time, it’s hard to tell from this number of titles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENumber crunching \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAround one in seven titles contain numbers, including the classic ‘The 7 Habits Of Highly Effective People’, ‘The 48 Laws of Power’ and Tim Ferriss’ bestseller, a how to guide to escaping the rat race, ‘The 4-Hour Workweek’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn business book titles, as in other genres, authors and publishers love a good list. Numbered lists of rules are stubbornly popular: ‘12 Key Strategies’, ‘21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership’ and ‘The 39 Essential Rules for Delivering Sensational Service’ all make an appearance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe subtitle will often be a list itself, typically containing three items. The last one will be the clincher that really piques the reader’s interest: ‘Wealth Can't Wait: Avoid the 7 wealth traps, implement the 7 business pillars, and complete a life audit today!’\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In business book titles, as in other genres, authors and publishers love a good list","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe most common two-word phrase is ‘How to’, which occurs in 7% of titles.The most common three-word phrase is ‘The art of’, probably referencing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FSun_Tzu\"\u003ESun Tzu’s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E ‘The Art of War’, an ancient Chinese guide to military strategy. Titles that nod to Sun Tzu include ‘The Art of Innovation’, ‘The Art of Startup Fundraising’, ‘The Art of Executive Appearance’, Donald Trump’s ‘The Art of the Deal’ and, most cleverly, Steven Pressfield’s ‘The War of Art: Break through the blocks and win your inner creative battles’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EScience fares less well: ‘The Science of’ gets a paltry five mentions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECutting through the hype\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEvery new guide to the world of work and leadership brings the promise of money, power and success. This is an apt summary of what self-help business books do best – entice us with the sweet dream of a happier, wealthier, more productive future. And we’re addicted, it seems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bkconnection.com\u002Fthe-10-awful-truths-about-book-publishing\"\u003Epublishing industry in crisis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – in the US the number of books published annually is exploding, yet sales are stagnant – titles must ramp up the hyperbole just to get noticed. Companies are rarely good, always great. Performance is not just satisfactory, it’s outstanding. Goals are not just important, but wildly important. Histories are secret, rules hidden and ideas nothing short of revolutionary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERead the book, and your career will not merely be changed, but transformed. You’ll be able to take on the world. And if there’s one thing we know about the world, it’s that it’s uncertain. And complex.\u003Cem\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books-11"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-01-04T02:52:30.824Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The changing buzzwords of business books","headlineShort":"How corporate gibberish is changing","image":["p05sqx94"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda40101d61b33c3c956908"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p05srm6w"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Miriam Quick reveals the most popular bombastic book titles, analysing 750 from the bestseller lists.","summaryShort":"The most popular jargon in business books, and how the lingo is shifting","tag":["tag\u002Flanguage","tag\u002Fleadership"],"creationDateTime":"2018-01-04T03:41:46.249731Z","entity":"article","guid":"1392879c-d8c1-4c8a-be83-bf0b9b2afb84","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books","modifiedDateTime":"2018-01-04T03:41:46.249731Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist","_id":"5fda3f6b1d61b33c3c8f9311","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Arcane sartorial rules are problematic for both men and women. So, asks Sir Cary Cooper, why do they still exist?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf the volume of news about workplace dress codes is anything to go by, we’re getting less tolerant of being told what to wear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEver since \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-london-36264229\"\u003ENicola Thorp was sent home\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from her job at PwC in London for refusing to wear high heels last March, we’ve been quite prickly about it. The majority of us empathised, and with good reason. Imagine the anxiety of choosing between prolonged discomfort or being sent home from work. To say nothing of gender politics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn June, Buckinghamshire, UK call centre worker Joey Barge made international headlines when he rebelled against his employer’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2017\u002F06\u002F26\u002Ffashion\u002Fmen-skirts-shorts-dress-code.html\"\u003E‘no-shorts’ policy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by wearing a skirt to deal with the heat in his office. His employers swiftly ditched the policy, but they’d already been without Joey’s labour while he went home to change out of his shorts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20160617-the-never-ending-battle-over-the-best-office-temperature\"\u003EThe never-ending battle over office temperature\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20170623-cant-wear-shorts-to-work-wear-a-skirt-instead\"\u003ECan't wear shorts to work? Wear a skirt instead\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E- \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20141120-work-rules-we-love-to-hate?ocid=global_capital_rss\"\u003EWork rules we love to hate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA few days later, the Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2017\u002F06\u002F29\u002Fmale-mps-will-no-longer-forced-wear-ties-house-commons-speaker\u002F\"\u003Eundid centuries of tradition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when he announced that male MPs would no longer be required to wear a necktie in order to ask a question. Another arcane sartorial rule in the bin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the United States, House Speaker Paul Ryan was forced to clarify the dress code of the Speaker’s Lobby after a female journalist was denied entry for the crime of having bare shoulders. Ryan instructed the House sergeant-at-arms (the official tasked with protocol enforcement) to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.politico.com\u002Fstory\u002F2017\u002F07\u002F13\u002Fdress-code-speaker-lobby-paul-ryan-240508\"\u003Emodernise the policy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAppropriate attire\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAllowing tieless men to speak may look like progress but even in ‘modernising’ their policies, both Bercow and Ryan, effectively human resources managers for their respective institutions, referenced the importance of “business attire”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stylecompare.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Foffice-dress-code-driving-away-talent\"\u003EA recent study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 2,000 UK adults in full time employment by fashion company Style Compare found that eight in ten of those surveyed went to work every day wearing what they were told to wear. Four in ten were required to wear business attire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If business attire made us more productive, dress-down Friday would be an economic disaster","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor men, business attire probably means a business suit, tie optional. But women receive no such certainty. Therein lies one of many problems. The quantum state of prescriptiveness and vagueness of ‘business attire’ denies flexibility to men while denying women a sartorial template, effectively discriminating against both. That’s before we even consider the challenges trans and gender-nonconforming people face in meeting the definition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd all this anxiety for what? Of those surveyed, 61% said the dress code had no positive impact on their productivity, while 45% said they’d be more productive wearing what they felt most comfortable in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOf course, if business attire made us more productive, dress-down Friday would be an economic disaster.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe study also found that 12% of respondents considered quitting their job because of the dress code. That figure rose to 32% among people who work in call centres, like skirt rebel Joey Barge. Imagine the drop in productivity among people considering handing in their notice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMore than 8,500 employee reviews posted in the last year on Glassdoor, a website for people to review previous employers, mentioned dress codes. Such a big fuss for so little, if any, benefit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESartorial semantics\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EDefenders of old-fashioned dress codes worry how organisations are perceived when they relax their dress policy. UK MP Peter Bone warned that doing away with neckties made Parliament “look like a county council.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHe might be right, but so what? When Australian senator Derryn Hinch \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.smh.com.au\u002Ffederal-politics\u002Fpolitical-news\u002Fderryn-hinch-latest-of-several-politicians-caught-sleeping-on-the-job-20160830-gr4xuy.html\"\u003Efell asleep in Parliament\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he was dressed statesmanlike in a suit and tie, after all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBusiness attire can invoke perceptions of leadership and trust, or it can make you look over-dressed and out of touch. T-shirts and hoodies can strike the wrong note too, but it hasn’t diluted Mark Zuckerberg’s image as a leader.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Dress codes have persisted because of ‘custom and practice’ reinforced by senior leaders who grow up with these norms","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDress codes have persisted because of ‘custom and practice’ reinforced by senior leaders who grow up with these norms, with younger people inhibited to confront these norms. With younger leaders like Zuckerberg, old dress codes can disappear and new ones introduced. Ideally, we need flexible dress codes, what suits the individual, not the senior leader’s predispositions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EClothes are laden with semantics. Forcing people to dress in a way that conflicts with their self image isn’t healthy, whether that self image is concerned with gender, competence or simply being treated as a grown adult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EContext matters and people tend to dress for their industry, but does it matter enough to make people want to quit their job?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn July, Goldman Sachs relaxed its dress code for tech staff to attract \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-goldman-sachs-technology-idUSKBN19Y17J\"\u003Ecomputer engineers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E away from Silicon Valley, where every day is ‘dress-down day’ yet productivity remains high. The company’s share price didn’t tank. In fact, it was $225 on the day the move was announced, and $232 almost a month later. Nothing bad happened.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe week after Goldman relaxed its rules, Scottish National Party MP Hannah Bardell committed the biggest dress-code transgression, even for a casual Friday, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-scotland-scotland-politics-40657388\"\u003Eby wearing a football shirt in the House of Commons\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Parliament survived.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStarbucks had relaxed its already laid-back dress policy a year earlier – now welcoming “suitable hats” and encouraging workers to “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fuk.businessinsider.com\u002Fstarbucks-changes-dress-code-hair-policy-2016-7?r=US&IR=T\"\u003Emake a statement with hair colour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”. The coffee tastes the same.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are plenty of psychological downsides to workplace dress codes. So if the biggest organisations and institutions in the world can survive while their people dress how roughly they please, we’ve run out of arguments in favour of telling people what to wear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EProfessor Sir Cary Cooper is the 50th Anniversary Professor of Organizational Psychology and Health at Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester and president of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-08-17T20:08:04Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why do workplace dress codes persist?","headlineShort":"Why do workplace dress codes persist?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Arcane sartorial rules are problematic for both men and women. So, asks Sir Cary Cooper, why do they still exist?","summaryShort":"Business attire doesn’t make us productive. So why don’t we get rid of it?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2017-08-17T00:51:25.7807Z","entity":"article","guid":"5af7e195-5076-4559-865e-0f49e8681eb6","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist","modifiedDateTime":"2017-08-17T00:51:25.7807Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails","_id":"5fda3f6c1d61b33c3c8f97ea","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Falina-dizik"],"bodyIntro":"After a conversation about subtly snarky emails went viral on twitter, it might be worth asking yourself: are you being accidentally rude?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA couple of weeks ago, Danielle René caused a stir when she tweeted her preferred method of subtly putting someone down in the workplace by email: using the simple phrase \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FDeeRene_\u002Fstatus\u002F899777299536424960\"\u003Eper my last email\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\" Alongside her favourite passive aggressive clap back, the Washington DC-based writer and marketer asked her followers to share theirs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe results were eye-opening, with the post going viral as hundreds of people chimed in to share the seemingly innocuous phrases they use in emails when they want to deliver a verbal swipe. But often, we employ irritating phrases in our emails inadvertently.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Email communication is a minefield because you don’t see how people are reacting","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf you’ve sent a well-intentioned email that elicited a curt response, you may well be guilty of this common pitfall. From “as you are aware” to “please advise”, the Twitter responses revealed email exchanges to be a social puzzle, where using the wrong word or phrase at the wrong moment can easily cause offence or annoyance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05f4jgx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEmail communication “is a minefield because you don’t see how people are reacting”, says Deborah Tannen, professor of linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington DC. When it comes to using email at work, there are right and wrong ways to make your point and get what you need, without being misinterpreted or upsetting someone. Here are some of the key dos and don’ts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETake time to review\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe all convey subtle meaning beyond the specific words, tone, and intention of our emails. Even the length of our emails and our grammar (or lack thereof) say something about our thought process. But it can be difficult to predict how we come across to others. Often, we press ‘send’ without pausing to consider how our message may be interpreted by the recipient.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":" We don’t ask ourselves: am I being clear, am I going to be misunderstood?","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We are so comfortable with this media that we don’t ask ourselves: am I being clear? am I going to be misunderstood?” says Naomi Baron, a linguistics professor at American University in Washington DC and author of author of Words on Screen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World. After a message is sent, she adds, “a lot of people will judge you.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKeep up the niceties\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn recent years, email has increasingly been considered a more formal communication tool at work, largely due to the proliferation of instant messaging platforms like Slack. Younger workers now believe “email is for old people”, says Baron. “That attitude is reshaping the growing formality of what email has become,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cul\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20161028-native-english-speakers-are-the-worlds-worst-communicators\"\u003ENative English speakers are the world’s worst communicators\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20170329-the-hidden-sexism-in-workplace-language\"\u003EThe hidden sexism in workplace language\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Fstory\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling\"\u003EThe true importance of good spelling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E \u003C\u002Ful\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut avoiding traditional email formats and phrases can make you seem less knowledgeable, says Madhumita Lahiri, English professor at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor who has worked in India, South Africa and the UK before settling in the US. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05f4jpf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFar from being stuffy and outdated, phrases such as “dear” or “hope you’re well” are good to use at the beginning of an email and help the reader ease in to what you’re writing, Lahiri says. “There’s a very conventional way of starting and ending and it signals that you know what you’re doing.”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAvoid being bland\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven though you want to be professional when using email, letting your personality – and intention – shine through can be a good thing, says Alex Moore, co-founder of email productivity tool Boomerang in San Francisco.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Younger workers now believe 'email is for old people'","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to a 2016 Boomerang study of the sign-offs from 350,000 email threads, those that were either more positive or more negative were found to have a response rate that was 10-15% greater than emails that sounded more neutral.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E “You don’t want to be extremely positive or extremely negative, but people still respond to emotion even in written form,” says Moore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKeep it simple\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Boomerang’s\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fblog.boomerangapp.com\u002F2016\u002F02\u002F7-tips-for-getting-more-responses-to-your-emails-with-data\u002F\"\u003E research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, simple email language gets the best response. The firm’s studies have revealed that emails written at a third-grade level got a 53% response rate compared to 39% for university-level writing and 46% for kindergarten-level writing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EKeeping language simple will also help you avoid cultural misinterpretations. You may think you’re being polite with your lofty phrases, but you could actually come across as negative in certain parts of the world, warns Lahiri. In the UK, she says, writing “unfortunately this is...” or “I regret...” are considered polite responses, but they could offend readers elsewhere. For example, in the US, “it’s easier just to thank a lot,” she says. “Phrases such as ‘I’m afraid’ can come across as negative emotions as opposed to just politeness in the US.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05f4jnf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWatch out for puzzling punctuation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOpinions vary when it comes to exclamation points, ellipses and capital letters, and what using them in an email says about the sender. While younger people may pepper emails with exclamation points to sound friendlier, older workers use them more sparingly. For twentysomethings, “exclamation points just mean you’re friends, while a period signals seriousness,” says Lahiri.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEllipses can be equally confusing, signifying the end of a sentence for older people but having a negative connotation for younger people. All caps in an email might come across as an expression of anger for some, but that’s not always the case when used by older generations, Lahiri adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":" We all reflect different emotions and language styles in our writing","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd, email interpretation can differ depending on gender. In her research, Tannen found that women who didn’t use exclamation marks, repeat letters (i.e. sooo or loooove) or other signifiers of their emotion in emails were interpreted as cold by some recipients. But men who sent straightforward emails with little emotion were not, she found. Men also tend to send shorter emails and often include jokes, which can be misunderstood by the email’s recipient, cautions Tannen. “Be aware of what these phenomena say about you and how they might be interpreted,” she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETweak the tone\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhile it’s always good to initiate email communication with professional politeness, you can dispense with the formality as the relationship develops and you become more familiar with someone. Another trick Tannen recommends is to mimic the tone of the person you are emailing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd if you’re still anxious about how your business emails are being interpreted, technology can help. Online tools including Boomerang’s Respondable and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftone-analyzer-demo.mybluemix.net\u002F\"\u003EIBM Watson’s Tone Analyzer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can help you decipher the hidden meaning in your own, or someone else’s messages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“We all reflect different emotions and language styles in our writing,” says Rama Akkiraju, an engineer at IBM’s Watson division on their San Jose, California campus. This artificial intelligence analyses everything from word choice to length and punctuation of a piece of text to tell you whether it sounds extraverted, say, or agreeable or confident.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThink about your sign-off \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe best way to end an email is to be forward looking and show gratitude, says Boomerang’s Moore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05f4jky"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESigning off with “thanks in advance” resulted in a 65% response rate in a Boomerang study, the highest of any closing words. Other successful sign-offs: thanks, thank you and cheers. “You need to show some sort of thanks that shows that you are appreciative,” says Moore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut taking it too far and pushing too much for a response, for example with a “don’t hesitate to call” can come across as more mean-spirited than helpful, says Lahiri. “It’s actually a super passive-aggressive line,” because it makes the reader think twice about impact of their reply, she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnything in writing is always going to be at risk of misinterpretation, so the next time you fire off a quick response – have a look back to check that you’re not accidentally coming off as aggressive. Unless, of course, that’s exactly what you want.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails-16"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-09-05T14:57:30Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to avoid writing irritating emails","headlineShort":"How to avoid email snark","image":["p05f4jjr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda40101d61b33c3c956908"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p05f4jjr"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170816-why-do-workplace-dress-codes-persist"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"After a conversation about subtly snarky emails went viral on twitter, it might be worth asking yourself: are you being accidentally rude?","summaryShort":"From \"please advise\" to \"warm regards\" what messages are you sending?","tag":["tag\u002Fworkplace","tag\u002Flanguage"],"creationDateTime":"2017-09-04T23:30:03.766026Z","entity":"article","guid":"335f2100-ac51-41bd-935f-32aaf6533534","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails","modifiedDateTime":"2017-09-04T23:30:03.766026Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter","_id":"5fda3f6d1d61b33c3c8f9cfd","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Some of us will speak with a posher voice if we think it will make the right impression, but is it worth it? Accents are more than just about how we speak, writes Chi Luu.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey say you should always dress for success, but should that extend to the way you speak?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe’re not adverse to dressing appropriately to make a good impression at work or for a social engagement, even if it means wearing clothes we wouldn’t normally choose to put on. Is changing your accent to get ahead any different?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are some famous names who have done it: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-22183566\"\u003EMargaret Thatcher swapped her Lincolnshire accent for a posher one\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, adopting the standard ‘received pronunciation’ (or RP), which at the time was thought to be more in keeping with a position of political power.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMore recently, Tony Blair and George Osborne took their own accents in the opposite direction, introducing more working class \"mockney\" inflections in their upper class speech, in an attempt to enhance their perceived approachability. With such obvious changes to their accents, they were roundly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk\u002Fpolitics\u002Fgeorge-osbornes-man-of-the-people-accent-ridiculed-8675419.html\"\u003Emocked for lacking authenticity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Today, it is not as simple as moving your speech patterns up the social ladder to boost your career prospects","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA standard dialect is simply one local variety of a language which has become most publicly accepted in social institutions such as the media, the law and government. In many Anglophone countries, the dialect spoken by most of the population is considered to be standard, such as Standard American or Standard Australian English. In the UK, however, the so-called standard – known as RP or the Queen’s English – is spoken natively \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidcrystal.com\u002F?id=3106\"\u003Eby less than 3%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yet, it’s unreasonable to suppose most Britons are speaking their own language incorrectly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ELinguist and author \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRosina_Lippi\"\u003ERosina Lippi-Green\u003C\u002Fa\u003E refers to this as \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Frosinalippi.com\u002Fweblog\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2012\u002F11\u002FLippi-Green1994Accent-standard-language-ideology-and-discriminatory-pretext-in-the-courts.pdf\"\u003E“the standard language ideology”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where many people believe the dialect with the highest social prestige is also the only correct and valid form of the language. In fact, all dialects and accents are linguistically valid.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Some workplaces, such as call centres, even offer accent training programmes for their staff","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome professionals whose regional accents are deemed non-standard by their employers, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Feducation\u002F2016\u002Fmay\u002F12\u002Ftrainee-teachers-from-northern-england-told-to-modify-their-accents\"\u003Elike these trainee teachers from the north of England\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, can find themselves under pressure to tone down their native accents to improve their job and progression prospects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere are some workplaces, such as call centres, that even offer \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww3.ntu.edu.sg\u002Fhome\u002Fkbolton\u002Fpdf\u002F(2013)%20Bolton.pdf\"\u003Eaccent training programmes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for their staff. Some promote regional accents that are widely seen as more trustworthy, calming or pleasant, such as Scottish English or Southern American. Today, it is not as simple as moving your speech patterns up the social ladder to boost your career prospects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow far is too far?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut when we examine the reasons why anyone would consider changing their accent, we uncover a raft of biases that shouldn’t necessarily be reinforced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFirst, it's not exactly easy to put on a new accent for work and take it off when home like you would a new suit, even if you’re a highly trained actor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENo doubt, we find some accents more entertaining or more amusing than others. But accents aren't just purely about how we speak – they are one of the most distinctive cues for where we come from. They immediately mark out who we are and they form a core part of our identity. Entire stereotypes have built up around different accents - \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F1995\u002F01\u002F22\u002Fmagazine\u002Fthe-big-city-can-we-talk.html\"\u003ENew Yorkers are rude\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, British RP speakers are educated, Yorkshire speakers are trustworthy, Southern Americans are pleasant, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FBere_Mahoney\u002Fpublication\u002F245157274_Accents_of_GuiltEffects_of_Regional_Accent_Race_and_Crime_Type_on_Attributions_of_Guilt\u002Flinks\u002F00b7d52cbccbb5fd1d000000.pdf\"\u003EBirmingham speakers, depending on who you ask, either sound melodic or like criminals.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Accents can be funny things… until they’re not.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Whether you're from Birmingham or Brooklyn, accents say a lot more about someone than you might expect","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhether you're from Birmingham or Brooklyn, working class or the upper crust, a second language speaker or native-born, accents say a lot more about someone than you might expect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EStudies have shown \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjimflege.com\u002Ffiles\u002FFlege_French_accent_JASA_1984.pdf\"\u003Eit can take just 30 milliseconds of speech\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fportal.idc.ac.il\u002Fen\u002Fmain\u002Fresearch\u002Fijrm\u002Fdocuments\u002Ffrthcoming%20ijrm%20d-12-00014_wang%20et%20al%20.pdf\"\u003Eenough to say “hello”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – for listeners to identify a person's ethnic or cultural background as being different from their own and make snap judgements about the kind of person they might be, whether positive or negative.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThanks to this kind of bias, accents can be a shortcut that allows us to \"linguistically profile\" others based on the stereotypes of their regional backgrounds, class, gender or ethnicity. Without even realising, we can use this to discriminate. This can make it hard for marginalised and minority speakers to find a job, gain an education, or even in find a home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn one study, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.academia.edu\u002F15969458\u002FJohn_Baughs_matched_guise_recordings_for_linguistic_profiling\"\u003EJohn Baugh, a sociolinguist at Stanford University, made repeated phone calls in answer to newspaper advertisements for apartments, using different accents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and recorded how many of those apartments were available or unavailable, depending on whether he used \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F0BxSdut-UDkTTZktpNE1WdGJfMG8\u002Fview?usp=sharing\"\u003EAfrican American English\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F0BxSdut-UDkTTRHFSakRZYV91a0U\u002Fview?usp=sharing\"\u003EChicano English\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F0BxSdut-UDkTTYkc3N2xqY0dINFE\u002Fview?usp=sharing\"\u003EStandard American English\u003C\u002Fa\u003E accents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhen Baugh used a non-standard accent, suddenly fewer apartments were available to him. This is not because there’s anything linguistically wrong with those accents, but that listeners judged them as markers of racial and ethnic traits that they found undesirable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Listeners can attribute all kinds of unrelated personal traits to a speaker, just based on how they sound.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince the 1960s, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Fpsycinfo\u002F1960-07642-001\"\u003Eresearch has reinforced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E how \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fejsp.2420100113\u002Fabstract\"\u003Elisteners can attribute all kinds of unrelated personal traits to a speaker\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – from height, physical attractiveness, social status, intelligence, education, good character, sociability, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FBere_Mahoney\u002Fpublication\u002F245157274_Accents_of_GuiltEffects_of_Regional_Accent_Race_and_Crime_Type_on_Attributions_of_Guilt\u002Flinks\u002F00b7d52cbccbb5fd1d000000.pdf\"\u003Eeven criminality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – just based on how they sound. Like in Baugh’s test, experiments present subjects with different “guises” or accents performed by the same person. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.0883-2919.2005.00411.x\u002Ffull\"\u003EListeners invariably respond differently\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when faced with different accents, even if the person speaking hasn’t changed. In the real world, these biases can have far-reaching repercussions for those who speak with a socially stigmatised accent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIt’s thanks to these language attitudes that for some, an accent becomes a source of cultural pride, but for others, a secret source of shame. But these attitudes about the way we sound are so pervasive that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.pbs.org\u002Fspeak\u002Fspeech\u002Fprejudice\u002Fattitudes\u002F\"\u003Eeven non-standard speakers may judge their own dialects and accents just as harshly as others do\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, perpetuating the erroneous belief that their native speech is “incorrect” and needs to change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIf you can’t beat ‘em\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis ingrained linguistic prejudice has led to studies showing that people consistently rate those with standard accents or ‘prestige’ accents \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.aiac.org.au\u002Findex.php\u002FIJALEL\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F1020\"\u003Eas being more competent, intelligent, effective communicators and better suited to high status professional jobs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Those with non-standard accents are often rated as better employed in lower status, less desirable jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People consistently rate those with standard accents or ‘prestige’ accents as being better suited to high status professional jobs","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese findings can have a major \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0388000181800150\"\u003Eimpact on our working lives and careers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, especially if you speak with a non-standard accent. A recent ITV\u002FComres survey on UK language attitudes found that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.itv.com\u002Fnews\u002F2013-09-25\u002F28-of-britons-feel-discriminated-against-due-to-accent\u002F\"\u003Eover a quarter of Britons feel they have encountered accent discrimination\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The more people change their accents to fit in with prevailing attitudes and stereotypes, the more those views are reinforced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis has had some real life impacts. For example, there are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fwomen\u002Fwomens-life\u002F11270980\u002FBritish-universities-Im-fed-up-of-being-ridiculed-for-my-regional-accent.html\"\u003Efewer academics who have kept their regional accents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, because students somehow just don’t find them as effective if they have one – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.com\u002Fbooks?id=a80iE9jWx1AC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=birmingham+lecturer+prestige+accent&source=bl&ots=oUpHNzhnSz&sig=a49PYsCDW0NyYRv0jo56xONopPA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGstC0uPnTAhUG2yYKHXyhDegQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=birmingham%20lecturer%20prestige%20accent&f=false\"\u003Eand often rate them accordingly\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – regardless of their actual expertise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EEven in job interviews it’s easy for an interviewer to fall into the trap of believing that a person’s mere accent is enough to indicate their ability. A surprising \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.itv.com\u002Fnews\u002F2013-09-25\u002F28-of-britons-feel-discriminated-against-due-to-accent\u002F\"\u003E80% of employers admit they do discriminate based on accent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to recent research. In extreme (though not uncommon cases), \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Frosinalippi.com\u002Fweblog\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2012\u002F11\u002FLippi-Green1994Accent-standard-language-ideology-and-discriminatory-pretext-in-the-courts.pdf\"\u003Epeople have lost their jobs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E thanks to these prevailing attitudes, even when their accent had no bearing on the actual work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWith such a linguistic minefield to navigate, is it any wonder people consider making their accents over for an easier life?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEasier said than done\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBefore you call that speech and dialect coach, consider that even if you do successfully change your accent, it may not matter. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.joe.org\u002Fjoe\u002F2009february\u002Fcomm1.php\"\u003EExperiments have shown that listeners can still have problems cognitively processing information from a speaker when their accents don’t seem to match up with their perceived background.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There are other social factors that play into how job candidates and employees are judged, even if you end up sounding posher than the Queen","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn one test, subjects were shown two different pictures, one of a Caucasian person and one of an Asian person. The same audio of a native speaker talking in standard American English was played as participants looked at each image.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESubjects had significantly more trouble understanding the speech when looking at the Asian “speaker”. Some even went so far as to identify a non-existent foreign accent, showing how social biases bleed into our cognitive interpretations of language. So, it’s clear there are other social factors that play into how job candidates and employees are judged, even if you end up sounding posher than the Queen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut practically speaking, if you look the part and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.telegraph.co.uk\u002Fwomen\u002Fwomens-life\u002F11270980\u002FBritish-universities-Im-fed-up-of-being-ridiculed-for-my-regional-accent.html\"\u003Efind it necessary and productive to lose a stigmatised accent it’s possible to do successfully\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on an individual level. Many people have, but at what cost? Rather than advising people to change a core part of their identity, it’s important that all of us become more aware of our hidden linguistic prejudices. On a wider community level, for many, changing an accent isn’t a viable solution to dealing with discrimination in the workplace. In the long run, tweaking how we sound to improve our career prospects? It just doesn’t work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EChi Luu is a computational linguist and contributor to JSTOR Daily's Lingua Obscura column.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter-22"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-05-23T02:22:40Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Does your accent make you sound smarter?","headlineShort":"Is your accent holding you back?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":null,"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Some of us will speak with a posher voice if we think it will make the right impression, but is it worth it? Accents are more than just about how we speak, writes Chi Luu","summaryShort":"Some accents are seen as more trustworthy than others","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2017-05-23T01:27:35.052683Z","entity":"article","guid":"34a87d33-248c-42b2-b699-85d9a8fa1786","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter","modifiedDateTime":"2017-05-23T01:27:35.052683Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling","_id":"5fda3f6a1d61b33c3c8f9170","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Flennox-morrison"],"bodyIntro":"Modern business is often conducted via quick-fire typing on tiny screens. But your bad spelling is likely making you look less credible and intelligent than you are.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGone are the days of secretarial typing pools and hardback desk dictionaries. Now, we conduct much of our daily business by quick-fire finger-jabbing on tiny screens. But ever-smaller technology, and an increasing pressure for ever-quicker response times with the advent of email, means it’s likely a typo will creep into our written communication, or worse, autocorrect will insert an inappropriate word.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWe’ve all been there. Websites and online publications are littered with typos and even world leaders sometimes don’t pause to check tweets before pressing ‘send’. Who can forget President Trump’s infamous covfefe tweet?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05bsy9r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile some spelling mistakes are harmless and funny, many aren’t. The humble typo not only has the power to make us appear less intelligent than we are. Poor spelling can also create confusion, a loss of clarity and meaning and in extreme cases it can cost millions in missed sales and job opportunities. It has the potential to wreck customer relationships and even ruin your chance of finding love online.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut if no-one is immune and technology is tending to make bad spelling commonplace – take the rise of ‘text speak’ abbreviations for example – is perfect orthography no longer of value? And, is it OK to misspell words?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESpell-check: part of the problem \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESpell-checking tools may seem like the answer, but they also create a new problem, warns Anne Trubek, an expert in new writing technologies and founder of Belt Publishing in the US state of Ohio.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA long-term \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F20457033?mag=student-writing-in-the-digital-age&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\"\u003Ecomparison\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of errors in university students’ essays in the US found that spelling used to be the most common mistake. But the new number one error in student writing is now using the ‘wrong word’, explains Trubek. “Spell-check, as most of us know, sometimes corrects spelling to a different word than intended; if the writing is not later proofread, this computer-created error goes unnoticed.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ENew technologies, such as Apple’s Siri function, also contribute to the rising apathy toward correct spelling. “If you look at the development of technologies, whether it’s quill pens to fountain pens to ball point pens to keyboards, the goal is to go faster because you want to match the pace of the ideas in your head,” says Trubek. “Siri does that the best.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"An official White House press statement recently called for 'peach' in the Middle East","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAutocorrection is probably why an official White House press statement recently called for \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-40020564\"\u003E'peach'\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the Middle East, rather than ‘peace’, says Simon Horobin, professor of English language and literature at the University of Oxford. “There are all sorts of problems that are going to come up if you think you’ve got a completely fail-safe method. You’ve still got to learn how to spell,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EPreviously, written material went through a process of copy-editing and proofreading to strip out errors, but now online content goes up very quickly and there are often mistakes, says Horobin, author of \u003Cem\u003EDoes Spelling Matter?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E and \u003Cem\u003EHow English Became English\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. “People see their short-term messages as ephemeral, but in fact, part of the function of the internet is that it’s always there so years later people are still reading it,” he warns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYes, you’re being judged \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.singlesinamerica.com\u002F2017\u002F#technicallydating\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 5,500 American singles in 2016 by online dating site Match.com found that 39% judged the suitability of candidates by their grasp of grammar – ranking that more important than their smile, dress sense or even the state of their teeth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Nothing can make you lose credibility more quickly and seem uneducated than a spelling mistake","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Feducation-14130854\"\u003E research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows that as soon as people spot a spelling mistake on a website they’ll often leave it because they fear it’s fraudulent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECorporations are aware that a portion of their image rests upon correct writing and spelling, says Roslyn Petelin, associate professor in writing at t\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Finstitutions\u002Fthe-university-of-queensland-805\"\u003Ehe University of Queensland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Australia. “Nothing can make you lose credibility more quickly and seem uneducated than a spelling mistake, and that includes apostrophes,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere have been several court cases revolving around spelling issues, she says, including the recently settled \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-wales-south-east-wales-39197313\"\u003Ecase\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of Taylor & Sons in the UK – where a multimillion-pound legal battle was waged over a mistake involving a single missing letter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05bsym3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, a lack of a certain level of proficiency may be a barrier to getting a job at all. A lot of employers in Australia now ask candidates to take writing tests, says Petelin. “Young people coming out of university may have all the right interpersonal skills, but if they can’t write coherently, employers won’t give them a job.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It would be a mistake to tell young people that spelling doesn’t matter","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA 2015 \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.cbi.org.uk\u002Findex.cfm\u002F_api\u002Frender\u002Ffile\u002F?method=inline&fileID=92095A98-3A90-4FBD-9AF891997B103F50\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of UK bosses employing collectively more than 1.2 million people, conducted for business lobby group CBI, found that 37% of employers were dissatisfied with standards of literacy and use of English among university and school leavers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It would be a mistake to tell young people that spelling doesn’t matter in this industry, or in this occupation, because those basic skills are a real gateway to other roles or to developing other skills,” says Pippa Morgan, the CBI’s head of education and skills.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESpelling skills are required more than ever, she says. “If you’re dealing with customer service enquiries via Twitter, that might be the one interaction customers have with that company and so the quality of that message, the use of language, is really, really important. It might be just as important as a friendly face in a store or voice over a phone,” says Morgan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhen it’s OK to vary spelling \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESometimes though, incorrect spelling, abbreviations or shortening of words is OK. “We for example use ‘biz’ in our tweeting as shorthand for business,” Morgan says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd in some contexts, informal language is required. “If you send an email to a 21-year-old vice president that says ‘Dear Mr Jones’ and you’re using overly formal diction, that could be a problem,” says Trubek. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p05bsyjy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut even – or perhaps, especially – in the world of social media, self-proclaimed ‘grammar Nazis’ will call out spelling mistakes. Others try to cover themselves when emailing from their smartphone by adding a rider such as, ‘Sent on the fly by iphone. Please excuse any typos.’\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EWhere once there were agreed conventions for letter writing, the online environment has created a new in-between form of discourse where we don’t quite know what the rules are, says Horobin. While relaxing the rules of spelling, grammar and punctuation might be acceptable on Twitter or in a Facebook post, email is trickier to gauge, he says. “Email can sometimes sit between the formal and the informal.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EJust as we adapt our speech depending on whether we’re giving a lecture, taking a job interview, or chatting to friends, we need to modify our usage in the digital world, says Horobin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ESo what’s the best approach to adopt in the meantime?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People will judge you on it. That is the harsh reality","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Err on using the traditional conventions and making sure that your spelling is up to scratch. Otherwise people will judge you on it. That is the harsh reality,” says Horobin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E“It’s better to be right and to seem slightly fussy and fusty than it is to try and come across as more relaxed and end up upsetting somebody because you’ve made some sort of basic error that they feel extremely strongly about.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E page or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Enewsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E called \"If You Only Read 6 Things This Week\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Capital and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2017-08-08T21:56:48Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The true importance of good spelling","headlineShort":"The true importance of good spelling","image":["p05bsym3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda40101d61b33c3c956908"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170523-does-your-accent-make-you-sound-smarter"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Flanguage"],"summaryLong":"Modern business is often conducted via quick-fire typing on tiny screens. But your bad spelling is likely making you look less credible and intelligent than you are","summaryShort":"There's nothing like a glaring typo to help people take you less seriously","tag":["tag\u002Flanguage","tag\u002Fcareers","tag\u002Fbusiness"],"creationDateTime":"2017-08-07T20:57:59.138321Z","entity":"article","guid":"14c55ce9-88e5-40a8-a1bd-c177c5ca5c6b","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling","modifiedDateTime":"2017-08-07T20:57:59.138321Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924}},"tags":{"tag\u002Flanguage":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Flanguage","_id":"5fda40ca1d61b33c3c976196","assetImage":["p052s88y"],"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Language","creationDateTime":"2015-02-16T14:57:27Z","entity":"tag","guid":"176287de-70e2-4f80-9870-3700471904e6","id":"tag\u002Flanguage","modifiedDateTime":"2017-05-12T19:40:55.890559Z","project":"","slug":"language","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"tag\u002Fcovid-19":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fcovid-19","_id":"5fda40c61d61b33c3c97598b","assetImage":[],"description":"Evidence-based analysis and myth-busting stories around the new coronavirus","linkUrl":"","name":"Covid-19","creationDateTime":"2020-03-12T18:50:22.798892Z","entity":"tag","guid":"e7773612-18e8-4b40-a9ea-9cafc055663b","id":"tag\u002Fcovid-19","modifiedDateTime":"2020-03-25T12:10:44.505528Z","project":"","slug":"covid-19","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453921},"tag\u002Fworkplace":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fworkplace","_id":"5fda40cf1d61b33c3c976ef0","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"\u002Ftags","name":"Workplace","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"tag","guid":"f4303e37-0dd5-45da-9111-b5abef826e14","id":"tag\u002Fworkplace","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"","slug":"workplace","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"tag\u002Fbest-of-2018":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fbest-of-2018","_id":"5fda40c51d61b33c3c975793","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Best of 2018","creationDateTime":"2018-12-21T16:00:21.447183Z","entity":"tag","guid":"9994612f-e47d-42ae-a0e4-6e4877312863","id":"tag\u002Fbest-of-2018","modifiedDateTime":"2018-12-21T16:00:21.447183Z","project":"","slug":"best-of-2018","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453922},"tag\u002Fcommunication":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fcommunication","_id":"5fda40c51d61b33c3c975773","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Communication","creationDateTime":"2014-11-25T17:54:02Z","entity":"tag","guid":"c7c9644d-2d37-411e-8160-172906825f08","id":"tag\u002Fcommunication","modifiedDateTime":"2015-09-03T09:16:25.226348Z","project":"","slug":"communication","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"tag\u002Fleadership":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fleadership","_id":"5fda40ca1d61b33c3c976288","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"\u002Ftags","name":"Leadership","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"tag","guid":"c452efe2-cf5a-4a7e-ad5e-076241be29c2","id":"tag\u002Fleadership","modifiedDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","project":"","slug":"leadership","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453923},"tag\u002Fcareers":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fcareers","_id":"5fda40c21d61b33c3c97527e","assetImage":[],"description":"BBC Travel’s latest stories about careers from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Careers","creationDateTime":"2014-11-03T08:07:46Z","entity":"tag","guid":"328c7ea5-59aa-4a16-a9aa-4b78f1a594f8","id":"tag\u002Fcareers","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T18:02:38.810122Z","project":"","slug":"careers","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924},"tag\u002Fbusiness":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fbusiness","_id":"5fda40c91d61b33c3c975f5f","assetImage":[],"description":"BBC Travel’s latest economy and business stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Business","creationDateTime":"2010-08-31T13:55:08Z","entity":"tag","guid":"ff971097-6a9b-4f0b-896c-28ac9441b770","id":"tag\u002Fbusiness","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-06T17:29:43.792398Z","project":"","slug":"business","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453924}},"navigations":{"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:navigation:worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife","_id":"5fda40e6908c8517528a39c5","item":[{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Home","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fworklife\u002F","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-0"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"About us","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190721-what-is-bbc-worklife","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-1"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Equality Matters","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Fworklife\u002Fequality-matters","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-2"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Remote Control","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Fremote-control\u002F","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-3"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Unknown Questions","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Fworklife\u002Fcolumns\u002Funknown-questions","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-4"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"The Life Project","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20201221001053\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Fthe-life-project","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife-5"}],"primaryVertical":"worklife","creationDateTime":"2019-07-18T15:53:01.743599Z","entity":"navigation","guid":"6928af2b-9d4d-4352-8cdb-b0e9735b1d2d","id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-16T09:34:10.343336Z","project":"worklife","slug":"worklife","cacheLastUpdated":1608509453588}},"partners":{},"modules":{},"indexModules":{},"aroundTheBBC":{}},"ads":{},"relatedArticlesById":{},"article":{"currentActiveArticle":null,"primaryArticle":null},"loader":{"message":null,"show":false},"location":{"currentLocation":"\u002Fworklife\u002Ftags\u002Flanguage","previousLocation":null,"isFirstRendering":true},"serverRender":true,"hasArticleHero":{"value":false},"visitedCollectionIndex":false,"visitedTagIndex":false,"metaData":{"title":null},"fetchArticleGroupByArticleId":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null,"endpoint":null},"fetchArticleById":{"isFetching":null,"error":null},"fetchTagsByVertical":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchCollectionsIndexByVerticalReducer":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchNavigationById":{"isFetching":false,"id":"worklife\u002Fnavigation\u002Fworklife","error":null},"fetchCollectionById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchTagById":{"isFetching":false,"id":"tag\u002Flanguage","error":null},"fetchModuleByVertical":{"isFetching":null,"error":null},"pagination":{"articleInfiniteScroll":{},"collectionArticlesIndex":{},"tagArticlesIndex":{"primaryArticles":{"search\u002Farticle-by-tag\u002Fworklife\u002Flanguage":{"pages":{"1":{"isFetching":false,"error":null,"items":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190219-how-to-learn-a-language-in-an-hour-a-day","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180727-mansplaining-explained-in-one-chart","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180723-the-commas-that-cost-companies-millions","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180716-why-there-are-so-many-japanese-emoji","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180622-the-haughty-history-of-the-letter-h","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180502-sisu-the-finnish-art-of-inner-strength","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180104-the-changing-buzzwords-of-business-books","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170904-how-to-avoid-writing-irritating-emails","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20170807-the-true-importance-of-good-spelling"],"cacheLastUpdated":1608509453927}},"totalItems":10,"totalPages":1,"currentPage":1,"itemsPerPage":16}}},"verticalArticlesIndex":{},"premiumCollectionArticlesIndex":{},"swimlaneCollectionArticles":{}}}</script> <script>window.__ENTITY_ROUTES__ = {"article":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"previewArticle":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fpreview\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"premiumCollection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fpremium-collection\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexColumn":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fcolumns\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexSection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fsections\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"tagArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Ftags\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Ftag\u002F:id"},"tagsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Ftags","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Ftags"},"verticalArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)"},"collectionsColumnsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fcolumns","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"},"collectionsSectionsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fsections","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"},"bookmarks":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fbookmarks\u002F","entityMapping":":moduleId(future|worklife|culture)\u002Fbookmarks"}};</script> <script>window.__PWA_CLIENT_SIDE_ENABLED__=true</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/1607935858-2f6b61b9b11c646ce864470b0f9ee75cf0d181cc/static/js/bundle.7744d8a4.js"></script> <script>window.BBC_GNL_PWA_MAIN();</script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { /** CONFIGURATION START **/ var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {}); _sf_async_config.uid = '50924'; _sf_async_config.domain = 'bbc.co.uk'; _sf_async_config.flickerControl = false; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.sections = 'worklife'; _sf_async_config.path = '/worklife/tags/language'; _sf_async_config.authors = false; /** CONFIGURATION END **/ function loadChartbeat() { var e = document.createElement('script'); var n = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; e.type = 'text/javascript'; e.async = true; e.src = '//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'; n.parentNode.insertBefore(e, n); } loadChartbeat(); })(); </script> </div> <script id="orb-js-script" data-assetpath="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/7ba98e3db9d415f8cbdb0978bf084f9e/" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/7ba98e3db9d415f8cbdb0978bf084f9e/js/orb.min.js"></script><div id="orb-footer" class="orb-footer" dir="ltr"> <div id="navp-orb-footer-promo"></div><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ require(['orb/nav'], function(nav) { window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { nav.loadJs('https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/7ba98e3db9d415f8cbdb0978bf084f9e/js/edr.min.js'); } }); }); /*]]>*/</script> <aside role="complementary"><div id="orb-aside" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-footer-inner" role="navigation" aria-label="BBC"><h2 class="orb-footer-lead">Explore the BBC</h2><div class="orb-footer-primary-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li></ul></div></div></div></aside><footer role="contentinfo"><div id="orb-contentinfo" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><script>window.orb.worldwideFooterlinks = '<li class="orb-footer-ads"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbcglobalnews.com/">Advertise with us<' + '/a><' + '/li><li class="orb-footer-adchoices"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies/how-can-i-change-my-bbc-cookie-settings/">AdChoices / Do Not Sell My Info<' + '/a><' + '/li>';</script><div class="orb-footer-inner"><div><ul><li class="orb-footer-terms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="orb-footer-about"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc">About the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-privacy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="orb-footer-cookies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/cookies/">Cookies</a></li><li class="orb-footer-accessibility"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li><li class="orb-footer-parental"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/guidance">Parental Guidance</a></li><li class="orb-footer-contact"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact">Contact the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-newsletter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter">Get Personalised Newsletters</a></li></ul><small><em class="orb-hilight">Copyright © 2020 BBC.</em> The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <span class="orb-footer-links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/help/web/links/" class="orb-hilight">Read about our approach to external linking.</a></span></small></div></div></div></footer></div><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/7ba98e3db9d415f8cbdb0978bf084f9e/js/nav.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/7ba98e3db9d415f8cbdb0978bf084f9e/js/redirect.bundle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">require.config({ paths: { "mybbc/templates": '//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.2.9/templates', "mybbc/notifications": '//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.2.9/js' } }); require(['mybbc/notifications/NotificationsMain', 'idcta/idcta-1'], function (NotificationsMain, idcta) { var loadNotifications = function (isUK) { if (isUK) { window.bbcpage.loadCSS('//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.2.9/css/main.min.css').then(function() { NotificationsMain.run(idcta, '//web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.2.9/'); }); } }; window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { loadNotifications(isUK); }); });</script> <script type="text/javascript">if (window.SEARCHBOX.locale) { require.config({ paths: { "search/searchbox": window.SEARCHBOX.searchboxAppStaticPrefix, } }); if (bbcuser && bbcuser.isUKCombined) { bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function (isUK) { if (isUK) { require(['search/searchbox/searchboxDrawer'], function (SearchboxDrawer) { SearchboxDrawer.run(window.SEARCHBOX); }); } }); } }</script> <script type="text/javascript">require.config({ "paths": { "orb/async/_footerpromo": 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/navpromo/540f3f6dbf28b119bbe06e61544e3f22/js/async/_footerpromo' } }); (function() { document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) { initialiseFooter(); }); var scrollCheckTimer; var didScroll; var previousPosition = 0; var delta = 5; var PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT = 1500; var pageLength = 0; function getCookie(key) { if (!key) { return document.cookie; } return decodeURIComponent(document.cookie.replace(new RegExp("(?:(?:^|.*;)\\s*" + encodeURIComponent(key).replace(/[\-\.\+\*]/g, "\\$&") + "\\s*\\=\\s*([^;]*).*$)|^.*$"), "$1")) || null; } function initialiseFooter() { // Suppress this feature on browsers we no longer test var myNav = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(); var oldIE = (myNav.indexOf('msie') !== -1) && parseInt(myNav.split('msie')[1], 10) <= 10; if (!oldIE) { var disabledByCookie = (parseInt(getCookie('ckns_nav_promofail')) || 0) >= 3; if (!disabledByCookie) { window.bbcpage.getLanguage().then(function(language) { if (language === 'en') { window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { setUpLazyLoading(); } }); } }); } } } function setUpLazyLoading() { // offsetHeight is expensive to calculate, only do it once. pageLength = Math.abs(document.body.offsetHeight); if (pageLength < getViewportHeight() + 300 || pageLength - getCurrentPosition() < PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } else { window.onscroll = function () { didScroll = true; }; scrollCheckTimer = setInterval(function () { if (didScroll) { hasScrolled(); didScroll = false; } }, 250); } } function loadPromo() { clearInterval(scrollCheckTimer); require(['orb/async/_footerpromo'], function(promo) { promo.init('https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://navpromo.api.bbci.co.uk', ''); }); } function getViewportHeight() { return window.innerHeight; } function getCurrentPosition() { return Math.abs(window.scrollY || document.body.scrollTop || document.documentElement.scrollTop); } function hasScrolled() { var currentPosition = getCurrentPosition(); if (Math.abs(previousPosition - currentPosition) <= delta) { return; } if (currentPosition > previousPosition) { if ((pageLength - currentPosition) <= PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } } previousPosition = currentPosition; } })();</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.COOKIES_STATIC_HOST = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-558.1392f15/cookie-banner/cookie-prompt/';</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-558.1392f15/cookie-banner/cookie-banners.bundle.js" async=""></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk//user-activity-helper/7191597ca44ccb3c054b0eb343938416/js/detectview.bundle.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">"use strict";window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){return e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Failed to load reverb. No event sent")});</script><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221001053im_/https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=17986528&cs_ucfr=0&cv=2.0&cj=1"></noscript> </body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 00:10:53 Dec 21, 2020 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 10:18:39 Feb 28, 2025. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.507 exclusion.robots: 0.025 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.015 esindex: 0.029 cdx.remote: 12.214 LoadShardBlock: 101.141 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 113.053 (4) load_resource: 227.402 PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 77.424 -->