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format("truetype"); } .gelicon { font-family: 'gelicons-core'; } .gelicon, .gelicon::before { -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-style: normal !important; font-weight: normal !important; speak: none; text-decoration: none !important; } .gelicon--leading::before { margin-right: 8px; } .gelicon--trailing::before { margin-left: 8px; } .gelicon--social { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } .gelicon--core { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Set font on all icons (need to do this as Opera doesn't fallback per Glyph) */ /* On the icon, not ::before as IE7 hack injects the icon into the element instead of a pseudo element */ .gelicon--iplayer, .gelicon--iplayer-radio, .gelicon--previous, .gelicon--up, .gelicon--down, .gelicon--next, .gelicon--tobottom, .gelicon--totop, .gelicon--zoomin, .gelicon--zoomout, .gelicon--search, .gelicon--print, .gelicon--print-invert, .gelicon--yes, .gelicon--no, .gelicon--add, .gelicon--help, .gelicon--info, .gelicon--alert, .gelicon--expires, .gelicon--duration, .gelicon--alarm, .gelicon--countdown, .gelicon--grid, .gelicon--chapters, .gelicon--list, .gelicon--listthumb, .gelicon--lock, .gelicon--unlock, .gelicon--home, .gelicon--new, .gelicon--vocab, .gelicon--degraded, .gelicon--calendar-mini, .gelicon--calendar, .gelicon--mail, .gelicon--location, .gelicon--load, .gelicon--settings, .gelicon--embed, .gelicon--external, .gelicon--traffic, .gelicon--refresh, .gelicon--link, .gelicon--point, .gelicon--upload, .gelicon--download, .gelicon--finder, .gelicon--stations, .gelicon--untitled, .gelicon--untitled-2, .gelicon--quote, .gelicon--calendar-30, .gelicon--download-desktop, .gelicon--map, .gelicon--previous-alternative, .gelicon--next-alternative, .gelicon--arrow-down { font-family: 'gelicons-core' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--iplayer::before { content: '\e000'; } .gelicon--iplayer-radio::before { content: '\e001'; } .gelicon--previous::before { content: '\e002'; } .gelicon--up::before { content: '\e003'; } .gelicon--down::before { content: '\e004'; } .gelicon--next::before { content: '\e005'; } .gelicon--tobottom::before { content: '\e006'; } .gelicon--totop::before { content: '\e007'; } .gelicon--zoomin::before { content: '\e008'; } .gelicon--zoomout::before { content: '\e00a'; } .gelicon--search::before { content: '\e009'; } .gelicon--print::before { content: '\e00b'; } .gelicon--print-invert::before { content: '\e00c'; } .gelicon--yes::before { content: '\e00d'; } .gelicon--no::before { content: '\e00e'; } .gelicon--add::before { content: '\e00f'; } .gelicon--help::before { content: '\e010'; } .gelicon--info::before { content: '\e011'; } .gelicon--alert::before { content: '\e012'; } .gelicon--expires::before { content: '\e013'; } .gelicon--duration::before { content: '\e014'; } .gelicon--alarm::before { content: '\e015'; } .gelicon--countdown::before { content: '\e016'; } .gelicon--grid::before { content: '\e017'; } .gelicon--chapters::before { content: '\e018'; } .gelicon--list::before { content: '\e019'; } .gelicon--listthumb::before { content: '\e01a'; } .gelicon--lock::before { content: '\e01b'; } .gelicon--unlock::before { content: '\e01c'; } .gelicon--home::before { content: '\e01d'; } .gelicon--new::before { content: '\e01e'; } .gelicon--vocab::before { content: '\e01f'; } .gelicon--degraded::before { content: '\e020'; } .gelicon--calendar-mini::before { content: '\e021'; } .gelicon--calendar::before { content: '\e022'; } .gelicon--mail::before { content: '\e023'; } .gelicon--location::before { content: '\e024'; } .gelicon--load::before { content: '\e025'; } .gelicon--settings::before { content: '\e026'; } .gelicon--embed::before { content: '\e027'; } .gelicon--external::before { content: '\e028'; } .gelicon--traffic::before { content: '\e029'; } .gelicon--refresh::before { content: '\e02a'; } .gelicon--link::before { content: '\e02b'; } .gelicon--point::before { content: '\e02c'; } .gelicon--upload::before { content: '\e02d'; } .gelicon--download::before { content: '\e02e'; } .gelicon--finder::before { content: '\e02f'; } .gelicon--stations::before { content: '\e030'; } .gelicon--untitled::before { content: '\42'; } .gelicon--untitled-2::before { content: '\43'; } .gelicon--quote::before { content: '\22'; } .gelicon--playlister-add::before { content: '\e031'; } .gelicon--calendar-30::before { content: '\e032'; } .gelicon--download-desktop::before { content: '\e033'; } .gelicon--map::before { content: '\e034'; } .gelicon--previous-alternative::before { content: '\e035'; } .gelicon--next-alternative::before { content: '\e036'; } .gelicon--arrow-down::before { content: '\e038'; } /* Media icons */ .gelicon--menu, .gelicon--live, .gelicon--subtitles, .gelicon--ws, .gelicon--sd, .gelicon--hd, .gelicon--bsl, .gelicon--ad, .gelicon--3d, .gelicon--tv, .gelicon--radio, .gelicon--mobile, .gelicon--desktop, .gelicon--game, .gelicon--tablet, .gelicon--quiz, .gelicon--guidance, .gelicon--record, .gelicon--listen, .gelicon--play, .gelicon--pause, .gelicon--rewind, .gelicon--forward, .gelicon--restart, .gelicon--image, .gelicon--document, .gelicon--slideshow, .gelicon--activity, .gelicon--360, .gelicon--podcast, .gelicon--newsletter, .gelicon--rss, .gelicon--fullscreen, .gelicon--expand, .gelicon--popout, .gelicon--mute, .gelicon--music-on, .gelicon--music-off, .gelicon--windows, .gelicon--apple, .gelicon--interactive { font-family: 'gelicons-media' !important; } /* Begin Icons */ .gelicon--menu::before { content: '\e900'; } .gelicon--live::before { content: '\e100'; } .gelicon--subtitles::before { content: '\e101'; } .gelicon--ws::before { content: '\e102'; } .gelicon--sd::before { content: '\e103'; } .gelicon--hd::before { content: '\e104'; } .gelicon--bsl::before { content: '\e105'; } .gelicon--ad::before { content: '\e106'; } .gelicon--3d::before { content: '\e107'; } .gelicon--tv::before { content: '\e108'; } .gelicon--radio::before { content: '\e109'; } .gelicon--mobile::before { content: '\e10a'; } .gelicon--desktop::before { content: '\e10b'; } .gelicon--game::before { content: '\e10c'; } .gelicon--tablet::before { content: '\e10d'; } .gelicon--quiz::before { content: '\e10e'; } .gelicon--guidance::before { content: '\e10f'; } .gelicon--record::before { content: '\e110'; } .gelicon--listen::before { content: '\e111'; } .gelicon--play::before { content: '\e112'; } .gelicon--pause::before { content: '\e113'; } .gelicon--rewind::before { content: '\e114'; } .gelicon--forward::before { content: '\e115'; } .gelicon--restart::before { content: '\e116'; } .gelicon--image::before { content: '\e117'; } .gelicon--document::before { content: '\e118'; } .gelicon--slideshow::before { content: '\e119'; } .gelicon--activity::before { content: '\e11a'; } .gelicon--360::before { content: '\e11b'; } .gelicon--podcast::before { content: '\e11c'; } .gelicon--newsletter::before { content: '\e11d'; } .gelicon--rss::before { content: '\e11e'; } .gelicon--fullscreen::before { content: '\e11f'; } .gelicon--expand::before { content: '\e120'; } .gelicon--popout::before { content: '\e121'; } .gelicon--mute::before { content: '\e122'; } .gelicon--music-on::before { content: '\e123'; } .gelicon--music-off::before { content: '\e124'; } .gelicon--windows::before { content: '\e125'; } .gelicon--apple::before { content: '\e126'; } .gelicon--interactive::before { content: '\e900'; } /* Social Icons */ .gelicon--share, .gelicon--recommend, .gelicon--comments, .gelicon--blog, .gelicon--smiley, .gelicon--love, .gelicon--twitter, .gelicon--facebook, .gelicon--google-plus, .gelicon--google, .gelicon--spotify, .gelicon--pinterest, .gelicon--tumblr, .gelicon--stumbleupon, .gelicon--linkedin, .gelicon--reddit, .gelicon--digg, .gelicon--instagram, .gelicon--whatsapp { font-family: 'gelicons-social' !important; } /* GEL */ .gelicon--share::before { content: '\e200'; } .gelicon--recommend::before { content: '\e201'; } .gelicon--comments::before { content: '\e202'; } .gelicon--blog::before { content: '\e203'; } .gelicon--smiley::before { content: '\e204'; } .gelicon--love::before { content: '\e205'; } /* THIRD PARTY */ .gelicon--twitter::before { content: '\e300'; } .gelicon--facebook::before { content: '\e301'; } .gelicon--google-plus::before { content: '\e700'; } .gelicon--google::before { content: '\e701'; } .gelicon--spotify::before { content: '\e304'; } .gelicon--pinterest::before { content: '\e305'; } .gelicon--tumblr::before { content: '\e306'; } .gelicon--stumbleupon::before { content: '\e307'; } .gelicon--linkedin::before { content: '\e308'; } .gelicon--reddit::before { content: '\e309'; } .gelicon--digg::before { content: '\e30a'; } .gelicon--instagram::before { content: '\e30b'; } .gelicon--whatsapp::before { content: '\e600'; } .label-with-line { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .label-with-line__label { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .uppercase-label { color: #8f8d8d; font-size: 12px; font-style: condensed; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .uppercase-label--small { font-size: 11px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 14px; margin: 0; } .uppercase-label--medium { font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--reith-condensed { font-weight: 400; } .uppercase-label--white { color: #ebebeb; } .uppercase-label--light-grey { color: #999; } .uppercase-label--dark-grey { color: #444; } .uppercase-label--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px; } .uppercase-label--true-white { color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 1px 1px #193e6d; } .uppercase-label--arial { font-family: Arial; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .inline-video { height: 100%; } .inline-video__container { position: relative; } .inline-video .play-button__inline-video { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; z-index: 1000; } .inline-video__smp { background-color: #000; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } .inline-video__smp--loaded { background-color: unset; padding-bottom: unset; } .inline-video__description { border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(106, 106, 106, 0.43); color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; padding: 22px 10; } .inline-video__description--desktop { padding: 28px 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(0deg); transform: rotate(0deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform: rotate(360deg); } } .spinner { fill: #444; } .spinner__image { -webkit-animation: spin 1s linear infinite; animation: spin 1s linear infinite; } .spinner--worklife { fill: #8beed9; } .spinner--future { fill: #ffc857; } 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pointer-events: none; } .inline-audio-player__beta { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player__beta:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player__inner-arrow { color: #4d4d49; font-size: 10px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button { background-color: transparent; border: 0; margin-left: auto; outline: none; -webkit-transition: all 0.5s ease; transition: all 0.5s ease; } .inline-audio-player__arrow-button__clicked { -webkit-transform: rotate(180deg); transform: rotate(180deg); } .inline-audio-player__beta-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player__hidden { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-media-button { height: 50px; margin-right: 1px; width: 50px; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container { background-color: #ededed; color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding: 1rem; } .inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide { display: none; } .inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio { margin-right: 1px; } .inline-audio-player__line { margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player-old { height: 100%; } .inline-audio-player-old__container { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .inline-audio-player-old__container > div { height: 50px; position: relative; } .inline-audio-player-old__container > div > div { padding: 0 !important; } .inline-audio-player-old__cta-holder { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player-old__cta-container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .inline-audio-player-old__text { background: none; border: 0; color: #4a4a4a; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; height: 25px; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; outline: inherit; padding: 0; } .inline-audio-player-old__beta { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; height: 25px; left: -110px; line-height: 12px; margin-left: 0; padding: 0 7px; position: relative; top: 25px; width: 66px; } .inline-audio-player-old__beta:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .inline-audio-player-old__beta-copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin-top: 16px; } .inline-audio-player-old__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .inline-audio-player-old__played { background-color: #ededed; } .inline-audio-player-old__hidden { display: none; } .copyright__text { color: #737373; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: center; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .copyright__text { margin-top: 12px; } } .content-embed { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-video { height: 100%; position: relative; } .article-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-video__overlay { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; left: 50%; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1500; } .article-video__label { margin-bottom: 16px; } .article-video__image { bottom: 0; height: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__image--hide { opacity: 0; } .article-video__playercore { display: block; } .article-video__playercore--mobile { display: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-video__playercore--show { display: block; } .article-video--bordered { border-radius: 4px; overflow: hidden; } .infographic-embed__frame { width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 180px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .hero-video__video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 80%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; width: 80%; z-index: 2; } .hero-video__video--desktop { left: 0; top: 65px; width: 71.5% !important; } .hero-video__video--mobile { height: 100%; width: 100%; } .hero-video__video--small-desktop { height: 70%; left: 0; top: 78px; width: 67%; } .hero-video--small-desktop, .hero-video--desktop { display: block; height: 720px; } .hero-video img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; -webkit-filter: brightness(40%); filter: brightness(40%); } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .hero-video img { opacity: 0.5; } } .hero-video--mobile { height: 280px; } .hero-video--medium-mobile { height: 430px; } .hero-video--tablet { height: 574px; } .hero-video__play-button { position: absolute; z-index: 100; } .hero-video__video div div { position: inherit !important; position: unset !important; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .bookmark-icon { background-color: transparent; cursor: pointer; height: 54px; padding: 0; width: 54px; } .bookmark-icon svg { height: 15px; margin: 15px; stroke: #949494; stroke-width: 40; -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform: scale(0.8); width: 15px; } .bookmark__icon--true-white svg { fill: #fff; } .bookmark__icon--black svg, .bookmark__icon--black path { fill: #000 !important; stroke: #000; } .bookmark__icon--light-grey svg { fill: currentColor !important; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .tooltip-box__container { position: relative; } .tooltip-box__message { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: -80px; width: 215px; z-index: 1; } .tooltip-box__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 21px; position: absolute; top: -15px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-135deg); transform: rotate(-135deg); width: 12px; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close { border: 0 !important; height: 15px !important; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 5px; top: -75px; width: 15px !important; z-index: 2; } .tooltip-box__close:hover .tooltip-box__close-icon { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .tooltip-box__close-icon { color: #444; cursor: pointer; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-share-tools a, .article-share-tools button { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 52px; margin-right: 2px; width: 52px; } .article-share-tools--dark a, .article-share-tools--dark button { color: #444; height: 54px; width: 54px; } .article-share-tools--dark a svg, .article-share-tools--dark button svg { stroke: #444; } .article-share-tools a:hover, .article-share-tools button:hover { background-color: #fff; } .article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover { color: #3b5898; } .article-share-tools .email-icon:hover { color: #615f5d; } .article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover { color: #47c7fa; } .article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover { color: #0077b5; } .article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover { color: #25d366; } .article-share-tools .facebook-messenger { color: #0184ff; } .article-share-tools .ticked-icon { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; border-radius: 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; font-size: 11px; margin-right: 2px; padding: 3px; } .article-share-tools--popout > *, .article-share-tools--popout a { color: #020203; margin-bottom: 3px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 30px 0 20px; position: relative; width: 300px; } .share-tools-popout__text { color: #444; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 18px 18px; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .share-tools-popout__url-container { padding: 0 18px; width: 100%; } .share-tools-popout__articleurl { border: 1px solid #979797; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a39f9f; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 0; padding: 12px 10px; text-align: center; width: 262px; } .share-tools-popout__close { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; right: 8px; top: 20px; } .share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #888; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .share-tools-popout__close-icon { color: #000; font-size: 16px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .share-tools-popout__border-arrow { background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #979797; border-bottom: 0; border-right: 0; height: 12px; left: 40px; position: absolute; top: -7px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 12px; } .share-tools-popout__tools { margin-bottom: 13px; } .share-tools-popout__details { -ms-flex-item-align: normal; -ms-grid-row-align: normal; align-self: normal; color: #444; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 16px; margin: 0; max-width: 180px; padding-left: 14px; } .share-tools-popout__copied, .share-tools-popout__copy { background-color: #000; border: unset; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin-bottom: 18px; padding: 12px 6px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; width: 110px; } .share-tools-popout__copy:hover { background-color: #555; } .share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes { color: #ff9700; margin-left: 8px; } .share-button-with-popout { position: relative; z-index: 9999; } .share-button-with-popout__popout { max-width: 330px; padding-right: 8px; position: absolute; top: 53px; width: 100%; } .share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop { width: auto; } .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-end__share-tools { margin-bottom: 0; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long { margin-bottom: 44px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-bottom: 50px; } .article-end--desktop .article-end__share { margin-top: 0; } .article-end__share { margin-top: 5px; } .domestic-disclaimer { background-color: #333; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__content { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 990px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small { max-width: 976px; } .domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop { max-width: 1248px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; margin: auto; padding: 8px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 16px 54px 16px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 0; max-width: 890px; padding: 14px 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 16px 0 0; position: relative; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon { color: #d8d8d8; font-size: 16px; } .domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop { font-size: 22px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-text__text { background-color: #fff; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 0 20px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5), 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153, 153, 153, 0.5); margin: 0 8px; opacity: 0.95; padding: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 3; } .section-header-text__text--no-margin { margin: 0; } .section-header-text__ad { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin: 0 8px 8px; position: relative; top: unset; } .section-header-text__ad--desktop { margin: 0 0 8px; } .section-header-text__title { display: inline-block; } .section-header-text__title--large-margin { margin: 0 40px 16px 0; } .section-header-text__title--premium { border: 1.78px solid; padding: 8px; } .section-header-text__title-content { color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; } .section-header-text__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; } .section-header-text__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .section-header-text__description { color: #555; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; } .section-header-text__description--large { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .label-list { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .label-list__line { width: 100%; } .label-list__content { margin: 30px 0 0 16px; width: 100%; } .label-list__content--tablet { margin: 34px 0 0 38px; } .label-list__content--desktop { margin: 42px 0 0 32px; } .label-list__list-item { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .label-list__link { color: #444; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-decoration: none; } .label-list__link:hover { color: #adadad; } .label-list__link--large { font-size: 22px; line-height: 29px; } .label-list__link:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 8px; } .label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type) { margin-top: 12px; } .label-list__list-items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 36px; } .label-list__list-items--tablet { margin-top: 52px; } .label-list__list-items--desktop { margin-top: 46px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .offline-reading { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .offline-reading__header { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 16px; max-width: 220px; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__header--desktop { font-size: 18px; max-width: 460px; } .offline-reading__buttons { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; text-align: center; } .offline-reading__buttons--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .offline-reading__top-stories { margin-bottom: 24px; } .offline-reading__top-stories--desktop { margin: 0 16px 0 0; } .offline-reading__icon { display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 24px; width: 120px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .section-header-unit { max-width: 1280px; position: relative; } .section-header-unit--tablet { height: 320px; } .section-header-unit--desktop { border-radius: 4px; height: 320px; overflow: hidden; } .section-header-unit__image { height: 320px; max-height: 320px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .section-header-unit__image img { left: 50%; position: relative; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); } .section-header-unit__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .section-header-unit__content { position: relative; -webkit-transform: translateY(-50%); transform: translateY(-50%); } .section-header-unit__content--desktop { bottom: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 420px; position: absolute; right: 32px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .section-header-unit__content--advert { -webkit-transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); transform: translateY(calc(-50% - 28px)); /* - half the height of the advert so the text is still centered. */ } .rectangle-article-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-article-group--tablet, .rectangle-article-group--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .rectangle-article-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-top: 12px; } .rectangle-article-group__article--tablet { padding: 0 16px 0 0; } .rectangle-article-group__article--desktop { padding: 0 24px 0 0; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-image { background-size: cover; height: 74px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 132px; } .rectangle-image img { height: 100%; left: 50%; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: auto; } .rectangle-image--small { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 32px; width: 56px; } .rectangle-image--large { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 162px; width: 288px; } .rectangle-image--medium { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; height: 126px; width: 222px; } .rectangle-image--full-screen { padding-top: 56.25%; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image img { -webkit-transition: all 0.4s ease; transition: all 0.4s ease; } .rectangle-image__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; } .rectangle-image__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-image:hover img { height: 108%; } .fake-ad { -ms-flex-line-pack: center; align-content: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #f6f6f6; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding: 8px; } .fake-ad__body { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background: #5ae9cb; color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 0 0 auto; flex: 0 0 auto; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .fake-ad__text { -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; color: #444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; text-align: right; text-transform: uppercase; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body { height: 320px; width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text { width: 320px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 50px; width: 300px; } .fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 300px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body { height: 90px; width: 728px; } .fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text { width: 728px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 288px; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay { opacity: 1; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img { height: 108%; } .rectangle-story-item__image-container { position: relative; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item--tablet { width: 222px; } .rectangle-story-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1 auto; flex: 1 1 auto; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 3px; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 16px; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--worklife > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label--future > span:hover, .rectangle-story-item__label__travel > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover { background-image: none; } .rectangle-story-item__label--culture > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .rectangle-story-item__line { display: block; margin: 16px 0; } .rectangle-story-item__author { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 35px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; text-decoration: none; } .rectangle-story-item__icon { background-color: #000; bottom: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; height: 44px; line-height: 44px; position: absolute; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.4s ease; transition: 0.4s ease; width: 44px; } .rectangle-story-item__title--white, .rectangle-story-item__author--white, .rectangle-story-item__label--white { color: #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover { border-bottom: 0; } .rectangle-story-item__label--white > span:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #fff; } .rectangle-story-item__remove-bookmark-btn { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #adadad; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: left; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .body-text-card-inline-image { margin: 24px 0; position: relative; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .branding { -webkit-box-sizing: content-box !important; box-sizing: content-box !important; display: inline-block; height: 24px; padding: 12px 16px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon { display: inline-block; height: 24px; width: 100%; } .branding__icon g { fill: #fff; } .branding--medium { padding: 16px; } .branding--large { padding: 16px 24px; } .branding--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .branding--future { background-color: #002856; } .branding--culture { background-color: #472479; } .branding--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .branding--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .branding--travel svg, .branding--earth svg, .branding--culture svg, .branding--future svg, .branding--worklife svg { height: 24px; } .branding--small, .branding--small svg { height: 17px; } .branding__icon--medium, .branding--medium, .branding--medium svg { height: 22px; } .branding__icon--large, .branding--large, .branding--large svg { height: 24px; } .branding__icon--largest, .branding--largest, .branding--largest svg { height: 32px; } .branding__icon--small, .branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--future .branding__icon--small svg, .branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg { height: 17px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .body-text-card { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.5; } .body-text-card__image, .body-text-card__video { margin: 24px 0; } .body-text-card__text { display: block; } .body-text-card__advert { margin: 20px 0; } .body-text-card__text div a { cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; } .body-text-card__text a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .body-text-card__text > div > p { margin: 0 20px 16px; } .body-text-card__text > div > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; } .body-text-card__drop-capped { float: left; margin: 0 8px 0 20px; padding-top: 6px; } .body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter { color: transparent; font-size: 0; } .body-text-card__text--flush-text > div > p { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; } .body-text-card__text--future div a:visited { color: #666; } .body-text-card__text--future div a { color: #002856; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #002856; text-decoration-color: #002856; } .body-text-card__text--travel div a { color: #589e50; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #589e50; text-decoration-color: #589e50; } .body-text-card__text--worklife div a { color: #0052a1; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0052a1; text-decoration-color: #0052a1; } .body-text-card__text--earth div a { color: #0fbb56; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; text-decoration-color: #0fbb56; } .body-text-card__text--culture div a { color: #472479; -webkit-text-decoration-color: #472479; text-decoration-color: #472479; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .swimlane-inner { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto 100%; display: block; padding: 24px 16px; } .swimlane-inner--small { padding: 24px 8px; } .swimlane-inner--tablet { padding: 28px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--small-desktop { padding: 30px 16px 42px; } .swimlane-inner--desktop { padding: 38px 16px 42px; } .swimlane { overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; } .swimlane__black { background-color: #0e0e0e; } .swimlane__background-image { height: 500px; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 915px; z-index: -1; } .swimlane__background-image--mobile { height: 181px; width: 320px; } .swimlane__background-image--tablet { height: 421px; width: 752px; } .swimlane__background-image--desktop { height: 500px; width: 915px; } .swimlane__background-image--atb { background-color: rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.8); background-size: cover; height: 100%; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item { margin: 0 0 25px; width: 100%; } .swimlane__item--desktop { margin: 0; } .swimlane__item--tablet { margin: 0 16px 25px 0; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 3); } .swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n + 3) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__item--two-columns { margin-right: 0 !important; max-width: 572px; width: 50%; } .swimlane__item--four-columns { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-right: 16px; width: calc((100% - 48px) / 4); } .swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { margin-right: 0; } .swimlane__items { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin-top: 24px; text-align: left; } .swimlane__items--desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-top: 42px; } .swimlane__items--small-desktop { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--tablet { -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin-top: 30px; } .swimlane__items--no-title { margin-top: 0; } .swimlane__content { margin: auto; max-width: 942px; text-align: center; } .swimlane__content--desktop { max-width: 1216px; } .swimlane__title { color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; text-transform: uppercase; } .swimlane__title--black { color: #010101; font-weight: 400; } .see-more-button-container-alt { color: #0e0e0e; } .follow-us-on { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .follow-us-on__text { color: #fff; font-size: 16px; font-style: condensed; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 0 20px; padding: 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .follow-us-on__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .follow-us-on__link:first-child { margin-right: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-bar { background-color: #fff; } .nav-bar__hidden-menu { display: none; } .nav-bar__visible-menu { display: block; } .nav-bar__no-scroll { max-height: 100vh; overflow: hidden; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .dot-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .dot-with-label__text { padding-left: 8px; } .dot-with-label__text a { text-decoration: none; } .dot-with-label__text:hover h2 { color: #adadad; } .sponsor-section { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; max-width: 530px; } .sponsor-section--menu { padding: 20px 0 16px 24px; } .sponsor-section__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; height: 100%; } .sponsor-section__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .sponsor-section__sponsor { color: #fff; padding-right: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 26px; margin: 0; white-space: nowrap; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile { padding-bottom: 16px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop { font-size: 22px; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu { color: #fff; } .sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop { font-size: 32px; } .sponsor-section__summary { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; padding-top: 16px; } .sponsor-section__advert { display: inline-block; } .icon-with-label { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .icon-with-label__icon { padding-right: 10px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .more-articles-item { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles-item__link { text-decoration: none; } .more-articles-item__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; } .more-articles-item__label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 8px; } .more-articles-item__type { margin-right: 16px; position: relative; } .more-articles-item__icon { color: #fff; font-size: 12px; margin-right: 8px; } .more-articles-item__text { color: #fff; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; padding: 0; position: relative; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); -webkit-transition: color 0.4s; transition: color 0.4s; } .more-articles-item__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .more-articles-item__text--large { color: #ebebeb; font-size: 30px; line-height: 37px; } .more-articles-item__container--column { -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .more-articles-item__image-container { position: relative; } .more-articles-item--two-columns { margin-right: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--desktop { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__label--tablet { margin-top: 16px; } .more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text { color: #adadad; } .full-width-image-article { width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__container { min-height: 325px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } .full-width-image-article__container--desktop { min-height: 400px; } .full-width-image-article__image { height: 100%; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; color: #fff; left: 50%; max-width: 488px; padding: 0 20px; position: absolute; text-align: center; top: 50%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__text a { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label { display: inline-block; font-size: 14.4px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3.6px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 11px; text-transform: uppercase; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.25px; line-height: 42px; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop { font-size: 33.6px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author { font-size: 16.6px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.13px; line-height: 42px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 28px; } .full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop { margin-top: 32px; } .full-width-image-article__background { background-image: radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5, 36, 53, 0.37) 50%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 83%); height: 100%; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .full-width-image-article__link { color: #fff; text-decoration: none; } .more-articles { background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; position: relative; -webkit-transition: background-image 0.4s; transition: background-image 0.4s; } .more-articles__heading { display: inline-block; margin: auto; max-width: 1272px; padding: 20px 0 0 16px; position: relative; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__stories { margin: 10px 16px 42px; max-width: 1232px; padding: 8px; position: relative; z-index: 4; } .more-articles__stories--small { padding: 0; } .more-articles__stories--tablet { margin: 24px 16px 72px; max-width: 1216px; } .more-articles__stories--desktop { margin: 56px 48px 92px; max-width: 1152px; } .more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type) { padding-top: 16px; } .more-articles__line { opacity: 0.3; padding-top: 16px; z-index: 5; } .more-articles__image-overlay { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.3); bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; z-index: 1; } .more-articles__image { opacity: 0; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .more-articles__image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .more-articles__image--right img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: 0; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--left img { left: unset; min-width: 100%; right: unset; width: unset; } .more-articles__image--visible { opacity: 1; } .more-articles__story--two-columns, .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 16px; width: 310px; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n + 3) .more-articles__story--three-columns { padding-right: 0; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns, .more-articles__stories--three-columns { -ms-flex-align: end; align-items: flex-end; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 16px; } .more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link, .more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link { pointer-events: all; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50%; } .more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 33%; } .more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n + 3) { padding-top: 0; } .more-articles__heading--small { padding: 20px 0 0 8px; } .more-articles__heading--desktop { max-width: 1264px; padding: 38px 0 0 16px; } .more-articles__heading--tablet { max-width: 1264px; padding: 24px 0 0 16px; } .most-popular { background-color: #f9f9f9; } .most-popular__inner { margin: 0 auto; max-width: 894px; padding: 45px 24px 21px; } .most-popular__inner--desktop { padding: 47px 0 86px; } .most-popular__header { font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular__items { display: block; } .most-popular__items--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 57px; } .most-popular-item { box-sizing: border-box; padding-top: 33px; } .most-popular-item:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 42px; } .most-popular-item--desktop { padding: 0 20px; width: calc(33.333%); } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 2) { -ms-flex-order: 2; order: 2; padding: 38px 20px; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n + 3) { -ms-flex-order: 3; order: 3; } .most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4) { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; } .most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type { margin-bottom: 0; } .most-popular-item a { text-decoration: none; } .most-popular-item__content { -ms-flex-align: start; align-items: flex-start; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-top: 5px; } .most-popular-item__number { color: #cbcbcb; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; line-height: 32px; margin: 0 20px 0 0; width: 25px; } .most-popular-item__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 0 45px; text-transform: uppercase; } .most-popular-item__title { color: #2e2e2ecc; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; } .StickyElementContent { -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s; transition: transform 0.5s, -webkit-transform 0.5s; } .StickyElementContent--is-undocked { left: 0; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100%; } .StickyElementContent--is-hidden { -webkit-transform: translateY(-100%); transform: translateY(-100%); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-page-header { position: relative; } .error-page-header__headers { margin-bottom: 16px; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page-header__description { color: #444; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; } .error-page-header__play-icon { margin-right: 16px; } .error-page-header__play-icon button { color: #adadad; } .error-page-header__dot-label { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-line { background-color: #8beed9; height: 3px; width: 72px; } .styled-line--small { width: 45px; } .styled-line--medium { width: 135px; } .styled-line--large { height: 1px; width: auto; } .styled-line--height--large { height: 5px; } .styled-line--height--small { height: 1px; } .styled-line--xs-small { width: 25px; } .styled-line--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-line--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-line--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-line--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-line--white { background-color: #fff; } .styled-line--dark-grey { background-color: #6a6a6a; } .styled-line--light-grey { background-color: #4b4b4b; } .styled-line--grey { background-color: #dedede; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .image-gallery-item { margin: 26px 0; } .image-gallery-item img { height: 100%; -o-object-fit: cover; object-fit: cover; width: 100%; } .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -3%; width: 106%; } @media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -16%; width: 116%; } } @media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -8%; width: 108%; } } @media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -42%; width: 142%; } } @media (min-width: 1366px) { .image-gallery-item__image--landscape { margin: 20px 0 20px -55%; width: 155%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin: 20px 0; width: 100%; } @media (max-width: 599px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait { margin-left: -3%; width: 106%; } } .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { max-height: 507px; min-height: 463px; } @media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px) { .image-gallery-item__image--portrait, .image-gallery-item__image--portrait img { min-height: 818px; } } .error-page { position: relative; } .error-page__container { margin-bottom: 16px; } .error-page__container--tablet-plus { margin-bottom: 32px; } .error-page__title { margin-bottom: 12px; } .error-page__title--desktop { margin-bottom: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-labels { font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-labels a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none; } .article-labels__text:first-child { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .rectangle-story-group { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; margin: auto; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex: 1 1; flex: 1 1; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; position: relative; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet { -ms-flex-pack: unset; justify-content: unset; } .rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen { display: block; } .rectangle-story-group__article { display: inline-block; padding-left: 18px; padding-top: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--tablet { padding-left: 20px; padding-top: 22px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop { padding-left: 22px; padding-top: 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type { padding-left: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen { display: block; padding: 16px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type { padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop { padding-left: 10px; } .rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type { padding-right: 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__articles-container { margin: auto; max-width: 950px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 16px 16px 24px; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop { border-left: 1px solid #dadada; display: block; padding: 0 0 0 16px; padding-top: 0; } .rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop { display: block; padding: 0 0 0 8px; } .rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .article-title-card-rectangle { width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { opacity: 1; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; -webkit-transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease; transition: transform 0.5s ease, -webkit-transform 0.5s ease; width: 100%; will-change: transform; } .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture { background-color: rgba(72, 41, 120, 0.6); } .article-title-card-rectangle__image { margin-right: 40px; max-height: 390px; max-width: 620px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: auto; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image img { display: block; min-height: 194px; min-width: 344px; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop { margin-right: 0; width: 100%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img, .article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img { width: 110%; } .article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article { margin-right: 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; position: relative; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; } .article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article { margin-right: 8px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box { background-color: #fff; margin-left: 40px; padding: 16px 22px 0; position: relative; top: -22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #4a4a4a; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover { border-bottom: 1px solid #482978; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header { color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.21px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 30px; margin-top: 12px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet { font-size: 26px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author { color: #4a4a4a; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; letter-spacing: -0.1px; line-height: 35px; margin: 8px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet { margin: 14px 0 0; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { left: -40px; margin: 0; padding: 40px; top: 0; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet { padding: 35px 22px 22px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__link { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container { display: block; max-width: 252px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet, .article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop { max-width: 320px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container { color: #4d4d4d; text-decoration: none; } .article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text { display: block; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 27px; max-width: 396px; } .article-title-card-rectangle__read-more { display: inline-block; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 4px; margin: 25px 16px 0 0; text-transform: uppercase; } .article-title-card-rectangle__arrow { color: #bababa; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(-90deg); transform: rotate(-90deg); } .article-headline { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; padding: 38px 0 32px; } .article-headline .article-labels { text-align: center; } .article-headline__line--short { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 24px; } .article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text { font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile { padding: 20px 0; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text { font-size: 24px; letter-spacing: -0.63px; margin: 0 15px 15px; text-align: center; } .article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-headline__collection { margin-bottom: 40px; } .article-headline__collection a { color: #242424; } .article-headline__text { font-size: 45px; letter-spacing: -1.26px; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 44px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .loading-spinner { margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } .loading-spinner__message { color: #002756; display: block; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: bold; margin: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-transform: uppercase; } .loading-spinner__image { display: block; margin: 0 auto; width: 48px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 900px; position: relative; } .hero-image img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 1600px) { .hero-image { height: 0; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; } .hero-image img { height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .article-hero { height: 672px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 100%; } .article-hero--small-mobile { height: 373px; } .article-hero--mobile { height: 486px; } .article-hero--small-tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet { height: 433px; } .article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 15px 0; } .article-hero__content { margin: auto; max-width: 1004px; pointer-events: none; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .article-hero--desktop { height: 573px; } .article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content { padding: 50px 30px 0; } .article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content { max-width: 1276px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content { padding: 60px 10px 0; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title { font-size: 24px; line-height: 30px; max-width: 220px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line { margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 16px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels { margin-bottom: 15px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta { line-height: 22px; } .article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a, .article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a { letter-spacing: 3px; } .article-hero__ambient-hidden { display: none; } .article-hero__background-ambient { bottom: 0; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; z-index: -1; } .article-hero__background::after { background-image: linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06) 24%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 51%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.32) 67%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.51) 100%); content: ''; height: 100%; left: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background img { bottom: -100%; display: block; height: 100%; left: -100%; margin: auto; min-height: 100%; min-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; right: -100%; top: -100%; width: 100%; } .article-hero__background--parallax img { -webkit-transform: scale(1.1); transform: scale(1.1); } .article-hero a { color: #fff; letter-spacing: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .article-hero__content-cta { clear: both; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 4px; line-height: 20px; max-width: 170px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); text-transform: uppercase; } .article-hero__content-cta a { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; letter-spacing: 4px; } .article-hero__content-labels { font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px; pointer-events: all; } .article-hero__content-line { background-color: #fff; border: 0; display: block; float: left; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-right: 300px; margin-top: 25px; width: 120px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow { position: relative; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::before { background: #fff; content: ''; height: 2px; left: 5px; margin-top: -1px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; top: 50%; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease; width: 20px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow::after { border-right: 2px solid #fff; border-top: 2px solid #fff; content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 10px; left: 16px; margin-top: 5px; opacity: 0.4; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); width: 10px; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before { opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after { margin-top: 6px; opacity: 1; } .article-hero__content-right-arrow img { height: 11px; margin-left: 10px; width: 19px; } .article-hero__content-title { color: #fff; font-size: 50px; line-height: 54px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 450px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.7); } .article-hero__content-title a { letter-spacing: -1.32px; } .article-hero__title-text { display: inline; } .article-hero__content-title > a:hover > div, .article-hero__content-subtitle > a:hover { background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, color-stop(100%, currentColor), color-stop(0%, transparent)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%); background-position: 0 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 100% 2px; } .article-hero__content-subtitle { clear: both; color: #fff; font-size: 23px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-top: 0; max-width: 440px; pointer-events: all; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(51, 51, 51, 0.5); } .article-hero__content-subtitle a { letter-spacing: -1px; } .article-hero__content-title--small { font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px; } .article-hero__content-title--tablet { clear: both; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.84px; line-height: 42px; max-width: 264px; } .article-hero__content-title--small a { letter-spacing: -0.63px; } .article-hero__down-arrow { background-color: transparent; border: 0; bottom: 0; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; left: calc(50% - 29px); margin: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0; position: absolute; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5); transform: scale(0.5); } .see-more-button-container { color: #fff; } .similar-articles-list { background-color: #f9f9f9; position: relative; text-align: center; } .similar-articles-list__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: -50px; } .similar-articles-list__collection { color: #4a4a4a; display: block; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; padding-bottom: 3px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__header { background-color: #000; color: #fff; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 3px; margin: 0 0 36px; padding: 8px; text-transform: uppercase; } .similar-articles-list__title { color: rgba(46, 46, 46, 0.85); display: block; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: -0.19px; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 3px; text-decoration: none; } .similar-articles-list__number { color: #000; font-size: 40px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 0; margin-right: 26px; opacity: 0.18; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 262px; padding-bottom: 32px; position: relative; } .similar-articles-list__articles-article:last-child { padding-bottom: 58px; } .similar-articles-list__number, .similar-articles-list__text { display: inline-block; } .similar-articles-list__text { margin-left: 50px; max-width: 210px; text-align: left; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button__inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: linear 0.6s; transition: linear 0.6s; } .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; -webkit-transition: linear 0.3s; transition: linear 0.3s; } .see-more-button__inner-text { margin-right: 24px; } .see-more-button__inner:hover { color: #4a4a4a; } .see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow { color: #4a4a4a; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .beta-btn { background-color: #e6711b; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; height: 25px; line-height: 12px; padding: 0 7px; width: 66px; } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow { cursor: pointer; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } .beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(-35deg); transform: rotate(-35deg); } .beta-btn__copy { color: #444; display: block; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0; line-height: 17px; margin: 16px auto; max-width: 50%; } .beta-btn__arrow { border: solid #fff; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; display: inline-block; padding: 3px; position: relative; top: -1px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .beta-btn__arrow--expanded { -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .load-more-button { -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { margin-right: 16px; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .load-more-button__downarrow { color: #adadad; font-size: 22px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh { -webkit-animation: spin 2s linear infinite; animation: spin 2s linear infinite; } .load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type { padding-right: 16px; } .load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type) { padding-left: 16px; } @-webkit-keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } @keyframes spin { 0% { -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(-270deg); transform: rotate(-270deg); } } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .basic-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #adadad; border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 0 #fff, 0 2px 0 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08); color: #193e6d; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; height: 54px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; min-width: 222px; text-align: center; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button__text { color: #444; font-family: 'BBC Reith Sans Cd'; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; } .basic-button__text--white { color: #fff; } .basic-button__text--curious { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } .basic-button__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .basic-button__text--future { color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--culture { color: #472479; } .basic-button__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .basic-button::before { padding-right: 16px; } .basic-button:hover { background-color: #dedede; } .basic-button--background-light-blue:hover { background-color: #dfe8ff; } .basic-button--background-worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .basic-button--background-future { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-culture { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .basic-button--background-travel { background-color: #589e50; } .basic-button--background-worklife:hover { background-color: #4494e4; } .basic-button--background-future:hover { background-color: #ffc857; } .basic-button--background-culture:hover { background-color: #472479; } .basic-button--background-earth:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button--background-travel:hover { background-color: #002856; } .basic-button__text--bold { font-weight: bold; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .read-more-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; font-weight: bold; position: relative; width: 224px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .AdFrame { display: -ms-inline-flexbox; display: inline-flex; } .AdFrame--default { background-color: #f6f6f6; } .AdFrame--dark-grey { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); } .AdFrame--centre-aligned { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .see-more-button { border-bottom: 1px solid #979797; text-align: center; } .see-more-button-inner { background-color: transparent; border: 0; color: #6c6c6c; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 2.92px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 13px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; } .see-more-button-inner--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow { color: #6c6c6c; font-size: 10px; position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 2px; } .see-more-button-inner__arrow--light { color: #b4b4b4; } .see-more-button-inner__text { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-header { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-header--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--simple { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; } .simple-header--small { font-size: 20px; line-height: 27px; } .simple-header--smallest { font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; } .simple-header--medium { font-size: 24px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--regular { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold { font-stretch: condensed; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large { line-height: 37px; } .simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular { line-height: 28px; } .simple-header--white { color: #fff; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-with-styled-background { height: inherit; position: relative; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background--collection { display: inline-block; width: unset; } .text-with-styled-background--center-align { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .text-with-styled-background__text { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 10px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__text--large { font-size: 26px; line-height: 30px; padding: 0 0 0 24px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--medium { font-size: 22px; line-height: 28px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding { padding: 0; width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__text--largest { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--future { color: #002856; } .text-with-styled-background__text--culture { color: #472479; } .text-with-styled-background__text--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .text-with-styled-background__text--travel { color: #589e50; } .text-with-styled-background__text--blue { color: #0052a1; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; padding: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium { font-size: 32px; line-height: 38px; } .text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container { bottom: 0; margin-left: 13px; position: absolute; width: calc(100% - 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line { background-color: rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.05); height: 26px; max-width: 240px; position: relative; } .text-with-styled-background__line--large { bottom: -10px; height: 42px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--narrow { height: 26px; max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line--medium { bottom: -10px; height: 36px; max-width: 340px; } .text-with-styled-background__line--largest { max-width: 100%; } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection { width: calc(100% + 26px); } .text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin { margin: 0; } .text-with-styled-background__line--collection { height: 26px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .play-button__inline-audio, .play-button__inline-video { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 49px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 49px; } .play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play { color: #ececec; } .play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play { color: #8beed9; } .play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play { color: #ffc857; } .play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play { color: #472479; } .play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play, .play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play { color: #002856; } .play-button__inline-audio { color: #fff; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; padding: 0; width: 50px; } .play-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); border: 2px solid #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 80px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 80px; } .play-button:hover { color: #5ae9cb; } .play-button--white { border: 4px solid #fff; } .play-button--white:hover { color: #fff; } .play-button--white .gelicon--play { color: inherit; } .play-button--worklife { border: 2px solid #8beed9; } .play-button--worklife:hover { color: #8beed9; } .play-button--travel { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--travel:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--future { border: 2px solid #ffc857; } .play-button--future:hover { color: #ffc857; } .play-button--culture { border: 2px solid #472479; } .play-button--culture:hover { color: #472479; } .play-button--earth { border: 2px solid #002856; } .play-button--earth:hover { color: #002856; } .play-button--desktop { font-size: 30px; height: 76px; width: 76px; } .play-button--background-hover:hover { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .error-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 22px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .error-button .gelicon--alert { color: #ececec; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .previous-media-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #000; border: 0; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 16px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; outline: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; } .previous-media-button__icon--white svg { fill: #fff; } .previous-media-button span { height: 18px; width: 16px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .text-summary__text { font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--blue { color: #193e6d; } .text-summary__text--black { color: #000; } .text-summary__text--grey { color: #6a6a6a; } .text-summary__text--dark-grey { color: #444; } .text-summary__text--left { text-align: left; } .text-summary__text--right { text-align: right; } .screen-reader-only { border: 0; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .simple-p-tag { color: #444; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; } .simple-p-tag--large { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .simple-header--serif-light-italic { font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; } .inline-html { display: block; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .drop-capped { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; border: 2px solid #444; color: #444; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; float: left; font-size: 58px; font-weight: bold; height: 84px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; margin: 8px 10px 4px 0; text-transform: uppercase; width: 84px; } .drop-capped--worklife { border-color: #8beed9; } .drop-capped--future { border-color: #ffc857; } .drop-capped--culture { border-color: #444; } .drop-capped--earth { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--travel { border-color: #002856; } .drop-capped--desktop { margin-right: 24px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav__icon { color: #fff; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 20px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon { color: #cecece; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); } .close-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-label { color: #4e4e4e; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .nav-label:hover { color: #8e8e8e; } .nav-label--menu { color: #ebebeb; } .nav-label--menu:hover { color: #cecece; } .nav-label--white { color: #fff; } .nav-label--curiousSans { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-links__link { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; padding-right: 24px; position: relative; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-links__link--active p { border-bottom: 2px solid #002856; font-weight: bold; } .nav-links__link--active--menu p { border-bottom: unset; } .nav-links__link--active--worklife p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0052a1; } .nav-links__link--active--culture p { border-bottom: 2px solid #472479; } .nav-links__link--active--earth p { border-bottom: 2px solid #0fbb56; } .nav-links__link--active--travel p { border-bottom: 2px solid #589e50; } .nav-links__icon { background-color: #0052a1; bottom: 10px; height: 2px; position: absolute; width: 80px; } .nav-links__link--menu { display: block; padding-right: unset; } .nav-links__icon--menu { display: none; } .nav-links__icon--menu-tablet { width: 60px; } .nav-links__icon--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-links__icon--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-links__icon--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-links__icon--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-links__icon--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-links__link--menu p { font-size: 26px; padding: 0 0 32px 24px; } .nav-links__link--menu-desktop p { font-size: 32px; line-height: 42px; padding: 0 0 44px 100px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .burger-nav { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #0052a1; cursor: pointer; font-size: 20px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .burger-nav--worklife { color: #0052a1; } .burger-nav--future { color: #002856; } .burger-nav--culture { color: #472479; } .burger-nav--earth { color: #0fbb56; } .burger-nav--travel { color: #589e50; } .burger-nav--medium { font-size: 16px; } .burger-nav--small { font-size: 12px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-menu { background-color: #0052a1; display: block; height: 100%; left: 0; min-height: 100vh; opacity: 0.98; overflow: auto; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 100vw; } .nav-menu--worklife { background-color: #0052a1; } .nav-menu--future { background-color: #002856; } .nav-menu--culture { background-color: #472479; } .nav-menu--earth { background-color: #0fbb56; } .nav-menu--travel { background-color: #589e50; } .nav-menu__close-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; padding: 16px 8px 60px; } .nav-menu__close-nav--desktop { padding: 20px 16px 70px; } .nav-menu__sponsored { background-color: rgba(34, 34, 34, 0.5); height: 100%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop { margin-bottom: 44px; } .nav-menu__sponsored-container { padding: 20px 16px 16px 24px; } .nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container { margin: auto; max-width: 1264px; padding: 20px 16px 20px 100px; } .nav-menu__follow-us { padding: 52px 0 34px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .ad-slot { display: inline-block; } .ad-slot__container { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .ad-slot__label { max-width: 120px; min-width: 112px; padding-right: 8px; text-align: right; } .ad-slot--leaderboard { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .ad-slot__label--mpu, .ad-slot__label--leaderboard { margin-bottom: 8px; max-width: unset; padding-right: unset; text-align: right; } .ad-slot__container--mpu, .ad-slot__container--leaderboard { display: inline-block; -ms-flex-wrap: unset; flex-wrap: unset; } .ad-slot__fake--sponsor { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 31px; min-width: 88px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 250px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--mpu-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 600px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 90px; min-width: 728px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 320px; } .ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small { background-color: #5ae9cb; height: 50px; min-width: 300px; } .ad-slot__label--dark { color: #dcdcdc; } .ad-slot--dark { background-color: #f6f6f6; padding: 8px; } .ad-slot--black { background-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.8); padding: 8px; } .open-nav { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: unset; border: unset; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; padding: 0; position: relative; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; } .open-nav__icon { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .open-nav__label { display: inline-block; margin-right: 12px; } .play-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .play-icon--red { color: #f00; } .play-icon--grey { color: #999; } .play-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .play-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } .camera-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .camera-icon--red { color: #f00; } .camera-icon--grey { color: #999; } .camera-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .camera-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .nav-build-bar { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: auto; margin: auto; max-width: 1280px; width: 100%; } .nav-build-bar--mobile { height: auto; -ms-flex-pack: justify; justify-content: space-between; } .nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content { white-space: pre-wrap; } .nav-build-bar--tablet { height: 58px; } .nav-build-bar--desktop { height: 60px; } .nav-build-bar__links { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -ms-flex-wrap: wrap; flex-wrap: wrap; height: 100%; -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-left: auto; overflow: hidden; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; margin-left: 8px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand { margin-left: 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding: 0 8px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--tablet { padding: 0 30px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__branding--desktop { padding: 0 80px 0 0; } .nav-build-bar__title-content { border: 1.78px solid; color: #444; font-size: 22px; font-weight: bold; margin: unset; padding: 8px; width: -webkit-fit-content; width: -moz-fit-content; width: fit-content; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet { font-size: 24px; white-space: nowrap; } .nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop { font-size: 28px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 48px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav-button { display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; padding-left: 8px; } .nav-build-bar__sponsored { background-color: #f6f6f6; border: 1px solid #d3d3d3; height: 48px; padding: 0 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop { padding-right: 16px; } .nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile { -ms-flex-pack: end; justify-content: flex-end; max-width: 100px; width: 100%; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .styled-dot { background-color: #5ae9cb; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 6px; width: 6px; } .styled-dot--no-cursor { cursor: unset; } .styled-dot--medium { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 10px; width: 10px; } .styled-dot--dark-blue { background-color: #193e6d; } .styled-dot--purple { background-color: #362e67; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--black { background-color: #000; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--grey-green { background-color: #008e9b; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--dark-green { background-color: #589e50; -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; } .styled-dot--worklife { background-color: #8beed9; } .styled-dot--future { background-color: #ffc857; } .styled-dot--culture { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--travel { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--worklife-prime { background-color: #0052a1; } .styled-dot--future-prime { background-color: #002856; } .styled-dot--culture-prime { background-color: #472479; } .styled-dot--earth-prime { background-color: #0fbb56; } .styled-dot--travel-prime { background-color: #589e50; } .styled-dot--large { -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); box-shadow: 0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.5); height: 16px; width: 16px; } .styled-dot--small { -webkit-box-shadow: unset; box-shadow: unset; height: 8px; width: 8px; } .styled-dot--grey { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } .info-icon { background: transparent; border: 0; color: #fff; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0; } .info-icon--red { color: #f00; } .info-icon--grey { color: #999; } .info-icon--medium { font-size: 16px; } .info-icon--large { font-size: 20px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .email-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 11px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .email-icon:hover { background-color: #000; } .email-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .facebook-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 15px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .facebook-icon:hover { background-color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #3b5998; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--blue:hover { background-color: #3b5998; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .facebook-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #3b5998; } .facebook-icon--small { font-size: 20px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .hero-header { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; } .hero-header__header { font-family: 'CuriousSansBold'; color: #fff; font-size: 38px; line-height: 40px; margin: 0; text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(25, 62, 109, 0.7); } .hero-header__header--large { font-size: 44px; line-height: 48px; } .hero-header__header--medium { font-size: 38px; line-height: 47px; } .hero-header__header--small { font-size: 28px; line-height: 34px; } .hero-header__header--black { color: #000; text-shadow: unset; } .hero-header__header--grey { color: #adadad; text-shadow: unset; } .ticked-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #13de99; border-radius: 50%; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .ticked-icon--small { font-size: 12px; height: 38px; width: 38px; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .google-plus-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .google-plus-icon:hover { background-color: #d34836; } .google-plus-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .linkedin-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .linkedin-icon:hover { background-color: #0077b5; } .linkedin-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .reddit-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 26px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .reddit-icon:hover { background-color: #ff4500; } .reddit-icon__hide { display: none; } .reddit-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } .share-button { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #e4e4e4; color: #444; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; letter-spacing: 3px; padding: 18px 16px; text-transform: uppercase; -webkit-transition: 0.6s; transition: 0.6s; width: 110px; z-index: 55; } .share-button .gelicon--share { margin-right: 10px; -webkit-transition: 0.3s ease-in; transition: 0.3s ease-in; } .share-button:hover .gelicon--share, .share-button .gelicon--share-sharing { -webkit-transform: rotate(-180deg); transform: rotate(-180deg); } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .whatsapp-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .whatsapp-icon:hover { background-color: #25d366; } .whatsapp-icon--red:hover { background-color: #f00; } /* stylelint-disable property-no-unknown */ .twitter-icon { -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; background-color: #193e6d; border-radius: 50%; color: #fff; cursor: pointer; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; font-size: 13px; height: 50px; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; text-decoration: none; -webkit-transition-duration: 0.6s; transition-duration: 0.6s; width: 50px; z-index: 55; } .twitter-icon:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #1da1f2; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--light-blue:hover { background-color: #1da1f2; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white { background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #fff; color: #fff; } .twitter-icon--white:hover { background-color: #fff; color: #1da1f2; } .twitter-icon--small { font-size: 18px; height: 38px; width: 38px; }html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; } #root *, #root *::before, #root *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #root article, #root aside, #root figure, #root footer, #root header, #root nav, #root section { display: block; } body { background: #fff; } .app__body { display: flex; flex-direction: column; min-height: 100vh; overflow: visible; position: relative; } .app__domestic-disclaimer { bottom: 0; position: fixed; width: 100%; z-index: 5000; } .main { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .navigation { background-color: #fff; display: none; margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 4px 16px 0; position: relative; z-index: 1000; } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .navigation { max-width: 976px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .navigation { padding: 0 16px 1px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .navigation { max-width: 990px; } } @media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px) { .navigation { padding: 4px 8px; } } .navigation--display { display: block; } .navigation-sticky--undocked { background-color: #fff; width: 100%; z-index: 10000; } .StickyElement { position: relative; z-index: 1501; } .loader { display: none; height: 100%; left: -99999px; opacity: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; transition: 0.2s opacity; width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } .loader--is-active { background: white; display: block; left: 0; opacity: 1; } .loader__body { display: none; left: 50%; position: fixed; top: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%); } .loader__body--show-loader { display: block; } .no-js .loader { display: none; } .vertical-index { display: flex; flex: 1 0 auto; flex-direction: column; } .vertical-index__collection-swimlane { min-height: 400px; } .vertical-index .article-hero__content { margin-top: 106px; padding-left: 25px; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad { background-color: #f1f1f1; padding: 25px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles { margin-top: 35px; } .vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile { margin-top: 28px; } .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 1248px; padding: 16px 0 0; } @media (min-width: 1008px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { padding: 16px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { margin: auto; max-width: 990px; padding: 8px 16px 0; } } @media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .vertical-index__storyworks-section { max-width: 976px; } } .vertical-index__storyworks-section > div > div { background: #f1f1f1; display: inline-block; } .vertical-index__full-width-ad .bbccom_standard_slot, .vertical-index__hero-article-leaderboard .bbccom_standard_slot { background-color: transparent !important; } .latest-articles__container { margin-bottom: 24px; } .latest-articles__container--tablet { margin-bottom: 26px; } .latest-articles__container--desktop { margin-bottom: 32px; } .latest-articles__articles { margin: 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href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p090yvcy.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p090yvcy.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p090yvcy.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p090yvcy.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090yvcy.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090yvcy.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p090yvcy.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p090yvcy.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090yvcy.jpg" alt="(Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/the-life-project"><span>The Life Project</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever"><span>Why work will never feel the same</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Rachel Mishael and Bryan Lufkin</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="An antidote to powerlessness?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p090y13y.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p090y13y.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p090y13y.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p090y13y.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090y13y.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090y13y.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p090y13y.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p090y13y.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="We like being in control - but our sense of self-determination has been thrown into disarray by the pandemic (Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090y13y.jpg" alt="We like being in control - but our sense of self-determination has been thrown into disarray by the pandemic (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/tags/psychology"><span>Psychology</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless"><span>An antidote to powerlessness?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By David Robson</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How gaming has become a social lifeline" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p091j3dx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p091j3dx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p091j3dx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p091j3dx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091j3dx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091j3dx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p091j3dx.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p091j3dx.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p091j3dx.jpg" alt="(Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/the-life-project"><span>The Life Project</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline"><span>How gaming has become a social lifeline</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Bryan Lufkin</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__full-width-image-article"><div class="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-container="full-width-image-article" data-bbc-title="The opulent ritual defying the pandemic" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"full-width-image-article","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="full-width-image-article__container"><div class="full-width-image-article__image"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08zz2xz.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08zz2xz.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08zz2xz.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08zz2xz.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08zz2xz.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08zz2xz.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08zz2xz.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08zz2xz.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Aju Photography)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08zz2xz.jpg" alt="(Credit: Aju Photography)" id=""/></picture><div class="full-width-image-article__background"></div></div><div class="full-width-image-article__text"><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/the-life-project"><span class="full-width-image-article-text__label b-reith-sans-font">The Life Project</span></a><a class="full-width-image-article__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic"><h2 class="full-width-image-article-text__header b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">The opulent ritual defying the pandemic</h2></a><p class="full-width-image-article-text__author b-font-family-serif b-font-weight-300">By Sukhada Tatke</p></div></div></div></div><div class="vertical-index__latest-articles vertical-index__latest-articles--mobile"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--tablet"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--tablet">Navigating New</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--tablet latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle"><div class="rectangle-story-group"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Why so many couples are splitting up" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p090c7fh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p090c7fh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p090c7fh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p090c7fh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090c7fh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090c7fh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p090c7fh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p090c7fh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="File image of an unhappy couple" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p090c7fh.jpg" alt="File image of an unhappy couple" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--worklife"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/the-life-project"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife">The Life Project</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">Why so many couples are splitting up</h2></a><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--light-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif b-reith-sans-font">By Maddy Savage</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How Germans disconnect from the workday" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08sw1nm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08sw1nm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08sw1nm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p08sw1nm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08sw1nm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08sw1nm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08sw1nm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p08sw1nm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p08sw1nm.jpg" alt="(Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--worklife"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--worklife" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/the-life-project"><span>The Life Project</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday"><span>How Germans disconnect from the workday</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Krystin Arneson</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--tablet rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen"><div class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet" data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="What's driving 'secret parenting'?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting" data-bbc-client-routed="true"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20201220233347/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--worklife"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p07fsc3b.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08ybylg.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220233347im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p08ybylg.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" 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entity can reduce anxiety, while also kicking up some major benefits for your confidence and determination.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow do the world’s top stars muster the poise and determination to stand on stage, despite the nerves and anxiety of having a bad performance? For both Beyoncé and Adele, the secret has been the creation of an alter ego.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeyoncé’s was the assertive and empowered ‘Sasha Fierce’, who allowed her to perform with extra self-confidence and sensuality. “Usually when I hear the chords, when I put on my stilettos, like the moment right before when you’re nervous… then Sasha Fierce appears, and my posture and the way I speak and everything is different,” \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=4AA5G8vCl9w\"\u003Eshe told Oprah\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Winfrey in 2008. It was a strategy that she continued to use until 2010, when she \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mtv.com\u002Fnews\u002F1632774\u002Fbeyonce-says-she-killed-sasha-fierce\u002F\"\u003Efelt she had matured enough to avoid the psychological crutch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInspired by an emotional meeting with Beyoncé herself, Adele followed suit, telling \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rollingstone.com\u002Fmusic\u002Fmusic-news\u002Fadele-opens-up-about-her-inspirations-looks-and-stage-fright-79626\u002F\"\u003ERolling Stone magazine in 2011 about her creation of ‘Sasha Carter’\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The persona was a combination of Beyoncé’s Sasha Fierce persona and the (real) country music star June Carter. Adele said the strategy helped her give her best to every performance during her breakout year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough the embodiment of a fictional persona may seem like a gimmick for pop stars, new research suggests there may be some real psychological benefits to the strategy. Adopting an alter ego is an extreme form of ‘self-distancing’, which involves taking a step back from our immediate feelings to allow us to view a situation more dispassionately.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Self-distancing gives us a little bit of extra space to think rationally about the situation,” says Rachel White, assistant professor of psychology at Hamilton College in New York State. It allows us to rein in undesirable feelings like anxiety, increases our perseverance on challenging tasks, and boosts our self-control.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEthan Kross, professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, has led much of this research over the past decade, showing that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fselfcontrol.psych.lsa.umich.edu\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F12\u002F1-s2.0-S0065260116300338-main-2.pdf\"\u003Eeven small shifts in perspective can help people to gain control of their emotions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn one study, participants were asked to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002Femo0000491\"\u003Ethink about a challenging event in the future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as an important exam, in one of two different ways. The group in the “immersed” condition were told to picture it from the inside, as if they were in the middle of the situation, whereas those in the “distanced” condition were asked to picture it from afar – as if they were a fly on the wall. The differences were striking, with those taking the distanced viewpoint feeling much less anxious about the event, compared to the immersed group. The self-distancing also encouraged greater feelings of self-efficacy – the sense that they could pro-actively cope with the situation and achieve their goal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Adopting an alter ego is an extreme form of ‘self-distancing’, which involves taking a step back from our immediate feelings to allow us to view a situation more dispassionately","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn other experiments, participants were asked to give a small public talk. Beforehand, they were advised to think through their emotions about the challenge using the third person (for example, “David feels…”) as if they were a separate entity, rather than the more immersive first person (for example, “I feel”). Like the distanced visualisation, this advice was designed to encourage the person to see the situation from an outside perspective.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce again, the creation of the psychological distance helped the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jesp.2016.11.008\"\u003Eparticipants to master their anxiety\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, reducing both their subjective ratings of the emotion and objective measures, such as the changes in heart rate and blood pressure that usually accompany threatening events. And \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F24467424\u002F\"\u003Ethose feelings of greater confidence were reflected in the quality of the presentation itself,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E according to the judgement of independent observers asked to rate their performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESelf-distancing seems to enable people to reap these positive effects by leading them to focus on the bigger picture – it’s possible to see events as part of a broader plan rather than getting bogged down in immediate feelings. And this has led some researchers to wonder whether it could also improve elements of self-control like determination, by making sure that we keep focused on our goals even in the face of distraction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlong these lines, one experiment asked whether people were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fejsp.2048\"\u003Ebetter able to focus on difficult word puzzles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E if they had been asked to practice self-distancing before the test. In this case, they were asked to give advice to themselves in the second-person – for example, saying “\u003Cem\u003EYou\u003C\u002Fem\u003E will concentrate on each question” – as if they were talking to a friend, rather than themselves. Besides improving overall performance, the effects could also be seen in questionnaires measuring their attitudes to the task, which revealed a stronger intention to improve their performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy boosting their sense of self control, self-distancing can also improve people’s health behaviour. For instance, it can increase people’s intentions to exercise, and helps them to resist the temptation of junk food. This is no mean feat. “Few self-control strategies to date have successfully improved eating outcomes,” says Celina Furman, a social psychology researcher at the University of Minnesota.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We could all boost our emotional regulation, self-control and general poise by choosing to embody another persona à la Sasha Fierce","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWorking with Kross, Furman recently asked participants to practice self-distancing as they were faced with the choice of various kinds of food – for example, fruit compared to candy. When participants had practiced self-distancing (asking “What does \u003Cem\u003EDavid\u003C\u002Fem\u003E want?”, rather than “What do \u003Cem\u003EI\u003C\u002Fem\u003E want?) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F2167702619896366\"\u003Ethey were more likely to choose the healthier option\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough further studies will be needed to test the long-term benefits of the approach, Furman thinks that it could be incorporated into a variety of different weight-loss schemes. “The ease of distanced self-talk does offer exciting potential applications,” she says. It could be incorporated into mobile apps, for instance, with notifications that prompt you to think in the third person as you plan your meals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe possibility that self-distancing could increase willpower is particularly exciting for child psychologists, given that self-discipline is thought to be as important for academic performance as IQ.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA few years ago, assistant psychology professor White took a group of six-year-olds and set them a test of concentration on a computer, in which a series of images flashed and they had to press the space bar whenever they saw a picture of cheese. The task was designed to be rather boring, but the children were told that it was “a very important activity” and that they would be a “good helper” if they worked on the task for as long as possible – which was meant to increase their motivation to persevere. As a potential distraction, the researchers also left them with an iPad, with a much more fun game designed to lure them away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeforehand, the children were told that it could sometimes be helpful to think about their feelings, if the task got too boring. Some were told to think “Am \u003Cem\u003EI \u003C\u002Fem\u003Eworking hard?” while others were encouraged to think in the third-person (“Is \u003Cem\u003EHannah\u003C\u002Fem\u003E working hard?”). A third group were given the option to change persona entirely by inhabiting the role of their favourite fictional hero, such as Batman or Dora the Explorer. They were even given props to dress up, and when they got bored, they were told to consider their behaviour as if they were the actual character, asking, for instance, “Is \u003Cem\u003EBatman\u003C\u002Fem\u003E working hard?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers had suspected that the alter ego would be a more extreme form of self-distancing, and the results showed exactly that. While the children thinking in the third person spent about 10% more of the total available time on the task that those thinking in the first person, it was the children inhabiting their alter egos who stuck it out for the longest of all. Overall, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsrcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fcdev.12695\"\u003Ethey spent 13% more of the total available time on the task than those thinking in the third person\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (and 23% more than those thinking about their behaviour in the first person).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhite has also found that adopting an alter ego can also help children to concentrate on a complex card game, in which they had to follow complex rules that kept on changing. Once again, “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F25997842\u002F\"\u003Ethe Batman effect” seemed to have increased their resolve and concentration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, improving their “executive function”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile these were laboratory experiments, White hopes that this small exercise might ease many situations that require self-control. The test of perseverance, after all, was already very close to the kind of decisions that children might face when doing their homework with the potential temptation of the TV or cell phone. She thinks it may also be useful to avoid feeling dispirited during new challenges. “Pretending to be someone who's more competent, and getting that distance from the situation, could help them to overcome the frustration they're feeling when they're learning something new,” says White.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven these findings and the benefits of self-distancing more generally, White suspects that we could all boost our emotional regulation, self-control and general poise by choosing to embody another persona à la Sasha Fierce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter all, certain religious initiatives already encourage this kind of thinking, says White. “When I was growing up in the ‘90s, there were all these bracelets that said, ‘WWJD’ – What would Jesus do? So, I think it’s a pretty intuitive concept to a lot of people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you want to try it yourself, White suggests picking a different person for different types of goals – maybe a wise member of your family for a personal dilemma, or a work mentor for a professional problem. “When I was a postdoc, we had a little saying in our lab that if you're an undergrad, pretend to be a grad student. If you are a grad student, pretend to be a postdoc, and if you're a postdoc, pretend to be the leader of the lab – just to get you to that next level,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever persona we choose, the practice should create some psychological space away from potentially distracting feelings, while also reminding us of the behaviours we want to emulate. Whether we’re placing ourselves in the shoes of a friend, a religious figure, or Beyoncé herself, a little imagination might put us all a little closer to the person we wish to become.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (WW Norton\u002FHodder & Stoughton)\u003Cem\u003E, which examines the cutting-edge psychology of irrational thinking and the best ways to make wiser decisions.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The ‘Batman Effect’: How having an alter ego empowers you","headlineShort":"A simple trick to increase self-control","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Thinking of yourself as a separate entity can reduce anxiety, while also kicking up some major benefits for your confidence and determination.","summaryShort":"The empowering results of the 'Batman Effect'","tag":[],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-17T19:53:08.117485Z","entity":"article","guid":"d1e24ab5-7ff9-4ee6-a9aa-835a7f27c247","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-16T05:56:09.246954Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227801},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8b20","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Floizos-heracleous-and-david-robson"],"bodyIntro":"Although paradoxes often trip us up, embracing contradictory ideas may actually be the secret to creativity and leadership.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWorking life often involves the push and pull of various contradictory demands. Doctors and nurses need to provide highest quality healthcare at the lowest cost; musicians want to maintain their artistic integrity while also making a sack full of cash. A teacher has to impose toughdiscipline for the good of the class – being “cruel to be kind”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeing dragged in two different directions, simultaneously, should only create tension and stress. And yet some exciting and highly counter-intuitive research suggests that these conflicts can often work in our favour. Over a series of studies, psychologists and organisational scientists have found that people who learn to embrace, rather than reject, opposing demands show greater creativity, flexibility and productivity. The dual constraints actually enhance their performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe researchers call this a “paradox mindset” – and there never be a better time to start cultivating it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThink like Einstein\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough this concept may sound counter-intuitive, it is inspired by a long history of research showing that contemplation of apparent contradictions can break down our assumptions, offering us wholly new ways of looking at the problem.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08xy3s3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHarvard University psychiatrist Albert Rothenberg was among the first to investigate the idea formally, with a study in 1996 of acclaimed geniuses. Interviewing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F10400419.1996.9651173\"\u003E22 Nobel laureates, and analysing historical accounts of deceased world-changing scientists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he noted that each revolutionary thinker had spent considerable time “actively conceiving multiple opposites or antitheses simultaneously”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEinstein, for instance, contemplated how an object could be both at rest and moving depending on the position of the observer, a consideration that ultimately led to his relativity theory. Danish physicist Niels Bohrtried to reconcile the ways that energy acted like both waves and particles: states that existed simultaneously, even though they could not be observed together. This train of thought ultimately inspired a startling new understanding of quantum mechanics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBesides these scientists, Rothenberg has examined the biographies of many award-winning writers, showing that their creativity is also often sparked by the contemplation of irreconcilable ideas. Take the playwright Eugene O’Neill. Rothenberg \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fgb\u002Fblog\u002Fcreative-explorations\u002F201506\u002Fthe-janusian-process-in-creativity\"\u003Epoints out that the drama of The Iceman Cometh\u003C\u002Fa\u003E grew from the character Hickey’s contradictory desires for his wife to be both faithful and unfaithful to him – at the same time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08xy3q6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe power of conflict\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost of us do not have Einstein or O’Neill’s genius, of course, but a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.aom.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.5465\u002F19416520.2016.1162422\"\u003Eseries of studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have shown that “paradoxical cognition” can also help more average thinkers to solve everyday problems, and organisations to enhance their performance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0749597811000471\"\u003Eone of the early studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Ella Miron-Spektor, associate professor of organisational behaviour at INSEAD, and her research collaborators asked participants to write down three paradoxical statements. This, the participants were told, could be as banal as the idea that “sitting can be more tiring that walking”; they simply had to list any thoughts that were “seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true”. She then gave them two of psychology’s standard tests of creativity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first was the “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FRemote_Associates_Test\"\u003Eremote association test\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”, which requires participants to find a common word that links three different alternatives. What links “sore, shoulder, sweat”, for example? The answer is cold – and if you get it right, you’ve been able to spot the hidden connections between diverse ideas, which is considered essential for many forms of creative thinking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe second was the so-called “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FCandle_problem\"\u003Ecandle problem\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”. Participants were shown a picture containing several objects on a table: a candle, a pack of matches and a box of tacks, all of which were next to a cardboard wall. They were then given three minutes to work out how to attach the candle to the wall so that the candle burns properly but does not drip wax on the table or the floor – using only the materials provided. The accepted answer is to empty the box, place the candle inside and then tack the box to the wall. But the majority of participants fail to consider that the box itself could be a useful material, leaving them completely stumped for a solution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMiron-Spektor found that the participants who had been asked to consider the paradoxical statements tended to perform much better on both tasks, compared to a control group who had simply noted down three “interesting” statements. Thirty-five percent of the paradoxical thinkers found the correct solution to the candle problem, for example, compared with just 21% of the control group – a large difference after such a simple prime.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough the participants’ paradoxical statements were not directly related to the task itself, their contemplation of the contradictory ideas seemed to have freed their thinking from its usual constraints, meaning that they were better able to think “outside the box” (or, in this case, inside it).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the same paper, Miron-Spektor demonstrated that this also occurs when we consider the apparently paradoxical goals found in many jobs. People who were asked to reflect on the dual (and apparently opposing) requirements of minimising costs and maximising innovation were subsequently more creative than those who only considered one goal or the other: somehow, the contradictory demands fuelled their thinking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08xy3sf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe paradox mindset\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA more recent study, published by Miron-Spektor and colleagues in 2017, has examined the benefits of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.aom.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.5465\u002Famj.2016.0594\"\u003Eparadoxical cognition in the real workplace\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of a large consumer-products manufacturer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe research team suspected that the answer would depend on an employee’s abilities and attitudes, and so they first designed a questionnaire to measure the “paradox mindset”. The participants were first asked to rate statements about their willingness to embrace contradictions, such as:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWhen I consider conflicting perspectives, I gain a better understanding of an issue\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EI am comfortable working on tasks that contradict each other\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EI feel uplifted when I realise that two opposites can be true\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe participants were also asked to describe how often they experienced “resource scarcity” at work (the need to perform highly under limited time or financial resources). Their supervisors, meanwhile, had to rate their performance and innovation within the role.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESure enough, the study found that the employee’s paradox mindset had a large influence on their ability to cope with the demands. For the people who scored highly, the challenge of dealing with limited resources was energising and inspiring, and their performance actually increased under the tension, so that they came up with new and better solutions to the problems within their role. Those without the paradox mindset, in contrast, tended to crumble, and struggled to maintain their performance when resources were scarce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese discoveries may be especially important for leaders, with evidence that a manager’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F0021886319888267\"\u003Eparadox mindset influences the innovation of their whole team\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Companies and institutions that embrace paradoxical strategies tend to outperform their competitors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies of the Toyota Motor Corporation have found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2008\u002F06\u002Fthe-contradictions-that-drive-toyotas-success\"\u003Ecertain paradoxes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are rife in its corporate culture, including the dual goals of maintaining stability while also encouraging constant reform. (As the former chairperson Hiroshi Okuda put it, “Reform business when business is good.”) This has resulted in an extremely efficient, lean production system that others try to emulate. It is also consistently ranked as one of the most \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.which.co.uk\u002Freviews\u002Fnew-and-used-cars\u002Farticle\u002Fcar-brand-reviews\u002Fshould-i-buy-a-toyota-car-aVBZY0a8bosw\"\u003Ereliable brands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and has the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F232958\u002Frevenue-of-the-leading-car-manufacturers-worldwide\u002F\"\u003Ehighest revenues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of any carmaker in the world. Apple, meanwhile, is well known for design innovation and quality, but few are aware of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0090261613000132\"\u003Eextreme efficiency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of its operations. These combined goals have enabled Apple to be the most valuable company in the world at a market capitalisation of nearly US$2tn (£1.54tn).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECreative sparks\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow can we capitalise on this knowledge? One obvious step, inspired by Miron-Spektor’s early study, would be to simply note down any paradoxes you encounter – and to make a point of contemplating them before you set about solving problems. If you are stuck for ideas, you could look further into the paradoxes that inspired scientists like Einstein and Bohr. Greek philosophy is also full of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZeno%27s_paradoxes\"\u003Eparadoxical ideas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that might get your creative juices flowing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYour own job may already contain many contradictory goals that could inspire paradoxical cognition. In the past, you might have assumed that you need to sacrifice one for the other – but if you want to cultivate the paradox mindset, you might spend a bit more time considering the ways you can pursue them both, simultaneously. Rather than seeing the potential conflicts as something to avoid, you can begin to view the competing demands as an opportunity for growth and a source of motivation. (And if there aren’t any external pressures, you could create your own – asking, for instance, how you could increase the efficiency and accuracy of your performance on a particular task, if only for an exercise in paradoxical thinking.) There may be no immediate solution, but the very act of thinking about the possibility of reconciling those issues could still lubricate your mind for greater innovation elsewhere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe prospect of deliberately embracing competing demands may sound arduous, but Chinese researchers have recently shown that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1177\u002F0021886319888267\"\u003Epeople with this mindset also get greater satisfaction from their role\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There is an enjoyment, apparently, in reconciling two opposing goals – provided you have the right mindset.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoosting your innovation and success, while also having more fun at work? There’s a paradox that’s certainly worth embracing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELoizos Heracleous is a Professor of Strategy at Warwick Business School and an Associate Fellow at the University of Oxford. He is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fheracleous.org\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJanus Strategy\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E David Robson is the is author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Revolutionise Your Thinking and Make Wiser Decision\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003Es (Hodder & Stoughton\u002FWW Norton).\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why the ‘paradox mindset’ is the key to success","headlineShort":"The power of having a ‘paradox mindset’","image":["p08xy3nf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Although paradoxes often trip us up, embracing contradictory ideas may actually be the secret to creativity and leadership.","summaryShort":"Embracing contradictory ideas can enhance creativity and leadership","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-11T20:43:21.566839Z","entity":"article","guid":"6839a48c-c4eb-40ea-9367-262b0d639a4c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-03T15:36:55.170514Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227800},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious","_id":"5fda3faf81722ae486bf81c8","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Overconfidence can delude us into dangerous thought or actions – and that same arrogance can also spread to others like wildfire, too.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the late 1980s, the aptly named psychologist James Reason wanted to understand the flawed thinking behind road accidents. He took to the streets and supermarket car parks around Manchester, UK, and asked a total of 520 drivers to estimate the number of times they’d committed certain offences. Did they regularly fail to check their rear-view mirror, for instance? Or had they entered the wrong lane when approaching a junction? Beside the list of errors and violations, the participants were also asked to estimate how their driving ability compared to others’ – whether it was better or worse than average.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven the sheer amount of time many people spend behind the wheel, you’d hope that most of the drivers would have at least some awareness of their own abilities. Yet Reason found that this couldn’t have been further from the truth. Of the 520 drivers, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F20073122\u002F\"\u003Ejust five considered that they were worse than average – fewer than 1%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The rest – even the truly abysmal drivers who were constantly making errors – considered themselves to be at least as good as the next person, and many thought they were a lot better. It was, essentially, a mass delusion that rendered them completely blind to their own failings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThree decades later, psychologists have documented similarly deluded levels of confidence for many different traits and abilities. We tend to think we are more intelligent, creative, athletic, dependable, considerate, honest and friendly than most people (a phenomenon that is often known as the “better-than-average effect”). “The evidence is extremely – even unusually – strong,” says Ethan Zell, an associate professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, who recently conducted \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31789535\u002F\"\u003Ea meta-analysis of the studies so far\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The strength of the effect has made it a classroom favourite, he says. “It basically never fails. If you give people a questionnaire where they rate themselves relative to the average, almost everyone in the class thinks they're above average at almost everything.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe consequences may be serious. As Professor Reason had implied, overconfidence of our own skills on the road may lead to risky driving and serious accidents. In medicine, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F18440350\u002F\"\u003Eit can lead to fatal diagnostic error\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; in law, it can lead to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Ftemplates\u002Fstory\u002Fstory.php?storyId=5133441\"\u003Efalse accusations and miscarriages of justice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And in business, managerial arrogance puts companies at a greater chance of both \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0165410111000644\"\u003Ecommitting fraud\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fefmaefm.org\u002F0efmameetings\u002Fefma%20annual%20meetings\u002F2018-Milan\u002Fpapers\u002FEFMA2018_0504_fullpaper.pdf\"\u003Edeclaring bankruptcy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s little wonder, then, that overconfidence is often known as the “mother of all biases”; the Nobel Prize-winning scientist Daniel Kahneman famously remarked that if he had a magic wand that could change one thing about human psychology, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2015\u002Fjul\u002F18\u002Fdaniel-kahneman-books-interview\"\u003Ehe would eliminate our superiority complex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002Fxge0000787\"\u003Efascinating new research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by Joey Cheng, an assistant professor of psychology at York University, shows that overconfidence can be contagious. “If you have been exposed to an overconfident person, then you become more likely to overestimate your own relative standing,” she says. It’s a tendency that could cause dangerously deluded thinking to spread through a team.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If you have been exposed to an overconfident person, then you become more likely to overestimate your own relative standing – Joey Cheng","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConfidence cascades\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECheng says that she had been inspired by the anecdotal reports of behaviour on Wall Street, where arrogance appears to be rife. “When you go to other sectors like education, you often don't hear teachers being described in the same way”. These differences led her to wonder whether certain groups of people might actually encourage the development an inflated ego in others. Some previous research had hinted at this possibility, showing that \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fmadoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de\u002F2646\u002F\"\u003Ebankers’ overconfidence tends to grow with their time spent in the profession\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which would make sense, if they were “catching” the behaviour from their colleagues – but Cheng wanted to put the idea to the test in the laboratory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer first experiment had two stages. Individually, the participants were asked to look at photos of people’s faces and attempt to guess various personalities based on their expressions – a task that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcollaborate.princeton.edu\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fpersonality-impressions-from-facial-appearance-2\"\u003Esome people are able to do with reasonable accuracy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To gauge their confidence, the participants were asked to rate their perceptions of their abilities, compared to the rest of the group.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe participants then had to do the same task in pairs, after which they were again asked to rate their own abilities, allowing her to see whether the arrogance of one person would rub off on another. Sure enough, she found that humbler participants were much more likely to increase their own ratings once they had been placed with an overconfident partner. “It was quite remarkable,” Cheng says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe results of the second experiment were even more striking. Once again, they had to work on a simple perceptual task, which involved guessing someone’s weight from their photo. This time, however, the participants did not work in real pairs, but were presented with some example responses of another participant. In reality, the responses were fake, allowing Cheng to create the person of someone who was clearly self-deluded. They might see someone in the bottom 10% – far below average – who claimed to be among the top quarter, for instance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EParticipants might have seen the other’s overt overconfidence here as a warning sign; instead, they simply mimicked the behaviour. Being exposed to someone who was outrageously overconfident inflated a person’s own perceived ranking by around 17%. It was the exact opposite of the participants who had been shown the profile of a more realistic participant – they tended to underestimate their rank by around 11%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn further experiments, Cheng confirmed that the illusion of superiority, caught from one peer, can then be transmitted to another person – a “cascade” that could lead it permeate through a group from a single source. She also documented a “spill-over effect”, so that once you catch overconfidence in one domain, you may become more arrogant in another. To make matters worse, the consequences can last long after the interaction – just a few minutes of exposure to an arrogant person skewed the participants’ own judgements days later.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Whenever you unfoundedly brag about your skills, you may be sending ripples of overconfidence throughout your social network","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EZell is impressed with the findings. “I think the research is very interesting and well-conducted, and helps us understand the origins of overconfidence and why it is larger in some groups than others,” he says. He suspects it arises from the creation of social norms. “Seeing others exhibit overconfident behaviour could make it seem more culturally valued or appropriate.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMysterious mechanisms\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E Cheng’s results fit with many other studies of conformity, including our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fecontent.hogrefe.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1027\u002F1614-0001\u002Fa000217?journalCode=jid\"\u003Ememories of a shared event\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.neuron.2008.11.027\"\u003Eperceptions of beauty\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0022103114001243\"\u003Eour political opinions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Just by being exposed to someone, you are more likely to acquire their ways of behaving and their ways of thinking,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s easy to imagine how that could occur in a workplace, she adds. “Let's say you are a financial banker. You are pretty calibrated when you first entered the business, but as you get more engrossed in that environment, you see that some people tend to make boastful statements, and they have this amazingly confident appearance in how they talk and how they communicate non verbally. And you, in turn, could become a bit of a clone of that person.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn her paper, Cheng cites the energy company \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fbooks\u002F2002\u002Fnov\u002F04\u002Fenron.business\"\u003EEnron as a potential example\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the ways this dynamic could soon become rife in organisation. The corporation was once the seventh largest company in the US, but it declared bankruptcy in 2001 after reports of widespread fraud and corruption. Enron’s “culture of arrogance” is now infamous, with one former employee stating that “There’s no question that Enron people arrogantly thought they were smarter than everybody else.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Our findings suggest that some of that [overconfidence] might have been due to this social contagion effect,” Cheng says. “And that could have led many individuals to have adopted the questionable practices that contributed to its downfall.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven these results, Cheng suggests that organisations rethink the kinds of behaviours they reward in their current employees. “Leaders and managers need to be very mindful of the effects of certain individuals on others, because their overconfidence could really spread widely.” These findings might also inform hiring decisions. Besides being more realistic themselves, humbler team members could also temper the overconfidence of the whole team. “They could help ground the group back in reality.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn a personal level, you might at least pay a little more attention to your own attitudes – including your perception of your own driving. Whenever you unfoundedly brag about your skills, you may be sending ripples of overconfidence throughout your social network, subtly sustaining the mass delusion that James Reason had helped document all those years ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is a science writer and author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Make Dumb Mistakes\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E which examines the psychology of irrationality and the best ways to make wiser decisions. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-29T14:08:30Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why arrogance is dangerously contagious","headlineShort":"Why arrogance is dangerously contagious","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Overconfidence can delude us into dangerous thought or actions – and that same arrogance can also spread to others like wildfire, too.","summaryShort":"Cocky people can transmit their flawed thinking to the people around them","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-28T21:37:33.048119Z","entity":"article","guid":"1dc74fa5-079f-41d5-9431-fa3071168dbc","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-28T21:37:33.048119Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227800},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing","_id":"5fdf93fe81722ae4864af98f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"New research shows that analysing someone’s communication type and parroting it back may make you more persuasive.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEveryone knows that currying favour is harder than it looks. Getting someone on your side – whether it’s during a presentation or pitch, or simply trying to wow during a social interaction – is a nerve-wracking process. \u003Cem\u003EDo they like me? Do they agree with what I think? Am I even making sense?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut cracking the secret to connecting with someone may actually be easier than it seems: simply, copy them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe already know mimicking body language, expression and gestures can help people forge relationships, but results from a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2020\u002F12\u002Fwant-to-win-someone-over-talk-like-they-do\"\u003Enew organisational-behaviour study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E indicate that imitating someone’s communication style can also make you more persuasive. The parroting technique is called ‘linguistic mirroring’, and data shows that implementing the strategy can boost the efficacy of your message. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, the next time you’re on that Zoom all-staff meeting, pay close attention to how each of your colleagues speak and present their thoughts. Some might only be concerned with fast data points and bottom lines, acting brusque and maybe even a bit standoffish. Others may be far less linear, and might launch into a rambling story. The research shows you should adjust your speech to mimic them – even if their communication style is miles from your own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDeveloping this chameleon-like skill could prove to be a very useful addition to your toolbox for winning people over – and getting ahead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091mbjy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA window in\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“How do you make your voice stand out from that sea of suggestions, proposals and so on? That’s what linguistic mirroring can facilitate,” says Maxim Sytch, an associate professor of management and organisations at the University of Michigan. He, along with Yong H Kim, assistant professor of management at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, are the two researchers behind the new study.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn their study, Sytch and Kim looked at the legal profession, and how linguistic mirroring could help lawyers get on the good side of judges – and win cases. The duo analysed 25 million-plus words in more than 1,800 publicly available legal documents pertaining to patent infringement lawsuits in the US. They then used a computational linguistic analysis tool to track the writing styles of the judges and lawyers involved.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey measured four writing styles, each on a sliding scale: analytical thinking (higher scores suggested the writer favours logic, lower scores suggested they favour personal values); clout (higher scores meant confidence, lower scores meant humility); authenticity (high scores signalled a style leaning towards honesty and disclosure, low scores hinted at a more guarded style); and emotional tone (high-scoring writers were more upbeat and positive; low-scoring writers had a sadder or more anxious tone).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"How do you make your voice stand out from that sea of suggestions, proposals and so on? – Maxim Sytch","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThen, they looked up which lawyers in these various lawsuits won their cases, and those who didn’t. Most strikingly, the researchers found that if the legal teams more closely mirrored a judge’s preferred writing style in documents such as past legal opinions, their chances of winning could more than double. On average, lawyers in Sytch and Kim’s sample had an 11.5% chance of winning. But the lawyers who did more linguistic mirroring saw their rates go up to a whopping 25%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReaping the benefits\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough getting on someone’s good side through communication may mean you’ll be more liked in the (virtual) break room, the rewards for keen observation and application are more high stakes. Think sealing a deal with a client, impressing the right executive or building relationships with people in your organisation who will then be more likely to do what you want them to do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo effectively implement linguistic mirroring, Sytch says to pay attention to how people ask their questions, and observe what pieces of presentations they find more or less compelling. This would be “a window of not just how to communicate with them, but also how they process information”. In writing, heed how your colleagues compose email, memos or on chat, and echo the form and sentiment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091mbnn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYou can find lots of hints in the way they like to communicate. For example, Sytch says, “I have some colleagues who love long emails with lots of bullet points and spreadsheets attached. The way to respond to them is probably write an equally long email by addressing their bullet points one by one.” In other situations, you might know someone who adds colour with personal anecdotes and feelings. You could shoot off a similar response – perhaps including a short story of your own to hammer home your point. Or, if you’re talking to someone who’s more buttoned up and direct – maybe a superior or an executive – go straight for the answer. Leave the humour at the door, if that’s what they do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn short, Sytch says “if you present something to me in a way that I’m used to hearing, how I articulate my thoughts – it’s easier for me to process the essence of that argument, so as a result, it allows you to be more persuasive.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESure, it’s easier said than done to spend time learning about someone’s communication style by diving into hundreds of public documents – if you even have such a resource available. But you can use your network to get a similar perspective on a person, especially if you’ve never met them. Ask someone who’s interacted with your “target”, says Sytch. Something like, \u003Cem\u003EHey, I’m presenting to Bryan. What’s he like? What types of questions does he ask? What do I absolutely have to do to win him over?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Being sensitive to that process of delivering information – how other people process that information – can give us a better chance of being heard,” says Sytch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-21T16:50:27Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How 'linguistic mirroring' can make you more convincing","headlineShort":"How to be more convincing","image":["p091fjz9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"colleagues facing each other","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200923-why-arrogance-is-dangerously-contagious"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"New research shows that analysing someone’s communication type and parroting it back may make you more persuasive.","summaryShort":"The 'linguistic mirroring' trick that can help you win favour","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-18T12:25:29.075966Z","entity":"article","guid":"4d16c9d6-1320-49a7-b58e-ad04fb54c14f","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-20T18:11:57.687451Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201214-how-linguistic-mirroring-can-make-you-more-convincing","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227793},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8bd5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Remote working and watching the world go through a major shake-up is redefining what many of us need and want from our careers – and even our lives.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the travel and aerospace industries began crumbling at the start of the pandemic, Miranda Livingston was grateful to have clung on to her job at a transportation company in Northern Ireland. But just months later, the 34-year-old put herself forward for redundancy and began signing up with recruitment agencies. “I’d had a wake-up call that I needed a change,” she says. “I’d just kind of stayed there because that’s where I was, and I was well paid... it wasn't horrific, but it wasn't anything that I loved.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s no secret that Covid-19 has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200327-unemployment-during-coronavirus-the-psychology-of-job-loss\"\u003Ecost millions of people their jobs and livelihoods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the pandemic is also having an impact on a growing number of people like Livingston, who had the fortune of keeping their positions. Despite the privilege of relative job security, many young professionals across countries and industries are deciding to change companies, switch sectors, retrain or even set up their own businesses. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESurvey findings suggest that in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cityam.com\u002Falmost-half-uk-finance-workers-want-to-change-job-despite-pandemic\u002F\"\u003EUK finance industry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, more than four in 10 currently employed workers are thinking about moving jobs. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcomputersweden.idg.se\u002F2.2683\u002F1.736532\u002Ftrots-coronakrisen--7-av-10-it-specialister-oppna-for-att-byta-jobb\"\u003EResearch from Sweden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E indicates seven in 10 IT specialists would consider new opportunities. A wider \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wraltechwire.com\u002F2020\u002F09\u002F11\u002Fsurvey-pandemic-driving-61-of-job-seekers-to-change-careers\u002F\"\u003EUS poll of jobseekers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – both workers looking for new roles and people who were already unemployed – showed six in 10 were open to changing careers completely during the pandemic. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring a time of such economic uncertainty, why are so many skilled professionals open to fresh experiences? The answers could tell us a lot about how our career needs are shifting as a result of Covid-19, and how to be happy at work in the future. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERichard Alderson, founder of global career-change specialists Careershifters, says “a shock to the system often causes people to reassess things in their lives”. Before the pandemic, some of his clients were people going through major life events such as a bereavement, break-up or an age-related milestone. Now, the “jolt of the pandemic” has caused many more of us to ask fundamental questions about our life choices and whether or not these align with our core values.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Raja Skogland, at a seminar","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat was the case for Raja Skogland, 35, a Swiss-Moroccan living in Oslo, who was appointed as CEO of a major Nordic start-up accelerator programme, just as the pandemic hit. The position was one she’d been longing for, but going into lockdown made her realise “life is so short and precious”, and led her to question how she was spending her days. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I was coaching and advising entrepreneurs from all around the world. It was taking me a lot of time and exhausting me,” she explains. “There was so much insecurity around everything in our lives. I felt I had to make some drastic changes to feel better.” After deciding she wanted to put her energy into a single project that she felt passionate about, and to free up additional hours to spend with loved ones, she’s now launching an artificial intelligence start-up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There was so much insecurity around everything in our lives. I felt I had to make some drastic changes to feel better – Raja Skogland","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMo Gawdat, author and presenter of the Slo Mo podcast on job and life satisfaction, says he’s seen plenty of anecdotal evidence that “a lot of people are leaving the rat race” after reassessing their life goals during lockdown. Gawdat, who quit his own job as Chief Business Officer for Google X in 2018 after his son passed away, believes the death toll from Covid-19 has provided “a continual reminder that we aren't immortal”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe shift to working from home has also played a part, stripping away some of the things that boosted job satisfaction. Livingston in Belfast found she missed the energising impact of face-to-face networking and business meetings, and was left with “calls about calls, and emails back and forth”. “Working from home, it really revealed the bare bones of my job,” she says. She also reflected that she’d been given little access to training and development courses or tools, and admitted to herself that she’d ended up in an industry she had no real passion for. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHelen Tupper, co-author of The Squiggly Career guide, says even people who thought they had “dream jobs” before Covid-19 are reflecting on what these amount to now that they’re working from their kitchens or bedrooms. While we may be attracted by the perks of a job like travel or a designer office, these can be distractions masking “the more significant meaning we get from our work”, she says. Build in the fact that we’re socialising less and engaging in fewer leisure activities, how we spend eight of our waking hours has become all the more significant. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The risk is that just 'doing' the work dominates our days,” she says. “Instead, we need to think about what work gives you energy and what work takes it away. When are you at your best and what action can you take to feel more like that more often? These are the sort of reflective questions that can give people back a sense of clarity and control.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Miranda Livingston","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe trend towards more purpose-driven jobs and companies was well underway before Covid, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fsustainable-business\u002F2016\u002Fsep\u002F14\u002Fmillennials-work-purpose-linkedin-survey\"\u003Emillennials in particular known for prioritising purpose over pay checks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But this trend has accelerated since the crisis began, with research suggesting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewsroom.ing.com.au\u002Fmore-than-3-million-to-seek-career-change-post-covid-19\u002F\"\u003Epeople are seeking out training\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to go in a new direction. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGawdat says that, in some cases, the pandemic has “led people to feel gratitude if they are in a role that does bring purpose and joy. For those who aren’t, I think it’s been the much-needed shake-up to pursue a more purposeful career\". \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELuzia Buchman, 28, recently left her role handling events and sustainability strategies for an electric surfboard company in Malmö, Sweden, and moved to a newly launched consultancy firm where sustainability is her sole focus. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I was travelling to very beautiful places by the coast, I went to big yacht shows… it was quite a dreamy environment,” she says of her former job. “But corona was such a confirmation to me that I want purpose in my work. I need to have the feeling that I can add shared societal value and not just support the growth of one single company.” Moving from a 50-person company to a tiny consultancy was “really a gamble”, she admits, “yet it was so much more important than staying in a semi-secure role where I can't really accomplish the things that I want to accomplish”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Corona was such a confirmation to me that I want purpose in my work – Luzia Buchman","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut Careershifters’ Alderson says not everyone needs to switch to a company that saves lives or the environment to find their work more meaningful. “People can be fulfilled in all kinds of different fields,” he says. “It's really about, how do you feel about your work? To what degree do you feel energised? To what degree do you come to the end of the day and feel a sense of pride or satisfaction about what you’ve done?” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mckinsey.com\u002Fbusiness-functions\u002Forganization\u002Four-insights\u002Fcovid-19-and-the-employee-experience-how-leaders-can-seize-the-moment\"\u003ERecent research by global consulting firm McKinsey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed that this kind of individual purpose is among the core factors “having a disproportionate impact on employee well-being and work effectiveness” during the pandemic. Those who felt they were achieving their goals at work and fulfilling their own personal purpose both performed and felt better. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlderson also says it’s important to recognise that even if they want to, not everyone will be able to prioritise work they find meaningful. After watching entire industries collapse during the pandemic, the more risk-averse may still choose – or be obliged – to prioritise financial security and stability over other variables that boost job satisfaction. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Many are just having to do whatever they can in what is a difficult climate,” says Alderson. “For them, all sense of, ‘is this something that can bring me fulfilment?’ is out the window, temporarily at least”. His best advice to anyone in this group is accepting the fact that “this is going to be an uncomfortable period”, while also recognising that it won’t last forever. “If you have the energy and time to be curious about other fields and to develop your skills in ways that you think will help you after this period, then great. But if not, just hang in there.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Luzia Buchman, smiling","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETupper adds that many of us will need to adapt our salary expectations in the coming years, as the effects of Covid-19 continue to ripple through the global economy. “If people define their career success as pay and promotion, the next 12 months are going to feel very hard,” she says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Tupper hopes the shift to home working and re-evaluating the meaning of work amid Covid-19 can help job-seekers and workers find success in more and different places. For example, some workers may find value in jobs that provide greater flexibility for childcare, or may be happy with employers who provide increased online learning to help improve digital skills or personal development. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There's so much more that you can get when you start looking at the full amount of value you get from your employer, rather than just pay and promotions as an output,” argues Tupper. “Be curious about what is available and feel confident enough to ask for it.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Belfast, Livingston recently accepted a job as project manager for the public-health service, on a similar salary to her previous role in the transportation industry. She was actively looking for roles in the non-profit sector as a route to greater fulfilment, but believes factors such as working for a smaller team, regular group video calls and a commitment to continuous development will also be crucial to improving the remote working experience this time around. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I guess at this point it's just a feeling,” she says, “but it's something that I'm definitely hopeful for.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-17T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Has the meaning of work changed forever?","headlineShort":"'Covid-19 made me rethink career needs'","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Luzia Buchman, diving in the sea","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Remote working and watching the world go through a major shake-up is redefining what many of us need and want from our careers – and even our lives.","summaryShort":"What we need and want from our careers is different than before","tag":[],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-16T21:29:18.76537Z","entity":"article","guid":"b5fdff97-9222-4b0a-921b-cb13ba108975","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-17T12:00:31.494091Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227798},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8b91","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Drinks on tap, rock-climbing walls, gourmet cafeterias – perks are a hallmark of many desirable workplaces. But when workers are not in the office to actually enjoy them, companies are being forced to reevaluate their incentives and work culture.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGreg Domino remembers the majestic views of New York City from his former company’s office on the seventy-second floor of a Financial District skyscraper. The view was one of many perks that the sports-streaming service afforded to office workers like him. Domino, a 33-year-old PR professional, recalls “these gorgeous panoramic views of New York, ping-pong tables, kombucha, often times breakfast”. Employees' Instagram Stories were flooded with images of their office trappings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut when the office temporarily closed eight months ago due to the pandemic, Domino wasn’t wistful about losing his daily dose of corporate culture, the view or free kombucha. He relished working on simpler terms from his house for the first few months. And since being made redundant by the company in September, he’s realised he doesn’t want the fancy office back at all. “As the father of two small kids with a wife who also works,\" he says, \"the flexibility of being home far outweighs [the office perks]”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the past several years, more and more companies have been offering flashy amenities in the hope that it will help them compete for top talent. But with many corporate employees working from home since the start of the Covid-19 lockdowns, it’s unclear what purpose office spaces with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bizjournals.com\u002Fsanfrancisco\u002Ffeature\u002Fbay-area-coolest-offices-contest.html\"\u003Eping-pong tables, espresso bars, meditation rooms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other enticing perks serve when there aren’t any employees in the building to use them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe souped-up workspace has its roots in Silicon Valley, and the dawn of the US technology industry. In the first half of the 20th Century, fledgling technology firms filled their offices with luxuries as a means of luring promising recruits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[Hewlett-Packard], founded [in] 1939, was the first born-in-the-Valley company to incorporate these perks,” according to Margaret O'Mara, a history professor at the University of Washington. “[They] included not only outdoor patios and recreational areas, but also stock options in a growing company. This set-up got the ball rolling, and the industry’s next wave of firms laid the foundation for what we know as today’s start-up vibe. “HP set the tone for the many companies that followed,” says O’Mara, “who took it to the next level in the 70s and 80s with jogging paths and swimming pools, and in the 90s and 2000s with free food and climbing walls and ping-pong tables.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn more recent years, Silicon Valley giants and smaller firms alike have outfitted their offices with gyms, cocktail lounges and even a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bizjournals.com\u002Fsanfrancisco\u002Ffeature\u002Fbay-area-coolest-offices-contest.html#g\u002F430597\u002F11\"\u003Emusic rehearsal space \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthenextweb.com\u002Fshareables\u002F2013\u002F09\u002F07\u002Fgithubs-new-office-includes-a-replica-of-the-oval-office\u002F\"\u003EOval Office replica.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Beyond being a recruitment incentive, amenities like this are meant to foster a palpable sense of company culture that sets certain companies apart from the herd.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe strategy has caught on beyond the confines of Big Tech. “Companies like Google were hugely influential for their much-heralded ‘Googley’ culture, play-at-work facilities and reputation of creative thinking,” says O’Mara. Companies across the corporate spectrum have followed Google’s lead, internalising “the idea that technological creation and creativity requires special amenity-rich settings”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Silicon Valley giants and smaller firms alike have outfitted their offices with gyms, cocktail lounges and even a music rehearsal space and an Oval Office replica","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut cramming self-serve craft-beer taps or smiling baristas into a corporate backdrop doesn’t necessarily inspire a strong sense of shared culture. For one thing, “office culture” isn’t easily defined, says Marcella Bremer, a corporate consultant and author of the book Developing a Positive Culture Where People and Performance Thrive. Even with lavish amenities and mission statements plastered to an office wall, a company’s culture can still feel like a nebulous concept to rank-and-file workers. Regardless of the office perks or high-minded company rhetoric, Bremer says that culture is most inspired by “what people do and what leaders do and how teammates treat one another.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, with scores of workers unable to play pool or sip cocktails at work, companies are reckoning with how to sustain that sense of culture. Ultimately, company culture is “relatively spontaneous and un-engineered”, says Rob Briner, a professor of organisational psychology at Queen Mary University, London. “If [perks] did have any value, and it’s possible that it did, the key thing is how do you replicate that” in a remote-working world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe shift to remote working as a result of the pandemic has accentuated a growing suspicion that the novelty of perks had worn stale for many. Some data show that in practice employees favour these perks much less than employers want to offer them. A 2019 survey from flexible office-rental company \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.yourhana.com\u002Fen-US\u002Finsights\u002Fbest-workplace-perks-research\u002F\"\u003EHana included responses from 1,000 US workers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about what they value most in an office. It showed that only 26% of people considered using shared space a vital aspect of work, and just 30% enjoyed using office amenities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What Covid-19 has done more broadly has exposed existing fault lines” in the workplace paradigm, says Briner. “If you look at the uptake of flexible working, people were already starting to vote with their feet” prior to the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerks are “mostly symbolic and mostly about image”, adds Briner. “I think it was more of an image thing to look attractive, to look cool.” They may have helped with recruitment, but other measurable benefits are less concrete – and, in some cases, detrimental as some companies used these perks to try to keep workers at the office longer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd for some employees, it took the pandemic to help them realise that many perks could be superfluous. Rachel Forray, a 26-year-old product manager in New York City, used to work in an office with “a game room, a meditation room and... cold brew on tap”. But since the company migrated offline, she now realises that personal autonomy overrides her former office’s luxury. Working from home gives her more ownership over her day, she says. “There’s little things... like today, over lunchtime, I met with a few friends and did yoga for 20 minutes. Those are the types of things that I would never be able to do if I was constrained to the office.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The shift to remote working as a result of the pandemic has accentuated a growing suspicion that the novelty of perks had worn stale for many","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWorkers like Forray are now finding unlikely allies in corporate leaders, some of whom are also questioning the utility of tricked-out offices. “I was an everyday-in-the office kind of guy, and it felt like that was how I’d build culture and connectivity between myself and the team,” says Simon Berg, the CEO of software platform Ceros. Despite building Ceros’ New York City office with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.officelovin.com\u002F2017\u002F05\u002F25\u002Flook-inside-ceros-new-nyc-office\u002F\"\u003Echarming decor and a variety of perks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as a full-on English pub and a bookshelf that doubles as a secret door to a meeting room, Berg is determined to keep the office lights switched off more than ever before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow that Berg is able to spend more time with his family, he wants the company culture to hinge on allowing employees more “autonomy, mastery and freedom in their life”. When restrictions are lifted and workplaces deemed safe, Berg says the office will be used sparingly for “hyper-impactful and very focused” collaboration, but it won’t be mandatory to commute in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think [the pandemic] is accelerating the autonomy and flexibility that people really want”, from a work-at-home environment, says Bremer, the corporate consultant. “People want more flexibility and personal autonomy at work. They might get more of this thanks to Covid-19.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor all of the feeling that perks are unnecessary, moving away from them can still create some challenges for fostering work culture. Whether or not you think it’s clichéd, gathering around a foosball table provides at least some benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBriner says traditional office spaces thrive off a certain organic social atmosphere, in which casual conversation breeds rapport and occasional creative sparks between employees. “It’s quite difficult to replicate that [team culture] online,” says Briner, but companies are still cultivating ways to make the company’s influence more tangible, even with workers sitting at home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen her company initially switched to online work, Forray, the product manager, got a daily $20 stipend for catered lunch. “I like how that still fits in with the perk but gives you a lot of freedom with how you use it,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorkers such as PR professional Domino are also more inclined to savour the convenience of personal control over their daily lives, even if it means the end of hip offices with breathtaking city views. “What else can they offer as a perk at this point? The only thing that you can really offer as a perk in this current environment is flexibility.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELeaders like Berg now understand this demand more than ever. With an emphasis on flexibility, he says, workers “will be more connected to the company, more connected to their colleagues and more likely to produce better results, have more fun, be more creative and make more impact”. And, according to Briner, falling back on some of those traditional perks after workplace restrictions are lifted could be seen by workers as “even more superficial, a waste of money and tokenistic”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPost-pandemic, the best office perk may be somewhat ironic: the ability to spend more time outside the office than ever before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-16T05:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What happens to workplace perks when no-one’s in the office?","headlineShort":"Is the ‘cool office’ over?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Cold brew on tap, rock-climbing walls, gourmet cafeterias – perks are a hallmark of many desirable workplaces. But if there are no workers in the office to enjoy them, what now?","summaryShort":"Ping-pong tables and craft-beer taps are gathering dust in the deserted office","tag":[],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-16T05:56:09.246954Z","entity":"article","guid":"dde8ed63-c010-4b49-96ff-77ef5a27d697","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-16T13:41:41.651469Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227794},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8cd8","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The pandemic has amplified the long-enduring narrative that reskilling is the answer to unemployment and upward mobility. But is it actually a panacea for workforce woes?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen London went into lockdown in March, Baltasar Romero quickly realised his job as a reservations manager might be in trouble. The team he was managing was cut from 10 people to just one, and his hours were reduced by a third.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It was clear that working in hospitality was going to be quite difficult for the next few years,” says the 34-year-old. “In August, they made my position redundant. So they made it very easy for me to just jump into a radical change.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn September, he started a three-month, full-time software-engineering course. He says a change had been in the cards for some time, and the pandemic was just the push he needed. Romero adds that his affinity for technology seemed to make the career a good fit, but the regular calls from the industry for more coders certainly helped make his decision.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It seems that sooner or later everybody should jump into this environment,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the pandemic has put millions out of work and is hastening the reshaping of entire industries, workers around the world are seeing signals that new skills will be the key to steady employment in the 'new normal'. For example, in September, UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fmajor-expansion-of-post-18-education-and-training-to-level-up-and-prepare-workers-for-post-covid-economy\"\u003Eannounced plans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E aimed at upskilling workers in the form of free college courses, digital-skills bootcamps and more apprenticeships to “build back better from coronavirus”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut experts say there’s little point training millions of people in new technical skills if there aren’t enough jobs at the end of it. “It could work for an individual, but it doesn't work as an economic policy,” says Gordon Lafer, a political economist at the University of Oregon. “Every time there's an economic problem job training is trotted out… and it's never worked.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic was still a few months away when 42-year-old Claire Winterbottom, from Leeds, started her reskilling journey. She had taken adoption leave from her job as a debt advisor, and decided to use the time to retrain as a web developer. She’d always been interested in technology, but was also keen to “future-proof” herself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn January, she secured a place on a free four-month course aimed at women. She was told all but two of the previous cohort had secured technology jobs. But this year’s course finished in April, at the peak of the pandemic’s first wave, and nearly seven months later only four of her class of 16 have found work in the industry. Winterbottom says it’s hardly surprising as the recession bites, and demand for new developers dries up. “You're also up against other people who've taken the pandemic to learn how to code. So, there’s more people with more skills, but there's less jobs,” she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea that the precarious position workers find themselves in today could be solved by training is particularly illogical, says Lafer, who has been studying job-training schemes in the US since the 1980s. People are out of work because the pandemic has shuttered huge swathes of the economy, not because of a lack of skills. “If job training was ever going to work it's not now,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If job training was ever going to work it's not now – Gordon Lafer","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut even before the pandemic, the narrative of reskilling was on shaky ground. As the twin forces of globalisation and technological progress have eroded well-paid blue-collar jobs and routine office work, governments have regularly promoted it as the solution. The logic is that as industries like manufacturing decline and others like IT boom, there’s a growing gap between the skills employers need and those of workers, particularly in STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths) related fields. Teaching workers in-demand skills, such as coding, could therefore kill two birds with one stone: meeting industry needs while helping displaced workers revamp their careers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the evidence doesn’t back up the assertion of a ‘skills gap’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFormer US Department of Labor chief economist Heidi Shierholz has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epi.org\u002Fblog\u002Fwhy-is-real-wage-growth-anemic-its-not-because-of-a-skills-shortage\u002F\"\u003Epointed out\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that the clearest signal of such a problem would be occupations with a combination of low unemployment and strong wage growth, reflecting competition for those with in-demand skills. But this evidence is consistently lacking; in 2018, only occupations in the legal field came close. In reality, employers report difficulty hiring because the wages they offer don’t match the skills they’re after, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf anything, the numbers point to an oversupply of skills, says Hal Salzman, a sociologist at Rutgers University. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10956-018-9758-9\"\u003EIn a 2018 paper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he and colleagues showed that only about 60 to 70% of US computing and engineering graduates land jobs in STEM, dropping to between 10 and 50% for those studying life sciences, physical sciences and maths. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Feconomy\u002Fnationalaccounts\u002Fuksectoraccounts\u002Fcompendium\u002Feconomicreview\u002Fapril2019\u002Fovereducationandhourlywagesintheuklabourmarket2006to2017\"\u003Estudy from t\u003Cspan\u003Ehe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Office for National Statistics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E published last year recorded similar evidence in the UK that a shortage of skills is not the issue. The data showed that 16% of workers in 2017 were overeducated for their jobs, which rose to 31% for graduates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"DefaultA\"\u003ELafer says that part of the problem is that the occupations people are typically encouraged to retrain for represent a small fraction of total jobs, and that in many places, technology is being used to automate tasks to eliminate the need for trained employees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy, then, do policymakers and business leaders continue to focus on reskilling? Lafer thinks it gives them an easy way out by laying the blame for workers’ dim employment prospects on their failure to acquire the right skills rather than facing up to deeper structural changes in the economy. He says that a better option might be a push for better pay and conditions in other in demand industries that employ lots of people but are poorly rewarded such as construction, healthcare and education. But that debate is contentious, he admits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You're also up against other people who've taken the pandemic to learn how to code, so there’s more people with more skills, but there's less jobs – Claire Winterbottom","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Marcela Escobari at the Brookings Institution, the focus on reskilling is less a ‘conspiracy’ against workers than a tangle of misaligned incentives and over-eagerness for a silver bullet. Last December, she and colleagues published a report called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F11\u002FRealism-About-Reskilling-Final-Report.pdf\"\u003ERealism About Reskilling\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which concluded that a myopic focus on skills obscures the numerous other barriers that can trap workers in dead-end jobs\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There's definitely places where skills matter. But there's a lot of other reasons why people are churning through low-wage jobs that don't see any mobility,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen they studied real-world job transitions, they found most didn’t require retraining. It was more about picking the right industry to move into, either because their existing skills were a good match or demand was high in their area. She and colleagues created an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Finteractives\u002Fwof-mobility-pathways\u002F\"\u003Eonline tool\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that uses real-world data on job transitions to tell people what roles others in their occupation and area have successfully moved to. They also hope employers will look at the results to work out what industries they should be hiring from.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says policymakers should focus on making these kinds of transitions easier. That could include creating portable benefits that allow workers to take things like health plans and retirement plans with them when they switch employers, but also incentivising employers to create more entry level positions and reverse decades of funding cuts to internal training schemes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut she says there also needs to be more effort to remove barriers for those in genuine need of reskilling who are typically the least able to access it. For low-wage workers, it often comes down to simple logistics: being able to take time off work, or having a car to get to training classes. And because reskilling programs are often measured on their outcomes, they frequently screen candidates to select those most likely to succeed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s not to say reskilling is a universally bad idea for individuals. Stefanie Lis, 28, was put on furlough from her restaurant job in Leeds during the pandemic, and used the time to study coding online. Three months later, she secured a paid internship with Manchester web development company Huddle, which has since turned into a job.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe’s adamant that the huge amount of free or cheap online resources available today means anyone can learn to code if they put their mind to it. But she is conscious that the furlough allowed her to treat learning as a full-time job, and she was lucky to find an employer willing to take on a fledgling developer. “They've just really taken the time to be patient and show me things and support me.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite her struggles so far, Winterbottom is also confident she will eventually find work as a developer. But if she does, she says it’ll be down to her passion for coding, not to mention the fact she’s already employed and doesn’t have to worry about bills piling up. She adds that there’s no way it makes sense for everyone, and she thinks its disingenuous for politicians to suggest that this is the answer to the havoc the pandemic has wrought on the job market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You've got to work so hard at it and do all these extra activities and just immerse yourself fully. Without that passion, I can't see them getting anywhere.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-25T12:52:20Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why reskilling won’t always guarantee you a new job","headlineShort":"Why learning to code isn't a fix-all","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Claire Winterbottom","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The pandemic has amplified the long-enduring narrative that reskilling is an answer to workforce woes. But is it?","summaryShort":"Is reskilling really the answer to improving your job prospects?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-24T20:56:57.102272Z","entity":"article","guid":"1350c194-e4ad-48b3-84b4-bcab6a8de420","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-25T11:59:52.689041Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227798},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever","_id":"5fdb4d7281722ae486d216d7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Frachel-mishael-and-bryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"Now that the world has shifted, the way we feel about work and our careers will never be the same, either.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s an understatement to say that the world of work as we knew it has been turned upside down. As we’re physically working differently, we’re changing where we sit down to do our jobs as well as making up new routines to get things done.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the way we think about our jobs in general has also transformed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChanges such as sitting around kitchen tables, sharing space with partners and children and being forced to focus in new environments have spurred novel discoveries about our work lives. Many have found new success in unexpected places, expanded their skillset or improved productivity and wellbeing. Still, huge changes can also be challenging, like learning how to transition to unfamiliar technology, or questioning professional interests, values and career paths.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd, as new data shows that remote working will probably become the norm – researchers from McKinsey predict that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mckinsey.com\u002Ffeatured-insights\u002Ffuture-of-work\u002Fwhats-next-for-remote-work-an-analysis-of-2000-tasks-800-jobs-and-nine-countries\"\u003E20% of the global workforce could work from home\u003C\u002Fa\u003E three-to-five days a week. It’s unlikely that we’re going back to the ‘old’ way of doing things any time soon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFew things are clear in this pandemic, but if there’s one thing that is: our relationship with our work lives will be permanently changed. BBC Worklife\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fposts\u002Fbbc-news_bbcnews-career-pandemic-activity-6739583980405972992-men7\"\u003E asked readers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E how these past months have changed their mindset toward their job or career. “The whole purpose of life changed. So [has] the purpose of work,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6740306262019387392%29\"\u003EBhagyesh Shah\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Gujarat, India.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090yw6x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd some are thrilled to be in this new environment. “I have never been more happy and stress-free in my life,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739591471734910976%29\"\u003EDrake Bettis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Houston, Texas. “I have often said, ‘It is insane for me to commute from one place with a computer to another place with a computer just for work’,” he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReaders agree that remote work has enabled them to see their jobs as independent from their locations. “For me, [it] has confirmed that many of the professions we have can be from anywhere,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739603818432077824%29\"\u003EAngela Lowe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Memphis, Tennessee. Some companies are beginning to agree; large employers such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnn.com\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F02\u002Fbusiness\u002Fcompanies-work-from-home-2021\u002Findex.html\"\u003ETwitter and Facebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have announced ‘forever’ remote-work plans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Minnesota, US, the physical shift from being in office to working from home has been so enjoyable for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739922400407756800%29\"\u003EMariah L Sletten\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that it has made her realise how unfulfilling her job is. “At home, I feel more creative. I'm happier. I want to do great things. Try new ideas. Which makes my data-entry debt-collection job all the more heinous and intolerable, especially with everything else going on in the world at large… I'm not doing and getting paid for what I love, and it is absolutely dreadful.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis may explain why so many workers we heard from are trying to learn new skills and infuse more passion into their work. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739788376217538560%29\"\u003ERichard Omondi\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a camera operator and video editor in Kenya, says, “This pandemic has made me venture or try [to] learn new skills in digital marketing... and graphic design as well.” In New Jersey, US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739678316174811136%29\"\u003EAmtul Syed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is “absolutely loving the learning that is coming with this new work environment”. Syed, a religious-studies teacher, has taken this time as an opportunity to think creatively for fun and interactive lessons. “I ended up learning so many new strategies from apps, online articles and YouTube.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090ywj7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt may also be the reason why some people are looking for new jobs altogether. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6740226135470223360%29\"\u003EJoseph Roberts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a CV analyst in Manchester, says his company’s clients are using this time to reassess their jobs and values. “The thought of returning to the regular commute, continuing in the same monotonous position or sacrificing one's values and beliefs for the sake of money, are all common reasons for looking for new opportunities, or even a career change,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd although it may seem that it’s the wrong time to look for a new position, many sectors are still hiring. In the UK, the number of listings is still 70% of last year’s average, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fexplainers-53685650\"\u003Eaccording to a November report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the Office of National Statistics.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739690565450907648%29\"\u003EPaula Grady\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a sales director from England, has experienced this first-hand, and has chosen to re-skill and start a new business. In Manchester, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739585154592854016%29.\"\u003EConor Seager\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also changed paths by starting at a new company while working from home. “It was an unorthodox start, but the company showed faith in me by honouring the contract of employment, and were really supportive via Skype, phone calls, emails.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, the new face of work doesn’t come without its wrinkles. “Working from teams during the pandemic for the past nine months has been a learning curve,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739635175732363265%29\"\u003ELiana Dean-Wright\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Alberta, Canada. “’Pandemic fatigue’ has set in, and folks seem less willing to engage in meaningful work and conversations, things have gone to feeling a bit hopeless at times.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany have found themselves face-to-face with questions they didn’t even know they had to ask. How will they bond with colleagues, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-can-young-people-thrive-in-a-remote-work-world\"\u003Eespecially young workers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E looking to network and build a solid foundation for a career? How will remote work \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality\"\u003Edeepen existing inequalities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, especially for workers who can’t work from home? And \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting\"\u003Ewhat of its effect on our mental health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and the people who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-the-personalities-that-benefit-most-from-remote-work\"\u003Emight not thrive in a remote setting as much as others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also the question of finding balance – in the new work world, how, exactly, can we do that? This is one of the most pressing questions for working parents of young children. Parents can be interrupted by their kids \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Foutlook\u002Finterruptions-parenting-pandemic-work-home\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F09\u002F599032e6-b4ca-11ea-aca5-ebb63d27e1ff_story.html\"\u003Eup to 15 times an hour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Of course, this can affect productivity – but also mental health and happiness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090ywqy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Working at home full-time with two young children, my main challenge has been in setting boundaries,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739594482188136448%29\"\u003EAnjeli Narine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Trinidad and Tobago. “Turns out neither four-year-olds nor clients are good at respecting boundaries. I am learning to move past ‘mom guilt’ and workaholism to unapologetically spend my time balancing these conflicting demands.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739594482188136448%29&replyUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739933300275613696%29\"\u003EKavita Ramnanan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Ontario echoes this. “I still find it very hard to find a ‘cut off’ time for work as it seems like I never really ‘log off’ when I am working from home. As far as my four-year-old is concerned, mom's workday is over once he gets home from school. He is right as it is outside business hours, but I'm still trying to find that balance of mom time and work time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe challenges are major – but, on the other side, the rewards also may be. Many have found that learning to adapt and knowing when to reassess values and goals has led to more fulfilment – and even more balance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[The] pandemic has changed my mindset towards work tremendously. I am now more aware of being agile, adaptable and pivoting into different skill sets and talents I was unaware ever existed for me,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739611707578155008%29\"\u003EMaya L Kellman\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Barbados. “I am more challenged to ensure I have a healthy work\u002Flife balance by setting and respecting boundaries. More importantly, I have time [to] develop all my creative ideas, entrepreneurial ventures and further my education to diversify my personal brand.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs we all continue to adapt our working mindset to a quickly changing present and uncertain future, one thing is for sure: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work\"\u003Ea lot is still unknown\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But if we keep having discussions about all the changes, our brave new world of work could be easier to navigate than we think.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The pandemic has made it crystal clear that we can't control our lives, yet there's a lot that we can do to make the most of it,” says \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Ffeed\u002Fupdate\u002Furn:li:activity:6739583980405972992?commentUrn=urn%3Ali%3Acomment%3A%28activity%3A6739583980405972992%2C6739635396029812736%29\"\u003ELoria Di Landri\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a teacher in Lombardy, Italy. “Be open to change, don't be afraid of stepping out of your comfort zone, take up new challenges and give yourself a pep talk. To me working together and sharing knowledge, experience and doubts with my fellow teachers has helped me to grow, drive the change and look ahead.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever-6"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fthe-life-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How our views on work have changed forever","headlineShort":"Why work will never feel the same","image":["p090yvcy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201110-what-happens-to-workplace-perks-now-that-no-ones-in-office","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Now that the world has shifted, the way we feel about work and our careers will never be the same, either.","summaryShort":"Our relationship with our jobs – and lives – has transformed","tag":["tag\u002Fworking-from-home"],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-11T13:57:13.54491Z","entity":"article","guid":"46c27921-f698-4543-9b1a-08c6bb1302a3","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-17T12:21:53.982234Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201209-how-our-views-on-work-have-changed-forever","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227793},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times","_id":"5fda3fb081722ae486bf8869","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Anxiety can be damaging, but harnessing your neuroticism could bring benefits, including some unexpected advantages in the current climate.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWe all know the neurotic personality when we see it: think Monica from Friends, or George from Seinfeld. Neurotic people worry too much, and if they don’t have anything concrete to worry about, then they start worrying about not being worried. Perhaps you identify. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn personality tests, participants rate their neuroticism with questions such as “I get irritated easily” and “I am much more anxious than most people” – and the more you agree with those statements, the more neurotic you are. These traits might make for an amusing sitcom character, but it hardly sounds like a recipe for health and happiness. If stress is truly bad for our health, as much research suggests, then you would expect neurotics to have shorter life expectancies. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAbout two decades ago, however, Howard Friedman at University of California Riverside noticed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F30604981\u002F\"\u003Ethe evidence for this assumption was rather weak\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Some good studies showed neurotic people to be or become less healthy or die sooner,” he recalls, “while other good studies showed the opposite – that neurotic people tended to be or become healthier and live longer.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven these mixed findings, Friedman began to wonder whether the personality trait could be something of a double-edged sword. While the anxiety by itself could be damaging in some circumstances, some people might use their worrying as motivation to improve their health. This would be especially true, Friedman suggested, for people with both high neuroticism and high conscientiousness (the tendency to be disciplined and organised), a personality type he described as the “healthy neurotic”. Imagine, for instance, that you have a health scare. A more laid-back personality might fail to respond to the risk, whereas the healthy neurotic would be more likely to get medical help. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUntangling the various personality factors that might lead to different health outcomes, and explaining how they do it, is an extraordinarily difficult task. But various studies have outlined the benefits of being a healthy neurotic, including some unexpected advantages in the current pandemic. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInflamed feelings\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELet’s first consider an examination of chronic inflammation, by Nicholas Turiano at West Virginia University. Whenever we are ill or injured, the body sends out pro-inflammatory molecules. This leads to redness and swelling, but it helps to kill off microbes and to repair tissue – making inflammation an essential weapon in our bodies’ defences. Unfortunately, various behaviours – such as smoking, drinking, overeating and physical inactivity – can create lingering \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.health.harvard.edu\u002Fstaying-healthy\u002Funderstanding-inflammation\"\u003Elong-term inflammation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Over time, this can damage our tissues, leading to arthritis, diabetes, cancer, heart disease and perhaps even Alzheimer’s. Measuring the levels of the key pro-inflammatory molecules therefore provides a snapshot of someone’s current health and their risk of illness in the future. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo discover whether someone’s personality might influence their risk of chronic inflammation, Turiano examined a survey of more than 1,000 middle-aged participants who had undergone regular health checks. Supporting the theory of the “healthy neurotic”, Turiano found that people with the \u003Cem\u003Ecombination\u003C\u002Fem\u003E of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0889159112004825?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ehigher conscientiousness and higher neuroticism had reduced levels of inflammation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, faring better than people who had scored highly on just one of the traits. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike Friedman, Turiano proposed that the reason for these differences lay in the ways they responded to their anxieties. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fpsychsocgerontology\u002Farticle\u002F67B\u002F1\u002F4\u002F557239\"\u003EHealthy neurotics tend to have a lower body mass index\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example, perhaps because they are more conscious of the health risks of obesity, and so make more effort to maintain a healthy weight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a jogger","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlong these lines, Mirjam Stieger, a psychologist at Brandeis University near Boston, has recently shown that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS019188692030413X\"\u003Ehealthy neurotics are more likely to stick to a new exercise regime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The subjects were given a FitBit tracker and encouraged to increase the number of steps they took every day, using a process known as “implementation intentions” (in which you make a concrete plan of when and where you will exercise). As expected, people with high conscientiousness tended to show greater improvements than people who were low in conscientiousness. But people who were high in both conscientiousness \u003Cem\u003Eand\u003C\u002Fem\u003E neuroticism performed better still. “Healthy neurotics may be better able to channel their health concerns into positive behaviours,” she concludes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA recent meta-analysis of 15 studies examining personality and health behaviours across the US, UK, Australia and Germany bolster this argument. The researchers found that people with high neuroticism and conscientiousness \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.collabra.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.1525\u002Fcollabra.266\u002F\"\u003Eare less likely to smoke and more likely to take regular exercise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConstructive coping\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe events of 2020 have, of course, turned many of our assumptions on their head – and you may wonder if the additional stresses of the pandemic would overwhelm any of the benefits that might come from neuroticism. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet the latest research suggests that some neurotic personalities have coped surprisingly well with the uncertainty of Covid-19. The study in question looked at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.apa.org\u002Ffulltext\u002F2020-61814-001.html\"\u003EAmerican employees’ sense of powerlessness in the last two weeks of March this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – just after the US government had declared a state of national emergency. As you would expect, everyone started to feel helpless at the beginning of this period, but the researchers found that people scoring high on neuroticism tended to recover the feeling of autonomy and control more quickly than those who had more laidback personalities. Although this particular survey did not also examine conscientiousness, the authors argue that it fits with the general concept of healthy neuroticism, showing how a heightened vigilance to new threats could sometimes lead to constructive coping.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E Given the previous research, it’s possible that healthy neurotics will also be less likely to catch the virus itself – as their naturally anxious personalities will lead them to take more precautions, such as handwashing, mask wearing and social distancing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Masked young people standing in a queue","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENeedless to say, Friedman welcomes these findings. “The studies clearly show that although depressive rumination and chronic hostility are unhealthy, the vigilance and worrying concern of healthy neuroticism – paired in the right circumstances with the prudence and responsibility of being conscientious – can produce very healthy patterns.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHarnessing your neuroticism\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe long-term benefits of neuroticism remain a matter of debate, however. Sara Weston, an assistant professor at the University of Oregon, is among the researchers who have shown that healthy neuroticism can reduce smoking, yet \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F30010702\u002F\"\u003Eher analyses have found no evidence that healthy neurotics live longer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than the average person. “People who are high in both neuroticism and conscientiousness may engage in healthier habits, but it doesn't seem like this has strong downstream consequences,” she says. The physiological effects of the stress itself – such as increased strain on the heart – could counteract the positive behavioural changes, she suspects, meaning that you see no overall increase in longevity. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven so, she hopes that an understanding of healthy neuroticism may still help to suggest ways to personalise interventions so that people can capitalise on their existing strengths. “You could harness those behavioural tendencies and use them as a way to push people to do things that would have an impact on their health.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you are high in neuroticism but lower in conscientiousness, you might try to boost your self-discipline to make sure that you act on your anxieties. Stieger is currently testing this possibility with an app that educates people about the benefits of conscientiousness and guides them to make specific plans to increase their physical activity. (As we wait for those results, you could look to BBC Worklife’s archive for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality?ocid=global_worklife_rss\"\u003Esome immediate evidence-based ways to increase perseverance and discipline\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThose of us with a neurotic personality might also reconsider the ways we frame our worries. A swathe of recent research has shown that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F08870446.2020.1743841\"\u003Eour attitudes to anxiety often determine how it affects our mental and physical health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. If we believe anxiety to be damaging, then we tend to take longer to recover from stressful events and suffer more long-term consequences from the experience; if we see anxiety as a source of motivation and energy, however, we tend to perform better and recover more quickly after the stress has passed. Although the mechanisms are still being explored, it seems that this more positive view of anxiety stops us from descending into counter-productive rumination about our worries, and helps to bolster our confidence in our ability to cope. One study, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F24889219\u002F\"\u003Etracked a cohort of German doctors and teachers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, found that this attitude completely buffered the detrimental effects of heightened anxiety over the course of a year. With further research, it may turn out that the shift to healthy neuroticism can be achieved through a simple change in mindset. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFriedman certainly thinks it’s time to take a more nuanced understanding of our personalities and our feelings. “The current zeitgeist often equates the anxiety and moodiness aspects of neuroticism with ‘stress’, and sees this ‘stress’ as a cause of disease, even in light of considerable documentation that this is a dangerous over-simplification,” he argues. “Worrying can be OK, especially in situations like a pandemic.” In this new age of anxiety, there may be no better time to embrace the benefits of our fretful minds. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E (WW Norton\u002FHodder & Stoughton). He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times-4"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why ‘healthy neurotics’ can thrive in stressful times","headlineShort":"The upside of an anxious personality","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a brain graphic","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Anxiety can be damaging, but harnessing your neuroticism could bring benefits, including some unexpected advantages in the current climate.","summaryShort":"A more anxious personality can bring some surprising advantages","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-03T20:52:16.841885Z","entity":"article","guid":"3e83949a-293a-4b67-b7bd-eab7b3b38362","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-04T12:06:55.441286Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227794},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless","_id":"5fda3faf81722ae486bf7dda","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 has changed our lives in countless uncompromising ways. Yet we hate feeling powerless – so how do we take back control?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf a century of psychological science has taught us anything about the fundamental needs of the human mind, it is that we yearn for the feeling of control. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhatever their background, people who perceive that they have power to determine their own fate – from tiny short-term decisions to important life events – tend to be happier, healthier and more productive. Even the most challenging circumstances can be more bearable if we feel that we have some say in the outcome, while small stresses may become exaggerated if we feel that we are completely helpless to change the situation. “Powerlessness is inherently threatening, and it prompts a strong desire to reduce or eliminate that feeling,” says Eric Anicich, an assistant professor of management and organisation at the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis research could not be more relevant in 2020. Alongside the fear of the virus itself, the pandemic has limited our lives personally and professionally in countless ways, with the ongoing economic \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201104-how-to-function-in-times-of-uncertainty\"\u003Euncertainty\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and restrictions threatening to last well into 2021. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is no doubt that this loss of personal control will have affected our wellbeing, but Anicich’s recent research suggests that many people have coped much better than they might have initially expected with the new challenges. And for those of us who are still struggling, psychologists like Anicich have some advice for the best ways to restore our sense of personal power and control – both now and in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090y13y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a closed sign on a shop in Louisiana, US","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELost freedom\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA rudimentary desire for self-determination may have emerged deep in our evolutionary history. While we may not often think of other creatures exercising their free will, many species suffer when their autonomy is taken away from them. For almost a century, scientists have known that simply \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F8058215\u002F\"\u003Erestricting an animal’s movements will result in a marked stress response\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Although there is no threat of physical injury, the inability to move and act freely leads to the release of hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, a quickened heartbeat and the formation of gastric ulcers. And even small freedoms can have a big impact: giant pandas given a ‘bedroom’ in their enclosure, which allows them to choose between two distinct environments, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fzoo.20064\"\u003Efare better than those with only one space\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to roam. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile there are clear ethical issues with deliberately placing humans in severely stressful situations, various cleverly designed studies show that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2944661\u002F\"\u003Ethe perception of control over our circumstances can profoundly affect\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the ways that we respond to challenges. The effects are particularly problematic if we feel that we have lost power that we once had. In 2008, for instance, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.pain.2007.10.028\"\u003EBelgian and British researchers asked participants to play a card game\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, during which they could receive a small electric shock. In the first third of the game, the participants were able to learn which responses in the game would bring the shock, providing them with some level of control over the pain. At a certain point, however, these rules vanished, and the shocks arrived regularly without any link to the participants’ behaviour. Although the electricity was administered at exactly the same intensity, the participants’ loss of control over their pain made the experience considerably more unpleasant, resulting in greater fear and distress, and a reduced ability to concentrate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People who report feeling little power in their lives tend to show a greater risk of illnesses and death","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe same patterns have been observed in many other scenarios, including longer-term studies examining people’s mental and physical health over months and years. Importantly, our perception of control is relatively subjective, and scientists have found that this can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002F9781118900772.etrds0209\"\u003Einfluence our wellbeing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E independently of the many other factors that determine the actual amount of control we have over our lives. People who report feeling little power in their lives tend to show a greater risk of illnesses and death, even when you control for factors like their socioeconomic status. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs the animal-research demonstrated, these long-term health effects may partly arise from the enhanced physiological response to stress, but it could also arise from behavioural differences too. When people feel helpless, they are less likely to take care of their own health through exercise and diet. If you doubt your ability to take charge of a situation, then any effort will seem futile, and the perception can become self-fulfilling. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese differences in mindset may explain the way different people respond to events like unemployment. Any job loss is hard to handle, but people with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0001879116300069\"\u003Elower “perceived control” before the redundancy find it harder to find a new job later on\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. (The two factors could, of course, be self-reinforcing  – since, in this situation, your sense of personal empowerment may also depend on your chances of successful job hunting.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090y1bw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a caged monkey","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHeightened resilience\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese previous studies had all tended to look at individual crises, rather than global events. But thanks to a chance coincidence, Anicich has already \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Ffulltext\u002F2020-61814-001.pdf\"\u003Ecaptured a snapshot\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of our feelings during the early days of the pandemic, which immediately threw billions of lives into disarray and severely limited many of the behaviours that we had taken for granted. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHis team was already setting up an online psychological survey to measure Americans’ general experiences of work when the crisis became apparent in March, allowing them to record people’s immediate reactions to the Covid-19 upheaval. “We had the very fortunate opportunity to collect data at a time when things were really changing quickly,” he says. “It ended up being a kind of natural experiment.” The participants were questioned three times a day for 10 days, from the Monday after the World Health Organization categorised the virus as a “global pandemic” and the US government declared a state of national emergency. To measure their sense of control, the participants were asked to rate on a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) the statement “Right now I feel powerless”; for authenticity, another element of autonomy, they had to rate the statement “I feel like I am able to truly be myself right now”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs you might expect, most people’s sense of autonomy immediately fell off a cliff, but Anicich’s participants began to bounce back surprisingly quickly. Although they had not experienced a complete recovery by the end of the 10 days, the sense of powerless and authenticity were both heading towards the pre-pandemic levels recorded in a separate sample, taken in September 2019.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Deliberately reframing your thoughts, to put your troubles in perspective, can itself restore a sense of personal autonomy","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EInterestingly, he found that participants with a neurotic personality initially suffered the most, but their recovery was then more rapid. “Neuroticism often gets a very bad rap – it’s viewed as kind of a toxic trait,” he says. “But my guess would be that highly neurotic people are going about their lives with a highly vigilant mindset, and so they're cued to detect threats in their environment and to respond to those threats quickly, when they emerge.” (\u003Cem\u003ESee \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWhy ‘healthy neurotics’ can thrive in stressful times\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.) \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe antidote\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnicich wasn’t able to collect data over a longer period, and he suspects that the helpless feelings will have ebbed and flowed over the subsequent months, as the crisis unfolded. “It’s possible that participants saw steady recovery gains for some period of time before new personal or societal setbacks or restrictions emerged which may have caused another dip in their sense of autonomy, following the spike in the second wave of Covid cases, for example.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, he has some tips for ways that we could all regain a sense of control, now and in the future. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe says that the first step may be to recognise our own biases in the way we appraise our circumstances. Thanks to “affective forecasting errors”, humans tend to be bad at estimating how they will feel in the future. For positive events – such as winning the lottery – we imagine that we will feel much happier, for much longer, than we actually do. And for negative events the opposite is true: we struggle to imagine how we’ll get over a threat or disappointment. “The intensity and duration of negative experiences isn't always as bad as people think it will be,” says Anicich. Simply reminding ourselves of that fact might help to relieve the initial sense of hopelessness we often feel on hearing bad news, he proposes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090y1hz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a family combining remote work and home-schooling","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESince we often measure our sense of power to other people, it’s also important to avoid making negative comparisons, says Anicich. We might be envious of someone in better circumstances who appears to have more freedom, or we might keep recalling how much more control we had in the past – but those kinds of thoughts will only heighten our feelings of helplessness. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn a practical level, we can establish a sense of control by looking for small ways to ease the situation. If you have been forced to work from home, setting your own schedules and optimising your space could help you to regain some sense of autonomy. Bosses should also help to empower their employees, says Anicich. “They should try to take more of a hands-off approach as opposed to micromanaging employees.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAstrid Homan, a professor of work and organisational psychology at the University of Amsterdam, advocates a similar approach. Working with Maria Dijkstra, she recently asked participants \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5030286\u002F\"\u003Eto detail their use of seven different coping strategies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, alongside questionnaires measuring their perceived control over their lives and their general wellbeing. As you might expect, avoidance tactics are less effective than proactively confronting any problems that are within your reach. And deliberately reframing your thoughts, to put your troubles in perspective, can itself restore a sense of personal autonomy, even when the stress itself is impossible to evade. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the pandemic, this might involve resetting our expectations of what we can achieve, and acknowledging the limits of the situation. “You might recognise that you have to lower your standards, and that it’s not because you don’t want to work hard, but because you simply can’t do everything you used to do before,” says Homan.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer findings, and Anicich’s general advice, both recall the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp06wv1q3\u002Fa-stoic-s-guide-to-happiness\"\u003EStoic philosophy – originating in Ancient Greece –  of separating what is within your power, from what is not\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and then looking for ways to reinterpret the situation. Although we can’t control the world, we are able to change our reaction to it. It may have emerged in wildly different circumstances, but that time-tested wisdom could be the ultimate antidote to the sense of powerlessness that we are all facing today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E (WW Norton\u002FHodder & Stoughton). He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How to restore your sense of control when you feel powerless","headlineShort":"An antidote to powerlessness?","image":["p090y0rv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of masked shoppers queueing to enter a supermarket","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p090y13y"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201109-why-the-paradox-mindset-is-the-key-to-success","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201026-why-healthy-neurotics-can-thrive-in-stressful-times","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Covid-19 has changed our lives in countless uncompromising ways. Yet we hate feeling powerless – so how do we take back control?","summaryShort":"How to tackle feeling like you can't control anything","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-14T20:56:54.147041Z","entity":"article","guid":"e8694765-6916-48ec-912a-122eb655bafd","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-15T15:33:10.957196Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201209-how-to-restore-your-sense-of-control-when-you-feel-powerless","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227794},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8c9a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Research shows that a potential health threat can transform the way we think about and approach romantic interactions.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EEmily, a 29-year-old surveyor from London, says she’s always been something of an introvert. She’d dabbled in dating, but when the UK’s first lockdown restrictions ended in July, she was reluctant to begin dating in person again. “I’d chatted with some people on dating apps, but I wasn’t in a rush to meet up with anyone,” she says. “Everything about the pandemic had made me quite anxious.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn early August, she agreed to meet someone from a dating app for a drink, her first date since March. “We’d been exchanging messages for a few months, and he was really nice,” says Emily, who did not want her full name used.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut when they did finally meet, she says, \"I just felt extremely hesitant\". “In the back of my mind, I still wasn’t sure I was ready to date again. Later that day I sent him a text explaining how I felt, and he replied saying he had sensed that from my body language.”    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EEmily isn’t alone in feeling like dating amid Covid-19 is fraught. In fact, her behaviour chimes with a 2017 study in which a group of psychologists at Montréal’s McGill University looked into whether people’s dating behaviour would change if they were worried about the risk of infectious disease.\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003EWould people shy away from chasing romance if they were subconsciously aware of a potential health risk, or would the natural human desire to find a partner prevail?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe researchers had little idea that Covid-19 was around the corner. Now, their work, combined with other psychological studies conducted during the pandemic, offers a fascinating and highly relevant window into how the crisis appears to be affecting our dating behaviour. And, it points to ways in which we can date more effectively in the future as well as form deeper and stronger relationship bonds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe McGill experiment suggests Emily’s avoidance might be down to an element of our psyche known as the “behavioural immune system”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EPathogens have presented a threat to our survival throughout human history. So, evolutionary psychologists believe humans have evolved a set of subconscious responses that manifest when we are particularly concerned about the presence of an infectious disease. These responses lead us to engage in behavioural patterns that reduce the likelihood of getting infected, such as being less open and making reduced eye contact when in social situations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe McGill team examined how this played out in a dating context. They took several hundred heterosexual male and female singletons, aged 18 to 35, and had them complete a known psychometric test known as PVDS, or the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.psych.ubc.ca\u002F~schaller\u002FDuncanSchallerPark2009.pdf\"\u003Eperceived vulnerability to disease scale\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This consists of a 15-item questionnaire, asking participants to rate from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) their feelings on questions such as, ‘It really bothers me when people sneeze without covering their mouths’, or ‘My immune system protects me from most illnesses that other people get’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Researchers found that those who had indicated they felt more vulnerable to disease consistently displayed much lower levels of interest in their prospective dates","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EEach of the participants then watched a video about hygiene and the abundance of bacteria in the everyday world. This was intended to prime their behavioural immune system before they went on an evening’s speed dating with members of the opposite sex.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIntriguingly, the researchers found that those who had indicated they felt more vulnerable to disease consistently displayed much lower levels of interest in their prospective dates. This was true even when they were highly attractive. Fear of disease made them less interested in romancing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAs in Emily’s case, the speed-dating partners in the study found their date’s subdued behaviour noticeable, a finding that struck John Lydon, one of the authors of the study, as “especially remarkable”. “Within just a few minutes, people found that dates who had a high perceived vulnerability to disease, although of course they did not know this, to be more withdrawn and less friendly,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EOf course, even if you could ignore survival messages from your subconscious, simply meeting a potential partner has not been easy during the pandemic. National lockdowns have seen individual freedoms curtailed in an unprecedented manner for months at a time, making it almost impossible to get out and date.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut as work has moved online, so has romance. Ben, a 27-year-old actuary living in Bristol, was initially sceptical about the idea of video dates. But with few alternatives in early April, he soon began to embrace this new dating trend, and even find some advantages of it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“One of the main problems with dating apps is that you have no idea what the other person is really like before you meet them,” says Ben, who asked to withhold his full name in case potential future dates found it while searching him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“There’s nothing more awkward than meeting someone in a bar, and finding within the first five minutes that you have no chemistry. With video dates, it’s a bit more relaxed. You can have a chat and a drink from your own homes, and if you don’t get along, you don’t feel like you’ve wasted an evening.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The pandemic has meant that every date becomes more precious – Logan Ury","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBehavioural scientist Logan Ury, who currently works as director of relationship science at dating app Hinge, has also noticed a change in how people are approaching online dating. Pre-pandemic it was common for people to use the app to continually move from person to person. But as social restrictions came in, people have began spending longer getting to know each other in the virtual world before meeting. This has meant that when they did finally get to meet in person, the encounter carried more importance in their minds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“The pandemic has meant that every date becomes more precious,” says Ury. “I’ve seen people enter into relationships for the first time in a long while, because they had fewer distractions, and the person they were dating became more valuable to them. “Those people had broken a habit of always moving onto the next one, viewing the grass as always being greener on the other side, and that change probably would not have happened without the pandemic.”  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EShe believes people have also become clearer with themselves and others as to what they’re looking for, due to the introspection which many people have undergone during lockdowns. “Because people have spent a lot of time alone, thinking when’s the next Covid spike going to be, when’s the next lockdown, it’s led to people dating in a more intentional way. And that intentionality can show up in a number of ways. For example, being more clear with yourself and others about what you want, valuing each date and really preparing for it mentally and not ghosting if you’re not interested. In general, I think these are things which are really good for the dating community.”   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EPeople who have already settled down are not immune to the pandemic’s romance impact, however. At the University of Massachusetts Amherst, social psychologist Paula Pietromonaco has been examining \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Ffulltext\u002F2020-54105-001.pdf\"\u003Ewhat makes some couples bond more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E even more despite the stresses of the crisis, while others are pushed apart.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWhile socioeconomic factors do play a critical, with couples more financially affected by the pandemic more likely to split up, Pietromonaco says that a lot comes down to how couples approach problems that come their way. “If they see themselves as a team, blaming the stress on the pandemic itself, rather than something about their partner, they are most likely to emerge through the situation stronger,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBecause the pandemic has been so life-changing for everyone, she predicts that the long-term prospects of many couples will be influenced by the patterns of behaviour established during this period. “Behaviours are likely to carry over after the pandemic,” she says. “Couples may end up being better at communicating, better at supporting each other after this is over. But if they get into patterns of conflict, that also can spiral. For some, it could be enough of a shake-up that it helps them change their behaviour for the better, while for others it could be the straw that breaks the camel’s back.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFor some singles, the pandemic may have brought changes that are here to stay even as life returns to normal. “I think video calls are very much here to stay as a means of pre-screening people you meet on the apps,” says Ben. “Once the first lockdown ended, I still preferred initially getting to know people in the virtual world before we went for drinks. I feel it’s definitely a positive trend. I’m now going on fewer dates, but when I do, it tends to be far more likely that the date goes well.” \u003Cspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":true,"displayDate":"2020-11-24T20:12:51Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Coronavirus: Why dating feels so different now","headlineShort":"'Every date becomes more precious now'","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Research shows that a potential health threat can transform the way we think about and approach romantic interactions.","summaryShort":"How the pandemic changes the psychology of dating","tag":[],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-23T20:56:06.23356Z","entity":"article","guid":"6e2770a6-957c-4a93-9039-e194773237ed","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-24T14:29:28.38004Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227798},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8eb4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fsukhada-tatke"],"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 has made many rethink social gatherings. But for Indian weddings, the lure of the lavish tradition might be stronger than the pandemic.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETwo months after Uthara Murugamanikkam and Dhamodaran Subramanian met in November last year, their families started planning their wedding. The couple, from Chennai in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, would get engaged in early March and married in June. The wedding would take place in Coimbatore, 500km (311mi) from Chennai, with 250 close friends and family in attendance. Then, it would be followed by a reception for 500 people, and a larger soiree back in Chennai for 750 guests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe engagement ceremony went smoothly. However, less than a week later, the World Health Organization declared the Covid-19 outbreak a pandemic, and India found itself living under lockdown. “As time went by, we thought of two things: postpone the wedding or have it anyway,” says Murugamanikkam, 30, who runs a business selling handmade hair and skincare products. “Quickly we realised we weren’t sure when things would get better.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe couple decided to go ahead with a wedding in Chennai, with only close family present. Just 15 people were there on 7 June as the bride and groom married at a small temple. “My only dream was to have friends and family at my wedding to share in my happiness, tease me, help me get ready. But now we have a story to tell our children and grandchildren. I don’t regret this intimate wedding at all,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow that the pandemic has brought over-the-top Indian weddings to a halt, couples have had to make small events memorable amid restrictions. On the other side of the pandemic, could the smaller wedding endure, or is the lure of the big Indian wedding too strong?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08zz30p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn India, planning weddings generally involves striking a delicate balance between the desires of couples, dreams of families and expectations of guests. Weddings are often seen as occasions to flex social-standing muscles. Big weddings are very much the norm, and families are judged on their hospitality. Guest lists often include distant relatives and acquaintances. Budgets range from $6,000 and $13,000 for modest weddings; $41,000 and $80,000 for lavish celebrations; and $100,000 to $1m for extravagant revelries, according to industry experts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndian society is deeply divided along caste and class lines, so precise expectations of weddings differ for each part of society. In general, parents save for decades (and often go into \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2210600615300277\"\u003Edebt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) for what they see as their biggest responsibility toward their child, especially girls. An episode of Made in Heaven, a recent Amazon series set against the backdrop of glamorous weddings, shows a man taking a loan from the bank for his daughter’s wedding without telling her, just to fulfil her dream of a perfect wedding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When this powerful industry went from booming to shuttered overnight, the restrictions came as a boon to some","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of a big wedding as a marker of social status is both deeply entrenched and continuously reinforced by marketing from the wedding fashion, jewellery and styling sectors. Sociologist Patricia Uberoi once called Indian weddings “the most visible site of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous waste”, while according to a KPMG \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.kpmg\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fkpmg\u002Fin\u002Fpdf\u002F2016\u002F09\u002FDigital-classifieds-India-2020_new.pdf\"\u003Eanalysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an average Indian family spends about one-fifth of its accumulated wealth on a child’s wedding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith about 10 million weddings taking place in India each year, the industry is widely reported to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.voguebusiness.com\u002Ffashion\u002Findian-wedding-fashion-millennials-lehenga\"\u003Eworth around $40bn to $50bn annually\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, second only to the US. Despite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findianexpress.com\u002Farticle\u002Fopinion\u002Fweb-edits\u002Fpros-and-cons-of-proposed-lok-sabha-bill-to-prevent-extravagant-and-wasteful-expenditure-in-weddings-4527997\u002F\"\u003Eperiodic attempts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to curb them, weddings have grown more opulent over the years. Lavish celebrations involving wealthy business and Bollywood families have emerged as national spectator sports.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Till earlier this year, one wondered just how big the Indian wedding was going to get. It was like a race. Grand was becoming grander, especially in high-income families,” says Parthip Thyagrajan, CEO of WeddingSutra, a popular wedding portal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08zz2mx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen this powerful industry went from booming to shuttered overnight, the restrictions came as a boon to some. Rasika Kshirsagar and Ajinkya Meher, both yoga teachers in Mumbai, didn’t want to splash out on a big wedding. But, like many couples, they gave up on the idea to placate their parents. They picked a March date at a venue that would accommodate about 700 people, but Covid-19 forced them to cancel. When things opened up a little after three months, they had a small ceremony with 25 people instead. “We eventually got what we wanted,” says 29-year-old Kshirsagar. And they only spent 20% of their original budget. They hope the savings will help them as they start their married life. “We’ve always wanted to travel around the country, and the world, for a few months to teach yoga. We hope to use the saved money on that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor others, a small ceremony has been a matter of pragmatism. Mumbai-based Dr Sharada Rao’s daughter lives in the US, and her future son-in-law in Singapore. The two need to be married before her daughter can get a visa to join him there. “There is no end point to the pandemic and it’s not fair to keep their lives on hold,” says Rao. “We are a simple family. We never had aspirations of a big function, but we would have liked to have had more events.” The family’s budget for gifting has not changed, and presents will go out to family members even though they will not be able to attend. The small wedding is now planned for January 2021 in the garden of a Mumbai hotel. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also signs that people are trying to show wedding hospitality in innovative ways, rather than embracing austerity entirely. “For instance, people are opting for sit-down lunches as opposed to buffets,” says Sejal Deshpande, founder of Shaadi Ityaadi, a wedding planning company focused on sustainable weddings. She planned a wedding in October in which the couple sent food parcels to relatives and friends who would have otherwise been present at the ceremony.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Although many more people will end up opting for smaller weddings out of necessity over the next few months, it’s not clear the new approach will turn into a new tradition","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough many more people will end up opting for smaller weddings out of necessity over the next few months, it’s not clear the new approach will turn into a new tradition. According to Parul Bhandari, an associate professor of sociology at Jindal Global University, part of the reason is that Indian marriages are strongly embedded in family and kinship structures. “Families keep in constant touch with their extended family and kin groups, not just at times of weddings, but also [for] religious rituals and festivals. In this way, the extended family and kin form an important part of the Indian society’s fabric and, therefore, it is only considered reasonable to include them in an important rite de passage as marriage.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08zz32q"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWeddingSutra’s Thyagrajan believes that the concept of a big wedding is firmly entrenched in the Indian culture. “Big weddings are very much part of our DNA. They are a special celebration. They are part of the happiness industry. They will make a comeback,” he says, though he believes it may take a year or two.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, nine months into the pandemic, there are signs that interest is picking up again. Banquet halls at five-star hotels have seen a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.livemint.com\u002Fcompanies\u002Fnews\u002Fwedding-bookings-at-hotels-resorts-witness-uptick-11605008016803.html\"\u003Esurge in bookings for November and December\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. However, hosts are having to get a little creative; for an upcoming ceremony, wedding planner Ekta Saigal Lulla says the clients have requested that all the guests be tested for Covid-19 two days prior to the wedding. Lulla has partnered with a diagnostics lab. She says, “Social gathering and social distancing don’t go hand in hand, no matter how hard you try. Which is why we are taking precautions beforehand.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDestination weddings, which were all but forgotten in the past few months, are slowly picking up, too. Saigal Lulla says that newer venues are being explored, from Cyprus to Malta and Vietnam. Now that the numbers are smaller, people are focusing on giving a grander experience to their guests, she says. “So, instead of going to, say, Lisbon, a popular wedding destination in Portugal, people are exploring other places like Sintra or Algarve, where they can rent a castle.” Countries such as Switzerland, where weddings didn’t happen earlier due to generally small venues, are now on the table. “Since the guest list is shorter, clients can just buy the entire property and make it a memorable experience for those few people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKolkata-based wedding planner Pramod Lunawat is also in the midst of planning a wedding in Bahrain. He says that clients aren’t concerned about travel safety, since “they are now spending on charter flights instead of commercial flights”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough the pandemic has changed many of the ways we live, the entrenchment of the Indian wedding demonstrates how some cultural traditions are immutable. Major ceremonies like these weddings may adapt, especially as Covid-19 still looms large over every occasion. But even as Indian wedding hosts – and socialisers around the world – are being forced to think outside the box, some rituals simply seem bigger than their challenges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fthe-life-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-26T12:14:30Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why Indian wedding traditions could trump the pandemic","headlineShort":"The opulent ritual defying the pandemic","image":["p08zz2xz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Covid-19 has made many rethink social gatherings. But for Indian weddings, the lure of the lavish tradition might be stronger than the pandemic.","summaryShort":"Why an Indian cultural tradition may be too strong to topple","tag":["tag\u002Fcultural-traditions"],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-01T21:00:08.966005Z","entity":"article","guid":"18798fc7-1d51-4dea-9147-56a3c4839326","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-07T13:22:11.132488Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227795},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces","_id":"5fda3fae81722ae486bf7c97","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaddy-savage"],"bodyIntro":"Divorce rates are increasing around the world, and relationship experts warn the pandemic-induced break-up curve may not have peaked yet.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter seven years of marriage, 29-year-old Sophie Turner and her husband filed for divorce. They’d never discussed splitting up before the coronavirus crisis, but during the pandemic, their marriage soured. “I was more stressed, and it was all just building up, and we decided for maybe a trial separation,” says Turner, a support worker for children’s social services in Suffolk, England. “Very quickly we realised it was going to be more permanent than that.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETheir experiences are becoming increasingly common, with divorce applications and break-ups skyrocketing across the UK and around the world. Leading British law firm Stewarts logged a 122% increase in enquiries between July and October, compared with the same period last year. Charity Citizen’s Advice reported a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-54117821\"\u003Espike in searches for online advice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on ending a relationship. In the US, a major legal contract-creation site recently announced a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flegaltemplates.net\u002Fresources\u002Fpersonal-family\u002Fdivorce-rates-covid-19\u002F\"\u003E34% rise in sales of its basic divorce agreement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with newlyweds who’d got married in the previous five months making up 20% of sales. There’s been a similar pattern in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globaltimes.cn\u002Fcontent\u002F1185583.shtml\"\u003EChina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which had one of the world’s strictest lockdowns at the start of the pandemic. The same is true in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsverigesradio.se\u002Fartikel\u002F7531645\"\u003ESweden\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which, until recently, largely \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200328-how-to-self-isolate-what-we-can-learn-from-sweden\"\u003Erelied on voluntary guidelines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to try and slow the spread of Covid-19. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's old news that the pandemic is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200601-how-is-covid-19-is-affecting-relationships\"\u003Eaffecting many of our core relationships. \u003C\u002Fa\u003EBut lawyers, therapists and academics are starting to get a clearer understanding of the multiple factors feeding into the Covid-19 break-up boom – and why it looks set to continue into 2021.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090c7q7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of woman removing wedding ring from finger","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt law-firm Stewarts, partner Carly Kinch describes the pandemic as “the perfect storm” for couples, with lockdowns and social distancing causing them to spend increased amounts of time together. This has, in many cases, acted as a catalyst for break-ups that may already have been on the cards, especially if previous separate routines had served to mask problems. “I don't think that the reasons that people are divorcing have necessarily changed. You've always had the underlying current of ‘I'm unhappy with this or that at home’. But I think it has just brought the focus on domestic arrangements really into much more sharp focus than they would ordinarily be.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKinch says her team wasn’t surprised by the surge in divorce applications after England’s first national lockdown ended, since break-ups usually spike after families spend longer together, like during school holidays or over Christmas. “I think lockdown is essentially like those prolonged periods, but with enormous added pressures,” she says. What’s been different is the significant increase in the number of women initiating divorces, with 76% of new cases coming from female clients, compared with 60% a year ago. She believes this trend ties in with the findings of numerous studies of working parents’ lives during Covid-19, which suggest that a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives\"\u003Edisproportionate share of housework and childcare is still falling on women\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even in heterosexual couples where the male partner also works from home. She adds, “I think some people went into lockdown thinking: ‘Oh, isn't this going to be lovely! We're going to spend lots of quality time together. And my partner, who's normally in the city or commuting – they'll be around and they'll help more. And I think the reality for many has been a far cry from that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Leading British law firm Stewarts logged a 122% increase in enquiries between July and October, compared with the same period last year","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETurner says the decision to split with her partner was mutual, and they remain friends. For them, the trigger was deciding to sleep in separate bedrooms to reduce the risk of infection for Turner, who has a pre-existing medical condition, and realising it “didn’t really make a difference” to the quality of their relationship. But like many pandemic break-ups, theirs also coincided with communication problems. She says, “we were getting on each other’s nerves, and not really talking properly.” An increase in Turner’s domestic workload, as she home-schooled her son and looked after a relative’s children, also caused friction. She says her partner found it difficult that her attention was elsewhere, while she struggled with the fact that he could leave the house to meet colleagues at a plumbing company while she was stuck at home. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor other couples, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts\"\u003Eincrease in mental health problems linked to the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is playing a role in break-ups. When Marie, a 43-year-old editor in Amsterdam, caught Covid-19 in March, it made her partner’s anxiety disorder “spiral out of control”. She says, “I had to handle everything while we were quarantined – for almost a month – and it was absolutely exhausting.\" A victim of “long Covid”, by July she was still finding it a struggle to organise her time beyond “the bare essentials” of part-time work and looking after their four-year-old. “Unfortunately, our relationship was one of the elements that demanded too much effort on my part: emotionally, mentally and physically. So, I asked him for a separation. It just felt like a matter of life or death.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut relationship experts believe that even strong couples who weren’t facing problems before the pandemic, and avoided major shifts in household health or dynamics may also be susceptible to break-ups. This is because the pandemic has taken away “well-established routines that offered comfort, stability and rhythm”, explains Ronen Stilman, a psychotherapist and spokesperson for the UK Council for Psychotherapy. Without these, this leaves partners with limited opportunities to “seek other forms of support or stimulation” beyond their relationship, which can put them under strain. Stilman says, “More people are finding themselves trapped in a situation where they are struggling to cope with what is going on for them as well as what is going on between them. Like a pressure cooker that does not let any pressure out, the lid can eventually pop and the relationship breaks down.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090c7vr"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of couple at opposite ends of the sofa","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat was the case for Nora, an American living in Stockholm, who broke up with her Spanish boyfriend a few months into the pandemic, a year after they moved in together. The 29-year-old, who asked to have her surname withheld, says the couple took the risk of infection very seriously, both opting to work from home and avoiding non-essential outings. “We gave up our social life and our releases – him, basketball and me, climbing,” she explains. “Our differences became magnified, especially my introversion and his extroversion. We couldn't recharge the way we needed to when we were stuck together – him, needing more people, and me, needing more space.” She says they tried their best to find a solution, but in the end it did not work. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELawyer Kinch points out the pandemic is likely to be one of the first major life challenges young couples face together, which might partly explain the rise in divorce applications from newlyweds in some countries, including the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flegaltemplates.net\u002Fresources\u002Fpersonal-family\u002Fdivorce-rates-covid-19\u002F\"\u003EUS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flegaltemplates.net\u002Fresources\u002Fpersonal-family\u002Fdivorce-rates-covid-19\u002F\"\u003ECanada\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. She says, “If you are newlyweds or relatively early on in your relationship, it might not have been tested in the way the marriages of 30 years have been over the years with different trials and tribulations.\" Meanwhile, the stripped-back lifestyle that the crisis has created is the opposite of many new couples’ visions of “wedded bliss about how perfect life is going to be”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAdditionally, relationship experts say the financial impact of Covid-19 is also likely to be playing a major role in break-ups, as people find themselves unemployed, furloughed or taking home lower pay cheques. “The number of divorces has tended to increase without exception during economic downturns at least since the Second World War,” explains Glen Sandström, who researches demographic history at Umeå University in northern Sweden. “Given that we are now experiencing a severe crisis especially economically, we expect that the end result will be an increase in marital instability.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Our differences became magnified, especially my introversion and his extroversion – Nora","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMoney is already \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftamarindfinancial.com\u002Ffinances-are-major-cause-of-stress-in-relationships\u002F\"\u003Eone of the most common causes of marital strife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Decreased income increases the potential for strain on the relationship due to conflicts on how to prioritise different types of consumption, and psychological strain increases that in turn, resulting in reduced relationship quality due to worries of how to make ends meet,” says Sandström. Being made redundant can also be a major blow to self-esteem, especially among men who, “more so than women still base their self-worth on their ability to provide economic security for their family”. This can manifest as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F229052873_The_Consequences_of_Financial_Stress_for_Individuals_Families_and_Society\"\u003Eanxiety, anger and frustration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as well as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4860387\u002F\"\u003Eincreased likelihood of domestic abuse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, unlike other financial crises, the pandemic has disproportionately hit those who were already working in insecure employment in low-income industries such as hospitality, leisure, retail and tourism – sectors in which women, young people and ethnic minorities are overrepresented. Nikita Amin, a therapist at \u003Cspan\u003ECulture Minds Therapy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, which serves the UK’s black and Asian community, says the service has seen an increase in enquiries for both couples therapy and individual sessions. This, she says, reflects the scale of the pandemic’s impact on these groups, since \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmjopen.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F6\u002F11\u002Fe012337\"\u003Eethnic minorities in Britain tend to be less likely to seek help for mental health and relationship issues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in part due to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgtr.ukri.org\u002Fprojects?ref=ES%2FJ003514%2F1\"\u003Estigma around separation and divorce\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. She believes there may be many others unable to seek help due to a lack of time or money or because they are frightened about how their partner or relatives might react if they admit they are considering a separation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p090c7zz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a man in an empty room surrounded by boxes","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite hopes that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-51665497\"\u003Eroll-out of vaccines in early-to-mid 2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E will allow many of us to start living more of our pre-pandemic lifestyles, many divorce experts believe there’s no guarantee that will bring an end to the break-up trend. Umeå's Sandström points out that the financial impact of Covid-19 could lead to a long-term recession, meaning relationships could be strained by ongoing money problems. “If the economic shock is extensive, causing strong increases in unemployment, many marriages will suffer,” he says. But he adds the opposite is also possible if countries recover faster than expected during 2021. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Lawyer Kinch warns that improved economic fortunes could actually trigger divorces, because some spouses currently experiencing marital problems may be putting off splitting up for practical reasons. “I think as things settle down, I wouldn't be at all surprised if we saw another increase, just for the people that wanted to do it anyway, but just felt it was all too uncertain,” says Kinch. She argues this new wave of break-ups might also include partners who are currently staying together because they are nervous about being alone, beginning to date again in an era of social distancing or, conversely, worried about the logistics of starting divorce proceedings while still cohabiting during lockdowns. “They don't want to have to say, ‘I want a divorce’ and then have to spend 24 hours a day with them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I asked him for a separation. It just felt like a matter of life or death – Marie","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKinch’s firm is already experiencing increased enquiries from people “information-gathering” ahead of future break-ups. “They come to us with lots of questions about what will life post-divorce look like: ‘How do I get from this point to my new life at the end?’” she says. “I think people are doing probably a lot more research and groundwork than they might have before the pandemic.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychotherapists like Noel Bell, a London-based specialist in personal growth, argue that the pandemic is also prompting more existential re-evaluations of what, and whom, people want in their lives. “This is clear from evidence showing that people are looking to move house and have a different lifestyle, such as moving to the country with less time spent commuting. Such re-evaluation is also taking place in marriages, with couples reassessing their life choices and their emotional needs,” he says. “The pressures of the pandemic have reminded us all that life might be short and we are tasked to assess how, and with whom, we are spending our precious time.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in Suffolk, Sophie Turner has just signed a lease on a new home, allowing her to live closer to her sister and parents. And although splitting up with her husband has been a challenging process, she believes it was for the best. “I think the silver lining [to the pandemic] has been that it helped us realise that we really needed to do this, as such. Otherwise, we’d still be sharing a bedroom, still just not talking to each other,” she says. “We’re happier as friends and we’re not getting annoyed by all the little things.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces-12"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fthe-life-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why the pandemic is causing spikes in break-ups and divorces","headlineShort":"Why so many couples are splitting up","image":["p090c7fh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of an unhappy couple","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Divorce rates are increasing around the world, and relationship experts warn the pandemic-induced break-up curve may not have peaked yet.","summaryShort":"Lockdown is the \"perfect storm\" to cause break-ups and divorces","tag":["tag\u002Frelationships"],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-07T03:07:02.018604Z","entity":"article","guid":"d35e9f0e-d60b-4949-a62d-f7503a9a964a","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-07T13:23:36.035682Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227796},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline","_id":"5fda3faf81722ae486bf7ea3","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fbryan-lufkin"],"bodyIntro":"Gamers have known for a long time something that everyone else is starting to figure out: there’s community connection on the other side of a screen.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“Our entire lives have led up to this,” my friends joked with me in mid-March.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EI was sitting in my tiny New York City apartment, panicky and coming to terms with the reality that I’d be trapped inside for weeks, potentially months. But my friends reassured me that as lifelong video game enthusiasts, the prospect of sitting on a sofa in front of a TV for an interminable stretch would be a cakewalk. After all, gamers like me \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffilmdaily.co\u002Fgaming\u002Fgaming-memes-quarantine\u002F\"\u003Edo already spend plenty of time in front of our screens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E all on our own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut even sitting alone for hours, gamers aren’t necessarily isolated. In many cases, far from it. With the rise of social media, gamers – particularly in Gen Z – have perfected the art of building communities in and around video games. Gamers don’t just compete with strangers on the internet, but forge genuine, enduring friendships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIn this age of long-haul social distancing and mental-health strains, gamers have long had a tool that’s now bringing some relief to those who’ve never picked up a controller before. The explosive growth of gaming during the pandemic has shown that many have found a new outlet for much-needed connection in isolation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091jlgz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWhen shelter-in-place orders came down, millions of people around the world turned to tech-fuelled diversions to stay in touch with family and friends, like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-54623959\"\u003ENetflix Party film viewings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200428-the-zoom-social-etiquette-guide\"\u003EZoom chats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and video games.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThere’s the outer-space saboteur mobile game Among Us (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fgames\u002F2020\u002Fnov\u002F29\u002Famong-us-video-game-100-million-outer-space\"\u003Ewhich 100 million people have downloaded\u003C\u002Fa\u003E); and the Jackbox games \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2020-10-20\u002Fjackbox-games-benefits-from-retro-style-party-games-in-pandemic?utm_content=business&cmpid=socialflow-twitter-business&utm_campaign=socialflow-organic&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter\"\u003Ethat mix video chatting and elements of classics like Pictionary, and that have acted as stand-ins for in-person happy hours.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Perhaps the most well known is Animal Crossing: New Horizons. Released in March, Nintendo’s record-breaking Switch game that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-54813841\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Etripled the company’s profits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E drops players in a tiny tropical town filled with talking anthropomorphic animal neighbours who help them redecorate their home, catch butterflies and grow fruit trees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGaming has skyrocketed during the pandemic, reaching people who’d play every now and then, or even those who had previously snubbed it entirely. In the US alone, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npd.com\u002Fwps\u002Fportal\u002Fnpd\u002Fus\u002Fnews\u002Fpress-releases\u002F2020\u002Facross-all-age-groups-us-consumers-are-investing-more-of-their-entertainment-participation\u002F\"\u003Efour out of five consumers in one survey played video games in the last six months\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to a new study by NPD, an American business-research firm. And at a time in which many industries are in dire straits, sales in gaming are booming. Global revenue \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thewrap.com\u002Fglobal-video-game-revenue-expected-to-jump-20-this-year-to-175-billion\u002F\"\u003Eis expected to jump 20% this year to $175bn (£130bn)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The explosive growth of gaming during the pandemic has shown that many have found a new outlet for much-need connection in isolation","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut although the concept of socialisation in a game is new to many, video game enthusiasts have been using tech like this to build friendships online and stay connected for years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EMark Griffiths is a professor at Nottingham Trent University \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fcoronavirus-making-friends-through-online-video-games-134459\"\u003Ewho’s written about gaming friendships in the pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and studied socialisation in video games for decades. In 2003, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F12650566\u002F\"\u003Ehe published a study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that showed a quarter of 11,000 players of the online role-playing game Everquest said their favourite part of the game was connecting with other players. He says the study was a direct and early contradiction of the stereotype that video games are isolating, and gamers antisocial (even though those early pandemic memes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reddit.com\u002Fr\u002Fpcmasterrace\u002Fcomments\u002Ffkabi6\u002Fself_isolating_since_before_it_was_cool\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ejokingly played off those stereotypes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F17711367\u002F\"\u003EIn another study from 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, he looked at 912 players of massively multiplayer online (MMO) role-playing games from 45 countries who played on average around 22 hours a week, concluding that the online game environment was “highly socially interactive”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EHe says, “Ten percent of those in the survey actually ended up forming romantic relationships outside of the game... The idea of socialising in a game is not new at all.” Fast forward to 2020, and Griffiths says that when lockdowns began and people had nothing much to do, “maybe they’re gaming for the first time, and they realised this was an outlet you can naturally socialise in”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091kbjn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFor example, in Animal Crossing, players can visit the towns of both real-life friends or strangers who share their village code online. Flying on a virtual seaplane into my brother’s village, filled with friendly koalas, has become our 2020 ritual as he continues to isolate from Washington, DC, and we miss family holidays. I also visit friends scattered all over the world, including one from secondary school whom I haven’t seen since 2000.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ESome people have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newsweek.com\u002Fanimal-crossings-new-horizons-multiplayer-birthday-party-social-distancing-1495608\"\u003Eheld their birthday parties via Animal Crossing this year\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2020\u002Fmay\u002F09\u002Fanimal-crossing-nintendo-game-coronavirus-pandemic\"\u003Eothers go on dates\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.insider.com\u002Fanimal-crossing-wedding-coronavirus-social-distancing-2020-3\"\u003Esome couples who cancelled their weddings because of Covid-19 have even gotten married in the game\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There’s also an online \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fvideo-games\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fnookazon-animal-crossing-new-horizons-trading\u002F\"\u003Efan-made marketplace where players connect to trade fruits and rare furniture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called Nookazon. The site hosts trivia nights and chat meetups for Animal Crossing players.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe pandemic “really opened a lot of people’s eyes – even non-gamers – to what games can do to bring people together,” says Daniel Luu, the founder of Nookazon, who’s a software developer and an active gamer based in Washington, DC. He says one of his site’s most popular top sellers is a 50-year-old woman who’s “never played video games in her entire life”. “I think the reason Animal Crossing has become so successful is because anyone can play it. There are tons of cute items, tons of fun characters, tons of customisations,” he says. “It really helped show that video games aren’t just all, like, Call of Duty.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Maybe they’re gaming for the first time, and they realised this was an outlet you can naturally socialise in – Mark Griffiths","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ELin Zhu is a graduate student in psychology at the University of Albany in New York. In September, she wrote a paper on Animal Crossing and the pandemic, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002Fhbe2.221\"\u003Epublished in the journal Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Zhu says Animal Crossing in particular provides laid-back escapism and soothing feelings of safety in these turbulent times – which has helped bring new gamers into the hobby. “The pandemic has not only reduced face-to-face communication opportunities, but also allowed more people to learn about games as a novel platform to get social interaction.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAmazon-owned Twitch, where people watch other people play video games in live webcasts, chatting in real time with the streamer and other viewers, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftechcrunch.com\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F01\u002Ftwitch-breaks-records-again-in-q2-topping-5b-total-hours-watched\u002F\"\u003Eclocked five billion hours of viewed content in the second quarter of 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E alone. The engagement is an 83% increase from last year. It's a new record.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“This is what we have been doing for years,” says Erin Wayne, the company's director of community and creator marketing. She started out as a streamer on the site herself playing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Ftopics\u002Fc1038wnx0glt\u002Fminecraft\"\u003Ethe best-selling game of all time, Minecraft. \u003C\u002Fa\u003EIt's he same game in which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsround\u002F51930728\"\u003Ean elementary school in Japan held a virtual graduation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in lieu of an in-person ceremony because of Covid-19. She says the basic model of connecting gamers with streamers “hasn't changed because of Covid”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWayne adds as Twitch has become more popular, it’s expanded its platform beyond gamers, especially during social-distancing restrictions in 2020. Book authors are hosting book launches, musicians are holding concerts and even drag queens are putting on shows, all following the gamer-streamer model. There are also new communities of gamers that have formed on the site, including LGBTQ gamers and gamers who’ve served in the armed forces.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p091fy8h"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ELike many communities, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Ftechnology-44504344\"\u003Egaming has its share of toxicity and hostility\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But when Jay-Ann Lopez, a London-based gamer, launched a closed Facebook group in 2015 called Black Girl Gamers as a safe and inclusive space in the face of racism and sexism in the gaming community, she was able to build a vibrant community that’s since grown across platforms like Twitch. This summer, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.techradar.com\u002Fnews\u002Fblack-girl-gamers-makes-history-again-with-its-first-ever-online-gaming-summit\"\u003Eit even hosted a summit of entirely black female professionals in the industry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Ftechnology-42357678\"\u003Ehas long been dominated by white men\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELopez says that games have helped old and new players alike “keep connected, social and sane” during the pandemic. “For a long time, people have either looked down on that or called gamers ‘weird’, but now people and companies want to know how to maintain relationships and communities digitally. It's more accessible for people.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ESo, although more people staring at a screen may seem like an unhealthy habit, even the World Health Organization believes it could be key in nurturing our bonds with others. Earlier this year, it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews\u002Fitem\u002F06-04-2020-who-and-global-citizen-announce-one-world-together-at-home-global-special-to-support-healthcare-workers-in-the-fight-against-the-covid-19-pandemic\"\u003Elaunched #PlayApartTogether\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And as mental health professionals stress the importance of relationships, connections and community in these times, they’re even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7453828\u002F\"\u003Ebeginning to find direct psychological and social benefits from gaming across the generations. \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAs the pandemic rolls on and millions around the world face months of social isolation, gaming continues to be a surprising lifeline. Those new players may keep on gaming even after they’re allowed to socialise in person, too. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thinkwithgoogle.com\u002Fintl\u002Fen-ssa\u002Fconsumer-insights\u002Fconsumer-trends\u002Fmobile-casual-gaming-trends\u002F\"\u003EA Google survey showed that 40% of new gamers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E say they’re likely to continue playing video games after the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Now it’s just been brought into the mainstream. A lot more people have realised what it can do – gaming bringing communities together has always been there,” says Nookazon’s Luu. “It’s been there for years.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fthe-life-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-12-16T12:33:10Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How online gaming has become a social lifeline","headlineShort":"How gaming has become a social lifeline","image":["p091j3dx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201130-why-indian-wedding-traditions-are-powerful-than-the-pandemic","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201203-why-the-pandemic-is-causing-spikes-in-break-ups-and-divorces"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Gamers have known for a long time something that everyone else is starting to figure out: there’s community connection on the other side of a screen.","summaryShort":"How some people are forging connections in lockdown","tag":["tag\u002Frelationships"],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-12-15T20:50:28.618201Z","entity":"article","guid":"ebce1fe2-9703-48c7-bdec-34ee09de938a","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-16T12:15:03.741045Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201215-how-online-gaming-has-become-a-social-lifeline","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227794},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8c16","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 caused rapid shifts in travel infrastructure to make streets friendlier to bikers and pedestrians. Can these changes endure as people return to their cars and public transport?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMoving around Bogotá can be a bit of a Jekyll-or-Hyde experience. On one hand, the city is infamous for having \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finrix.com\u002Fscorecard\u002F\"\u003Ethe world’s worst traffic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yet, on the other, its cycling infrastructure is considered an exemplary model of sustainable urban mobility, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcopenhagenizeindex.eu\u002F\"\u003Eaccording to the Copenhagenize Index\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which ranks bike-friendly cities. The Colombian capital even spawned a now-international movement in the 1970s called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.idrd.gov.co\u002Fciclovia-bogotana\"\u003ECiclovía\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which sees 1.5 million people pedal across 128km (80 miles) of car-free streets each Sunday morning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, when the pandemic reached its shores in mid-March, Bogotá Mayor Claudia López, an avid cyclist herself, enacted one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.movilidadbogota.gov.co\u002Fweb\u002Fnoticia\u002Fa_partir_de_manana_habra_cambios_en_ciclovias_temporales\"\u003Eworld’s first plans to encourage bike travel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, using traffic cones to create 76km of temporary lanes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Everyone started using a bicycle, and they already knew how to get around on one because we have this bike culture thanks to the Ciclovía,” says Carlos Pardo, a local cycling advocate and senior advisor at the New Urban Mobility Alliance. Pardo got involved at the outset of the pandemic by partnering with a local bikeshare company to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.numo.global\u002Fnews\u002F400-e-bikes-help-bogotas-health-workers-respond-covid-19\"\u003Eprovide 400 free e-bikes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to health workers. Now, he’s busy persuading the public that the government’s new bike lanes should become permanent fixtures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Some drivers say, ‘you took away our lane’, but we’re saying, we took one car lane and made a two-lane bidirectional bike lane,” he explains. “So, you’re duplicating the effectiveness of the space, and moving more people per hour, per direction.” Thanks to Pardo’s advocacy as well as quick actions by Bogotá’s mobility secretariat, the extent of the new bike lanes is now 84km, bringing the extensive cycle network to 634km in total. The government says at least 65km of the new lanes will become permanent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBiking has enjoyed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52564351\"\u003Ea renaissance around the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as urbanites shun public transport for the relative safety of a two-wheeled commute. Now, many advocates like Pardo are working with local governments in the hope of turning these pandemic-response measures into lasting changes – ones that are more plausible now than ever after lockdowns provided an unprecedented opportunity to fast-track infrastructure trials. The results of these urban planning experiments could not only radically alter the way we commute across global cities, but also make them more resilient to future shocks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETabitha Combs, a lecturer at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, has been \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpedbikeinfo.org\u002Fresources\u002Fresources_details.cfm?id=5209\"\u003Ecrowdsourcing data\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on local actions affecting walking and cycling during the pandemic. She’s identified at least 365 global cities that have allocated new street space for these activities since data-gathering began on 24 March.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“This was clearly a phenomenon that was taking place in cities all around the world at roughly the same time,” she recalls of her decision to document the movement. “It was like a simultaneous global brainwave.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Results of these urban planning experiments could not only radically alter the way we commute across global cities, but also make them more resilient to future shock","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome cities created pop-up bike lanes. Others implemented ‘slow streets’ by erecting makeshift barriers and reducing speed limits so that walkers and bikers could safely share the road with necessary vehicles. Oakland, California, is credited with kickstarting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oaklandca.gov\u002Fprojects\u002Foakland-slow-streets\"\u003Ea slow-streets movement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in April that spread across the US after it set aside 74 miles (119km) of its streets, or 10% of its entire grid, for recreation. In Europe, Paris fast-tracked \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frerv.fr\u002F\"\u003Ea plan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to create 650km of temporary and permanent bikeways, while Rome \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fromamobilita.it\u002Fen\u002F150-kms-new-bike-lanes-about-be-built\"\u003Eintroduced\u003C\u002Fa\u003E 150km of its own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut these measures have not been without their detractors. Berlin was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.spiegel.de\u002Fauto\u002Fgerichtliche-anordnung-pop-up-radwege-in-berlin-mussen-entfernt-werden-a-366c2907-0752-4eb8-96c7-c1c243419bf1\"\u003Eforced to remove\u003C\u002Fa\u003E eight hastily implemented bike paths in September after a court ruled that the city had failed to provide evidence that the streets on which they were erected were otherwise dangerous for cyclists. New York City also struggled with its implementation, which relied either on community members or law enforcement to police new configurations, neither of which were particularly welcomed. “If you have to rely on policing, your plan is probably not going to work – and if it does work, it’s going to be highly inequitable,” says Combs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESandra Caballero, a project specialist for autonomous and urban mobility at the World Economic Forum, says another longstanding issue is that bike-infrastructure projects often happen only in parts of a city that are experiencing an economic boom. \"That means the neighbourhoods and communities that are not experiencing that boom don’t get to benefit. So, you see an unequal roll-out, and that’s a key problem.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECaballero worked closely with the mayor’s office in Oakland to implement their slow-streets programme, putting up signage, gathering data, informing neighbours about the process and fostering a continuous feedback loop. She thinks it worked – and is still in place – because it was created through an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-will-covid-19-make-urban-cycling-more-inclusive\"\u003Eequity lens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENew biking infrastructure has played a key role in incentivising socially distanced open-air travel. At the outset of the pandemic, retail sales for bikes were up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npd.com\u002Fwps\u002Fportal\u002Fnpd\u002Fus\u002Fnews\u002Fpress-releases\u002F2020\u002Fcycling-industry-sales-growth-accelerates-in-april\u002F\"\u003E75% in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fcarltonreid\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F03\u002Fbike-sales-increased-63-during-lockdown-reveals-uks-bicycle-association\u002F?sh=d1448e47e129\"\u003E63% in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yet, advocates have long touted biking’s ability to increase public health and reduce automobile traffic, particularly given that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnhts.ornl.gov\u002Fvehicle-trips\"\u003E54% of journeys in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fuploads\u002Fsystem\u002Fuploads\u002Fattachment_data\u002Ffile\u002F823068\u002Fnational-travel-survey-2018.pdf\"\u003E68% of journeys in England\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are fewer than five miles. Of course, getting urbanites on bikes is an easy sell in the current climate. Next comes the question of how cities can keep them in the saddle once the coronavirus passes, particularly as enthusiasm has already waned in places such as the UK, where a new\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmedia.rac.co.uk\u002Fpressreleases\u002Fpandemic-makes-having-access-to-a-car-more-important-than-ever-3049233\"\u003E report from the RAC\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows having access to a car is more important than ever. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I can’t stress how revolutionary this is in the field of transportation planning – Tabitha Combs","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHarry Prapavessis, director of the Exercise and Health Psychology Lab at Canada’s Western University, thinks it boils down to three key factors: efficiency, safety and cost. Cities need to fill in gaps in their bike networks, and ensure infrastructure is well maintained even in poor weather. They also need to showcase the cost-effectiveness of a two-wheeled commute, which can be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0921800915000907\"\u003Esix-times cheaper\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than driving a car. Plus, he says, there are simple policies that can incentivise cycling, including tax breaks, reductions in healthcare premiums or worker-compensation packages that include benefits for bike commuters.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPrapavessis adds, “These are strategies that lead to real behavioural change because there is this reminder that as you ride regularly, society is showing you that it values and rewards your decision.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a behavioural scientist, he hopes 2020 will not be remembered as a blip in time when bike travel soared because of fears over public transport. “That would be really sad. It would mean that we didn’t take advantage of what we could have done to encourage and persuade those people to stick with it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere are signs that governments around the world are actively capitalising on this moment. Some are rolling out experimental pilot programmes that, in normal times, could take a decade of slow and meticulous planning to go from idea to implementation. “During the pandemic, cities tried to shrink that process down to a couple of months or a couple of weeks in some places,” says Combs. “I can’t stress how revolutionary this is in the field of transportation planning.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe fear of doing something where there’s no precedent or existing standard has been a big hurdle to realising bike lanes, slow streets and other multi-mobility plans. Now, cities can learn and measure the impacts of their pandemic-spurred pilot programmes and feed that information into new guidelines for transport planning in years to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“What we’re going to take away from this permanently is the knowledge and understanding of how we can shift the way we do pedestrian and bicycle planning in our cities,” says Combs. The method up until now has been to accommodate the car, then provide biking and pedestrian facilities where possible. “I think this has prompted a lot of cities to back away from that and think, maybe the car doesn’t have to be the default.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-19T16:57:02Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How bike-friendly ‘slow streets' are changing cities","headlineShort":"How 'slow streets' are changing cities","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Covid-19 caused major, rapid shifts in travel infrastructure to make streets friendlier to bikers and pedestrians. Can these changes endure?","summaryShort":"Why our cities need bike-friendly streets, even after the pandemic","tag":[],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-18T22:17:05.573328Z","entity":"article","guid":"39257f09-76b3-41e4-a00c-7af5e4d4cf35","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-18T22:19:00.878259Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201112-how-bike-friendly-slow-streets-are-changing-cities","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227796},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8e4a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-jones"],"bodyIntro":"Once viewed as the lesser substitute for campus-based learning, online degrees are going from strength to strength. As the pandemic endures, how will they be viewed against their traditional counterparts?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EWhen Blair Currey, 32, embarked on a bachelor’s degree in computer science at the University of London last year, he had no plans to travel to London. He’s studying from the comfort of home in New Jersey in the US, at half the cost of a US programme, and with the flexibility he needs. He was able to move states and travel internationally, while taking top-quality schooling with him.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EThe university’s reputation and the flexibility of studying online drew in Currey. “I had some doubts about the reputation of online degrees in general, so it was vital I found a programme from a trusted institution,” he says.\u003Cspan\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EFully online degrees and certificates have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, as Currey indicates, they’ve often suffered from an image problem that they're not quite as ‘legitimate’ as in-person degrees. But the pandemic has driven a surge of interest in, and need for, virtual learning, with even traditional universities moving their instruction online. Could this year be a turning point for acceptance of virtual degrees?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIf the number of people enrolling in online learning is any indication, it’s possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08zlglx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“Since mid-March, we’ve had 24 million individuals register for the first time. That’s about 320% up from the same period a year ago,” says Jeff Maggioncalda, CEO of online-learning platform Coursera. The site, founded in 2012 by two Stanford computer-science professors, currently offers 20 degrees as well as thousands of short courses. In autumn 2020, the number of students enrolled in its degree programmes increased 76% over the same period in 2019.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ECurrey’s University of London course in particular, which is delivered on the Coursera platform, has grown 62% in year-on-year recruitment, with students from 143 countries enrolled, most in their 30s and 40s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EStill, just because the industry’s growth has been huge – and is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Ftjmccue\u002F2018\u002F07\u002F31\u002Fe-learning-climbing-to-325-billion-by-2025-uf-canvas-absorb-schoology-moodle\u002F?sh=38d5f7fa3b39\"\u003Epredicted to swell even further\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – doesn’t mean online degrees have yet come to be universally respected. Abigail Gomes Leitao, 24, who is also in Currey’s course, says that although no-one has ever directly questioned her choice to study online, “it is clear from some comments I’ve received that there is a slight stigma”. “It’s almost as though they are seen as an easier route than traditional on-campus degrees, and I do worry that future employers will view my degree in the same way, and this will affect my chances,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It is clear from some comments I’ve received that there is a slight stigma – Abigail Gomes Leitao","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EGomes Leitao says her current online degree is actually just as challenging, “if not more”, than a previous on-campus degree she completed. It requires students to work more independently. “It provides you with transferable skills that wouldn’t be as easily obtained on campus.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAdam Medros, CEO of edX, an online course and degree platform created by Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2012, says that universities have to an extent reinforced this distinction between “real” and online degrees. “Three or four years ago… you saw a lot of things like an ‘i’ or an ‘e’ before the degree – an iMBA or an eMasters.\" He says it was an example of universities dipping their toe into online learning, while trying to protect their own brands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut as people get more accustomed to online learning, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmonitor.icef.com\u002F2018\u002F10\u002Fstudy-projects-dramatic-growth-global-higher-education-2040\u002F\"\u003Edemand for higher education soars\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, that distinction could become increasingly less pronounced.  For example, in 2019, Harvard Business School changed the distinctive sounding ‘HBX’ to the simple ‘Harvard Business School Online’, making the line between its in-person and online offerings less immediately pronounced. “I think maybe post-pandemic, hopefully, some of that stigma will be removed given the necessity that we have for online learning,” says Rachel Hewitt of the UK’s Higher Education Policy Institute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08zlh2w"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EPart of this may be that now nearly everyone is learning online. The pandemic has blurred the distinction between learning that started as virtual verses courses that were meant to be in person and have necessarily shifted to be remote. Simply, everyone is taking an online course now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAnd, perhaps surprisingly, those who were already in online learning environments before the pandemic may be at an advantage. Traditional universities have been forced to cobble together online teaching at a moment’s notice, whereas “in state-of-the-art online learning, it’s a much more engaging experience because it was designed to be online”, says Maggioncalda.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E“I think what is definitely happening now is that people who were not willing to get into the online game are being required to do so, so everybody has to think about it,” says Fiona Hollands, associate director and senior researcher at the Center for Benefit-Cost Studies of Education at Teachers College, Columbia University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EAs a result, some universities are innovating in ways that may increase the legitimisation of online education. Part of this is finding ways to teach subjects that once were difficult or impossible to instruct virtually.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003E At McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, the engineering department has pioneered an entirely online first-year course. It incorporates virtual reality and computer-game technology to allow students to work in “virtual labs”. “When the pandemic hit, we put on the jets and virtualised all five elements of the course,” says Ishwar K. Puri, McMaster’s dean of engineering.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I think what the pandemic will do is really going to blur the lines between online and brick-and-mortar degrees – Fiona Hollands","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EEngineering student Joel Tunikaitis says although he understood the reasoning for going online, there was “absolutely a fair amount of disappointment” when he found out the course was going to be entirely remote. But, now that instruction has begun, Tunikaitis says he’s found the class to be much more like a real lab experience than he expected.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EHowever, despite the innovation, Puri does concede that online degrees can’t compete with the social experience of going away to university.” He says, \"The bricks-and-mortar university offers students something more than a degree. It offers them a sense of engagement, of belonging and an experience.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EBut many online degree providers have no intention of replacing this ‘rite of passage’ university experience. Instead, they’re keener to tap into the growing market of older learners who want to improve their career prospects but need to balance studies with work and family. So, looking at a degree’s relative legitimacy may be the wrong way to evaluate things entirely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08zlg8x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EStill, questions remain about of the impact of online degrees. Will they make the same impression as in-person degrees? Will the ubiquity of online learning devalue traditional degrees? Hollands at Teacher’s College also wonders if in-person degrees will become exclusively for wealthy students, meaning campus-based programs may end up signalling a student’s status instead of a ‘better’ degree.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBut Hollands says that rather than being a threat to traditional universities, online studying could be an opportunity. “If these universities establish online offerings and attract a new set of students who would never have attended in-person anyway, then they can increase their income stream,” she says. “I don’t think traditional colleges are going away, but I do think that there’ll be more growth in the online area than there will be in the on-campus area.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003EIt’s perhaps still too early to say just how much the pandemic will transform online learning. The answers may lie in how accommodating a country’s educational culture is to the online-learning shift; as Hewitt of the Higher Education Policy Institute points out, some models of higher education, such as those in the UK, are more resistant to online degrees. But as evidenced this year, change can come quickly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyA\"\u003ECoursera CEO Maggioncalda says once the pandemic ends, he expects even traditional universities to continue their new use of blended learning – a mixture of online learning and hand-on training. McMaster’s Puri adds that there is still scope for further innovation, which could ‘change the space very rapidly’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyB\"\u003EAs for Gomes Leitao’s fears about her degree being taken seriously, experts say she may well have nothing to worry about. Hollands says, “I think what the pandemic will do is really going to blur the lines between online and brick-and-mortar degrees. People will be much less focused on ‘was it online’ or ‘was it brick-and-mortar’, and more focused on the brand.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"BodyB\"\u003ETim Harlow, chief commercial officer at Salt Recruitment in London, agrees it's the qualification that matters to employers, not the study location. “I feel an individual who has enhanced their knowledge in their own time, possibly over and above another employment, demonstrates great self-drive for improvement, which is positively viewed at all times.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fthe-life-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-30T14:51:33Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Will online degrees become more ‘legitimate’?","headlineShort":"Are online degrees more valuable now?","image":["p08zlh56"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"right","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08zlh7s"],"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201117-why-reskilling-wont-always-guarantee-you-a-new-job","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201112-has-the-meaning-of-work-changed-forever","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201116-how-the-pandemic-has-changed-our-romantic-relationships"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Once viewed as less than campus-based learning, online degrees are going from strength to strength. After the pandemic, how will they be viewed against their counterparts?","summaryShort":"How the pandemic could ‘legitimize’ online degrees","tag":["tag\u002Feducation"],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-29T21:12:36.693914Z","entity":"article","guid":"54e8ea3b-9271-47e7-8504-5fc7b7c87a5e","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-30T16:30:16.797022Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201125-will-online-degrees-become-more-legitimate","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227798},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation","_id":"5fda3fad81722ae486bf7598","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"A word buried in the history books helped Danes mobilise during the pandemic, flattening the curve and lifting community spirit.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDanish chef Rasmus Munk shocked the culinary world last year with the opening of his audacious Copenhagen restaurant Alchemist, which offers a multisensory food and entertainment experience across 50 courses and five acts. More surprising, still, was what the Michelin-starred chef did next when the pandemic brought his marathon meals to an abrupt halt on 15 March. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy 19 March, Munk had pivoted from serving 2,900kr ($450) worth of molecular gastronomy (think wood ants preserved in candy ‘amber’ and cherry-infused lamb brains) for 48 nightly guests to whipping up 600 daily portions of down-to-earth staples (such as pasta carbonara and chicken puff pie) for Copenhagen’s homeless and socially vulnerable residents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I put out a call for help on Instagram, and the next day I had nearly 1,000 emails from fellow chefs and everyday people who offered to drive the food out to the 14 shelters we now work with,” he explains. Hotels and restaurants also got in touch to donate food that would have otherwise gone to waste. Soon, Alchemist’s four kitchens were buzzing with masked volunteers, and the nascent social responsibility project \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjunkfood.dk\u002Fstoet-junkfood\u002F\"\u003EJunkFood\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which Munk had started as an experiment before the pandemic, took root. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We all could have been at home relaxing, but I think we felt like we were obligated to do something that was beyond our own needs,” he says. “Of course, it was not just us. Denmark really came together, and I think samfundssind was a big part of it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Alchemist restaurant dome","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmagazine-34345791\"\u003EHygge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which roughly translates to ‘a quality of cosiness’ – may be the most appropriated Danish word of the past decade, but it’s samfundssind that’s really come to define the nation in the era of Covid-19. If hygge is something you practice with people you know, samfundssind is more of a behaviour towards those you might not know. Rarely used until just a few months ago, it’s now entered the Danish vernacular in an explosive way. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELike hygge, there’s no direct English translation of samfundssind. Marianne Rathje, senior researcher at the Danish Language Council, says you can think of it as putting the good of the greater society above your own personal interests. Danes believe this word has played a key role in the country’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-52226763\"\u003Esuccessful response\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to the pandemic, and it may just offer clues for how the rest of the world can follow suit. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESociety in mind\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERathje says samfundssind is a compound noun of ‘samfund’ (society) and ‘sind’ (mind). It dates back to 1936, and made an historical cameo in a call for solidarity by then prime minister Thorvald Stauning at the outbreak of World War II. Thereafter, it lay in relative dormancy until Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen revived the word at a press conference on 11 March of this year announcing the first major measures to shut down the country. She presented samfundssind to Danes as having two main pillars: collective responsibility and community spirit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"‘Samfundssind’ is a compound noun of ‘samfund’ (society) and ‘sind’ (mind). It dates back to 1936","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“As Danes, we usually seek community by being close together,” she \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.regeringen.dk\u002Fnyheder\u002F2020\u002Fstatsminister-mette-frederiksens-indledning-paa-pressemoede-i-statsministeriet-om-corona-virus-den-11-marts-2020\u002F\"\u003Esaid\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Now, we must stand together by keeping apart. We need samfundssind\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Rathje, usage of samfundssind in the Danish media soared from 23 mentions in February to 2,855 in March. In the first six months of 2019, samfundssind appeared 611 times in Danish newspapers and magazines, compared to 9,299 times in the same period this year. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“All Danes watched the prime minister’s press conferences, and that gave us the same vocabulary,” explains Rathje. “The word reminded us to look at corona as a joint situation where it was important not to think of your own needs, but to think about yourself as part of a bigger cause.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen (file image)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe word was well chosen, she adds, when compared to the nearby synonym solidaritet (solidarity), which has connotations of the working class or of left-wing ideologies. “Samfundssind has been so relatively rarely used that it doesn’t have any connotations yet, except for corona[virus].” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnce the word was re-introduced, hash-tagged and diffused on social media, researchers such as Kristian Kongshøj, of the Institute of Political Science at Aalborg University, were curious to find out how widely it would be adopted. Would younger generations really practice as much samfundssind as their parents and grandparents? \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYouth in action\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs it turns out, they did. In a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvidenskab.dk\u002Fkultur-samfund\u002Fde-unge-udviser-faktisk-samfundssind\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 1,020 citizens conducted in late March, Kongshøj found no notable differences in behaviour across generations. Men were slightly less vigilant in their social distancing and personal hygiene than their female counterparts, however the survey found that Danes, as a whole, stood broadly together to make samfundssind a form of patriotism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Danes, as a whole, stood broadly together to make samfundssind a form of patriotism","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPosts tagged \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fhashtag\u002FSamfundsSind\"\u003E#samfundssind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed big and small acts of kindness, including the work of community volunteers, and call-outs for people to support local businesses – and also pointed out those who didn’t exhibit the spirit. “You could really see it in social media that there was this collective shaming of people who hoarded goods or didn’t practice samfundssind,” says Kongshøj. He believes that the word played a crucial role in Denmark flattening the curve. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Suddenly, you need everyone to behave the same way, and how do you do that? Well, you need to develop new norms extremely rapidly so that those who deviate from these norms become ashamed,” he explains. “What helps in Denmark, and what we found, is that there is quite a lot of trust in politicians, but they can only do so much.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESamfundssind worked, he adds, because the prime minister introduced it as a new norm, and the society, which trusted her, embraced it voluntarily. It’s a model the rest of the world may seek to replicate, albeit one that’s less easily adaptable in nations as politically polarised as the US or UK, where polls show little public confidence in leadership’s handling of the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Handing over a box of supplies for JunkFood","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERathje says she doesn’t see samfundssind tip-toeing back into linguistic obscurity any time soon. Rather, the idea of putting aside individuality for the benefit of the community has become an even stronger pillar of Danish identity. Researchers at the University of Copenhagen \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcoronakrisen.github.io\u002Fpost5.html\"\u003Edocumented\u003C\u002Fa\u003E more than 250 new volunteer groups on Facebook for community aid projects between March and April, while spacious Copenhagen landmarks, including the theme park Tivoli and the Copenhagen Zoo, pivoted into temporary kindergarten and day-care centres during the worst of the outbreak to help home-bound workers cope. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs for Munk, his JunkFood project will continue indefinitely, albeit out of a separate kitchen now that Alchemist has reopened its doors to the public. He may be back in action crafting sorbet lollipops shaped like seahorses, but his commitment to samfundssind, like the rest of his fellow Danes, is still going strong.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-04T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"'Samfundssind': How a long-forgotten word rallied a nation","headlineShort":"How Denmark flattened the curve","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Food preparation in the JunkFood kitchen","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A word buried in the history books helped Danes mobilise during the pandemic, flattening the curve and lifting community spirit.","summaryShort":"The long-forgotten word that got Danes through the pandemic","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-03T20:04:12.717708Z","entity":"article","guid":"3c392e7d-2a63-412c-a89d-c53ba44469d3","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation","modifiedDateTime":"2020-12-07T18:40:12.265387Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227797},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality","_id":"5fda3faf81722ae486bf805d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Not every worker in every job can hit the ground running in a home-work set-up. That could be a problem for certain individuals – and even entire economies.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn mid-March, the University of Chicago was among the schools and institutions forced to close amid the Covid-19 pandemic. Students went home; teaching and research had to go remote overnight.  For economists Jonathan Dingel and Brent Neiman, both professors at the university’s Booth School of Business, the hasty transition meant a crash course in giving classes over Zoom, and balancing research with domestic chores.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDingel says he was surprised at how easily he transitioned to online work, but was acutely aware many workers and occupations would be much less able to. As the crisis threatened to stretch many months longer, it became clear those who couldn’t make the switch would be at serious risk of losing their income and even their jobs. That meant working out how many occupations could feasibly be done remotely would be essential for anticipating the long-term impact of the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pair assessed more than 800 occupations to work out which ones could be done remotely, before checking US employment data to see how many of each of these jobs exist in the US. They calculated that up to 37% of jobs in the US could be done from home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbfi.uchicago.edu\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002FBFI_White-Paper_Dingel_Neiman_3.2020.pdf\"\u003Etheir study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also highlighted that the jobs best suited to going remote were well-paid, white-collar occupations in big cities, while those in industries like agriculture and hospitality were much harder to switch. This suggests that the economic impact of the pandemic could be highly unequal, severely impacting some industries and regions while leaving others relatively unscathed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe ability to transition to remote working also comes with a host of other benefits beyond simply holding onto your job, says Dingel. And with a growing number of companies now committing to remote working for the foreseeable future, there are concerns these advantages may stay unequal long after the current emergency. The sustainability of this remote work revolution remains unclear – but if it becomes the new normal, experts say we may need to intervene to ensure people aren’t left behind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnequal opportunity\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDingel and Neiman’s findings were based on results from two US Department of Labor surveys, in which researchers collected data from more than 25,000 respondents in more than 1,000 occupations on what activities and conditions their jobs involved. They marked occupations as unable to complete from home if respondents reported things like working outdoors, operating heavy machinery or working directly with the public.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The economic impact of the pandemic could be highly unequal, severely impacting some industries and regions while leaving others relatively unscathed","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey found jobs involving “knowledge work”, like those done by office managers and accountants, had a much easier time shifting work online compared to manual or customer-facing occupations like construction workers or hospitality staff. While they estimated that about 97% of legal work and 88% of jobs in business and financial operations could be done from home, only 3% in transportation and 1% in farming, fisheries and forestry could. The 37% of jobs that were remote-friendly were also better paid – accounting for 46% of all wages – and geographically concentrated.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile more than 45% of jobs in San Francisco and Washington, DC could be performed at home, in Las Vegas and Florida’s Fort Myers, the figure was less than 30%. These disparities are also evident on a global scale: in Sweden and the United Kingdom, more than 40% of jobs could go remote, but fewer than 25% in Mexico and Turkey could. An EU \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eurofound.europa.eu\u002Fdata\u002Fcovid-19\u002Fworking-teleworking\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in May showed the number of people working remotely in its member states largely matched Dingel and Neiman’s predictions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe main takeaway, says Dingel, is that the burden of the pandemic will disproportionately fall on the least well off. And while wealthier cities and countries can keep large parts of their economies ticking amid lockdowns and restrictions, poorer ones face tough choices on how to balance public health against the economic disruption caused by social distancing. “Inequality both within countries and across countries we would expect would be exacerbated by the crisis,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe gap between the developed and developing world could be starker, adds Era Dabla-Norris, an economist at the International Monetary Fund. She and colleagues recently \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FPublications\u002FWP\u002FIssues\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F12\u002FWho-will-Bear-the-Brunt-of-Lockdown-Policies-Evidence-from-Tele-workability-Measures-Across-49479\"\u003Eextended Dingel and Neiman’s analysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by combining their data with responses to an OECD survey of workers in 35 countries. They found that even within the same occupations, considerably fewer jobs could go remote in less advanced economies than developed ones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA major factor is access to technology – less than 50% of the world has a computer at home, and only about 60% has access to the internet. “An accountant in the US is going to use technology very easily, and she has no problem whatsoever working from home,” says Dabla-Norris. “An accountant in a smaller city in India may be using a pen and paper, and have a ledger instead of a computer.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe impact of these disparities could cast a long shadow. Workers whose careers are disrupted can earn lower wages for decades afterwards, says Dingel, so countries and cities less able to shift to remote work could face severe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epi.org\u002Fpublication\u002Fbp243\u002F\"\u003E“economic scarring”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWidening the divide\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis may not be the only long-term impact, though. Many companies that have long been reluctant to experiment with remote working have seen the pandemic force their hands, says Dingel, and for many the transition went better than expected. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pwc.com\u002Fus\u002Fen\u002Flibrary\u002Fcovid-19\u002Fus-remote-work-survey.html\"\u003EPwC survey from June\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed that 83% of US office workers want to work from home at least one day a week after the pandemic, and 55% of employers expect to offer that option.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The 37% of jobs that were remote-friendly were also better paid – accounting for 46% of all wages – and geographically concentrated","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMultinationals including Ford, Google and Amazon will stay fully remote until at least 2021, while others including Facebook, Fujitsu and Siemens have announced permanent shifts to remote-friendly working. Tellingly, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fuk-health-coronavirus-companies-kmpg\u002Fceos-speed-up-digital-push-and-downsize-offices-kpmg-survey-shows-idUKKBN25K2LE\"\u003Erecent KPMG survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of large company CEOs showed more than two-thirds plan to downsize office space. In August, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sfchronicle.com\u002Fbusiness\u002Farticle\u002FPinterest-cancels-huge-SF-office-lease-in-unbuilt-15523170.php\"\u003EPinterest paid nearly $90m (£69m) to cancel a 490,000-square-foot lease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in San Francisco, citing a remote-work future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis could have significant benefits for employees of these transitioning companies, says Dingel. Not traveling to an office lets workers squeeze more hours out of the day, reduces transport costs and could let people escape inflated commuter-belt property prices. Those working from home may also find it easier to fit professional responsibilities around family and social commitments, leading to a better work-life balance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe problem is that these advantages will accrue to the already privileged, says Juan Palomino, an economist at the University of Oxford. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS001429212030194X\"\u003EHis research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows remote working in Europe is strongly tied to higher earnings, so existing income inequality could be compounded by a widening gap in access to the benefits of remote work. This could also feed back into greater professional success, says Palomino, creating a feedback loop that further widens economic differences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn exodus from the office could also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings\"\u003Eundercut jobs reliant on a bustling urban economy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E like cleaners, taxi drivers and restaurant staff. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gsb.stanford.edu\u002Finsights\u002Fenrico-moretti-geography-jobs\"\u003EResearch by Enrico Moretti\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the University of California at Berkeley shows that in innovation hubs like Silicon Valley, every high-skilled worker supports three times as many service jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERebalancing the scales\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are reasons to believe the remote-work revolution won’t be as dramatic as some predict, though, says Dingel. Working from home has been technologically feasible since the advent of high-speed internet 20 years ago, but even in developed countries, the proportion doing it full time has been negligible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We didn't see a mass exodus from cities,” he says. The conventional wisdom among economists is that there are significant benefits to the spontaneous in-person interactions only possible in a shared office.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmployee satisfaction with work-from home arrangements will also largely depend on how companies structure their business processes, says Dingel. Remote work is often conflated with flexible hours, but that relies on asynchronous ways of working where people don’t need to collaborate in real-time. If you still need to be on call for a typical 9 to 5, the benefits of working remotely are significantly reduced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while in most countries the proportion of jobs that go remote long-term is unlikely to get close to the percentages identified in his paper, Dingel expects a significant uptick after the pandemic. And that could require creative approaches to head off a widening gap between remote workers and those clocking in in-person. A government’s standard tool for dealing with inequality is redistribution via the tax system. “There isn't such a tool analogous to the tax system if we're talking about increases in unequal flexibility or unequal life satisfaction,” says Dingel.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne option would be to focus policy on problems affecting those unable to work from home, says Palomino. That could include subsidising commuter transport, or incentivising companies to provide better childcare options. “It could be more targeted and nuanced than just giving out money and taxing the people that do telework,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps more important, though, will be helping more people access these higher-paying, remote-friendly jobs. Many countries will require significant investments in infrastructure, such as high-speed internet and reliable power supply, says Dabla-Norris, as well as proper childcare options. When the pandemic shuttered schools and day-care facilities, it highlighted the difficulty of juggling domestic and professional responsibilities without support, particularly for women carrying the bulk of this burden.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his research, Palomino also found the biggest factor in whether or not someone can work remotely is access to higher education, which also governs earning potential. That suggests that the most important action governments can take is investing in training. “Looking into the future, I would say the impact of education, which has always been key, is going to be even greater,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-23T14:55:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What remote jobs tell us about inequality","headlineShort":"Who can work remotely long-term?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Not every worker in every job can hit the ground running in a home-work set-up. That could be a problem for certain individuals – and even entire economies.","summaryShort":"Why the work-from-home revolution isn't a level playing field","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-22T20:52:34.698283Z","entity":"article","guid":"86593245-b5bc-4eec-b7ef-851ff0e9df8d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-23T15:54:13.830829Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227797},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost","_id":"5fda3fae81722ae486bf7cec","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Many New Zealanders leave home to explore opportunities abroad. But amid the pandemic, Kiwis are returning – which means big benefits.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn mid-March, after US President Donald Trump announced plans to close borders and New York began its months-long shutdown due to Covid-19, Hannah Reid boarded a plane home to New Zealand. Before the pandemic hit, she’d been studying for a postgraduate law qualification at New York City’s elite Columbia University, with the intention of trying her luck in the city’s cut-throat legal world. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Something like this just put a lot of things into perspective,” says Reid, 27. “Suddenly, the $200,000 salaries at New York law firms don't look as sparkly and attractive, when it comes to the health risk and the lockdown.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReid (pictured above) is now back in Auckland working at her old job at a New Zealand law firm. “The way the US dealt with Covid, and the way Covid affected New York, just really cemented my thinking, and made me glad that I made the decision that I did,” she says. “Coming back to New Zealand – if there’s one word to describe it, it was relief.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKiwis across the world are coming home to roost, rather than waiting out the pandemic overseas. Their home country’s success in mostly eliminating the virus has encouraged many to return home and enjoy a safe haven, where masks and sheltering in place aren’t part of normal life. Job losses and travel restrictions have created further incentives for natives pack up their overseas lives and return.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Coming back to New Zealand – if there’s one word to describe it, it was relief – Hannah Reid","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tvnz.co.nz\u002Fone-news\u002Fnew-zealand\u002Fthousands-return-home-but-there-enough-jobs-go-around-v1\"\u003ENearly 50,000 New Zealanders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have returned since the start of the year. Many, like Reid, intend to remain in New Zealand, cutting short their stints abroad. At this point, it’s hard to say how many others may also return, says sociologist Paul Spoonley of Massey University in Auckland. He anticipates as many as 100,000 people, or 10% of the total overseas population, will return depending on how long the pandemic and related economic crises continue. “If it continues for more than a few more months, then the numbers returning will undoubtedly increase.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENew Zealand faces a unique opportunity. No other country in the world faces the same sort of pandemic-induced reverse migration, due to the particular combination of its effective pandemic response and its large overseas population. The country is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fniallmccarthy\u002F2016\u002F01\u002F15\u002Fthe-countries-with-the-most-native-born-people-living-abroad-infographic\u002F#2a5818527924\"\u003Esecond only to Ireland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the OECD for its proportion of citizens living abroad, with somewhere between 600,000 and a million New Zealanders offshore, compared to five million in the country itself. While many New Zealanders hop across the Tasman Sea to Australia, where they can work without a visa, others flock to the UK, US or expat centres such as Dubai or Singapore in pursuit of high-paying jobs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"New Zealand fans enjoy a rugby match at the RWC 2015 in the UK on 20 September 2015","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThough historically many Kiwis have returned to New Zealand after successful careers overseas to settle or have a family, there has not been another instance in the country’s history where huge numbers of people have chosen to return at once, where New Zealand has suddenly been more desirable than London, New York, Hong Kong and other global centres.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new ‘brain exchange’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe steady exodus of well-qualified Kiwis was once known as the country’s “brain drain”. These days, it’s more commonly referred to as a “brain exchange”, where the people who leave are replaced with high-skilled migrants from around the world. (The country’s annual net migration is around 56,000 people: as of 2019, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stats.govt.nz\u002Fnews\u002Fnew-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity#:~:text=There%20were%201%2C271%2C775%20people%20in,from%2025.2%20percent%20in%202013.\"\u003E27% of New Zealanders\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were born outside the country.) \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut this new flow of returning New Zealanders “feels like a different form of brain exchange”, says economist Julie Fry, the author of Better Lives: Migration, Wellbeing and New Zealand, with “Kiwis who have developed skills and networks overseas coming back to benefit New Zealand”. This reverse migration is a great opportunity to forge connections between New Zealand and the rest of the world, she says, where those returning could share what they’d learned overseas, mentor people within New Zealand and bring international experience into the local market almost as soon as they arrived. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Definitely we're going to be the better off, because they're going to come home when many of them would have stayed overseas, possibly indefinitely,” says Spoonley. At this early stage, it’s hard to know how many New Zealanders will leave the country again; anecdotally many, like Reid, say they have no plans to go overseas again, even once coronavirus is less of a concern. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stuff.co.nz\u002Flife-style\u002Fhomed\u002Freal-estate\u002F122376508\u002Fmilliondollar-properties-the-new-norm-even-outside-auckland\"\u003ERapidly rising house prices\u003C\u002Fa\u003E point to a hike in demand for permanent accommodation, while the way major cities are being changed by Covid-19 may also alter the equation. “Normally when you return from overseas to New Zealand, you miss the great things about New York or London,” says Fry. But with those cities compromised in the short to medium term, “in terms of the psychology of it, people are looking at the whole big picture”, she says, particularly when it comes to their quality of life or their children’s educational opportunities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Empty streets in central London in May 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat said, New Zealand’s immediate economic future may be far less rosy. Though unemployment currently hovers around 4%, the number of people who are out of work but not actively seeking work or are classified as “underutilised” has risen dramatically. Some economists now forecast 9% unemployment in the country by the end of the year, encompassing some of these “underutilised” or job-seeking individuals. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt this early stage, there’s little data available on whether returnees have found work since coming back to New Zealand. Anecdotally, at least, many have found some success slotting back into old positions or parlaying their international experience into new roles. At the same time, new flexibility around remote work has allowed others to bring their international jobs back to New Zealand with them for the first time. An acquaintance of Reid’s started a job at a London law firm from his home in Auckland, Reid says, while she is continuing work with a high-profile human rights barrister based in New York outside of her regular job. “A lot of firms are a bit more comfortable with remote working now, and if you can do that from the safety of New Zealand, why not?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What you tend to see is not people being crowded out of jobs, but new jobs being created over time - Julie Fry","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile not everyone may be able to find work immediately, Fry says, the data suggests new arrivals will gradually create jobs just by being there, with more people requiring more services and homes. “They need places to live, they buy stuff, they need schools to go to and doctors to visit, and that gives other New Zealanders a job to do,” she says. “The demand is boosted overall. It does take time to adjust, but what you tend to see is not people being crowded out of jobs, but new jobs being created over time.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe bumpy road ahead\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill, some young New Zealanders who have made it home are itching to hit the road once again. Maraea McMahon was halfway through a ski season in Canada when the pandemic hit. Since returning home to Wellington, she’s taken a job working for a local charity, but has already begun plotting her next move to study in New York, where she worked as an au pair. “I'm not being silly about it, I'm not going to get up and leave New Zealand anytime soon,” she says. “But I’ll go when it’s safe.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Maraea McMahon pictured in New York","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor New Zealand to really benefit from its overseas talent returning home, they’ll need to stay put for the long haul. How likely that is seems unanswerable for now and may be affected by the costs of going overseas, the speed of rolling out a coronavirus vaccine and the pace of recovery worldwide. The ‘OE’, or “overseas experience”, has been a key part of New Zealanders’ lives for decades, and many who have had to cut it short or postpone altogether may be anxious to take their turn on the world stage. Once the pandemic is under control, these same New Zealanders may find the same push factors propel them out of the country. Even with up to 100,000 new residents, the job market remains small, making it hard for ambitious workers to get ahead without international experience. A desire to see the world may also play a role in Kiwis’ decision to fly the coop. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is one element that could shift the balance: a profound sense of loyalty. In general, Spoonley says, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iom.int\u002Fnews\u002Fforced-returns-migrants-must-be-suspended-times-covid-19\"\u003Eforced reverse migration\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where migrants are obliged to leave their homes and come back to their country of origin, results in feelings of resentment and anger, as well as a strong desire to leave again. This time, however, he points to overwhelming gratitude among many Kiwis, which could encourage them to stay. “At the moment, I think many of those returnees are simply grateful to be in a country which is operating normally,” he says. “And in which they can get on with their lives.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"New Zealand’s ‘brain gain’ boost","headlineShort":"The ‘brain gain’ hitting New Zealand","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Hannah Reid, pictured in New York","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Many New Zealanders leave home to explore opportunities abroad. But amid the pandemic, Kiwis are returning – which means big benefits.","summaryShort":"How Kiwis returning home will boost collective knowledge","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-06T19:19:11.377882Z","entity":"article","guid":"22712e2c-603c-4f4d-a040-db430e771ea4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-06T19:19:11.377882Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227797},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday","_id":"5fda3fb081722ae486bf8354","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fkrystin-arneson"],"bodyIntro":"The lines between life and work have never been so blurry. A German word shows us the importance of disconnecting, and may even help us reclaim some of our free time.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany of us are relieved to have ditched office commutes amid Covid-19, but what some see as a grind, others view as a ritual. For Nils Backhaus, who lives in Bochum, just outside Dortmund in Germany, even when he’s working from home commuting is still an essential part of his day that he can’t go without. At the end of the working day, around the time of 1700, the 34-year-old research and policy adviser for Germany’s Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health puts on his shoes, and gets on his racing bike to cruise through the tranquil landscapes along the Ruhr River.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis daily ride – what he calls his “fake commute” – mimics the trip he used to take returning from the office, before he transitioned to home working. It’s Backhaus’s way of recreating a more traditional start to ‘Feierabend’, a German word describing the time after work is done, and a period of leisure and rest begins.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“‘Feierabend’ has two meanings,” says Christoph Stengel, a 41-year-old Berliner who works as a software developer at price-comparison website Idealo. “First, it's the moment you stop working for the rest of the day – of course, [it’s] a good feeling then. Second, it's the part of the day between work and going to bed.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt might seem surprising that Germans, who are often stereotyped as hard, efficient workers, cherish their leisure time so protectively. But the concept of Feierabend is also linked to a very capitalist mentality that companies get more productivity – and therefore more value – out of their labour force if workers are allowed clear periods of rest after work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“You have to rest after work directly, you can’t do double time the next day,” says Backhaus. “The stress and recovery go hand in hand. It’s like a bodily rhythm.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08svzkf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor workers struggling to adapt to remote work – and as many freelancers well know – one of the largest issues with the shift is that there’s no clear end to the workday. Even if you work abnormal hours due to other demands in your life or personal preference, remote working makes it easy to put in more hours than you should. Many Germans would argue that a clean disconnection is needed — and that’s where Feierabend can help.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor non-Germans, the concept of Feierabend can get a little murky in translation. Roughly speaking, it’s a portmanteau of ‘celebration’ and ‘evening’ that’s sometimes interpreted as ‘quitting time’ or ‘happy hour’. But that’s not quite right.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Some translations mix it a little up,” says Backhaus. “The original meaning isn’t to party. When this word was dubbed for this, it was like the beginning of leisure time or free time and rest in the evening, and so it’s attached to the time when we had a lot of religious life in the evening.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn early agricultural days, the ringing of the church bells signalled the end of the workday and the start of evening prayers and rest. Later, “in the context of industrialisation, questions of how to handle ‘time’ on a daily basis became vital to an increasing number of people due to new kinds of labour and changing working conditions”, says Dr Caroline Rothauge, assistant professor of modern and contemporary history at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt. “Factory workers and trade employees fought for shorter working hours and, thus, resting periods such as a ‘Feierabend’ or a weekend.”  She adds that a common idea around the 1900s was that ‘free time’ should be used to regenerate body and mind. “Thus, work and free time were conceived as two sides of the same coin. Using free time adequately makes one fit for working again and, at best, even increases one’s performance.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Many Germans would argue that a clean disconnection is needed — and that’s where Feierabend can help","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAdvocates of this “hygiene of work” philosophy recommended measures like going for walks outdoors and avoiding drinking or dancing (especially for young women). “They gave a lot of thought to, in their words, reforming and refining factory workers’ and trade employees’ ways to recreate and entertain themselves,” says Rothauge. “Only then could ‘real rest’ and thus ‘the functional use’ of their ‘free time’ be guaranteed.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile the concept of Feierabend has evolved, there are still some legacies from its religious ties. Holidays and Sundays are known as Feiertage, or “rest days”, and protected under German law as “days of rest from work and of spiritual elevation”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I strongly believe Feierabend means to connect to your core, meaning your family, your friends or your hobbies,” says Gene Gerrienne, a 31-year-old partner\u002Fcountry manager at start-up tracking service Early Metrics. Born in Köln, he lived in Germany until he was 22 and is now based in Greenwich, England. “Germans like to have a clear split between work time and me time. Because of that, I believe they put a lot of effort into being as efficient as possible at work, which enables them to fully switch off once the computer is, too.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFeierabend isn’t just a German word for ‘work-life balance’. While it’s related, ‘work-life balance’ is a term that can often end up just as nebulous in meaning as the problem it’s trying to correct. Instead, the German approach seems to acknowledge that there will always be tension between the work self and the private self. Rather than attempting to reconcile the two, the disconnection that comes with Feierabend establishes boundaries between them. It also usually creates a path between the two states, like dressing for the office and changing after work or, like Backhaus, replacing a commute with a bicycle tour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08svzv9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost importantly, the concept of Feierabend acknowledges that being at work, and in ‘work mode’, puts demands upon a person from which regular relief is needed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baua.de\u002FEN\u002FTopics\u002FThe-changing-world-of-work-and-occupational-safety-and-health\u002FMonitoring-working-conditions\u002FWorking-time-reporting\u002FWorking-time-reporting_node.html\"\u003Esurveys\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that Backhaus conducted in 2015, 2017 and 2019, researchers asked participants how satisfied they were about their work and private life. Backhaus says that the responses showed “that if boundaries are blurring, or if work time extends into private life through overtime, long working hours, or working at unusual times, then their satisfaction with work-life balance decreases”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As a German, you can imagine that I love my routine,” says Gerrienne. But when lockdown set in, he switched to working from home, which affected his usual schedule. He says: “The boundaries between my work and personal life became more and more blurry. I remember one day, I was wondering why no one was responding to my Slack messages. It turned out it was Saturday – that’s when I realised I had to go about things differently.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo help cope with the transition, Gerrienne says he began “a very rigid structure” that began in the morning with meditation, exercise, stretching and journaling. As he is a faster, he also trained himself to start getting hungry at a set time in the evening. \"That’s when I would stop working unless something very urgent popped up,” he says. “I closed the laptop and either studied, cooked or read a book. Discipline was key here!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The concept of Feierabend acknowledges that work – and being in ‘work mode’ – places demands on a person from which regular relief is needed","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA clean cut-off between the work-self and life-self, and finding a way to transition between the two states of being, isn’t just beneficial to the worker but beneficial to employers as well. “Even companies see that there’s a problem if people are always on and working 24\u002F7,” says Backhaus. “So, they have to take more time off, they’re more often calling in sick. There are a lot of problems that can be seen if this detachment is not possible.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, Feierabend is some days more of an ideal than others, and even Germans work longer hours than they should. One \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baua.de\u002FEN\u002FTopics\u002FThe-changing-world-of-work-and-occupational-safety-and-health\u002FMonitoring-working-conditions\u002FWorking-time-reporting\u002FWorking-time-reporting_node.html\"\u003Eworking time survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed that full-time German employees work a weekly average of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.baua.de\u002FEN\u002FService\u002FPublications\u002FReport-brief\u002FF2398-3.html\"\u003Efive hours more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than their contracted hours. But even with longer hours, putting a hard stop to the day when work is done can still be restorative.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd to Paula McLeod, founder of US-based executive-coaching company Success by Design, Feierabend “makes perfect sense”. Throughout the pandemic, McLeod has been coaching clients to take similar measures to distance themselves from work, since shifting to working from home. \u003Cstrong\u003E“\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EPeople need something to replace the shift that happens when they commute to and from the office,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08sw51m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBackhaus says that even something as simple as changing clothes from something a bit smarter during work hours (say, switching from wearing trousers with a waistband during work to comfortable jogging pants after work) can help your mind switch from being “on” and in work mode to turning off for the evening. It’s important that “your mind is in line with what you’re doing right now”, he says. “These routines get lost in Covid-19’s boundarylessness of work and private routine, but help the body to adapt.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMindset is key, but so are new habits. Adopting a routine and establishing boundaries to help disconnect from work can begin with the individual, but they also resonate with colleagues – and, if you’re a manager, leading by example can help your team feel like they can disconnect too. For example, if childcare, obligations, time zones or personal preference have you working outside traditional hours, schedule emails to be sent during usual business hours so clocked-out workers don’t get a push notification or sense a need to respond just because someone else is on the clock.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, drawing on the lessons of Feierabend might help remote workers who are feeling overwhelmed to reclaim both their personal life, and by extension, their work life – at least a little bit.  “When it comes to work-life balance, every individual has to find out what works best for them, and I believe there is no right or wrong answer,” says Gerrienne. “I think the biggest benefit of Feierabend is being in control of your life and making conscious decisions, rather than letting life take control over you.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday-10"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fthe-life-project"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-10-07T15:54:53Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How ‘Feierabend’ helps Germans disconnect from the workday","headlineShort":"How Germans disconnect from the workday","image":["p08sw1nm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200802-how-the-long-forgotten-word-samfundssin-rallied-a-nation","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-new-zealands-brain-gain-boost"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The lines between life and work have never been so blurry. A German word shows us the importance of disconnecting, and may even help us reclaim some of our free time.","summaryShort":"'Feierabend' could show us how to shut off from work","tag":["tag\u002Fwork-life-balance"],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-10-07T02:03:05.845151Z","entity":"article","guid":"cae163ef-0223-46c5-b157-789efaa8a3d7","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-16T10:07:45.680569Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200929-how-feierabend-helps-germans-disconnect-from-the-workday","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227797},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women","_id":"5fda3fb081722ae486bf8772","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The Covid-19 recession is unique among modern economic shocks in its harm to women’s finances and prospects. Can this be reversed?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Fcolumns\u002Funknown-questions\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp08w68j3.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Unknown Questions\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe’re in the thick of the ‘shecession’. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe global economy is now in its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52273988\"\u003Eworst downturn since the Great Depression\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One of the unique aspects of the current recession is the way it’s impacting women: though men are more likely to die of Covid-19, the pandemic’s toll on employment is heavier for women. Unlike other modern recessions, the pandemic recession has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvoxeu.org\u002Farticle\u002Fshecession-she-recession-2020-causes-and-consequences\"\u003Eled to more job losses among women\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than among men. While the 1970s marked the start of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.investopedia.com\u002Fterms\u002Fm\u002Fmancession.asp\"\u003E‘mancession’ periods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in industries like construction, the current ‘shecession’ is heavily affecting sectors like hospitality and retail. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese sectors employ many women and are also vulnerable to lockdown measures. Some effects are already visible. Globally, women’s job losses due to Covid-19 are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mckinsey.com\u002Ffeatured-insights\u002Ffuture-of-work\u002Fcovid-19-and-gender-equality-countering-the-regressive-effects\"\u003E1.8 times greater\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than men’s. In the US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iza.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fdp\u002F13562\u002Fthis-time-its-different-the-role-of-womens-employment-in-a-pandemic-recession\"\u003Eunemployment has intensified the most\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the personal care and food service occupations, where women predominate. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not just about lay-offs, however. In a McKinsey and Lean In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwomenintheworkplace.com\u002F\"\u003Esurvey of North American female employees\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one in four women said they were thinking about reducing or leaving paid work due to the pandemic, citing company inflexibility, caring responsibilities and stress. The survey included some comparative data that laid out the gender gap for parents; while 8% of surveyed mothers had thought about going from full- to part-time work, only 2% of fathers had. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor a fairer and more lasting recovery from Covid-19, it’s crucial to understand which people are especially hard-hit by the economic slump, and how best to help them back up.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhich groups are most affected?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic recession is particularly challenging for women’s employment globally for two reasons connected to the dangers of close contact: the restrictions on service jobs, and the closure of schools and daycare centres. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile some economists have suggested that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fernietedeschi\u002Fstatus\u002F1313580919148744704\"\u003Emarried women are especially affected\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by employment cutbacks, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewtrusts.org\u002Fen\u002Fresearch-and-analysis\u002Fblogs\u002Fstateline\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F26\u002Fsingle-mothers-hit-hard-by-job-losses\"\u003Ecaregiving status\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the absence of support matter more than marital status. Those disproportionately affected \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwomenintheworkplace.com\u002F\"\u003Ein the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E include black women (who bear even more household responsibility on their own) and Latinas (who work in greater proportions in sectors like leisure and hospitality, and are more likely to have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewtrusts.org\u002Fen\u002Fresearch-and-analysis\u002Fblogs\u002Fstateline\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F26\u002Fsingle-mothers-hit-hard-by-job-losses\"\u003Einformal employment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Some subgroups are squeezed even more, like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelily.com\u002Fquitting-was-her-only-option-she-is-one-of-865000-women-to-leave-the-workforce-last-month\u002F\"\u003Emothers of young children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and mothers without partners or relatives. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELess-educated workers, and those whose jobs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality\"\u003Ecan’t be done from home\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have faced higher unemployment as a result of the pandemic, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-what-remote-jobs-tell-us-about-inequality\"\u003Efor instance in Spain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But high status doesn’t insulate women from stress and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200330-covid-19-how-to-learn-a-new-skill-in-coronavirus-quarantine\"\u003Eburnout\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Senior-level women are significantly more likely than their male peers to consider dropping their hours or dropping out of the workforce because of the burnout associated with being “always on” and juggling multiple responsibilities during the pandemic. In the McKinsey and Lean In survey, 41% of senior-level men reported feeling exhausted, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwomenintheworkplace.com\u002F\"\u003Ecompared to 54% of senior-level women\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The real danger at the moment is that people are starting to associate women with childcare more strongly than before - Ariane Hegewisch","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd across levels of seniority, parental status is affecting how women are seen in the workplace. Women who are pregnant or on maternity leave are reporting being \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tuc.org.uk\u002Fresearch-analysis\u002Freports\u002Fpregnant-and-precarious-new-and-expectant-mums-experiences-work-during\"\u003Epushed toward redundancy or furlough\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Ariane Hegewisch, who leads the Employment and Earnings programme at the Institute for Women’s Policy Research in the US, is concerned that the pandemic “may lead to discrimination going forward, [companies] being less likely to pick out women for fast-track positions or management training”. There’s a risk, she says, that employers may assume that all women are overburdened by caring responsibilities, without taking measures to support them. “The real danger at the moment is that people are starting to associate women with childcare more strongly than before.”\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe double-edged sword of flexibility\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese pressures, and some potential solutions, can be seen in current debates around flexible working. Flexibility has been invaluable to women juggling multiple demands on their time, but it isn’t a cure-all to achieve gender parity in the workplace. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile inflexibility is a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwomenintheworkplace.com\u002F\"\u003Ekey reason\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that female employees are considering reducing their hours or leaving their jobs, flexible work tends to be lower-paid, more precarious and less of a stepping stone to top-level jobs. And the especially dark side of flexibility comes when workers are underemployed, underpaid and at the mercy of employers to assign hours, often on unpredictable schedules. Such unpredictability is particularly hard on the working women who \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-how-to-work-from-home-with-your-kids-during-coronavirus\"\u003Enow have to act as home-school teachers or carers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For flexible work to play a greater role in chipping away at the gender pay gap, it needs to be better regulated and sustainable for all levels of employees, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002Fsections\u002Fmoney\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F18\u002F903221371\u002Fhow-the-pandemic-is-making-the-gender-pay-gap-worse\"\u003Eincluding high-paying roles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a woman working from home with her children","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFlexible work also needs to be available to and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.equalityhumanrights.com\u002Fen\u002Fpublication-download\u002Fresearch-report-16-flexible-working-policies-comparative-review\"\u003Etaken up by men\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The multiple burdens that suppress women’s achievements won’t ease until men take on a greater share of domestic and caring responsibilities, and also become more likely to downsize or adjust their own hours when family circumstances change. But this is challenging in practice. Hegewisch points out that in a heterosexual couple, “if one person has to cut back… for care, it is likely to be the person who earns less in a couple, and that is more likely still to be the woman.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome families can make it work, but a certain combination of advantages has to be in place. “We’re one of the really lucky ones,” says Hellen Stirling-Baker, who has just reopened her business, an ethical children’s shop in Sheffield, UK, called Small Stuff. During much of lockdown she had to move her shop from bricks-and-mortar to online, but sales haven’t suffered hugely. Crucially, she says, she and her husband have been equally dividing domestic tasks and care of their four-year-old son. As he works for a bank and has a more rigid schedule even though he’s working from home, he’s been taking on the evening shift of cooking dinner and caring for their son, as well as helping her reopen the shop.    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe period of temporary – though hectic – flexibility for the self-employed Stirling-Baker allowed her to reorient her business and buffer the unpredictability of her son’s new life. She’s now found a new location for Small Stuff that’s larger, allows for social distancing and comes with a rent-free period. It helped that she could compensate for her husband’s strict schedule by making her own hours, but that can’t continue once the shop is running normally. And the hard work is taking a toll. Stirling-Baker hasn’t been sleeping much, she acknowledges, and is focused on the crucial Christmas period for retail sales, while trying not to think too much on the uncertain period beyond that.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EShort-term solutions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are, of course, things that employers can do to incorporate flexibility and help ease the impact of the pandemic recession on women. Managers can set more realistic expectations and re-evaluate performance criteria – for instance, not criticising employees for working outside of core hours. This would help relieve the exhaustion that’s particularly affecting certain groups of women (although companies that are already crunched may find it hard to be generous). Only about half of North American workplaces surveyed by McKinsey and Lean In had communicated their productivity expectations during the pandemic, and just 37% had changed the performance review process. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmployers can improve flexibility, communication and support to employees of all genders. Anita Bhatia, a deputy leader of UN Women, commented in the Women Leaders in Global Health Conference on 15 October: “The private sector has a huge role to play: to say that they will create flexible working conditions for women to come back and that they will not penalise women for stepping off the career track if they have to.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a shuttered playground","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet there’s only so much that individual organisations can do. According to Michèle Tertilt, a family economist at the University of Mannheim in Germany, the measure that would help more than any other in curbing the shecession is reopening schools – especially for the young children whose care is so demanding. As Hegewisch comments, “What the crisis has shown is that [telework] will only work if the childcare and education infrastructure is there. I always go through the roof when I see these [images of] glorious days of working from home and you have this dad sitting in front of his computer with a toddler on his knee. And I think, ‘Yeah, have you ever tried to work like that?’ It’s ridiculous.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe reopening of her son’s school was what allowed Stirling-Baker to plan for the reopening of her shop. If the school were to close again, the shop’s doors might need to shutter as well. “There isn’t a huge amount of wiggle room with what we can do,” she reflects, even though she considers herself luckier than many. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore generally, Covid-19 has exacerbated the pre-existing childcare crisis. “People are very afraid that this is going to do long-term damage to the childcare infrastructure,” says Hegewisch. In addition to shutting many childcare facilities, the pandemic may shift demand for care away from big facilities to small, neighbourhood-level providers, sometimes operating from their homes. Local businesses are more attractive when people are being encouraged to stay put, and small providers can more easily reduce the numbers of people mixing. But in the US, those smaller providers have been in decline for years. The knock-on effects are likely to perpetuate the harms to women’s careers. Overall, the pandemic adds urgency to the argument for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Filoblog.org\u002F2020\u002F08\u002F20\u002Fput-gender-equality-at-the-heart-of-the-post-covid-19-economic-recovery\u002F\"\u003Estrengthened government investment in the care sector\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Our model simulations suggest that it will take a long time for women to catch up to pre-pandemic levels - Michèle Tertilt","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETertilt also recommends financial stimulus payments to those who have lost jobs, particularly single mothers. Some countries, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-020-02006-z\"\u003Esuch as Togo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, have granted more generous recovery payments to women. However, gender-sensitive recovery plans are still few and far between, and would need further sensitivity around factors like income level and informal job status to ensure that the hardest-hit women are receiving the most support. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is important because the short-term picture for women is grim. “Our model simulations suggest that it will take a long time for women to catch up to pre-pandemic levels,” explains Tertilt. “The reason is a ‘scarring effect’ – when women do not work for a while, they will likely find worse jobs when they re-enter. Similarly, women who reduce hours will likely miss career opportunities.”\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELonger-term projections\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven for this unprecedented recession, history provides some warnings of the gendered impacts to come. Previous pandemic experiences, such as of Ebola in West Africa, suggest that girls and young women who leave education or employment during disease outbreaks are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplan-international.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fliving-under-lockdown#download-options\"\u003Eless likely to return\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than their male peers. Pregnancy rates increase, skills gaps widen, and girls and women \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplan-international.org\u002Fblog\u002F2020\u002F06\u002Feconomic-impacts-covid-19-girls-and-women\"\u003Etake on even more domestic tasks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as other household members stay home or fall ill. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd as the International Labour Organization has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Femppolicy\u002Fpubs\u002FWCMS_751785\u002Flang--en\u002Findex.htm\"\u003Estarkly put it\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, “previous crises offer some cautionary lessons for the current one. They illustrate that when jobs are scarce, women are denied economic opportunity and security relative to men.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven so, the recessions of the recent past have actually reduced the gender pay gulf, because men have taken the brunt of job losses. The analysis of Tertilt and her colleagues found, as she explains, that a typical recession “decreases the gender wage gap by a sizeable amount, but a pandemic recession increases the gap by an even larger amount”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of two schoolgirls near Freetown, Sierra Leone, in June 2013","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the silver lining is that Tertilt and her colleagues believe that this worsening of gender inequality will continue only into the short to medium term. This is mainly because men are taking on more in-home tasks, potentially freeing up time for women to devote to careers (or leisure). In a pandemic recession, men who can telework, like Stirling-Baker’s husband, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iza.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fdp\u002F13562\u002Fthis-time-its-different-the-role-of-womens-employment-in-a-pandemic-recession\"\u003Etake on a greater share of childcare\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In some cases, they become the primary carer. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iied.org\u002Faddressing-gendered-other-inequalities-will-be-central-covid-19-recovery\"\u003EIn countries including Kenya and the Philippines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, men are increasingly taking on childcare. In an Italian sample, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=3636627\"\u003Eshared responsibility for childcare has increased by 17%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the pandemic. (However, Italian women, like many women, are \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ingenere.it\u002Fen\u002Farticles\u002Fcovid19-crisis-time-for-fathers\"\u003Estill logging more hours on chores and childcare\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than men.) In an optimistic scenario, women and men may emerge from the pandemic with a less skewed distribution of domestic responsibilities. Tertilt and colleagues draw parallels to World War Two – another globally catastrophic event that had a bright side in the way that it normalised female workforce participation and changed gender roles.\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut, of course, not all men can work remotely. And women have a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.genderandcovid-19.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fwhat-do-we-know-about-women-and-covid-19-in-low-and-middle-income-countries-from-the-peer-reviewed-literature\u002F\"\u003Esmaller financial cushion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to begin with, so their economic reserves are likely to be depleted faster than men’s. Hegewisch draws on a different historical experience. From the Great Recession that started in 2007, she says, “We know that women were more likely than men to dip into their retirement savings.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well, recovery measures are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7533958\u002F\"\u003Eoverwhelmingly being led by men\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, without sufficient attention always being paid to women’s needs. Hegewisch urges more consideration of “how far women are part of those commissions that are being set up now on how to reopen the economy post-Covid. What we can see is that they’re often under-represented.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, if women are excluded from crucial decision-making spheres, if men don’t actually \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unwomen.org\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fstories\u002F2020\u002F4\u002Fnews-heforshe-launches-heforsheathome-campaign\"\u003Estep up in the home\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and if the childcare crisis persists, then the pandemic will represent a massive step backward in the overall march toward gender equality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why this recession disproportionately affects women","headlineShort":"What will the ‘shecession’ mean?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of woman placing a 'Closed' sign on a cafe","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The Covid-19 recession is unique among modern economic shocks in its harm to women’s finances and prospects. Can this be reversed?","summaryShort":"Can the harm to women’s employment and prospects be reversed?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-10-26T19:50:49.039753Z","entity":"article","guid":"9a500efc-3e93-4bd6-a1df-825795f5be9f","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women","modifiedDateTime":"2020-10-27T21:14:13.878602Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227802},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8aba","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"As working mums perform more childcare and face increased job insecurity, there are fears Covid-19 has undone decades of advancement. But could the pandemic be a catalyst for progress?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPregnant and with two children under the age of six, Anna Xavier was recently so stressed about juggling work and life she threatened to move out of the family home and find her own apartment. “I am now 33 weeks, huge and super tired – housework has been a struggle,” says the entrepreneur, who quit a corporate career with a cosmetics brand to start a baby-equipment business in Stockholm a year ago.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the coronavirus pandemic hit the Nordics, Xavier’s husband, who works for a company that produces protective equipment, has joined her in working from home. The couple also took their children out of daycare (which has largely remained open in Sweden) for several months, due to worries about how the coronavirus could affect expectant mothers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the situation created “huge amounts of frustration”, as Xavier, who splits household bills equally with her partner, shouldered the bulk of the childcare, cooking and cleaning, while he spent most of his days in video meetings. “We agreed that his job did take priority because he was helping the Swedish government and hospitals get equipment that could potentially save lives,” she explains. At home, “his job was at the end of the day to pack the dishwasher and stuff like that, which he didn't always do,” says Xavier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe couple have since sent their children back to daycare and hired a cleaner to avoid further arguments. But by being the primary caregiver during the peak of the pandemic, 44-year-old Xavier has fallen behind on her own business goals. “I have not been able to devote so much time to it... I still feel a little bit under pressure because I’d wanted to get as much done as possible before the baby arrives,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUnpaid labour at home\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the beginning of the pandemic, there were high hopes that the global shift to home-working could mean childcare and chores would be divided more equally within couples. But numerous studies of working parents’ lives during Covid-19 have shown that Xavier’s experience is far from unique: a disproportionate share of the burden is still falling on women. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearchers from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bcg.com\u002Fpublications\u002F2020\u002Fhelping-working-parents-ease-the-burden-of-covid-19.aspx\"\u003EBoston Consulting Group\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which surveyed more than 3,000 people in the US and Europe, found that working women currently spend an average of 15 hours a week more on unpaid domestic labour than men. In Australia, provisional results of a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmelbourneuni.au1.qualtrics.com\u002Fjfe\u002Fform\u002FSV_8d0AaumfQREdjYp\"\u003Esurvey by the University of Melbourne\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggest that in households with children, parents are putting in an extra six hours a day of care and supervision, with women taking on more than two-thirds of the extra time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Covid-19 has the potential to be a disaster for equality - Caroline Whaley","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis pattern is occurring regardless of income. Research by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.inet.econ.cam.ac.uk\u002Fresearch-papers\u002Fwp-abstracts?wp=2018\"\u003Escientists from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Zurich\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during March and April showed that working women in the UK, Germany and the US did more childcare and home-schooling across all wage brackets, compared to men with similar earnings. The difference was amplified in couples where the man worked outside the household during the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s been the experience of Tina Rehana, a 28-year-old dance teacher from Manchester. Her partner is unable to work from home, so she has been the primary caregiver for her two young children throughout the Covid-19 outbreak.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I literally cannot do a thing with them both around 24\u002F7... I tried one private lesson on Zoom and my kids kept running in and out, arguing,” she says. “I have absolutely no income from my dance school because it is just impossible.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Family systems are regressing’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite lockdowns easing around the world, many campaigners believe there will be a long-term impact on women’s work and home lives as a result of the coronavirus. A recent \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unwomen.org\u002F-\u002Fmedia\u002Fheadquarters\u002Fattachments\u002Fsections\u002Flibrary\u002Fpublications\u002F2020\u002Fpolicy-brief-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-en.pdf\"\u003EUnited Nations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E study even warned that the pandemic could dilute decades of advancement on gender equality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Covid-19 has the potential to be a disaster for equality,” agrees Caroline Whaley, co-founder of British consultancy firm Shine, which works to improve gender balance in companies. She believes “family systems are regressing” to more traditional norms due to the closure of schools, day-care centres and summer camps. “The ability of many dual-earner couples to both work because someone else is looking after their children is dissolving,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWomen, argues Whaley, are “more frequently the ones to give up their jobs” due to having lower salaries or earning expectations. In the EU, women earn an average \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Finfo\u002Fpolicies\u002Fjustice-and-fundamental-rights\u002Fgender-equality\u002Fequal-pay\u002Fgender-pay-gap-situation-eu_en\"\u003E16% less an hour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than men, while the figure rises to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.census.gov\u002Fcedsci\u002Ftable?q=s2412&hidePreview=true&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S2412&vintage=2018&g=0100000US.04000.001\"\u003E18% in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and is substantially higher in South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, according to data from the \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww3.weforum.org\u002Fdocs\u002FWEF_GGGR_2020.pdf\"\u003EWorld Economic Forum\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Feurostat\u002Fweb\u002Fproducts-eurostat-news\u002F-\u002FDDN-20190918-1?inheritRedirect=true&\"\u003EWomen are also more likely to work part-time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, typically due to existing childcare or other family responsibilities which, says Whaley, has also fed into many couples’ decisions for mothers, rather than fathers, to step back during Covid-19.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther industry observers stress that even among full-time high-earning women who have so far maintained their careers while caring for children in the pandemic, many are increasingly concluding that the juggling act is unsustainable. “It’s a trend we’re seeing now, not three months ago,” says Allyson Zimmermann, a Zurich-based executive director for Catalyst, a non-profit that works to improve corporate workplaces for women. “One [major client] shared that she's seen senior women leaving because they just can't do it anymore... I am hearing more women are also going into part time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EZimmermann works with businesses in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and believes the pattern has emerged in tandem with the global realisation that Covid-19 will likely disrupt our lives for at least another year, unless a vaccine becomes widely available. “It is because [the pandemic] is going to continue – most likely – and there’s not a quick fix.” Despite strong anecdotal evidence of a trend toward senior women quitting their jobs, she says there is little hard international comparative data. But her observations from the business world are already playing out in other fields.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn April, Elizabeth Hannon, deputy editor at The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, caused a stir when she tweeted that women were submitting fewer papers during the coronavirus crisis. “If the disparities we’ve witnessed in submissions to the journal aren’t just a statistical blip, then the obvious conclusion is that women bear the brunt of these disruptions,” she recently told US intellectual site \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnewrepublic.com\u002Farticle\u002F157785\u002Ffemale-scientists-bearing-brunt-quarantine-child-rearing\"\u003EThe New Republic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Megan Frederickson, an ecologist at the University of Toronto, later looked into the data from scientific publications and confirmed that there had been a marked \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002Fdrfreder\u002Fpandemic-pub-bias\u002Fblob\u002Fmaster\u002FREADME.md\"\u003Edrop in female productivity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared to March and April last year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA slump in the number of women running for public office is another concern. Ruth McGowan, author of the book Get Elected and a campaigner for increased gender equality in politics, has recently spoken about a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2020-05-24\u002Fcoronavirus-has-set-back-progress-for-women-workplace-equality\u002F12268742\"\u003Edrop in interest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from female candidates ahead of local elections in Australia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A lot of women are looking at it and they're facing economic insecurity and more demands on their home lives,” she told Australian broadcaster \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.abc.net.au\u002Fnews\u002F2020-05-24\u002Fcoronavirus-has-set-back-progress-for-women-workplace-equality\u002F12268742\"\u003EABC\u003C\u002Fa\u003E last month. “Not to mention worries about going out and campaigning where you can't go to public meetings, you can't stand outside supermarkets, you've got to be super savvy to run an online campaign. A lot of them are just going: Stuff it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExisting inequalities\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany women, meanwhile, have stopped working during Covid-19 through no fault of their own. Since they are over-represented in insecure, hourly employment and in sectors hardest hit by the pandemic (such as hospitality, leisure, retail and tourism), female workers have consequently lost their jobs or been furloughed at a higher rate than men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A recent United Nations study even warned that the pandemic could dilute decades of advancement on gender equality.","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, 11.5m women lost their jobs between February and May, compared to 9m men, according to research by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F09\u002Fhispanic-women-immigrants-young-adults-those-with-less-education-hit-hardest-by-covid-19-job-losses\u002F\"\u003EPew Research Center\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A report from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ifs.org.uk\u002Fpublications\u002F14879\"\u003EInstitute for Fiscal Studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (IFS) showed that British mothers were 23% more likely than fathers to have temporarily or permanently become unemployed during the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor some women, the coronavirus has also exacerbated other structural inequalities linked to factors such as such as ethnicity, class or disability. The IFS found that black Britons, for example, were less likely than all other ethnic groups to have a job that allowed them to work from home (one possible factor that may have may have contributed to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-53035054\"\u003Eincreased risk of catching and dying from Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E among this group). People under the age of 25, single parents and those with lower levels of education had a higher risk of working for sectors shut down during the UK lockdown.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I'm very exhausted,” says Sharmika Dockery, 25, a single parent living in London with her seven-year-old son. After spending every weekday home-schooling, she works for around three hours an evening on her start-up \u003Cspan\u003EBeyond Strength\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, which develops community projects for parents who have children with disabilities. “Before Covid I was applying and pitching for investments and working on my social enterprise during the day when my son was at school,” she explains. “It's been a struggle to try and get the business to the next level with everything closing down.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDockery has managed to pivot her business to focus on a digital platform. But cancelled events, meetings and networking opportunities mean her only income is her own disability benefits (she experiences chronic pain since undergoing an emergency caesarean section) to pay the bills. Picking up another job would be too challenging, Dockery says, both due to the need to care for her son and the unpredictable nature of her condition. “My health has been very up and down... I can end up bed bound for a few days, hobbling around.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECampaign groups such as Pregnant then Screwed have also highlighted additional challenges women on maternity leave faced during or in the lead-up to the crisis. Self-employed mothers, for example, are losing out because \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-52490025\"\u003Efinancial support packages for self-employed workers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are often based on average profits over several years, without accounting for periods of maternity leave. New mothers seeking to return to work are impacted by a lack of clarity over the future availability of childcare, sparking petitions in countries including\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.change.org\u002Fp\u002Fscott-morrison-extend-the-government-s-paid-parental-leave-to-pregnant-women-during-the-covid-19-crisis?source_location=topic_page&use_react=false\"\u003E Australia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmy.uplift.ie\u002Fpetitions\u002Fextend-maternity-leave-and-maternity-benefit\"\u003EIreland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpetition.parliament.uk\u002Fpetitions\u002F306691\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eto extend state-funded parental leave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaroline Whaley, at British consultancy firm Shine, warns that some women’s lifetime earnings will never recover from the prolonged coronavirus crisis. “If you take a career break or are furloughed, your skills may get stale. So will your contacts, making it harder to get back to where you left off,” she argues. “If you’re made redundant and face unemployment, research shows that it's much harder to get back on track if you’re out of a job for more than a couple of months.” Add in that women start to experience age discrimination from their early 40s, says Whaley, and “all this adds up to a perfect storm setting women’s equality back”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGetting back on track?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDepressing as this might seem, there are nonetheless glimmers of hope that the pandemic may yet prove to be a catalyst for change. Although women are still doing the lion’s share of housework and childcare, there is evidence suggesting that men, at least in the western world, have upped their game since Covid-19 hit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnpublished research from academics at three Canadian universities found that although most families reported little change in how chores were divided, a substantial number said that things had become more equally split. More than 40% of fathers said they were cooking more, while around 30% reported that they had increased the amount of time they spent on laundry and cleaning. Their partners agreed, although on average they gave slightly lower estimates of how much things had improved. Academic studies from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uu.nl\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fdivision-of-work-between-fathers-and-mothers-is-changed-by-the-corona-crisis\"\u003Ethe Netherlands\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontemporaryfamilies.org\u002Fcovid-couples-division-of-labor\u002F\"\u003Ethe US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvaeter-ggmbh.de\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F05\u002FPraesentation-Ergebnisse-Blitzumfrage.pdf\"\u003EGermany\u003C\u002Fa\u003E offer similar findings, while performance marketing company \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffluentpulse.com\u002Fcovid-19-working-from-home\u002F\"\u003EFluent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that almost two-thirds of men wanted to keep working from home, with increased family time cited as their top reason.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s not a huge change, but it is something,” says the University of Toronto’s Melissa Milkie, who co-authored the Canadian study. She believes her team’s research is proof that increasing “actual physical presence” can play a key role in how active fathers are in the household. The absence of commuting time, increased opportunities to interact with children and, for some, shorter working hours, unemployment or furlough during the pandemic may have been “important factors” during Covid-19, says Milkie. “There are just more hours when the child is there... So, in that sense, it makes some sense that they're doing more than in the past.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Working women currently spend an average of 15 hours a week more on unpaid domestic labour than men","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s an opinion shared by 39-year-old Roger Dowley from Dublin, who works for a multinational tech company and is the father of two toddlers. His company gave him the chance to work a four-day week during Covid-19, and he reflects that household chores are “in many ways easier to get done now that I’m home more”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHis wife, Una Morrison, a senior brand manager for a global drinks business, recently decided to use up some of the couple’s unpaid parental leave (a legal entitlement in Ireland) to help ease the burden of childcare during the pandemic. But the couple say the decision was based on timing rather than traditional gender roles, since she was between major projects while he had a heavy ongoing workload.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We have agreed that if another batch of parental leave is needed, that he would take it,” says Morrison, who is concerned about day-cares remaining closed in Ireland. “Now that he’s seen how it worked, I hope he will.” Dowley admits he’s worried he might find it a challenge, but confirms that he’s “all open” to time off with the kids. “I’d have no problem asking [my] work, and they’ve been great with me so far... In terms of workload, being honest, it would be there before I leave and there after I leave, if you get me, and I’m sure the company can survive without me for a while!”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMilkie is hopeful that Covid-19 experiences will encourage more couples like Morrison and Dowley to consider gender-balanced childcare solutions in the future. “It is likely that the experience of doing more may portend optimism; this is true when men take paternity leave – they tend to become more involved from that experience.” But she suggests change will likely also depend on future employment rates among women, and how accommodating companies are when it comes to offering longer-term solutions for parents to work flexibly or share leave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew conversations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECaroline Whaley of Shine is among those feeling cautiously positive about opportunities for businesses to harness lessons from Covid-19 to improve working environments in ways that can boost gender equality.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“One very obvious solution is flexibility, a notion that was not backed by many businesses pre-pandemic, which has now become key,” she says. “If done right, flexible working will be a game-changer for women's careers.” Whaley says that for many women, not having to commute during the pandemic has given them more options for how to structure their days, which can help them “boost productivity while maintaining a good work-life blend”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut she argues that business leaders need to do more to create a culture in which increased flexibility and remote working opportunities can thrive in the long run. “Don’t just say it’s okay to be flexible; actively model that behaviour and make it okay for people to take time off, extend deadlines so that there’s longer to complete work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn Zurich, Allyson Zimmermann also believes “there is potential for a massive change across the board” in the corporate landscape. But she advises against firms creating “blanket rules” for employees, arguing that Covid-19 has forced us all to think more about people’s personal circumstances and what they need in order to work effectively. While some may be coping with childcare demands, others may be living alone, looking after older family members, or managing long-distance relationships, which all have their own unique set of challenges. “Everyone has their own experiences,” says Zimmerman. “We have to get curious and ask questions and challenge assumptions of what the ‘home’ looks like.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther campaigners, however, are concerned that progress might not be as speedy as optimists hope, especially for women in roles outside the corporate world and those who may be experiencing additional entrenched social inequities connected to factors such as class or ethnic background.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHarriet Williams, who works as a consultant raising awareness of the challenges young parents in the UK face, believes any discussions within the business community need to go hand in hand with greater government efforts to shape more equitable labour markets. “There has always been a penalty on fathers in the home and a penalty for mothers in the workplace,” she says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWilliams is calling for employment protection laws for those on zero-hour or very flexible contracts, and expanding parental leave opportunities for men as well as women. But, in the meantime, the increased level of debate surrounding existing inequalities is at the very least, she argues, an important first step. “There are a lot of conversations around the family now... It's been quite positive to feel like these conversations are important and people feel really pushed to hear from different demographics.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in Stockholm, pregnant entrepreneur Anna Xavier says her partner has started to become “more willing” to take on extra household chores. “I think the ‘new normal’ will be more partners and more husbands helping. People will be working more at home, and by being more at home it provides the perfect opportunity to do more and get things done,” says Xavier. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne ongoing challenge, she says, is that partners can often have different perceptions of how urgent chores might be. “For [my husband], it's fine to wait another day to pack the dishwasher. It doesn't matter if the kitchen is a mess. But then I can't really cook if the kitchen is a mess, because there isn't much space.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe believes there’s therefore also a need for ongoing discussions – both within households and in society more generally – about what constitutes a fair share of the load. “If you cut the grass once a week, you can’t compare that to cooking every day.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How Covid-19 is changing women’s lives","headlineShort":"How Covid-19 is changing women’s lives","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"As working mums perform more childcare and face increased job insecurity, there are fears Covid-19 has undone decades of advancement. But could the pandemic be a catalyst for progress?","summaryShort":"Has the pandemic reshaped women’s lives more than men's?","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-30T21:07:57.582402Z","entity":"article","guid":"63fbdf06-c3bb-4c6c-954d-e30fdf4e34b4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-09T06:42:19.05948Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227798},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names","_id":"5fda3faf81722ae486bf80bd","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Taking a husband’s name emerged from patriarchal history. So why do so many young western couples still follow the tradition?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPlanning a wedding during a pandemic is riddled with uncertainties, but for 30-year-old Lindsey Evans, there’s one thing she’s clear about. “The closer we get to the wedding, the more positive I am that I want to take his last name,” says the Californian, who runs a lifestyle-media company with her partner and is due to tie the knot in July 2021. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, most women adopt their husband’s family name when they get married – around 70%, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2015\u002F06\u002F28\u002Fupshot\u002Fabout-the-maiden-name-analysis.html\"\u003Eone of the largest data analyses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in recent years. For British women, the figure is almost 90%, according to a 2016 survey, with around 85% of those aged between 18 and 30 saying they still follow the practice. Although these figures are lower than they were a generation ago, it’s clear it remains a strong cultural norm in large parts of the western world, despite today’s more individualistic and gender aware era. While definitions of feminism vary, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F07\u002F61-of-u-s-women-say-feminist-describes-them-well-many-see-feminism-as-empowering-polarizing\u002F\"\u003E68% of women under 30 describe themselves as feminists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the US and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Fagenda\u002F2019\u002F11\u002Fyoung-women-uk-feminism\u002F\"\u003Earound 60% in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It is quite surprising... [so many women adopt the man’s name] since it comes from patriarchal history, from the idea that a woman, on marriage, became one of the man’s possessions,” says Simon Duncan, a professor in family life at the University of Bradford, UK, who has been researching the practice of male name-taking. He describes the tradition as “entrenched” in most English-speaking countries, even though the concept of “owning” wives was scrapped more than a century ago in Britain, and there is currently no legal requirement to take a man’s name.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Is this just a harmless tradition, or is there some sort of meaning leaking from those times to now - Simon Duncan","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMuch of western Europe also follows the same pattern (notable exceptions include \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheculturetrip.com\u002Feurope\u002Fspain\u002Farticles\u002Fan-introduction-to-spanish-double-barrelled-surnames\u002F\"\u003ESpain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwsimag.com\u002Fculture\u002F2248-the-peculiarities-of-icelandic-naming\"\u003EIceland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, where women tend to keep their birth names when they marry, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fcommentisfree\u002F2013\u002Foct\u002F06\u002Fwomen-change-name-after-marriage-greece\"\u003EGreece\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which has made it a legal requirement for wives to retain their names for life since 1983). Even in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F1360780419892637\"\u003ENorway\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which is regularly ranked \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Fagenda\u002F2019\u002F12\u002Fgender-gap-equality-women-parity-countries\u002F\"\u003Eone of the top countries for gender equality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and has a less overtly patriarchal history, the majority of married women still take their husband’s name. There, however, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F229608194_Women's_Choice_of_Surname_Upon_Marriage_in_Norway\"\u003Earound half of name-takers keep their maiden name as a middle name\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which functions as a secondary surname. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The question remains... is this just a harmless tradition, or is there some sort of meaning leaking from those times to now?” asks Duncan, who recently teamed up with academics at the University of Oslo and the University of the West of England to delve into the reasons for its persistence. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are, of course, numerous personal reasons a woman might want to lose her maiden name, from disliking how it sounds, to wanting to disassociate herself from absent or abusive family members. But through an in-depth analysis of existing research, and detailed interviews with newly married and engaged couples in the UK and Norway, Duncan’s team identified two core motivators driving the tradition. The first was the persistence of patriarchal power (whether that was obvious to the couples or not). The second was the ideal of the ‘good family’ – the sense that having the same name as your partner symbolises commitment, and this ties you and any potential children together as a unit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Lindsey Evans and her fiance","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESome couples uncritically accepted the practice because it was conventional, while others actively embraced the idea of passing on male names. “Some men still insisted on it – the reproduction of that sort of patriarchal assumption from the past,” says Duncan. “Some women go along with that or internalise that. So, we found people who say they are really looking forward to being a ‘Mrs’ and changing their identity to that of their husband.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHis team’s research paper suggests that women changing their names is, unsurprisingly, connected to the survival of other patriarchal traditions, such as fathers giving away brides and men being more likely to propose. Duncan says that these elements have come to form part of the optimum “marriage package” for many couples. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s part of the romance,” agrees Corinna Hirsch, a German marketer living in Stockholm, who took her husband’s last name when they married last year. “We slept in separate rooms the evening before the wedding. I had something old, blue, borrowed and new. My dad and husband gave a speech, but I didn’t.” She believes these traditions helped her and her partner develop a deeper bond, even after more than eight years together. “We didn’t expect that we would feel any closer after the wedding, but I think having this big wedding and having one last name did the trick.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe second core trend observed by Duncan’s team is more about public perceptions. They concluded that taking on a partner’s name remains seen as a way to display your commitment and unity to the outside world. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I feel like it gives us an identity as a family and not just individuals,” agrees Lindsey Evans in California. “We have our own first and middle names, which make us our own people, but having a joint last name makes us more of a unit.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuncan’s research found this ‘good family’ narrative was especially strong among women who’d had children. Even some of those who initially declined to adopt their male partner’s family name upon marriage switched their approach after giving birth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a family having a picnic","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I wanted to do it to have a better connection with my kid, not just in a loving relationship type of way, but on paper,” reflects Jamie Berg, a US-born dancer and gymnast living in Oslo. After keeping her own name for several years, largely because it was important for her professional identity, she added her husband’s name to her passport and other formal documents when her son was born, “so all three of us would have the same last name”. This, she hoped, would also avoid administrative hassle, for example when travelling abroad with her child. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuncan’s study highlighted another common feeling among many parents, that children might end up confused or unhappy as a result of parents having different names. But he argues that while nonconformity can create adult discomfort, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F0038038511406600\"\u003Esociological research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggests a limited impact on children, with most not confused about who’s in their family, regardless of their surname. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAcademics are split on how the name-changing norm plays against a backdrop of efforts to achieve gender equality. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuncan describes it as “quite dangerous” – whether the couples doing it are actively embracing the tradition, or simply observing it by default. “It perpetuates the idea that the husband’s in authority... reproducing the tradition that the man is the head of the household,” he says. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat argument is strongly supported by women like Nikki Hesford, a business owner from northern England. She is now divorced, but refused to take her former husband’s name when they got married, and says she’s shocked how few wives do the same. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Women complain that they end up being the primary caregiver, the one who has to leave work when a child is sick, the one who had to go to hospital appointments, the one whose career suffers... but they’ve set that precedent at the start by saying: ‘You’re more important than me, you’re the primary and I’m the secondary,’” she argues. “Some people say: ‘You’re overthinking it, it's just nice tradition and it doesn't really mean anything’, and I disagree.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, Hilda Burke, an Irish couples counsellor and psychotherapist based in London, believes that women who reject name-taking shouldn’t be too quick to judge others. She notes that “old-fashioned romance” concepts, long reinforced by film, literature and magazines, have become amplified in an age of social media. This means women continue to be influenced by these kinds of messages, despite more gender-positive, feminist perspectives being given a greater platform. “For so many influencers, it’s very much part of their message or their profile, this whole narrative around a boyfriend and then the huge engagement, the honeymoon,” argues Burke. “Even if those women are kind of identifying as a feminist, that kind of lifestyle that they're portraying is very much a sort of romantic ideal.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a father walking his daughter down the aisle","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EShe says that for many, switching to their husband’s family name is also a pragmatic choice – for example, to appease older relatives or avoid having to explain themselves at the school playground – and doesn’t mean that these women aren’t pushing for gender equality. “This is an example of the dissonance of having maybe a principle, having a feminist ideal, but then getting down to the nitty gritty of daily life,” she says. “They’d say: ‘You know what? I'm still working. I'm still getting promoted. I haven't given up. So, you know what? On the bigger scale, I'm still feminist’.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother argument is that feminism is ultimately about giving women free choice. This means as long as they can decide what name they’d like (rather than it being forced on them by their partner or society), it shouldn’t matter whether that is in keeping with, or going against, patriarchal norms. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“He never told me: ‘I need you to take my last name’, but instead I was the one who brought it to the table,” says Evans in California. “As a feminist, I am able to make the decision that is best for me without worrying about gender roles.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow prevalent the male name-taking tradition will remain in the future is hotly debated by researchers. There is little predictive academic research, although there are signs that - despite the slow progress to date - both women and men are becoming increasingly open to alternatives. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the UK, a 2016 YouGov \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyougov.co.uk\u002Ftopics\u002Flifestyle\u002Farticles-reports\u002F2016\u002F09\u002F13\u002Fsix-ten-women-would-like-take-their-spouses-\"\u003Epoll of more than 1,500 people \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eshowed that 59% of women would still like to take their spouse’s surname upon marriage – and 61% of men still want them to do so. Although these figures are high, they’re around 30% lower than the proportion of Britons who currently go through with the tradition. A separate survey showed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2017\u002Fnov\u002F02\u002Fkeeping-up-with-smith-joneses-no-longer-posh-double-barrelled-surname\"\u003E11% of 18-to-34-year-olds in the UK are now double-barrelling their surnames when they get married\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This practice was traditionally the preserve of upper-class British families, but gender equality is emerging as a motivator within couples with more diverse backgrounds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It felt a bit archaic and old fashioned to just take my name - Nick Nilsson-Bean","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We talked about it beforehand and decided that because we shared everything else in our lives it made sense to share names too,” explains Nick Nilsson-Bean, a British communications manager living in Malmö, in southern Sweden, who has the same double-barrelled surname as his wife. “It felt a bit archaic and old fashioned to just take my name.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, growing numbers of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Ffamily\u002Farchive\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fmarried-women-facebook-two-last-names\u002F568552\u002F\"\u003Ewomen are also opting for unhyphenated double surnames\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to the need to remain searchable online for professional reasons. Meanwhile, some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bustle.com\u002Farticles\u002F112415-married-couples-who-made-up-their-own-last-name-and-are-better-off-for-it\"\u003Ecouples blend their names or come up with new ones\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to share, and some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fstories-42720646\"\u003Emen adopt their wives’ names\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, although both phenomena remain unusual. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I wasn’t hung up on all the masculinity and patriarchal [rubbish], and I knew how important my wife’s identity was to her,” says Ciaran McQuaid, a 39-year-old British engineer who is one of the rare few to switch to his wife’s name. “I work within the construction industry and I have to deal with quite macho attitudes, but I’m not the type of person who gets bothered by it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"America Nazar, with her husband","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWith women tending to marry later – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Feurostat\u002Fdatabrowser\u002Fview\u002Ftps00014\u002Fdefault\u002Ftable?lang=en\"\u003Eaverage age is now 35\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or older in European countries including the UK, Italy and Spain, and around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.census.gov\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002FCensus\u002Flibrary\u002Fvisualizations\u002Ftime-series\u002Fdemo\u002Ffamilies-and-households\u002Fms-2.pdf\"\u003E28 in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – this may also have an impact on future name choices. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F00277738.2016.1197645\"\u003EResearch from Norway\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F00277738.2016.1197645\"\u003Ethe US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggests that older, more educated and economically independent women are more likely to keep their birth names, while the practice is less popular with younger, lower-paid women and within the African-American community. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I already owned my house. I had a degree, my car, all different things. So, if I had to change my name, then subsequently I’d have to change my name on all those titles and licenses,” explains America Nazar, a dentist based north of Oslo, who didn’t switch her name when she got married last year. “It just makes it a bit more complicated and it's not very necessary, in my opinion.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther researchers point to the influence of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.independent.co.uk\u002Flife-style\u002Flgbtqia-meaning-full-version-stand-plus-lgbt-pride-month-acronym-a9574351.html\"\u003ELGBTQIA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E community, where there already tends to be more flexibility around name changing. Dr Heath Schechinger, a psychologist and therapist with a clinical post at the University of California, Berkley, predicts that heterosexual couples may be encouraged to keep their own names as “the concept of 'family' expands” to include more LGBTQIA and even “two-plus partner unions”, making it more common to break traditional norms. “While it is unlikely partners will ever have complete autonomy about their name choices without fear of societal or familial repercussions, an increasing number of people are, and will continue, to make the choice to deviate from the norm,” he argues. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It’s time for this to become an open-ended discussion within partnerships, and not something that is assumed or pre-determined,” agrees marketing manager Verity Sessions, from Brighton, England, who kept her own name when she married her wife Alice Maplesden. “Some of my male friends have decided to take their wife’s family name and I love them for that,” she says. However, she says she understands that other couples “do just love a tradition” or might opt for naming conventions that simply “make a family tree a bit easier to work out”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of two men holding hands","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn London, psychotherapist Burke also believes that more diverse naming conventions will start to bleed into society. But as women continue to battle for equal pay, and are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives\"\u003Emore likely to be facing job insecurity and performing more childcare as a result of Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, she argues that many “people feel like there are other battles that are more important right now”. “It is going to come in time, when other things are made more equal.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFans of the male name tradition like Corinna Hirsch, however, hope it won’t die out. “It would be nice if [it] continues, but only if it’s not forced,” she says. “You like traditions because they make you feel all warm and fuzzy? Go for it.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names-14"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why do women still change their names?","headlineShort":"Why do women still change their names?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Woman signing the marriage registry - file image","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Taking a husband’s name emerged from patriarchal history. So why do so many young western couples still follow this tradition?","summaryShort":"The tradition is thriving, despite gender equality advances","tag":[],"textToSpeech":true,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-23T20:10:05.649343Z","entity":"article","guid":"c2b3c9d6-391b-4b54-bf34-3e4a88b4b885","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-16T10:05:47.643078Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227798},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8c57","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmelissa-hogenboom"],"bodyIntro":"Many parents downplay caring responsibilities at work to show commitment. Covid-19 has exposed the challenges that parents face – but will it change anything?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESix months after my daughter was born, I was back in the office, bleary eyed but eager to prove myself in a new position. A few weeks later, when I needed a few days off because of chickenpox at her day-care, I dreaded having to tell my team. Despite supportive colleagues, I felt intense pressure to act like nothing had changed. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore, the job had always come first, something that had been key to getting ahead. Back at work as a mother, I was stressed because I couldn’t control my time, worried I now seemed more unreliable and anxious about the next time this might happen. I barely mentioned my daughter in the office; I would never have included an anecdote like this in my writing at that time. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThree years on, I realise it’s important to do so because this stress isn’t unique to me. Many people face the same pressure, because living up to workplace ideals is often not compatible with caring responsibilities, children or otherwise. This harms caregivers, who are statistically more likely to be women. Many of us respond by downplaying these responsibilities or convincing colleagues we can do just as much overtime as before, because we know that if we don’t, we risk falling victim to the numerous biases that hold mothers back. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWelcome to the world of “secret parenting”. Economist Emily Oster coined this relatable phrase \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fideas\u002Farchive\u002F2019\u002F05\u002Fnormalize-parenthood-workplace-dont-hide-it\u002F589822\u002F\"\u003Ein a 2019 article\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in which she urged parents to “come clean” about the nature of their lives. And while the pandemic – and our abrupt shift to home working – has forced many of our hands, it’s not clear whether unveiling the responsibilities we have outside the office will bring meaningful change.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGender perceptions and workplace culture\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESecret parenting can start as early as pregnancy. Research shows that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F249667888_Gender_Shows_First-Time_Mothers_and_Embodied_Selves\"\u003Esome women hide their pregnancies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, especially in roles in which they feel they have to compete with men and don’t want to reveal anything that might “get in the way” of work. Working women often feel the need to go “above and beyond” normal standards during pregnancy, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1468-0432.2009.00485.x\"\u003Eanother study showed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as hide any sickness for fear of appearing unreliable.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt continues after birth. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0277953607001487\"\u003EWomen report wanting to hide their breastfeeding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at work because it is taboo, and doing so is such an obvious gendered difference that highlights their new status as mothers. There are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mother.ly\u002Fwork\u002Fwhy-are-women-expected-to-work-like-they-dont-have-children-and-mother-like-they-dont-work\"\u003Eplenty of anecdotes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E about women feeling forced to prove they can still work overtime and offering to work even when their children are ill as well as those who purposely don’t share photos of their children \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.emerald.com\u002Finsight\u002Fcontent\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1108\u002FIJGE-07-2017-0032\u002Ffull\u002Fhtml\"\u003Eor talk about them at all\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The evidence tells us that motherhood is one of the major sources of weakness in career trajectories - Shireen Kanji","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat women feel the need to behave this way is no surprise. Mothers have long been seen as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2019\u002F09\u002F12\u002Fdespite-challenges-at-home-and-work-most-working-moms-and-dads-say-being-employed-is-whats-best-for-them\u002F\"\u003Eless committed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2004\u002F10\u002Fthe-maternal-wall\"\u003Eless competent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in a work environment. They are passed over for promotions \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hrmagazine.co.uk\u002Farticle-details\u002Ffathers-twice-as-likely-to-be-promoted-as-mothers\"\u003Ewith greater frequency than fathers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aauw.org\u002Fissues\u002Fequity\u002Fmotherhood\u002F\"\u003Eless likely to be hired than non-mothers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When flexibility is available, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fspssi.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fjosi.12012\"\u003Ethose who use it face bias\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F0018726714557336\"\u003Emore likely to be pigeon-holed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into roles with less responsibility. We know the gender pay gap \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.economist.com\u002Fgraphic-detail\u002F2019\u002F01\u002F28\u002Fhow-big-is-the-wage-penalty-for-mothers\"\u003Ewidens after childbirth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; wages of working mothers \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fww.w.jthomasniu.org\u002Fclass\u002F781\u002FAssigs\u002Fbudig-wage.pdf\"\u003Edrop for each child a woman has\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “The evidence tells us that motherhood is one of the major sources of weakness in career trajectories,” says Shireen Kanji, professor of work and organisation at Brunel University London. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, some women change jobs or leave the workforce because of these pressures. When Kanji interviewed women who had left high-profile careers, many gave examples of secret parenting, including taking sick days to avoid telling colleagues their children were ill. Women needing time off to care for children served as a “particularly unwelcome reminder that employees care about their children and by implication not enough about the organisation”, her \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fgwao.12011\"\u003E2013 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed. One respondent was told to ask family to watch her child, rather than take a day off. Another, a freelancer working in TV, was told never to mention her children, and felt that doing so affected how much work she got.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ybz1n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of people working late in a big-city office","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis is because, as sociologists have long pointed out, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F089124390004002002\"\u003Eworkplaces are structured around men rather than women,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and still have an ingrained image of the “ideal worker”; an employee who always puts work first. “Anything that signals otherwise diminishes you in the eyes of your employers,” says Daniel Carlson of the University of Utah. “This notion that women are going to be distracted is presumed... The whole notion of secret parenting stems from the desire to hide this to save one’s career.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis structural issue is in some ways a legacy of beliefs still prevalent in individualistic countries like the US that good fathers provide for the family and good mothers stay at home.  Surveys show \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewsocialtrends.org\u002F2009\u002F10\u002F01\u002Fthe-harried-life-of-the-working-mother\u002F#public-views-on-the-changing-role-of-women\"\u003Ethese social attitudes still exist\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: both women and men \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2019\u002F09\u002F12\u002Fdespite-challenges-at-home-and-work-most-working-moms-and-dads-say-being-employed-is-whats-best-for-them\u002F\"\u003Ereport that working makes it more difficult to be a good parent\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Only a third of respondents in the same Pew Research Center survey thought that working full time was best for mothers, while 21% agreed that women with very young children shouldn’t work for pay at all.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there’s the enduring stereotype that women are more capable in the domestic sphere, men in the office, which despite being dispelled by research still has a significant impact on how we frame paid work and family life. “It’s understandable that women feel this relentless work\u002Ffamily conflict because we’re asking the impossible. Women have entered the paid labour force, but we have not seen the changes in men at home to pick up more of the domestic work,” says sociologist Caitlyn Collins of Washington University in St Louis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Once caregiving duties are identified and made salient, they are seen as less devoted to the job - Elizabeth Hirsh","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThese gendered perceptions still heavily influence workplace culture; historic legal cases are as illuminating as they are sobering. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0891243220946335#.X1KdB6yVkh0\"\u003EIn her 2020 analysis of carer discrimination in Canada over 30 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, researcher Elizabeth Hirsh at the University of British Columbia found that while cases in general were on the rise, they played out differently for men and women. Because pregnancy made it harder for women to hide the fact that they were mothers, the workplace disputes they experienced – over job assignments or contract terminations – were often based on presumptions about their commitment. “Once caregiving duties are identified and made salient, they are seen as less devoted to the job,” says Hirsh. Men, however, didn’t have their fatherhood exposed by pregnancy, and generally gave reasons other than parenting to explain requests for flexibility – something that had unexpected consequences in court. Men found it harder than women to win against employers because they had mentioned their caring responsibilities less; they had been caring ‘in secret’ even more than women. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Normalising care work’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERight now, as many of us work from home amid Covid-19, parenting is more visible than it’s ever been. The pandemic has blurred lines between family and work, causing unprecedented stress to parents who have been forced to combine jobs and childcare. The juggle has been obvious, with children popping up on work video calls, meetings being rescheduled around them and parents promising speedy work responses – once the kids are in bed. Yet although the pandemic has gone a long way toward normalising something previously hidden, the associated biases against mothers have not gone away.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ybzb5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a mother working from home with her child","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, childcare being more evident could simply \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women\"\u003Ereinforce negative attitudes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E toward caring responsibilities. The strain of working while parenting could make judgement and discrimination more likely; in the US, the Center for WorkLife Law has found \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uchastings.edu\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F11\u002Fworklife-caregiver-legislation\u002F\"\u003Ediscrimination against caregivers has been increasing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There have also been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F09\u002F05\u002Ftechnology\u002Fparents-time-off-backlash.html\"\u003Ereports of resentment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from workers who don’t have children about perceived special favours for parents. And while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fus-news\u002F2020\u002Fjun\u002F17\u002Fgender-roles-parenting-housework-coronavirus-pandemic\"\u003Ereports suggest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E fathers in some nations are increasing their share of caring work, working mothers have left jobs or reduced their hours in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives\"\u003Egreater numbers than fathers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Experts are worried that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women\"\u003Eimpacts on women\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the crisis could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fglobal\u002Fabout-the-ilo\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fnews\u002FWCMS_749398\u002Flang--en\u002Findex.htm\"\u003Eerase years of progress on gender equality.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is a glimmer of positivity in all this gloom; the pressures that compel parents to downplay caring responsibilities do not happen everywhere. In Sweden, for instance, both parents can take advantage of family-friendly policies without any stigma attached. Collins, who spoke to numerous Swedish mothers for her research, found that family life is openly welcomed as a priority, creating a “culture of support” in which both men and women can be upfront about balancing work and childcare. She cites an intriguing clash of cultures in a case where Swedish employees worked for an Australian firm. When one mother declined a meeting late in the afternoon, her Swedish boss suggested she should hide her reason for doing so, since their Australian CEO would find leaving early for childcare duties unacceptable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn his research, Carlson has found that it is the combination of two factors that could create real change : making caring responsibilities more public, and passing more of the load onto fathers. “The more we normalise care work and other obligations, especially for fathers, [the more] it starts to diminish the penalties to take on those responsibilities, and certainly lowers gaps and discrimination due to sexism,” he says. In certain circles, “working from home has laid bare that so many of us have family obligations, and people are becoming far more understanding of this”.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps that means that one day I will stop disguising the fact that I’m dialling into a video call from outside in the rain because I’m hoping my daughter will take a nap instead of interrupting the meeting. And maybe we will stop cringing each time a company highlights that paid time off will probably largely benefit parents – inadvertently signalling that they cannot put in as much dedicated time as everyone else. Supportive policies are important, but even where leave is available, fathers in particular \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F17\u002Fparenting\u002Fpaternity-leave.html\"\u003Eoften don’t take it for fear of being stigmatised.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUntil policies recognise this, bosses set examples and work cultures change their perception of the “ideal worker”, aspects of parenting will likely remain secretive, even if children keep interrupting video calls. We shrug it off and agree that yes, they’re quite cute, masking the stress bubbling away under the surface.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMelissa Hogenboom is the editor of BBC Reel. She is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fmelissasuzanneh\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E@melissasuzanneh\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter. Her upcoming book, The Motherhood Complex, is out in May 2021.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting-8"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The corporate ideals driving ‘secret parenting’","headlineShort":"What's driving 'secret parenting'?","image":["p08ybylg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of the silhouettes of a mother and child","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-why-this-recession-disproportionately-affects-women","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200921-why-do-women-still-change-their-names"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fgender"],"summaryLong":"Many parents downplay caring responsibilities at work to show commitment. Covid-19 has exposed the challenges that parents face – but will it change anything?","summaryShort":"Why some people never mention their children at work","tag":["tag\u002Fworkplace"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-23T02:50:33.735466Z","entity":"article","guid":"258ec2b1-bf6a-4de8-bf86-a3b53975eed4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-23T02:50:33.735466Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201113-the-corporate-ideals-driving-secret-parenting","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227797},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","_id":"5fda3fae81722ae486bf7b6f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fmanyu-jiang"],"bodyIntro":"Video chat is helping us stay employed and connected. But what makes it so tiring - and how can we reduce ‘Zoom fatigue’?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYour screen freezes. There’s a weird echo. A dozen heads stare at you. There are the work huddles, the one-on-one meetings and then, once you’re done for the day, the hangouts with friends and family.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the Covid-19 pandemic hit, we’re on video calls more than ever before – and many are finding it exhausting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what, exactly, is tiring us out? BBC Worklife spoke to Gianpiero Petriglieri, an associate professor at Insead, who explores sustainable learning and development in the workplace, and Marissa Shuffler, an associate professor at Clemson University, who studies workplace wellbeing and teamwork effectiveness, to hear their views.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs video chat harder? What’s different compared to face-to-face communication?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeing on a video call requires more focus than a face-to-face chat, says Petriglieri. Video chats mean we need to work harder to process non-verbal cues like facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, and body language; paying more attention to these consumes a lot of energy. “Our minds are together when our bodies feel we're not. That dissonance, which causes people to have conflicting feelings, is exhausting. You cannot relax into the conversation naturally,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Delays on phone or conferencing systems of 1.2 seconds made people perceive the responder as less friendly or focused","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESilence is another challenge, he adds. “Silence creates a natural rhythm in a real-life conversation. However, when it happens in a video call, you became anxious about the technology.” It also makes people uncomfortable. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1071581914000287\"\u003EOne 2014 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by German academics showed that delays on phone or conferencing systems shaped our views of people negatively: even delays of 1.2 seconds made people perceive the responder as less friendly or focused.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200401-covid-19-why-we-wont-run-out-of-food-during-coronavirus\"\u003EWhy grocery shelves won't be empty for long\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200406-coronavirus-isolation-is-creating-new-love-under-lockdown\"\u003ECoronavirus isolation is creating new couples\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E•\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200312-coronavirus-covid-19-update-work-from-home-in-a-pandemic\"\u003E How to work from home, the right way\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn added factor, says Shuffler, is that if we are physically on camera, we are very aware of being watched. “When you're on a video conference, you know everybody's looking at you; you are on stage, so there comes the social pressure and feeling like you need to perform. Being performative is nerve-wracking and more stressful.” It’s also very hard for people not to look at their own face if they can see it on screen, or not to be conscious of how they behave in front of the camera.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow are the current circumstances contributing? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet if video chats come with extra stressors, our Zoom fatigue can’t be attributed solely to that. Our current circumstances – whether lockdown, quarantine, working from home or otherwise – are also feeding in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08b3dk7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPetriglieri believes that fact we feel forced into these calls may be a contributory factor. “The video call is our reminder of the people we have lost temporarily. It is the distress that every time you see someone online, such as your colleagues, that reminds you we should really be in the workplace together,” he says. “What I'm finding is, we’re all exhausted; It doesn't matter whether they are introverts or extroverts. We are experiencing the same disruption of the familiar context during the pandemic.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there’s the fact that aspects of our lives that used to be separate – work, friends, family – are all now happening in the same space. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1986-03748-001\"\u003Eself-complexity theory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E posits that individuals have multiple aspects – context-dependent social roles, relationships, activities and goals – and we find the variety healthy, says Petriglieri. When these aspects are reduced, we become more vulnerable to negative feelings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Imagine if you go to a bar, and in the same bar you talk with your professors, meet your parents or date someone, isn’t it weird? That’s what we’re doing now – Gianpiero Petriglieri","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Most of our social roles happen in different places, but now the context has collapsed,” says Petriglieri. “Imagine if you go to a bar, and in the same bar you talk with your professors, meet your parents or date someone, isn’t it weird? That's what we're doing now… We are confined in our own space, in the context of a very anxiety-provoking crisis, and our only space for interaction is a computer window.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShuffler says a lack of downtime after we’ve fulfilled work and family commitments may be another factor in our tiredness, while some of us may be putting higher expectations on ourselves due to worries over the economy, furloughs and job losses. “There's also that heightened sense of ‘I need to be performing at my top level in a situation’… Some of us are kind of over-performing to secure our jobs.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBut when I’m Zooming my friends, for example, shouldn’t that relax me? \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELots of us are doing big group chats for the first time, whether it’s cooking and eating a virtual Easter dinner, attending a university catch-up or holding a birthday party for a friend. If the call is meant to be fun, why might it feel tiring?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of it, says Shuffler, is whether you’re joining in because you want to or because you feel you ought to – like a virtual happy hour with colleagues from work. If you see it as an obligation, that means more time that you’re ‘on’ as opposed to getting a break. A proper chat with friends will feel more social and there will be less ‘Zoom fatigue’ from conversations where you’ve had a chance to be yourself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It doesn't matter whether you call it a virtual happy hour, it's a meeting, because mostly we are used to using these tools for work – Gianpiero Petriglieri","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBig group calls can feel particularly performative, Petriglieri warns. People like watching television because you can allow your mind to wander – but a large video call “is like you're watching television and television is watching you”. Large group chats can also feel depersonalising, he adds, because your power as an individual is diminished. And despite the branding, it may not feel like leisure time. “It doesn't matter whether you call it a virtual happy hour, it's a meeting, because mostly we are used to using these tools for work.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESo how can we alleviate Zoom fatigue?  \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth experts suggest limiting video calls to those that are necessary. Turning on the camera should be optional and in general there should be more understanding that cameras do not always have to be on throughout each meeting. Having your screen off to the side, instead of straight ahead, could also help your concentration, particularly in group meetings, says Petriglieri. It makes you feel like you’re in an adjoining room, so may be less tiring.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases it’s worth considering if video chats are really the most efficient option. When it comes to work, Shuffler suggests shared files with clear notes can be a better option that avoids information overload. She also suggests taking time during meetings to catch up before diving into business. “Spend some time to actually check into people's wellbeing,” she urges. “It’s a way to reconnect us with the world, and to maintain trust and reduce fatigue and concern.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBuilding transition periods in between video meetings can also help refresh us – try stretching, having a drink or doing a bit of exercise, our experts say. Boundaries and transitions are important; we need to create buffers which allow us to put one identity aside and then go to another as we move between work and private personas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd maybe, says Petriglieri, if you want to reach out, go old-school. “Write a letter to someone instead of meeting them on Zoom. Tell them you really care about them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting-8"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fremote-control"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-04-22T18:25:32Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The reason Zoom calls drain your energy","headlineShort":"Why Zoom calls are so exhausting","image":["p08b3h47"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Video chat is helping us stay employed and connected. But what makes it so tiring - and how can we reduce ‘Zoom fatigue’?","summaryShort":"Video chat is great at keeping us connected - but why is it so tiring?","tag":["tag\u002Fcovid-19"],"creationDateTime":"2020-04-21T19:44:32.538418Z","entity":"article","guid":"a6be2a40-33bd-4f9b-8f7f-a6bfa9f979d1","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","modifiedDateTime":"2020-04-27T00:08:50.94853Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227799},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8d07","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Email has never been huge in China, and it’s down to a combination of cultural factors and timing.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn May 2008 I was teaching at a private English school in Yangshuo, a small town in southern China. It is an idyllic place to study, with limestone hills, known as karst, decorating the riverine landscape. When they finished their course my adult students told me to download QQ, a Chinese desktop application much like MSN Messenger, to keep in touch.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI asked them to register on Facebook (it was unblocked in China then), add me as a friend and also leave their email addresses. A few did but they were hard to remember, because they often looked something like this: zwpzjg59826@126.com. I thought these email addresses were slightly odd, but back then it was not so unusual to have peculiar email addresses even in the UK.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I never check email so I don’t have expectations of people to respond – Hailan Jia","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYears later, I found myself in Beijing working as a freelance journalist and copywriter. I would hardly ever do business with my Chinese clients over email. Often, I would receive copywriting work on my smartphone, via the hugely popular Chinese messaging app WeChat. Once I’d completed it, I would then send it back and also get paid over WeChat. The whole process felt miraculous, such was the speed and mobile efficiency.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19\"\u003EHow China went back to work after lockdown \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime\"\u003EYoung Chinese are sick of working overtime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E• \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200309-coronavirus-covid-19-advice-chinas-work-at-home-experiment\"\u003EChina’s work from home experiment \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many Western countries, email still reigns supreme, especially at work. In both the US and the UK, email is the most popular online activity, drawing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F184559\u002Ftypical-daily-online-activities-of-adult-internet-users-in-the-us\u002F\"\u003E90.9% \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F275805\u002Finternet-activities-performed-in-great-britain\u002F\"\u003E86% \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eof internet users respectively. In both the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F184559\u002Ftypical-daily-online-activities-of-adult-internet-users-in-the-us\u002F\"\u003EUS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity\u002Fhouseholdcharacteristics\u002Fhomeinternetandsocialmediausage\u002Fbulletins\u002Finternetaccesshouseholdsandindividuals\u002F2019#email-remains-the-most-common-internet-activity\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, using email tops other online activities such as browsing for information about goods and services, internet banking, consuming digital videos or audio and using social media.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut in China, it’s a different picture. Deloitte’s 2018 China Mobile Consumer Survey \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fub.triviumchina.com\u002F2019\u002F02\u002Ffinally-proof-that-chinese-users-check-their-email-less-often-than-the-global-average\u002F\"\u003Eshowed \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ethat Chinese people checked their email 22% less than users globally. Instead WeChat is dominant; some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.emarketer.com\u002FArticle\u002FWeChat-Users-China-Will-Surpass-490-Million-This-Year\u002F1016125\"\u003E79.1% of smartphone owners are regular users of the app, while 84.5% of people who use messaging apps in China use WeChat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And that preference extends into the office: the 2017 WeChat user behaviour \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scmp.com\u002Ftech\u002Fapps-gaming\u002Farticle\u002F2090472\u002Fwechat-top-workplace-communications-app-90-cent-chinese\"\u003Ereport\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compiled by Penguin Intelligence, a research arm of Tencent (which created WeChat), found that almost 88% of 20,000 people surveyed used WeChat in their daily work communication. Phones, SMS and fax were used by 59.5%. Email was a distant third on 22.6%.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EEva Hsu, who runs a digital branding business, is Taiwanese and spent some of her youth living in the US. She’s been working in Shanghai for six years. For her foreign clients, Hsu says she communicates via email and LinkedIn, but for her Chinese clients it’s a different story. “Chinese clients tend to use WeChat and send files on WeChat as the main way of communication,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELate adopters\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EWith over a billion users in China, WeChat is a super app that is ubiquitous. But the reasons why Chinese people prefer communicating over a platform such as WeChat may have been formed years earlier. In 1999, newly-established Chinese technology company Tencent released a product called QQ, based on the popular desktop instant messaging programme ICQ, which was owned by AOL.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EAt the time, there were only 1.2 computers per 100 people in China, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.econstats.com\u002Fwdi\u002Fwdiv_597.htm\"\u003Eaccording to the World Bank\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. By contrast, there was one computer for every two people in the United States. But as the 2000s progressed internet cafes sprang up across China and were quickly embraced by young people. QQ became a key reason for the cafes’ popularity, as it provided entertainment with features such as games, music and an early Chinese social network where people could post micro-blogs. Compared to email, QQ offered more interaction, with the ability to create avatars, for example, and instant messaging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn their 2008 book \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.jp\u002Fbooks?id=_nppDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA183&lpg=PA183&dq=jason+inch+james+yuann+qq&source=bl&ots=ZZTUjkbosf&sig=ACfU3U2EOl9VNpPzTKJ4_S0HXKRNWlah8Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxtaqBuabqAhXQE4gKHR9RDdIQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=jason%20inch%20james%20yuann%20qq&f=false\"\u003ESupertrends of Future China\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, co-authors James Yuann and Jason Inch noted that it was impractical for young Chinese to be without a QQ or MSN account. It “is almost like what Westerners would think of somebody without a driver’s license”, they wrote. Senior executives would list their QQ numbers on business cards and businesses would have their own QQ accounts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The demand for [an] immediate response is motivated by the cultural and business environment in China - Zhong Ling","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBy \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.techinasia.com\u002Fqq\"\u003E2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E QQ had 798 million monthly active users, but WeChat, also created by Tencent and released in 2011, would go on to become the most popular communication tool in China, just as smartphones would go on to replace desktop computers as China’s main computing device.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EMatthew Brennan, a Briton who has worked in China since 2004 and is a consultant on Chinese digital innovation, says that having an email address in the UK is part of your identity as it’s required to register for many online services. In China, however, mobile apps often take precedence and it is possible to do all your online transactions once you are logged into an app with multiple functionality such as WeChat or Alipay (created by online retail giant Alibaba) You can book an appointment, pay for shopping and message your friends all within a single app.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInstant messaging\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EZhong Ling, assistant professor of economics at the Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business, believes WeChat fits into the Chinese working culture. “WeChat, as a messaging platform, demands less formal working time than email,” she says. “This informality makes people more likely to respond instantaneously… the demand for [an] immediate response is motivated by the cultural and business environment in China.”\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EZhong observes that the boundaries between people’s work and personal lives are weaker in China. “As a result, employers and managers often send out work inquiries or tasks outside of normal working hours and prefer not to wait until the next business day for a trivial reply.” She adds that for conversations which require multiple rounds of interaction, WeChat is faster than email.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, the flipside of this is that workers are under pressure to respond at all hours. While WeChat is ready for short, rapid responses, email has a clunkier interface, Brennan says. The way a platform is built influences how we communicate and there are subtle but noticeable effects when it comes to platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp or indeed WeChat. “There can be an expectation for a more timely response for [instant] messaging,” says Brennan. “So even if you receive a message on the weekend, you need to reply.”\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EIn Anglo-centric countries such as the UK, US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, email retains the etiquette of an analogue age. The “Dear X” greetings and formal sign-offs – “Best regards” – and so on, reveal vestigial ties to letter writing. But in many Asian countries, the instantaneous and informal nature of messaging apps appears preferable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Having an email address in countries such as the UK is part of your identity because you need it to register for so many online services","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlan Casey, a partner at consultancy firm Prophet which has offices across Asia, says he and his multinational team believe chat apps are far more relevant than email in Asia than Western markets. “Many countries like China and SEA [South East Asia] have leapfrogged the computer age and gone straight to mobile connectivity,” says Casey. “This has led to massive uptake of social platforms whether it be Facebook, WeChat, Line, KakaoTalk, Zalo, etc.”\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDoing business\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EIn China, besides WeChat, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenglish.ckgsb.edu.cn\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-chinas-nationwide-remote-working-is-changing-communication\u002F\"\u003Ebusiness apps serve the needs of larger corporations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or those requiring more work and productivity-focused features. Platforms such as Alibaba’s DingTalk and ByteDance’s Lark, as well as the business version of WeChat – WeChat Work – offer features such as document sharing and online editing, payroll, workplace compliance and a higher level of privacy. DingTalk allows users to see in real time if someone has read a message and, if not, users can send a push to prompt them to do so.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThirty-year-old Hailan Jia is a public relations manager for a Chinese cryptocurrency trading company. She moved from her native Beijing to Plymouth in southwest England in 2018 to be with her partner. In the UK, she says, online services are more scattered. “You buy certain products on Amazon; groceries on apps; and book appointments on websites, which all require email or Facebook, unlike China where you use your WeChat account [for everything],” she says. Having to constantly check her email is something Hailan has had to get used to. “In China I never check email so I don’t have expectations of people to respond to email and I don’t stay on email for entertainment.”\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EBut this doesn’t mean Chinese people aren’t using email at all. Many do have an email address but check it far less regularly than their American or European counterparts. Brennan says that in the larger cities, like Beijing and Shanghai, there will be more alignment with international standards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of my old students in Yangshuo, Leely Wang, was one of the few who left me her email address when she finished her studies. We kept in touch via email for a time, before lapsing. She’s now 30 years old and living in Guangdong in southern China working at a lighting company. I found her on WeChat a couple of years ago, which is how we now converse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI ask her if she still uses the email address we used to keep in touch. “Which one is it?” She asks, laughing. “I had so many: 163, 126 and MSN,” she says, referring to different email providers. She now checks her email rarely, and has difficulty remembering when she last checked in. “I use WeChat the most; I don’t use QQ often, but sometimes I will,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Wang, and many other Chinese people, WeChat forms an integral part of daily life and email now seems a quaint leftover from the past.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why email loses out to popular apps in China","headlineShort":"Why China skipped email","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Email has never been huge in China, and it’s down to a combination of cultural factors and timing.","summaryShort":"It’s down to a combination of cultural factors and timing","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-09T20:26:37.235348Z","entity":"article","guid":"1f45767a-8fa6-4fa1-8504-aa1e4d683917","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china","modifiedDateTime":"2020-07-09T20:26:37.235348Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227799},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19","_id":"5fda3faf81722ae486bf7eac","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Much of the global population remains socially isolated to prevent the spread of Covid-19. But after months of lockdown in China, people are returning to work. So what does life look like?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen Gao Ting left Wuhan in China’s Hubei province to go back to her hometown for Lunar New Year, she was excited about seeing old friends and going out for festive meals. Back then, she recalls that face masks were rare among her colleagues and people on the streets, and she didn’t wear one.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EShe left the provincial capital, where she works, just three days before it was placed under \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-51217455\"\u003Ea strict lockdown on 23 January\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, after it became clear that the dangerous new virus we now know as Covid-19 needed to be contained.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EGao, 34, would go on to spend 68 days trapped in her parents’ apartment in Yichang, a city of four million about 300km west of Wuhan. “We could only stay at home. Every day people would come to take our temperature,” she says. “It felt good to spend more time with family, to eat together, chat together. There were eight of us, including my sister and brother-in-law’s family.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EMore like this:\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200416-how-to-make-the-right-decisions-under-pressure\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to make good decisions in a crisis\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200421-why-zoom-video-chats-are-so-exhausting\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy Zoom calls are so exhausting\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200324-covid-19-the-ways-viruses-can-spread-in-offices\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow viruses spread in offices\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver two months later on 29 March, Gao went back to work. “There were a lot of people on the subway,” she says of that first commute back. “Everyone wore masks.” Apart from that, it was business as usual with most people engrossed in their phones. It was almost as if nothing had changed. But the working landscape told a different story.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMoney troubles\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EGao works in operations management for Chinese conglomerate Wanda Group in one of Wuhan’s most popular shopping areas. Chǔhé Hànjiē is a long, paved street filled with international and local brands – but business is slow. Part of Gao’s job involves measuring footfall for her employer, which invested in and developed the area: “We had 60,000 people, on average, daily in 2019. Now it’s around 10,000 people per day.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite this Gao’s job is both busier and tougher, and she is regularly still in the office at 2100. At the weekends she works from home, trying to clear her backlog. Her role also involves calling around local businesses to try to entice them to move into vacant units. “The brands are not doing good business [on Chǔhé Hànjiē]. We try to help them. Lots of businesses don’t have money and can’t afford rent. Some are closing down.”\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EAnd the businesses that haven’t closed down are having to be cautious not to reignite infection rates. Wuhan’s restaurants now close at 1900 and people are not allowed to sit inside; very few people wander around after that time. Instead, Gao’s office orders packed lunches and dinners to be delivered.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENew rules in the office\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EFor much of February, millions of employees in China were working from home, which for many was a new experience. Now some – but not all - have returned to the office, although lower economic activity means that some struggling companies are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasia.nikkei.com\u002FEconomy\u002FWage-cuts-begin-in-China-as-coronavirus-weakens-companies\"\u003Ereported to be\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reducing working hours and pay. Others, like Gao Ting, are working longer than before as they try to crank their business back into gear.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ELocal authorities across China have proposed 2.5-day weekends to encourage consumer spending. East China’s Jiangxi province \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.cgtn.com\u002Fnews\u002F2020-03-25\u002FChina-to-implement-2-5-day-weekend-to-boost-consumption-after-COVID-19-P8VMLuCMlq\u002Findex.html\"\u003Eimplemented the plan recently\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The new measures however are voluntary, and companies can choose how to implement them. Other provinces like Hebei, Gansu and Zhejiang have also recommended the 2.5-day weekend to stimulate the economy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe presence of Covid-19 is still very much in the back of everyone’s minds as health officials worry about a potential second wave of infections. Many office buildings and apartments have security personnel to administer temperature checks for people wanting to enter.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EAmal Liu, 26, works for a major Chinese state-owned insurance company in southern Shenzhen. At her office, and in many others, everyone must wear masks and practise social distancing. “In the canteen, we must sit away from each other,” she says. Liu mentions that some overseas brokers, who she communicates with for work, are now feeling the effects of their own extended lockdowns.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E“I didn’t enjoy working from home, I wasn’t as efficient as I was in the office,” says Liu, who prefers the regularity of the office schedule.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EFor others, relationships with international clients have also been curtailed. Ariel Zhong, 25, works for a leading Chinese video game live-streaming platform, Hu Ya, in Guangzhou and is responsible for developing emerging markets.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EZhong had been based in Mexico, with regular travel between Asia and Latin America, but had travelled back home to China in late March. On her return she was first placed in quarantine in a hotel and then worked from home for a week. Since 15 April, she has returned to the office, with some noticeable changes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I didn’t enjoy working from home - Amal Liu","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBefore Chinese New Year her working hours were fixed but “now we have flexible clock-in and clock-out [times], as long as we work for a nine-hour period including lunch”, she says. These staggered hours are partly because social distancing on public transport causes delays and also to prevent too many people from entering and leaving the office building at the same time.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EDespite not being able to travel overseas Zhong is happy to be back in the office, citing a more efficient work routine, especially as she requires stable and fast internet speeds. But her pay has dropped significantly, since 60% of her salary is made up of incentives to travel abroad – something she can’t do under the current circumstances.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore flexible working?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EZhang Xiaomeng, associate professor of organisational behaviour at the Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business in Beijing, has found that many employees reported reduced efficiency when working from home.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fenglish.ckgsb.edu.cn\u002Fblog\u002Fpsychological-resilience-of-business-owners-and-employees-before-and-after-work-resumption-due-to-covid-19episode-1-tracking-work-resumption\u002F\"\u003EIn a survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E conducted by her team, which had 5,835 respondents (drawn from her business school’s employees and alumni’s companies’ employees), more than half the participants reported reduced efficiency when working from home. Nearly 37% reported no difference in their efficiency, while less than 10% said they worked more efficiently from home.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EKrista Pederson, who works in Beijing for Hogan Assessment Systems, a personality assessment company, says China is in an ideal position to pivot towards a more flexible workstyle, with the technology and infrastructure to support this. But this additional flexibility could come at a cost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“We have also seen an increase in expectations for responsiveness at any and all times, with higher pressure for employees to respond more quickly or be willing to have meetings at later or earlier times,” she says.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EHowever, this trend is not being seen across all sectors.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E“We have heard that some of our SOE [state-owned enterprise] clients are digging in and trying to get back to the previous go-to-the-office traditional work setting that they previously employed,” she says. Pederson believes this is because “they are highly structured organisations who rely on the structure to get things done”.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EShe says that in personality assessments, leaders in these companies often score higher on “tradition” and “security”. “SOE leaders tend to be higher on these values,” she says. “They tend to value doing things the way they always have.” She believes that this makes it harder for companies led by such leaders to change and adapt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"China is in an ideal position to pivot towards a more flexible workstyle - Krista Pederson","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E'We can’t say we’re safe’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ENot all of China was badly affected by Covid-19 but there were still knock-on effects. He Kunfang, 75, is a retired doctor of traditional Chinese medicine. She lives with her husband in Kunming, in southwestern Yunnan province. “We haven’t been much affected by the virus,” she says. “Food and vegetable supplies are stable. But we used to go swimming three times a week, now we can’t go to the pool.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHer daughter, who is in her mid-thirties and usually based in Beijing, is now living with them. “My daughter is a freelance conference interpreter; her job is affected,” she says. Travel into the country is still \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn\u002Fmfa_eng\u002Fwjbxw\u002Ft1761867.shtml\"\u003Eheavily restricted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and so the international conference business, not to mention tourism, has been hit hard – an after-effect that is being replicated around the world. “She has to pay rent in Beijing as well as other loans, fees and insurance she’s paying on her own.”\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003ESchools meanwhile slowly began to resume classes in mid-March after being closed since late January. With 278 million students, the logistics and timing of this is of huge importance. It’s being done in stages across provinces, with \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.xinhuanet.com\u002Fenglish\u002F2020-04\u002F23\u002Fc_139000259_2.htm\"\u003Eschools in Hubei province\u003C\u002Fa\u003E the last to reopen in early May. The same health precautions are being taken in schools as in workplaces with staggered start times, temperature checks, masks and social distancing still in place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor Yun Tao, who works for a state-owned engineering corporation in Beijing, and her 16-year-old daughter, it hasn’t been easy. \"I'm tired of cooking three times a day for my daughter,\" she says. \"In addition to taking care of her life, I also need to spend plenty of time supervising her studying, [and] at the same time deal with my day-to-day job, though I don't feel I'm as productive as when I was at my workplace.\"\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EYun's only daughter is a first-year student at an international high school in Beijing and has not been at school for over three months. \"Online learning due to the lockdown comes with extra difficulties; my kid was not very motivated, and we as parents [have] way more administrative routines than before such as printing handouts, marking daily attendance, solving technical issues, etc. It feels like I don't have any downtime after I've done work and chores,\" Yun adds. \"However, one good thing is that I cook better now than ever before.\"\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EMany countries are looking to China to get a sense of what life might be like when stay-at-home restrictions are lifted. But there is still a lot of uncertainty in China and many are anxious as they watch other countries struggle to contain the virus. “We’re still in [the] coronavirus period, not yet post,” says Ariel Zhong, stressing that the endgame of this global pandemic is very much dependent on a worldwide collective effort. “Looking at other countries – [we] can’t say we’re safe... If other countries don’t control it, we will all be affected.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Life after lockdown: How China went back to work","headlineShort":"Working life after lockdown in China","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Much of the global population remains socially isolated to prevent the spread of Covid-19. In China, people are now returning to work. So what does life look like?","summaryShort":"What we can learn from China’s return to the office?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-04-30T20:24:46.29313Z","entity":"article","guid":"9e6b46c4-0547-4e5a-a6b5-8bf03292ea46","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19","modifiedDateTime":"2020-05-01T02:56:09.431636Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227799},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8add","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"How China’s hyper-professionalised influencer market could be a model elsewhere.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUntil last year, Zhang “BB” Xi was just another 20-something with a dream of making it big. The 23-year-old from the sprawling city of Chongqing had around 300,000 fans across all her social media platforms who watched her beauty tutorials and vlogs. It was a large number, given her youth, but she hadn’t yet been able to make major inroads into the cut-throat influencer industry.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EBut her success had set off an alert among the team of talent scouts at Ruhnn Holding, one of China’s largest key opinion leader (KOL) – or influencer – management companies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe scouts scour social media to identify amateurs with more than 5,000 fans who may have the skills to make it big, says Mac Zhou, vice-president of Ruhnn: each month, the company might look at more than 800 people. Among them, last year, was BB.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EProspective candidates then undergo a battery of tests. They’ll be given a stack of 100 pictures and asked to pick out what they think will be the best-selling products worn and held in each photo – an attempt to identify their marketing nous. This is important given China’s influencers often set up their own e-commerce businesses to sell products to fans.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERuhnn, which launched an $125m initial public offering in April, also invests a small amount to see whether a wider audience is interested: they’ll spend 2,000 yuan (£229, $290) on advertising to direct 10,000 people to each amateur’s accounts. If the new audience stick around, Ruhnn feels more confident about backing the individual.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis hyper-commercialised version of talent scouting reflects just how sophisticated China’s influencer industry has become – and how China could serve as a model for other countries’ social media stars looking to make money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESurvival of the fittest\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EFrom the 800 amateurs Ruhnn identifies every month, between five and 10 are offered a contract. This gives Ruhnn exclusive portrait rights (the influencer has to ask permission from Ruhnn for any commercial use of their image by a third party) and the right to operate the influencer’s social media accounts and e-commerce stores. Influencers work closely with Ruhnn to decide which products to market.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"From the 800 amateurs Ruhnn identifies every month, between five and 10 are offered a contract","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn exchange, the influencer receives a support team plus four months of intense training, covering things like how to present yourself on camera, how to produce different types of videos and how to sell products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe model isn’t unique to China: a similar style of management, under large umbrella companies called multi-channel networks (MCNs), proliferated in other countries in the early 2010s as YouTube became a major media platform and some of its early stars celebrities. But it failed because many early adopters took a fee for managing their talent while providing very little in return. MCNs still remain in the West, but many have changed to become more traditional talent management agencies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERuhnn goes further than these traditional agencies “in how committed they are and the amount of resources they’re putting behind these influencers,” says Lauren Hallanan, a Chinese social media marketing expert who analyses the KOL market. “I typically use the term incubator to describe them, because it’s very similar to what you think of as a start-up incubator.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"China’s influencer industry has accelerated far more quickly and provides more lucrative careers for its creators – David Craig","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDavid Craig, clinical associate professor at USC Annenberg and co-author of Social Media Entertainment, a book on the social media industry, says that while the industry may arguably be newer than its Western-based counterpart, China’s industry “has accelerated far more quickly and provides more lucrative careers for its creators”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBeing a business\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EHallanan believes the Chinese model could be a sign of things to come in the West, particularly as social media platforms mature and start to prioritise established names for their most high-profile public pronouncements over smaller independent stars. At YouTube’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fyoutube.googleblog.com\u002F2018\u002F05\u002Fhighlights-from-brandcast-stage-new.html\"\u003E2018 Brandcast event\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, designed to highlight the best of its programming, series starring mainstream celebrities such as Jack Whitehall and Kevin Hart were front and centre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd what big social media platforms say goes. As a result, the more established celebrities they choose to prioritise will be more likely to attract advertisers than smaller creators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThere was controversy when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fblogs-trending-46507374\"\u003EYouTube’s 2018 Rewind video\u003C\u002Fa\u003E featured Hollywood actor Will Smith at the expense of some of the platform’s more beloved homegrown names. Putting the squeaky-clean, vetted celebrity at the heart of its year in review video was an attempt to show advertisers that YouTube was a safe space to invest, populated by professional faces. But some creators worry they’ll be cut adrift by platforms if they aren’t linked to a management company, as platforms like Instagram and YouTube prioritise keeping advertisers happy in the face of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forbes.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdanidiplacido\u002F2019\u002F03\u002F31\u002Fwhat-i-dont-understand-about-pewdiepie\u002F#656d6dde42d5\"\u003Enegative headlines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E caused by some independent creators.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe same is the case in China. “It’s almost like you can’t be an independent influencer anymore,” says Hallanan. “Social networks really are encouraging these influencers to work with the MCNs.” Working with large companies reassures advertisers and social networks that influencers have been vetted and will act responsibly – while also ensuring they are dependable in their posts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe system does mean that independent influencers can get left behind, and that those who are represented must hand over a fair cut of their income – though Ruhnn wouldn’t disclose how much – and a decent chunk of autonomy to their agency. (They must also abide by social rules imposed by the government on all social media in China – an important reason why the influencer industry has become more professionalised and centralised.) But the pros may outweigh the cons. “You’re part of a community of influencers and you can typically create a lot more professional content because you’re provided with resources,” says Hallanan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"What’s happening in China represents the formalisation of an industry that is still relatively youthful","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhat’s happening in China represents the formalisation of an industry that is still relatively youthful. Ruhnn, which was founded in 2011, only took its current form in 2014 as the offshoot of an online store on digital retail platform Taobao.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EAnd that integration of e-commerce into social platforms stands China’s influencer industry in better stead than other countries like the UK or US, reckons Craig. “The reason MCNs have fared better in China than in the West is because the two industries are quite different,” he says. “There are dozens of platforms in China that feature better and more seamless integration of e-commerce revenue streams and online payment systems.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat’s cooler than a million yuan? A billion yuan\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe first influencer that Ruhnn invested in was Dayi Zhang, who Zhou calls “the queen of e-commerce”. Last year Zhang sold more than one billion yuan (£114m, $145m) of products through her online store, which puts out more than 1,000 products each year. She’ll livestream more than 20 times a year on Taobao.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Last year Zhang sold more than one billion yuan of products through her online store","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EZhang, 31, recently attended Paris Fashion Week and sent pictures of the latest catwalk designs back to China, where Ruhnn’s in-house clothing manufacturing team designed virtual prototypes within four hours, complete with designs that can be immediately broadcast to her fans. “In the evening, our KOL can demonstrate that example clothing on their Taobao live stream,” says Zhou.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the interactivity doesn’t end there. While on the live stream, the influencer can solicit responses from fans – whether they’d like items in a certain colour, cut or fabric. “We can convert those ideas and fashion trends into sales,” says Zhou. “This is a fast-responding industry.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s that vertical integration – plus proximity to the hubs of manufacturing for fashion, cosmetics, consumables and electrical items – that has helped supercharge the Chinese influencer industry, reckons Zhou.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There are some special characteristics in China that help this social e-commerce industry, but I believe this is a new trend,” he says. And it’s one that could be replicated by the Western influencer industry, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince signing with Ruhnn, BB has seen her follower base grow to closer to a million people across all platforms. “The number is still rising,” she says. She’s keen to build her following on social media, and eventually to transfer over to TV and traditional media, as well as improving her online fame.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“My main work is to increase my fanbase, and expand it on social platforms to become more and more famous,” says BB.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“That’s all possible in my career goal.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-06-24T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"China’s influencer incubator","headlineShort":"China’s game-changing influencers","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"How China’s hyper-professionalised influencer market could be a model elsewhere.","summaryShort":"How China’s hyper-professionalised influencer market could be a model elsewhere","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2019-06-24T03:06:32.340074Z","entity":"article","guid":"5473815a-c882-46bc-9811-b682d6eca5e7","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator","modifiedDateTime":"2019-07-22T16:12:25.345589Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227800},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8db4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Flu-hai-liang"],"bodyIntro":"Many young Chinese workers prioritise leisure time over sleep after long work days – even though they know it’s unhealthy. What’s driving this behaviour?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEmma Rao spent almost three years on China’s notorious ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime\"\u003E996 schedule\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’: working from nine in the morning to nine in the evening, six days a week. Rao, who is originally from Nanjing, moved to financial hub Shanghai about five years ago to work for a multinational pharmaceutical company. The job quickly took over her life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I was almost depressed,” she says. “I was deprived of all my personal life.” After her shift, which sometimes included overtime, she had a small window to eat, shower and go to bed – but she sacrificed sleep to eke out some personal time. Often, Rao would stay up surfing the internet, reading the news and watching online videos until well after midnight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERao was doing what the Chinese have called ‘bàofùxìng áoyè’ – or ‘revenge bedtime procrastination’. The phrase, which could also be translated as ‘retaliatory staying up late’, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fdaphnekylee\u002Fstatus\u002F1277101831693275136\"\u003Espread rapidly on Twitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in June after a post by journalist Daphne K Lee. She described the phenomenon as when “people who don’t have much control over their daytime life refuse to sleep early in order to regain some sense of freedom during late-night hours”.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer post clearly struck a chord. In a reply ‘liked’ more than 4,500 times, Twitter user Kenneth Kwok \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FKennethKwok20\u002Fstatus\u002F1277120227919060992\"\u003Etweeted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: “Typical 8 to 8 in office, [by the time I] arrive home after dinner and shower it’s 10 p.m., probably won’t just go to sleep and repeat the same routine. A few hours of ‘own time’ is necessary to survive.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I want to steal back my time – Gu Bing","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not clear exactly where this term came from. The earliest mention this reporter found was in a blog \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fzhuanlan.zhihu.com\u002Fp\u002F50163285?utm_source=wechat_session&utm_medium=social&s_r=0\"\u003Epost\u003C\u002Fa\u003E dated November 2018, although its origins likely predate this. The post’s author – a man from Guangdong province – wrote that during the workday he “belonged to someone else,” and that he could only “find himself” when he got home and could lie down. This revenge bedtime procrastination was sad, he wrote, because his health suffered, but it was also “great” because he got a bit of freedom.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe phrase might have been popularised in China, but the phenomenon it describes is likely widespread, with over-stretched workers all over the world putting off bedtime to claim some precious personal time – even though they know it’s not good for them. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08zf481"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBlurring boundaries \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperts have long warned that insufficient sleep is an unheeded \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6473877\u002F\"\u003Eglobal public-health epidemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.philips.com\u002Fa-w\u002Fabout\u002Fnews\u002Farchive\u002Fstandard\u002Fnews\u002Fpress\u002F2019\u002F20190307-in-recognition-of-world-sleep-day-philips-presents-its-annual-global-sleep-survey-results.html\"\u003E2019 Phillips Global Sleep Survey,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which received more than 11,000 responses from 12 countries, showed that 62% of adults worldwide feel they don’t get enough sleep, averaging 6.8 hours on a weeknight compared to the recommended amount of eight hours. People cited various reasons for this shortfall, including stress and their sleeping environment, but 37% blamed their hectic work or school schedule.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn China, a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Feurope.chinadaily.com.cn\u002Fa\u002F201803\u002F19\u002FWS5aaf7a3fa3106e7dcc14288d.html\"\u003Enational survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2018 showed that 60% of people born after 1990 were not getting enough sleep, and that those living in the biggest cities suffered the most. The tech companies who created 996 culture tend to be based in big cities, and their work practices have influenced other sectors. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.caixinglobal.com\u002F2020-08-19\u002Ftrending-in-china-all-work-and-no-play-china-complains-of-long-working-hours-culture-101594584.html\"\u003Erecent report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by state broadcaster CCTV and the National Bureau of Statistics said the average Chinese employee only had 2.42 hours per day when they were not at work or asleep, down by 25 minutes from the previous year.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGu Bing, a 33-year-old creative director at a digital agency in Shanghai, often works late and considers going to sleep before 0200 an early night. “Even though I am tired the next day, I don’t want to sleep early,” she says. Gu loved late nights in her 20s, but has started to think about adopting more “normal” sleeping habits. Yet her friends are often also awake in the middle of the night. “I really need that time. I want to be healthy but they [her employers] stole my time. I want to steal back my time.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In China, a national survey in 2018 showed that 60% of people born after 1990 were not getting enough sleep, and that those living in the biggest cities suffered the most","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELong hours at the office aside, another part of the problem is that modern working patterns mean people find it harder to draw boundaries between work and home, says Ciara Kelly, a lecturer in work psychology at Sheffield University’s Management School. Emails and instant messaging mean employers can always be in touch. “This can make it feel more like we are ‘always at work,’ because work can call on us at any time,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJimmy Mo, 28, an analyst at a games development firm in the southern metropolis of Guangzhou, has found combining his passion for video games with work a double-edged sword. “Work is also my hobby. I love to sacrifice my leisure time for this,” he says, explaining that he is required to play different games after work as well as take online classes to boost his professional skills. He also has hobbies including yoga and singing; squeezing them in means that Mo often doesn’t turn in until 0200. He knows this lack of sleep is potentially exacerbating an exisiting health condition, and that sleeping more could make him healthier and happier, but says he feels peer pressure to do and achieve more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08zf49c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe sleep ‘Catch-22’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough people might resent work squeezing their leisure time, reducing sleep is probably not the best ‘retaliation’. Sleep deprivation, especially long term, can lead to a host of harmful effects, both \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5449130\u002F\"\u003Emental and physical\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Matthew Walker’s book Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams, the neuroscientist is blunt: “The shorter your sleep, the shorter your life span.” And people, in general, know this: everybody interviewed for this article felt their sleep patterns were unhealthy – but they still kept late nights.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychology may explain the reason why people would choose to eke out this leisure time even at the expense of sleep. A growing body of evidence points to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F261602550_Recovery_from_job_stress_The_stressor-detachment_model_as_an_integrative_framework\"\u003Ethe importance of time away from work pressure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; failure to detach can lead to stress, reduced wellbeing and burnout. “One of the most important parts of recovery from work is sleep. However, sleep is affected by how well we detach,” says Sheffield University’s Kelly. It’s important, she explains, to have downtime when we can be mentally distanced from work, which would explain why people are willing to sacrifice sleep for post-work leisure.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“People are stuck in a Catch-22 when they don’t have time to detach from their work before they go to sleep, it is likely to negatively affect their sleep,” says Kelly. The real solution, she suggests, is to ensure that individuals are allowed time to engage in activities that provide this detachment. However, this is often not something employees can achieve by themselves.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHeejung Chung, a labour sociologist at the University of Kent and an advocate for greater workplace flexibility, sees the practice of delaying sleep as the fault of employers. Tackling the problem would benefit workers but also help ensure a “healthy, efficient workplace”, she points out. “It’s actually a productivity measure,” she says. “You need that time to unwind. Workers need something to do other than work. It’s risky behaviour to do only one thing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGreater flexibility \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince the pandemic, companies in many nations have implemented work-from-home policies, introducing greater flexibility into working lives but also, in some cases, further blurring already tenuous boundaries between work and home. It’s not yet clear how this might affect the kind of work culture that leaves employees shunning sleep to claw back some free time. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChung says that genuine change requires an institutional shift, across many companies. “It’s difficult for individuals to react [to their work situation],” she says. But she does advise employees to talk to their colleagues and collectively approach their boss, with evidence, if they want to ask for change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, this might not be forthcoming in China. In fact, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19\"\u003Ereports suggest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that companies are digging in even more when it comes to overtime as they try to bounce back from losses caused by Covid-19. Krista Pederson, a consultant who works with multinationals and Chinese corporations from Beijing, says that she’s observed this trend. Chinese companies see their working culture as an advantage over markets like the US or Europe where people tend to work fewer hours: “They know they have hard workers who are ruthless and will do whatever it takes to get ahead, including working all the time,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith such a demanding work culture, employees will keep on tackling the problem in a way that works for them. Despite burning the candle at both ends, Gu Bing loves her job and embraces her stolen leisure time. “Sometimes, I really reckon night time is perfect, beautiful even,” she says. “My friends and I, we converse at night and sometimes we write songs together. It’s quiet and peaceful.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd there is the option, for the lucky ones, of changing jobs, which is what Emma Rao did, finally swapping her 996 job for a slightly less demanding one. However, Rao has found that old habits are hard to shake. “It is a revenge,” she says of her late bedtimes. “To get back some time for yourself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The psychology behind ‘revenge bedtime procrastination’","headlineShort":"Why China is getting ‘revenge’ on sleep","image":["p08zf427"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200707-why-email-loses-out-to-popular-apps-in-china","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200430-is-china-going-back-to-normal-coronavirus-covid-19","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190621-chinas-influencer-incubator"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Many young Chinese workers prioritise leisure time over sleep after long work days – even though they know it’s unhealthy. What’s driving this behaviour?","summaryShort":"Why young Chinese workers embrace ‘revenge bedtime procrastination'","tag":["tag\u002Fwork-life-balance"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-11-25T20:05:02.974321Z","entity":"article","guid":"656541fe-5429-409b-9ef7-66173626242c","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-25T21:40:27.568938Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227799},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side","_id":"5fda3fae81722ae486bf7c5a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["worklife\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"People with great willpower are often lauded over their peers with less self-control. But having strong character may not always be a good thing.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA few years ago, 80 Parisians were given the chance to take part in the pilot of a new gameshow, called La Zone Xtrême. The producer greeted each participant at the studio and told them that they would appear in pairs – one as a “questioner”, and one as the “contestant”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was only once the participants arrived on stage, and the host explained the rules, that things got decidedly dark. The questioner was told to punish the contestant for any wrong answers with a sharp electric shock. They would have to increase the intensity each time, up to a total of 460 volts – more than twice the voltage of a European power outlet. If the pair made it through 27 rounds, they would win the show. The contestant was then taken into a chamber and strapped into a chair, while the questioner sat centre stage, and the game commenced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince it was simply a pilot show, the participants were told there was no monetary prize for winning the game – yet the vast majority of the questioners continued to administer the shocks, even after they could hear the screams of pain emanating from the chamber.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThankfully, these cries for help were just an act – there was no electric shock. The questioners were unknowingly participating in elaborate experiment that allowed scientists to explore the way various personality traits could influence moral behaviour. You might expect the worst offenders to have been impulsive and antisocial – or, at the very least, with no strength of character. Yet \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fjopy.12104\"\u003Ethe French scientists found the exact opposite\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It was the participants who scored highest on conscientiousness – a trait normally associated with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F030572499103188\"\u003Ecareful, disciplined and moral behaviour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – who were willing to administer the greatest shocks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ptdxj"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The people who are accustomed to being agreeable and organised, and whose social integration is good, find it more difficult to disobey,” explains Laurent Bègue, a behavioural scientist at the University of Grenoble-Alpes who analysed the participants’ behaviour. And in this case, that personality profile meant they were willing to torture another human being.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese findings join a spate of new studies showing that people with high self-control and discipline have a surprising dark side. This research can help us understand why model citizens sometimes turn toxic, with important implications for our understanding of unethical behaviour in the workplace and beyond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOvercoming impulses\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor decades, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0963721417744322?journalCode=cdpa\"\u003Eself-control had been seen as an unalloyed advantage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It can be assessed in various ways – from the questionnaires studying conscientiousness (which considers someone’s preference for self-discipline and organisation) to experimental measures of willpower (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fhealth\u002Farchive\u002F2014\u002F09\u002Fwhat-the-marshmallow-test-really-teaches-about-self-control\u002F380673\u002F\"\u003Esuch as the famous “Marshmallow Test”\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The traits that lead people to act immorally may not just be mundane – but actually desirable – in other situations","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn each case, people with high self-control were seen to perform better at school and work and to adopt healthier lifestyles; they are less likely to overeat or take drugs, and more likely to exercise. Their ability to overcome their baser urges meant that people with higher self-control were also less likely to act aggressively or violently, and were less likely to have a criminal record. For these reasons, self-control was believed to contribute to the strength of someone’s “character”; some scientists even went as far as to argue that it comprises a kind of “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002F1467-6494.00086\"\u003Emoral muscle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” determining our capacity to act ethically.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the mid-2010s, however, Liad Uziel at Israel’s Bar-Ilan University began to investigate whether context might play an important role in determining the consequences of our self-control. He speculated that the trait was just a useful tool that allows people to achieve any goal – both good and bad. In many situations, our social norms reward people cooperating with others, and so people with high self-control happily toe the line. And if we change those social norms, then people with high self-control might turn out to be less than scrupulous in their treatment of others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo test the idea, Uziel turned to a standard psychological experiment called the “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDictator_game\"\u003Edictator game\u003C\u002Fa\u003E” in which one participant is given a sum of money, and offered the chance to share it with a partner. Thanks to our social norms to be cooperative, people are often quite generous. “Rationally, there is no reason to give the second player any sum,” explains Uziel, “but people often give about a third of the endowment to others.” The researchers found that the people with high self-control were generous if they feared that they would be judged for their stingy behaviour. If their actions were private, however, without the fear of judgement from others, then \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fper.1972\"\u003Ethey were much more selfish than people with low self-control\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – choosing to further their own self-interests rather than help others. In these circumstances, they kept almost all the sum to themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ptfln"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPeople high in self-control also appear to be more careful about \u003Cem\u003Ewhen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E they commit an anti-social act and avoid getting caught. David Lane and colleagues at Western Illinois University in the US recently questioned people about certain dubious behaviours and whether they had suffered the consequences of their actions. Sure enough, they found that people with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flinkinghub.elsevier.com\u002Fretrieve\u002Fpii\u002FS0191886916310339\"\u003Ehigh self-control were more likely to avoid punishment for dangerous driving and cheating on tests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, compared to people with poorer self-control. Once again, they seem to be carefully judging the social norms of what is acceptable behaviour, and adhering to them when the misdeed is more likely to affect their reputation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExtermination machines\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese are dubious moral acts, but if the social norms allow it, strong willpower can contribute to acts of cruelty. In one macabre study, psychologist Thomas Denson at the University of New South Wales in Australia invited participants into the lab with an unusual task – to feed bugs into a coffee grinder. Unbeknown to the participants, the “extermination machine” was rigged to allow the bugs to escape before they were killed – but the grinder still made an unnerving crunching sound as the insects worked their way through machine. The aim of the experiment, the participants were told, was to better understand certain “human-animal interactions” – a justification for the task that should have rendered the act more socially acceptable to the participants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe effects of self-control, it turned out, depended on people’s sense of moral responsibility. For people who were particularly concerned about the ethical consequences of their actions, increased self-control made little difference to the outcome. They killed a moderate number of bugs, but their greater self-control didn’t seem to make it any easier to obey the orders. For the rest of the participants, however, greater self-control significantly increased the number of bugs they were willing to crush. They seemed keener to carry out the scientists’ request, and they were better able to override any feelings of aversion to the task – turning them into more efficient killers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People high in self-control appear to be more careful about when they commit an anti-social act and avoid getting caught","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe “players” of La Zone Xtrême showed a very similar pattern of behaviours – only on a much larger scale. The experiment was inspired by Stanley Milgram’s controversial experiments in the 1960s, which had tested whether participants would be willing to torture another person with electric shocks in the name of science. Milgram’s experiment was taken to show people’s unflinching obedience to authority – but the French researchers wanted to know which kinds of personalities were most susceptible. They found that the participants with higher self-control (as measured through a test of conscientiousness) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fjopy.12104\"\u003Ewere willing to dish out around 100 volts more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to their partner in the game – to the point that their partner fell silent, feigning unconsciousness or death.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInterestingly, high agreeableness – the desire to please others – was the only other personality trait to increase this callous behaviour. “They tended to electrocute the victim more, probably to avoid an unpleasant conflict with the TV presenter,” says Bègue. “They wished to be reliable people and to keep their commitment.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn their paper, Bègue’s team contrast the discoveries with 20th Century philosopher Hannah Arendt’s assessment of high-ranking Nazi Adolf Eichmann. Arendt famously coined the phrase “the banality of evil” to describe how mundane people, like Eichmann, can commit acts of great cruelty. According to Bègue’s research, the traits that lead people to act immorally may not just be mundane – but actually \u003Cem\u003Edesirable\u003C\u002Fem\u003E – in other situations. People with high conscientious and agreeableness are the people we would normally choose to be our employees or our spouses.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08ptf8b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EToxic workplace\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBègue emphasises that this research needs to be replicated before we can draw general conclusions about human nature, but it is interesting to speculate whether traits like high self-control could predict someone’s involvement in many everyday acts of immorality – large and small.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt would all depend on the strength of the social norms, says Lane. “I do think these results could generalise to other behaviours if people could convince themselves they were victimless crimes that others already do,” says Lane. There is some evidence, for instance, that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.articlegateway.com\u002Findex.php\u002FJAF\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002F2181\"\u003Etax avoidance increases with conscientiousness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which would fit these findings. In the workplace, meanwhile, the model employees may also be the people who steal from the company “under the perception ‘they won’t even miss that money’,” says Lane.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUziel, meanwhile, suspects that someone with high self-control is more likely to act ruthlessly when group cohesion starts to fall apart, including times when their own\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.paid.2020.110009\"\u003E sense of power or authority is threatened\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or when they feel in competition with others. They could proverbially stab you in the back to gain a new promotion, for instance – or kowtow to a boss while disregarding how their behaviour will affect others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf so, we might start to appreciate the people around us who are a little bit less disciplined and agreeable than the rest. They may frustrate us with their unreliability, but in La Zone Xtrême, at least, they are the ones you would want to decide your fate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (WW Norton\u002FHodder & Stoughton)\u003Cem\u003E, which examines the cutting-edge psychology of irrational thinking and the best ways to make wiser decisions. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How self-control can actually unleash your dark side","headlineShort":"The dark side of willpower","image":["p08ptft1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-batman-effect-how-having-an-alter-ego-empowers-you","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder"],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"People with great willpower are often lauded over their peers with less self-control. But having strong character may not always be a good thing.","summaryShort":"The very traits that lead to good behaviour can also lead to cruelty","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-31T19:56:43.515578Z","entity":"article","guid":"e5502196-37b2-4a7e-b312-453686ee7207","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-01T13:55:17.766558Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200827-how-self-control-can-actually-unleash-your-dark-side","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227801},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts","_id":"5fda3fb081722ae486bf8704","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 has increased anxiety for many of us, and experts warn a sizable minority could be left with mental health problems that outlast the pandemic.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Fcolumns\u002Funknown-questions\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp08w68j3.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Unknown Questions\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom dining out at restaurants with her partner and relatives to attending book clubs with friends, Susan Kemp had an active social life before Covid-19. Since April, she’s only left her apartment near Stockholm five times, after experiencing a huge increase in social anxiety and germaphobia-based \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiocdf.org\u002Fabout-ocd\u002F\"\u003Eobsessive compulsive behaviours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the pandemic. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It's like this extra stress makes me pass a breaking point that I was able to regulate better before,” says Kemp, a copywriter and part-time student in her thirties. She’s become petrified of taking public transport, more concerned about the cleanliness of cutlery and glasses and finds images of coronavirus cells triggering. “The main symptom is I start crying. I very much feel like I'm going to die, and then I cry one of those cries where your body and lungs feel sore afterwards,” she says. This is coupled with a strong disappointment that she’s “regressed” and a fear it could take years to get back on track when it comes to managing her OCD. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-54013718\"\u003Eplenty of us have become a little more anxious\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during Covid-19, Kemp’s experiences highlight that for some, the pandemic has either sparked or amplified much more serious mental-health problems. And psychologists are increasingly raising concerns these may linger in the longer term. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESteven Taylor, author of The Psychology of Pandemics, and professor in psychiatry at the University of British Columbia, argues that “for an unfortunate minority of people, perhaps 10 to 15%, life will not return to normal”, due to the impact of the pandemic on their mental wellbeing. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.blackdoginstitute.org.au\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F20200319_covid19-evidence-and-reccomendations.pdf\"\u003EAustralia’s Black Dog Institute\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a leading independent mental-health research organisation, has also raised concerns about “a significant minority who will be affected by long-term anxiety”. In the UK, a group of leading public health specialists recently warned in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.bmj.com\u002Fbmj\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F05\u002Fthe-long-term-mental-health-impact-of-covid-19-must-not-be-ignored\u002F\"\u003EBritish Medical Journal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that “the mental health impact of the pandemic is likely to last much longer than the physical health impact”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELearning from history\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne reason psychologists are concerned about the potential long-term impact of Covid-19 is existing insights from previous pandemics and national emergencies. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe SARS global outbreak in 2003 was associated with a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fecontent.hogrefe.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1027\u002F0227-5910\u002Fa000015\"\u003E30% increase in suicides\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in people over the age of 65. Strategies like quarantine that are necessary to minimise viral spread can have a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flancet\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS0140-6736(20)30460-8\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Enegative psychological impact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as causing post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression and insomnia. Job loss and financial struggles during a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007%2Fs40471-016-0068-6\"\u003Eglobal economic downturn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been associated with a long-lasting decline in mental health. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Historically, the adverse mental health effects of disasters impact more people and last much longer than the health effects,” explains Joshua C Morganstein, assistant director at the Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress in Maryland, US. “If history is any predictor, we should expect a significant ‘tail’ of mental health needs that continue long after the infectious outbreak resolves.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Victims of Hurricane Katrina staying in the Houston Astrodome on 1 Sept 2005","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne key piece of research he points to is a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F21330117\u002F\"\u003E25-year retrospective review\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the impact of the Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine. Researchers found that two decades later, first responders had elevated rates of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). They also concluded that mental health effects were the most significant consequence of the disaster, which led to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F440982a\"\u003Ethousands of deaths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F440982a\"\u003Edeeply damaged the region’s economy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Similarly, research suggests mental health problems, particularly psychological distress and PTSD, remained an issue for people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F22137245\u002F\"\u003Ewho lost their homes during Hurricane Katrina\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in New Orleans, five years after the 2005 disaster. This was exacerbated among those who had poor mental health or a low income before the hurricane. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat long-term problems will be linked to Covid-19?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs for which mental health issues connected to the Covid-19 pandemic are most likely to last in the longer term, psychologists believe obsessive-compulsive disorder could be one of the main candidates. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETaylor explains that this could have a long-term impact, due to the fact that OCD arises from an interaction between genes and environmental factors. “For people with a genetic predisposition toward some forms of OCD (i.e. contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions) the stress of Covid-19 is likely to trigger or worsen OCD,” he says. “Some of these people will become chronic germaphobes unless they receive appropriate mental health treatment.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlongside OCD, which is a manifestation of anxiety, “general anxiety is also a very important mental health issue to watch out for”, adds Yuko Nippoda, a psychotherapist and spokesperson for the UK Council for Psychotherapy. “There are many people who suffer from anxiety already in our modern society, but because of this deadly disease, people who tend to feel anxious more easily will continue to feel this and the condition might worsen,” she says. “Even when the Covid pandemic ends, some people might be over-anxious, because of the threat of a variant strain.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a woman looking out of a window","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChronic loneliness brought on by social isolation or “a lack of meaning” in life during the pandemic is another major concern, says Nippoda. Some people have involuntarily found themselves with fewer close connections in the age of social-distancing and may find it challenging to rebuild their networks. Others deliberately withdrew from the outside world to feel “a sense of safety” and may become resistant to increasing their social interactions in the future, says Nippoda. “When people experience stress in the outside world, they can detach themselves from that world. Once they experience this detachment, it might be difficult for them to come out into the world and socialise with others.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, the stress of living through Covid-19 is likely to have a greater ongoing mental toll on those who have had painful life experiences in the past. “It might trigger the memory of the trauma consciously and unconsciously, which can affect you. In this case, the mental health conditions can become long-term, as it can open the lid of the trauma,” explains Nippoda. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I just have this constant fear of losing someone again,” says 35-year-old Lindsey Higgins from New York, who lost a partner to suicide in 2014 and has already experienced a resurgence in PTSD since the arrival of the pandemic. After several years of counselling, she felt like “life was moving forward”, but now finds herself “very nervous” every time her new partner leaves the house. “Obviously, you know, he's not going to die when he's out. But there's still that fear that something can happen, that he could get it [Covid-19] and get very sick. And it's the same with family and friends.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOngoing unemployment or loss of income (caused by the knock-on economic effects of the pandemic) may affect long-term wellbeing, too. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29677604\u002F\"\u003ENumerous pre-Covid-19 studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E link these factors to depression, stress or suicidal thoughts. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kff.org\u002Fcoronavirus-covid-19\u002Fissue-brief\u002Fthe-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use\u002F\"\u003ERecent polling data from the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that more than half of those who were jobless or had their income reduced during the pandemic had already reported negative mental health impacts, with even higher rates amongst those on lower salaries. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychologists stress that the unprecedented nature and scale of the coronavirus crisis adds an additional layer of uncertainty compared to previous financial crises. Until there’s a global vaccine, it remains unclear when or even if some of the most badly-hit industries such as travel and entertainment will recover. Nippoda suggests this presents an especially challenging situation for people who “are not good at dealing with uncertainty” or struggle to handle situations they can’t control. “We are living in uncertain times at the moment. Some people even have fear towards uncertainty and the unknown. This fear can be prolonged.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat we still need to learn\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHistory will be the judge of how many of these warnings and predictions end up ringing true. Various bodies around the world have already created guidelines to address the issue. Earlier this year, the World Health Organization published \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fdocs\u002Fdefault-source\u002Fcoronaviruse\u002Fmental-health-considerations.pdf\"\u003Erecommendations for safeguarding mental health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and similar guidelines have been issued by government agencies in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-ncov\u002Fdaily-life-coping\u002Fmanaging-stress-anxiety.html\"\u003EUS\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fpublications\u002Fcovid-19-guidance-for-the-public-on-mental-health-and-wellbeing\"\u003EUK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other countries. This month, the American Psychological Association \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.apa.org\u002Fnews\u002Fpress\u002Freleases\u002Fstress\"\u003Epublished a report\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on the long-term stress-related impacts of the pandemic, and how people can better cope during this period of uncertainty.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Nurses work on a Covid-19 ward in the Asklepios Klinik, Germany, on 22 April 2020","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearchers are also gathering empirical data which they hope will provide a better grasp of the long-term mental health side effects of this unique crisis, and therefore how to manage it. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fresearch-study-into-long-term-health-impacts-of-covid-19-launched-in-the-uk\"\u003EMajor UK studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are looking specifically at the mental health of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gov.uk\u002Fgovernment\u002Fnews\u002Fresearch-study-into-long-term-health-impacts-of-covid-19-launched-in-the-uk\"\u003Epatients hospitalised with Covid-19 \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nursingtimes.net\u002Fnews\u002Fresearch-and-innovation\u002Fgovernment-backed-study-will-unpick-mental-health-impact-of-covid-19-on-nurses-10-10-2020\u002F\"\u003Enurses working on the front line\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In Sweden, researchers at the Centre for Psychiatric Research in Stockholm are conducting a year-long project involving more than 3,000 people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsykiatri.sll.se\u002Faktuellt\u002Fhur-paverkas-utsatta-grupper-av--coronapandemin\u002F\"\u003Ewith pre-existing mental health conditions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including depression, anxiety and OCD. An \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsydney.au1.qualtrics.com\u002Fjfe\u002Fform\u002FSV_6DQTWeM5QGQEYbr\"\u003EAustralian nationwide survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by the Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health in Sydney is measuring the impact of the pandemic on the ongoing mental health and wellbeing of the general population. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There is concern that mental-health problems may rise or are rising, but this needs to be better understood,” says Nitya Jayaram-Lindström, operations manager for the Stockholm project. She says the Swedish research will focus on how much Covid-19 may have exacerbated existing mental health inequalities, how patients’ symptoms develop or change over the next year and which groups are worst affected. “We also want to understand factors that contribute to resilience, which is as important to understand as the risk factors.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress in Maryland, Joshua C Morganstein argues that these sorts of projects will be an essential resource for both healthcare providers and governments. “Health surveillance of various populations to better understand these aspects of risk is essential for us to provide interventions and plan for subsequent pandemic waves as well as future public health emergencies,” he says. “Stress is like a toxin, such as lead or radon. In order to understand it and how it is affecting a society, we need to know who is exposed, when, how much and what effects were caused by the exposure.” Although there is little data so far, Morganstein predicts that long-term studies are likely to further expose the wellbeing disparities across \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhealth-53651954\"\u003Erace\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200630-how-covid-19-is-changing-womens-lives\"\u003Egender\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews\u002Fitem\u002F13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people's-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems\"\u003Eincome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which have already been highlighted during the pandemic, and need to be taken into deeper consideration when developing future responses. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EResilience and hope\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite ongoing concerns about the long ‘tail’ of mental health challenges caused by the impact of Covid-19, psychiatrists say it’s important to recognise there are some positive takeaways, too. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETaylor argues that while a significant minority may struggle long-term, the pandemic has highlighted high levels of resilience to stress in the wider population, alongside humans’ capacity to “bounce back” after catastrophic events. For instance, in Wuhan, where the pandemic first started and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flaninf\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS1473-3099(20)30800-8\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Ecases were brought under control\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after a strict 76-day lockdown and mass testing, the city staged a massive \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-china-53816511\"\u003Ewater-park music festival in August\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Thousands of people crowded together shoulder to shoulder, with no masks and zero social distancing. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.digitalmusicnews.com\u002F2020\u002F10\u002F16\u002Fcovid-free-concert-new-zealand\u002F\"\u003ELarge gigs also returned in New Zealand\u003C\u002Fa\u003E after community transmission of the virus was curbed. These kind of events have taken place, Taylor reflects, despite a fatalistic mood at the start of 2020, when “many people doubted that life would return to normal, and some speculated about a grimly Dickensian post-pandemic world”. He believes that “similar events will likely occur elsewhere in the world when the pandemic is over”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychotherapist Nippoda points out that for some people, the adverse circumstances of the pandemic have actually had a “remarkably positive impact” on their mental health, which may also be long lasting. The experience of lockdown, she argues, helped reduce anxiety levels or stop panic attacks among some who had high levels of stress in the outside world before the pandemic. This is because they felt a greater sense of freedom and safety by spending more hours at home. Although there is a risk of social isolation and loneliness for those who retreat too much, she says that this enforced time indoors has encouraged some to strive for a better work-life balance in the future or to “take their own pace in life” when it comes to socialising – by finding “their own comfort zone within the boundaries between indoors and outdoors”. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOthers have used the era of social-distancing to declutter their homes, and \"the new space within the home has been reflected positively within their mind, almost as if they were able to tidy up the complications in their head”, says Nippoda. Increased time for hobbies, especially \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200819-why-we-look-to-nature-in-uncertain-times\"\u003Emaking and doing things from scratch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is also thought to have provided a sense of satisfaction, fulfilment and stress-relief for many. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut these sorts of experiences ring hollow for people like germaphobe Susan Kemp in Stockholm who are still struggling to visualise an end to their more acute mental health challenges connected to the pandemic. “Clearly there needs to be some balance between being careful and being an absolute hermit that I’m not able to achieve,” she laments. “But I irrationally can't get over my fear. It's very hard these days to decide when I'm being rational and when I am not.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I find it really, really difficult to rebalance myself,” agrees American PTSD sufferer Lindsey Higgins, who says she’s unsure her symptoms will improve even if scientists develop a vaccine. “It is going to take time to distribute, and even longer to convince people they should even take the vaccine. Honestly, I'm not sure I'll ever really feel secure again.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts-6"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Coronavirus: The possible long-term mental health impacts","headlineShort":"The crisis that might outlast Covid-19","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"File image of a man washing his hands","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Covid-19 has increased anxiety for many of us, and experts warn a sizable minority could be left with mental health problems that outlast the pandemic.","summaryShort":"Why the mental health impact could continue long after the pandemic","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-10-28T19:53:01.162921Z","entity":"article","guid":"9856d163-071d-4520-9201-4de2135f071e","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts","modifiedDateTime":"2020-10-29T09:24:19.061431Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201021-coronavirus-the-possible-long-term-mental-health-impacts","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227800},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture","_id":"5fda3faf81722ae486bf80ff","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From cocktails to karaoke, more Japanese people are going it alone. What's causing the huge change in the traditionally group-oriented country?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJapan is changing: a rapidly ageing society, a record-breaking influx of visitors from overseas, and more robots than ever. That's where the country's young people come in. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ftags\u002Fgen-j\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGen J, a new series by BBC Worklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, keeps you up to speed on how the nation's next generation is shaping the Japan of tomorrow. This is the first story in that series.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA decade ago, many Japanese were so embarrassed to be seen eating alone in the school or office cafeteria that they’d opt to eat in a bathroom stall. Appearing friendless was a no-no, leading to what became known as “benjo meshi” – taking a “toilet lunch”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut many think Japan is changing in a big way. One of those people is Miki Tateishi, a bartender in Tokyo. She works at Bar Hitori, a cosy spot in the Shinjuku nightlife district that is designed for solo drinkers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe bar, which opened in mid-2018, represents an unusual opportunity in conformity-driven Japan – to go out and drink by yourself. And it’s doing well: instead of hiding in toilet stalls, people are stepping out and embracing being seen solo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","videoUrn":[],"id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EVideo by Shiho Fukada and Keith Bedford\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Some people want to enjoy being alone, others want to build a new community,” says Tateishi. She believes the bar’s “solo only” policy helps potential guests who might otherwise get turned off by big groups or regulars. Customers can strike up conversation with each other in a laid-back environment that accommodates about a dozen people. The flowing booze and tight quarters make for easy interactions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I think this is rare,” says Kai Sugiyama, a 29-year-old who works for a manufacturing company, from his barstool. “I feel Japanese people live a life in a group, so people want to do things with other people. We don’t have much culture of doing things alone.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet Hitori – hitori means “one person” – is by no means the only example of how businesses are changing to accommodate people who want to do things by themselves. From dining to nightlife to travel, new options catering specifically to individuals have popped up in recent years. It’s known as the “ohitorisama” movement: people boldly choosing to do things alone, the opinions of others be damned.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe power of one\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELoosely translated, “ohitorisama” means something like “party of one”. Search for the hashtag on Instagram in Japanese and you’ll find hundreds of thousands of photos: plated restaurant meals for one, cinema hallways, pitched tents at campgrounds or transport shots highlighting solo adventures. In the last 18 months particularly, more and more people have been declaring their love of ohitorisama alone time in both the news and social media.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A ‘super solo society’ will be the future of all countries, not only Japan - Kazuhisa Arakawa","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne recent innovation is “hitori yakiniku”. Meaning “grilled meat”, yakiniku usually involves sitting around a gridiron at a restaurant table with a group of people and communally cooking mountains of chicken, beef or pork. But with ohitorisama, the only one grilling (and eating) all that meat is you.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEven karaoke is going solo – a huge change to the classic Japanese pastime. “Demand for single-person karaoke has increased to account for 30 to 40% [of all karaoke customers],” says Daiki Yamatani, a sales manager who does PR for the 1Kara solo karaoke company in Tokyo. In Japan, karaoke spots are everywhere, often big buildings with several floors of private karaoke rooms built for groups of various sizes. But demand from solitary singers has been growing, and so 1Kara swapped large group rooms for phone booth-sized personal recording studios.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Japan, drinking and nightlife activities have traditionally been shared with colleagues or friends, while food culture means dinners are often shared. So the ohitorisama movement represents a major shift. But what’s driving the change and why exactly is it considered so significant?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESocial pressures\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn many nations, being solo might not seem so surprising. For example, in December, American actress Christina Hendricks \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fp\u002FB5uZkt3lHFx\u002F\"\u003Eposted photos of her #solodate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at a concert. British actress Emma Watson recently declared her love of the single life and being “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fnewsbeat-50299642\"\u003Eself-partnered\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”. Western publications have written \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thrillist.com\u002Fdrink\u002Fnation\u002Fhow-to-drink-alone-in-bars\"\u003Eguides to drinking alone and reading a book at a bar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and solo travel \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fizea.com\u002F2019\u002F01\u002F10\u002Ffemale-travel-influencers\u002F\"\u003Ehas made careers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for countless social media influencers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in a country where conformity and being part of the group have always been highly-prized, it \u003Cem\u003Eis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ea big deal. Japan’s 125 million people are crammed into an archipelago a bit smaller than California – and four-fifths of that land is mountainous and uninhabitable. Space has long been at a premium, so emphasis has been placed on collectivity and fitting in with others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Japan is a small country, and everybody needs to coexist,” says Motoko Matsushita, a senior consultant at Japan’s largest economic research firm, Tokyo-based Nomura Research Institute. She studies ohitorisama, its origins and its future. “We need to focus on living together in harmony, which is why peer pressure [to do things in a group] has been high.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMatsushita says that along with the rise of social media – the way friend numbers or likes can dictate your value – this led to stifling peer pressure that stigmatised being seen alone. She says the blowback from this and the 24\u002F7 communication culture then fueled the rise of ohitorisama.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of benjo meshi, the sociologist who coined the term in 2008, Daisuke Tsuji of Osaka University, found that students ate in the toilet stall not because they didn’t like eating alone, but because \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcore.ac.uk\u002Fdownload\u002Fpdf\u002F156703931.pdf\"\u003Ethey didn’t want their peers to think they had no one to share a meal with\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut Matsushita believes this is changing, saying negative social pressures around being alone have reduced. “’You have to get married, you have to have a child’ – these social pressures are decreasing,” she says. She cites a survey of 10,000 people she conducted that found increased attitudes toward independence and “family flexibility” from 2015 to 2018. Fewer people, for example, felt people should get married and have kids, while more felt it was OK to divorce even if you had kids. Among married couples, more people felt all right about keeping a secret from their spouse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA ‘super solo society’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the equation is that Japanese society is undergoing a seismic demographic shift. The birthrate is falling: last year just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnn.com\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F25\u002Fasia\u002Fjapan-birthrate-hnk-intl\u002Findex.html\"\u003E864,000 babies were born\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – the lowest since records began in 1899. The number of single-person households is rising, up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stat.go.jp\u002Fenglish\u002Fdata\u002Fkokusei\u002F1995\u002F1513.html\"\u003Efrom 25%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 1995 to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.stat.go.jp\u002Fenglish\u002Fdata\u002Fhandbook\u002Fc0117.html\"\u003Eover 35%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2015, according to census data. Declining marriage rates are contributing to the rise in people who live alone but so too is the fact that more seniors in one of the world’s fastest-greying nations are becoming widows or widowers. As a result, amid these new demographics, how consumers behave and how businesses cater to them are changing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“The purchasing power of singletons can no longer be ignored,” says Kazuhisa Arakawa. He’s a researcher at Hakuhodo, one of Japan’s biggest advertising companies. He writes books about the economics of what he calls Japan’s “super solo society” and estimates that 50% of the population aged 15 or older will be living in single-person households by 2040. “I believe the market will not grow without capturing these solo customers,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It’s known as the “ohitorisama” movement: people boldly choosing to do things alone, the opinions of others be damned","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EErika Miura, a 22-year-old Tokyoite who works in IT, is an ohitorisama veteran. Sitting at Bar Hitori, she says she’s rare among her friend group for wanting to do so many things by herself. “People get put off by the idea, but I go skiing alone,” she says. She also goes to the movies and karaoke alone, because it gives her more freedom, and says there are many solo services in Tokyo. Meanwhile Go Yamaguchi, a customer at 1Kara, says that when he does karaoke with his friends he has to wait for his turn. “I’d be embarrassed if I can’t sing well,” he adds. “I can sing whatever I want when I’m by myself.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOhitorisama also offers opportunities to those who are part of a “traditional” family unit, experts say. Arakawa’s research in 2018 found that up to one in three married people do solo activities like occasionally travel alone. Matsushita, who’s married with kids, agrees, saying: “I enjoy hitori karaoke alone, sometimes.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to elderly singletons, Matsushita says that this group – especially women – have “psychological resistance” to being seen alone. But she believes that as they see the younger generation continuing to push boundaries things could change, especially as marketers of solo services know that pensioners are a demographic with both time and money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E‘\u003Cstrong\u003EThe world is changing’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENeedless to say, it’s not just Japan that is undergoing the kind of societal changes that have contributed to ohitorisama. As birth rates slump, marriage ages climb and populations age, many nations are seeing a rise in those leading single lives. Euromonitor International, an independent London-based market research company, released a study last year \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.businesswire.com\u002Fnews\u002Fhome\u002F20190401005398\u002Fen\u002FSingle-Person-Households-Record-128-Percent-Growth-2030\"\u003Ethat estimates a record 128% growth in single-person households worldwide between 2000 and 2030\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A ‘super solo society’, characterised by young people who never get married and the elderly who become single again after being widowed, will be the future of all countries, not only Japan,” says Arakawa. “It is no longer practical to focus a business solely on families.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, in nations where doing things by yourself – dining, drinking, exploring – raises fewer eyebrows, the phenomenon of “parties of one” enjoying everything society has to offer will be less pronounced. But in Japan, its relatively rapid evolution has become a hot topic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EArakawa says he believes most of his fellow Japanese are naturally independent. “It would be wrong to assume there are two kinds of people: those who feel OK being left alone and those who don’t,” he says. “A majority of Japanese people inherently like to act independently.” He found that 50% of those who attended concerts or music festivals did so by themselves, connecting with new people there through a shared interest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd it’s the combination of demographic shifts coupled with the emergence of more flexible attitudes about how lives can be lived that has helped ohitorisama to flourish. “It’s only 10 years ago they said ‘lunch in a toilet’,” says Matsushita. “But, after 10 years, we have so many [solo] services. People tend to think positively about being alone.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack at Hitori, bartender Tateishi is familiar with the sense of connectivity to others that comes with meeting other people who are going solo. After all, before working here, she used to be a customer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For people who used to just stay at home, they can change themselves by building a community outside the home,” she says. “They see that the world is changing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAdditional reporting by Yoko Ishitani\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture-18"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The rise of Japan's 'super solo' culture","headlineShort":"Japan’s rising ‘super solo’ culture","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"From cocktails to karaoke, more Japanese people are going it alone. What's causing the huge change in the traditionally group-oriented country?","summaryShort":"From cocktails to karaoke, why more Japanese people are going it alone","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-01-14T21:44:53.6541Z","entity":"article","guid":"e8a9f996-c989-418e-b5f0-e1be0585ea3d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture","modifiedDateTime":"2020-01-22T19:20:52.004796Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227800},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking","_id":"5fda3fad81722ae486bf779f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Can a ban on ‘smartphone-walking’ work if no penalties are attached? Officials in Japan’s Yamato City are optimistic.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen travellers get off the train at Yamato City, a commuter suburb popular with families about 30km from Tokyo, their eyes might be drawn to a few white cloth signs fluttering in the station forecourt. These signs are the only visible indication of a policy that attracted global attention; a ban on pedestrians using their phones while walking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s an initiative that, local officials declare, is both needed and – despite the lack of obvious enforcement – expected to succeed. Yet getting people off their phones so they can safely navigate the streets is something many cities wrestle with. Why does Yamato expect its policy to change residents’ behaviour, and why might it just actually work?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘It’s dangerous’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJapanese streets are full of \u003Cem\u003Earukisumaho\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, a widely used term describing slow-shuffling, bowed-headed pedestrians glued to their screens. It’s a portmanteau of the word \u003Cem\u003Earuki\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (to walk) and \u003Cem\u003Esumātofon\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (smartphone), but its connotations are more along the lines of ‘smartphone zombie’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"right","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn January, Yamato City \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.japantimes.co.jp\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F06\u002F25\u002Fnational\u002Fyamato-japan-ban-phones-walking\u002F#.XxpKTfgzblw\"\u003Econducted a study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in two locations and discovered that around 12% of the city’s 6,000 recorded pedestrians were using their phones while walking. “[It] is simply dangerous,” says Mayor Satoru Ohki, the leading figure behind the policy. Ohki initially floated the idea with local lawmakers and, after running a public consultation, found that eight out of 10 people supported the idea, so in June a ban on using smartphones while walking was put into effect via municipal ordinance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDuring the first few days of the ban, the city employed a handful of workers in high-visibility vests to hold signs in front of Yamato Station as a recorded message explaining the new ordinance was played from a CD. Due to Covid-19, Ohki says he's hesitant to have additional law-enforcers patrolling the streets for the moment, so the few fabric signs at the station exit are now the only obvious indicator of change. “I believe we can trust the people of Yamato to do the right thing,” he explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMore like this:\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E● \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture\"\u003EThe rise of Japan's 'super-solo' culture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E● \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200129-what-is-reading-the-air-in-japan\"\u003EHow 'reading the air' keeps Japan running\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E● \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan\"\u003EWhy so many of the world’s oldest companies are in Japan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"When I’m cycling I have to avoid people who are looking at their phones - Atsuko Nabata","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt’s not the first time a country has taken measures to prevent such injuries. Ilsan, a city in South Korea, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmetro.co.uk\u002F2019\u002F03\u002F19\u002Fsouth-korea-tackles-smartphone-zombies-flickering-lights-8935321\u002F\"\u003Einstalled flickering lights and laser beams\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at road crossings to alert phone-scrolling pedestrians, while authorities in the Chinese city of Chongqing opened a 30m \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fworld\u002Fshortcuts\u002F2014\u002Fsep\u002F15\u002Fchina-mobile-phone-lane-distracted-walking-pedestrians\"\u003E“cellphone lane” \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eon pathways for pedestrians busy on their phones. And countries in the West are also taking steps; in Honolulu, Hawaii, a “Distracted Walking Law” could see you fined for texting while walking in a crosswalk. But in Yamato there are no penalties for breaking the rules; instead authorities are hoping for more of an organic change in behaviour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe greater good\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJapan is often described as a collectivist culture where the concept of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpen-online.com\u002Fculture\u002Fwa-the-japanese-empire-of-harmony\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ewa\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (harmony)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in a group is seen as more important than the expression of individual opinions. It’s why, during the global pandemic, nobody would be seen outside without a face mask despite it not being mandatory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s also clear that Japanese citizens are well aware of the danger to themselves and others of smartphone use while walking. In a 2019 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmmdlabo.jp\u002Finvestigation\u002Fdetail_1817.html?fbclid=IwAR3wM6hw7zAyhLQnEJ0-cBIWhRZrGIaQXlxu2LtzOY3-6xrev_CGKWPNXa0\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 562 smartphone users in Japan, 96.6% of respondents said they were aware of the dangers, 13.2% had experienced collisions first-hand while 9.5% said they’d been injured as a result of \u003Cem\u003Earukisumaho\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“I strongly agree with the law,” says Tokyo native Atsuko Nabata, who is in her 60s and regularly commutes through central Tokyo via bike. “When I’m cycling I have to avoid people who are looking at their phones, I’ve even been hit before,” she says. “If [people on their phones] are coming towards me I always stop and wait for them to notice. These days if I almost collide with someone on their phone, I just don’t apologise, even though deep down I want to scream.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut can a ban with no concrete penalties behind it really make an impact? Naota Suzuki, a lawyer at Nakamura Law Offices in Shibuya, points out that “there are laws that do not have punishments but are effective”. He says whether or not these unenforced laws are successful is rooted in the Japanese concept of \u003Cem\u003Emeiwaku\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, which can be translated as “being a nuisance to others”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Co-operation is maintained through mutual monitoring within groups in Japan - Yuko Watabe","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor example, it’s an unwritten rule that using your phone on public transport is a no-no. So, even though it’s not technically prohibited, people refrain. In April, when \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-asia-53188847\"\u003Epeople were asked to stay at home and businesses asked to close to curb the spread of Covid-19\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, by and large they did, despite the absence of penalties for failure to comply. Conversely, laws governing underage drinking and smoking, for example, do carry penalties but are largely ignored and, in Suzuki’s words, don’t “work effectively in terms of preventing such acts”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe difference comes down to a perception of whether or not the act affects others. Drinking and smoking are generally seen as activities that only cause harm to oneself; they don’t fall under the socially unacceptable banner of being \u003Cem\u003Emeiwaku\u003C\u002Fem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDr Yuko Watabe, a clinical psychologist at Tokyo’s Temple University Japan Campus, adds that \u003Cem\u003Emeiwaku\u003C\u002Fem\u003E is a key culturally-learned factor in the success of a non-punishable law. “I think children and adolescents learn such self-monitoring systems through modelling and reinforcement, interacting with adults and peers at school and home. For example, Japanese parents often ask their children to stop behaving in certain ways in public, like talking loudly and running around, because ‘they are causing trouble to others’.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of Japan’s most infamous sayings, applicable to school, work and social life, is ‘the nail that sticks out gets hammered down’, suggesting that forms of difference or disobedience will lead to punishment or being ostracised. And compliance with social norms is more self-interested than altruistic, Watabe explains. “Co-operation is maintained through mutual monitoring within groups in Japan, while it is often maintained by democratic legal systems in Western cultures. Therefore, avoiding rejection from close relationship groups is critical for survival and success for Japanese individuals.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe long haul\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the case of Yamato, Mayor Ohki believes that the ban will help residents perceive ‘smartphone zombie’ behaviour as \u003Cem\u003Emeiwaku\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, or causing trouble to others, and adjust their actions according to an evolving social norm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I believe we can trust the people of Yamato to do the right thing - Satoru Ohki","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“This law wasn’t designed to change anything tomorrow or the day after, or even in one year; my plan was to see it adopted in five-plus years,” Ohki explains. He believes that with Japan’s ageing population, it’s important to put measures in place now that will help the elderly down the track. And he feels quite confident it is destined for success, thanks to precedents set by other similar local laws. “Ten years ago we made [a] law against walking and smoking,” he says. “It took a while for it to be adopted, but after 10 years it worked.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYoichiro Tamada, 28, who works in a media agency and is a keen smartphone user, isn’t convinced that long-term safety will be enough of an incentive for the younger generation, however. “To be honest, I think Japan just loves making new laws. If there’s no punishment, I can’t really see young people - many of whom already have smartphone dependence - following the law, I personally wouldn’t.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe successful future of Yamato’s non-punishable anti-smartphone law depends largely on social interpretation. Suzuki attributes what he calls “a 1.5 criteria” to whether a law without punishment is complied with. “Criterion one is whether the society considers the behaviour as dangerous or not, thus being meiwaku,” he says. The other 0.5 criterion is whether the act will be deemed socially awkward by your peers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuzuki points out that if something like a fatal accident were to happen, it could be enough to shock people into compliance. But he also thinks that because the media are interested in Yamato’s ban and will be watching to see how it works, “[it] could create an awkward atmosphere for smartphone users over the next few months”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We are already so addicted to our smartphones,” he warns, “so if our desire to check our phones trumps the social awkwardness of not following the law, then the situation will no longer be awkward.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt’s a silent battle now to see which social value comes out on top.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The Japanese city that banned ‘smartphone-walking’","headlineShort":"The city banning ‘smartphone-walking’","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":[],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Can a ban on ‘smartphone-walking’ work if no penalties are attached? Officials in Japan’s Yamato City are optimistic.","summaryShort":"The ban comes without penalties, but officials believe it will work","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-18T20:03:37.543846Z","entity":"article","guid":"508f0dec-3721-4adf-9ae2-4d3f93943479","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-18T20:03:37.543846Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227801},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan","_id":"5fda3fb081722ae486bf8820","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"The country has 33,000 businesses at least a century old. How have so many survived – and what does it mean for Japan’s future?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJapan is changing: a rapidly ageing society, a record-breaking influx of visitors from overseas, and more robots than ever. That's where the country's young people come in. Gen J, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ftags\u002Fgen-j\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ea new series by BBC Worklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, keeps you up to speed on how the nation's next generation is shaping the Japan of tomorrow.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETsuen Tea sits on a street corner overlooking a large river and bridge in a sleepy outer suburb of Kyoto, Japan’s ancient capital. In a city famous for extraordinary shrines, temples and gardens (and an inundation of tourists armed with selfie sticks), it’s a relatively unremarkable structure; a quiet place to enjoy some ice cream or green tea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there’s something special about Tsuen Tea: it’s been open since 1160 AD and claims to be the world’s oldest continually operating tea house. It’s run by 38-year-old Yusuke Tsuen, who sits cross-legged behind a counter low on the floor pouring green tea from iron kettles. “We’ve focused on tea and haven’t expanded the business too much,” he says. “That’s why we’re surviving.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMaybe it’s not too surprising that this 900-year-old tea house has survived in a city renowned for tradition and craftsmanship. But what \u003Cem\u003Eis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Esurprising is that Tsuen isn’t alone. Back in 2008, a Bank of Korea report found that of 5,586 companies older than 200 years in 41 countries, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bok.or.kr\u002Fviewer\u002Fskin\u002Fdoc.html?fn=FILE_201803300723135521.pdf&rs=\u002Fwebview\u002Fresult\u002FP0000537\u002F200805\"\u003E56% of them were in Japan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In 2019, there were over 33,000 businesses in Japan over a century old, according to research firm Teikoku Data Bank. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com\u002Fworld-records\u002Foldest-hotel\u002F\"\u003EThe oldest hotel in the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has been open since 705 in Yamanashi and confectioner Ichimonjiya Wasuke has been selling sweet treats in Kyoto since 1000. Osaka-based construction giant Takenaka \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.takenaka.co.jp\u002Ftakenaka_e\u002Fabout\u002Farchive\u002F\"\u003Ewas founded in 1610\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while even some global Japanese brands like Suntory and Nintendo have unexpectedly long histories stretching back to the 1800s.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what is it about Japan that produces these long-lasting businesses? And in a global era defined by scrappy start-ups that push boundaries at lightning speed, do they have anything to teach us?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Respecting tradition’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYoshinori Hara, dean and professor at Kyoto University’s Graduate School of Management, says these long-standing entities, at least 100 years old, are known as ‘shinise’ – literally meaning ‘old shop’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHara, who worked in Silicon Valley for a decade, says that Japanese companies’ emphasis on sustainability, rather than quick maximisation of profit, is a major reason why so many of the nation’s businesses have such staying power. “In Japan, it’s more: how can we move [the company] on to our descendants, our children, our grandchildren?” he explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If I didn’t take it over, [the legacy] would have ended – Yusuke Tsuen","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt Tsuen Tea, Tsuen says many of his childhood friends in Kyoto also happened to be born into centuries-old family-run companies. To him, picking up the family business wasn’t even a question. “It’s not the business I started – I am operating the business my ancestors started. If I didn’t take it over, [the legacy] would have ended,” says Tsuen. “When you’re little, like in kindergarten and elementary school, you’re asked your dream for the future. I thought I was taking over the business. It was natural.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJapan’s towns and cities have existed for centuries (compared to the US, for example), so perhaps it shouldn’t be shocking that it has many older companies. But Innan Sasaki, an assistant professor at the University of Warwick’s business school who’s written about Japanese company longevity, says there are other reasons more specific to Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“More generally, we could say that it is because of the general long-term orientation: the culture of respecting tradition and ancestors, combined with the fact that it has been an island country with relatively limited interaction with other countries,” she says, pointing to people’s desire to make the most of what they have for as long as possible by preserving local companies in the community.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany of these oldest companies are medium or small family-owned organisations focusing on hospitality and food, like Tsuen Tea. Several companies have even benefited from the widely-accepted Japanese practice of adopting adult male workers into the family bloodline to ensure an unbroken succession for the business, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasia.nikkei.com\u002FOpinion\u002FJapanese-companies-the-adopted-son-rises2\"\u003Esomething even huge firms like Suzuki Motor and Panasonic have done\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECore skills and customer service\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EElsewhere in Kyoto is another shinise company that isn’t nearly as old as Tsuen Tea, but much larger: the video game company Nintendo. It’s known across the globe for the way it revolutionised at-home entertainment with its electronic gaming system back in 1985.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut most people don’t know that the company predates its massive global commercial success. Despite being thought of as a tech company, Nintendo was founded back in 1889, as a maker of playing cards for the Japanese game hanafuda. First imported by the Portuguese in the 16th Century, the game involves collecting cards with various flowers printed on them, each worth different points.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKyoto University’s Hara says Nintendo is a great example of a company sticking to what he calls a “core competency”. That’s the basic concept behind what a company makes or does, which helps the company survive – even as the technology or world around it changes. In Nintendo’s case, it’s “how to create fun”, Hara says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"These long-standing entities, at least 100 years old, are known as shinise","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHara also points to kimono companies struggling to stay in business as fewer Japanese women wear the traditional garments. One Kyoto-based kimono manufacturer dating back to 1688, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.hosoo-kyoto.com\u002Fcompany\u002F\"\u003EHosoo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, has expanded into carbon fibre production for materials companies. “The core competency is the same: 3-D weaving,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Kyoto, many long-standing businesses also tout a dedication to good customer service as an element that keeps them thriving. It’s especially the case with ryokan: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200117-hotels-in-japan-are-re-inventing-themselves\"\u003Etraditional Japanese inns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that treat guests like family. Hara says that Japanese businesses value this high-level customer service, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jnto.org.au\u002Fexperience\u002Fculture\u002Fomotenashi\u002F\"\u003Eknown as omotenashi\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200129-what-is-reading-the-air-in-japan\"\u003Etry to anticipate what customers need\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because they fuel the sustainability that Japanese companies value.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAkemi Nishimura’s family has run Kyoto’s Hiiragiya ryokan for six generations. The inn celebrated its 200-year anniversary in 2018 and has welcomed guests like Charlie Chaplin and Louis Vuitton. “Heart-to-heart communication – that is the best part of ryokan,” she says. Flipping through an 80-year-old handbook that details how to run a ryokan, it mentions what to do with a guest’s handkerchief: how to wash it, properly fold it and return it. “But some customers wouldn’t like that – [the book says] you should ask permission beforehand,” Nishimura says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“These companies prioritise values such as commitment to the family business, continuity, quality, community and tradition over financial logic,” says Sasaki. “Consequently, in Kyoto, these firms enjoy a social standing that goes way beyond what stakeholders would ordinarily ascribe to family firms, making them an elite class of organisations.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGood or bad for innovation?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet this admiration for longevity does have a downside, particularly when it comes to the nation’s start-up scene, which has been criticised as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.techinasia.com\u002Ftalk\u002Fjapan-declining-startup-scene-future\"\u003Esluggish in comparison to elsewhere\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2018-06-13\u002F14-900-return-in-5-years-shows-japan-startups-turning-a-corner\"\u003Ealthough that characterisation is changing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“To be in the start-up scene in terms of social acceptance has been challenging, since the ‘start-up’ world is not as acknowledged as ‘shinise’ companies. I’ve had hard times explaining and sharing with my parents or friends what I do and where I work,” says Mari Matsuzaki, 27. She works at Queue, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqueue-inc.com\u002F\"\u003Ea Tokyo-based education technology start-up\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and used to run the Tokyo version of Slush, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.slush.org\u002Fabout-slush\u002F\"\u003Ethe international start-up not-for-profit aimed at students\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Out of my graduating class, I am probably the only one who decided to enter a start-up,” she says. “While in other countries, founders are praised for transforming their failures into valued experiences, in Japan, the dominant mindset towards risk and failure is a battle many entrepreneurs have to overcome.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The ‘start-up’ world is not as acknowledged as ‘shinise’ companies – Mari Matsuzaki","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMichael Cusumano agrees. He’s a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who spearheaded entrepreneurship and innovation initiatives at the Tokyo University of Science from 2016 to 2017, and lived and worked in Japan for eight years. “Closing a company or selling it is also considered something of a failure and shame in Japan, and this feeling goes back centuries. So these cultural issues also seem to encourage families to keep firms going,” he says. “Japanese society, and the economy, is not as flexible as the US, and so Japan does not generate big new firms so easily. The tendency is to preserve what they have.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet shinise companies aren’t exempt from hardship. Kongo Gumi, a construction company founded back in 578, lasted a staggering 1,400 years \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\u002Fnews\u002Farticles\u002F2007-04-16\u002Fthe-end-of-a-1-400-year-old-businessbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice\"\u003Ebefore going into liquidation in 2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to debt. In the future, Matsuzaki believes that there will be benefits in combining the strengths of the two business models.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The key will be to foster more synergy between shinise companies and start-ups,” she says. “Shinise companies’ strength in resources, their reputation in the industry, [a] strong network.” By mixing new technology and rapid decision-making with shinise, she thinks “start-ups can become a lethal weapon for Japan's future”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet back at Tsuen Tea, current owner Tsuen has no such lofty goals. “I was born here by chance. My ancestors continued the tea business and I’m taking over,” Tsuen says. “My goal is not to make the company bigger or expand sales or go worldwide. What’s most important is to just continue this.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EAdditional reporting by Yoko Ishitani and Mari Murakami.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan-14"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-02-12T21:05:14Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why so many of the world’s oldest companies are in Japan","headlineShort":"Why so many old companies are in Japan","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The country has 33,000 businesses at least a century old. How have so many survived – and what does it mean for Japan’s future?","summaryShort":"The country has 33,000 business at least a century old. Why?","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2020-02-11T21:21:23.286441Z","entity":"article","guid":"fb8ede86-b80b-483e-9926-95a636baa73b","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan","modifiedDateTime":"2020-02-12T15:02:40.694186Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227801},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200903-the-companies-that-help-people-vanish":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200903-the-companies-that-help-people-vanish","_id":"5fda3faf81722ae486bf7e44","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Each year, some choose to 'disappear' and abandon their lives, jobs, homes and families. In Japan, there are companies that can help those looking to escape into thin air.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis piece is based on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fvideo\u002Fp08nw1hc\u002Fthe-people-choosing-to-disappear-in-japan\"\u003Ethis BBC Reel video\u003C\u002Fa\u003E produced by Andreas Hartman, and is a text reversion of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsounds\u002Fplay\u002Fw3ct0x1t\"\u003Ethis radio piece\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the Rulebreakers series from BBC World Service in collaboration with the Sundance Institute. Adapted by Bryan Lufkin.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll over the world, from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.startribune.com\u002Fwhen-adults-walk-away-it-s-wrenching-but-not-illegal\u002F143269506\u002F\"\u003Ethe US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fcommentisfree\u002F2015\u002Fsep\u002F30\u002Fadults-missing-children-petra-pazsitka\"\u003EGermany to the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, some people decide to disappear from their own lives without a trace – leaving their homes, jobs and families in the middle of the night to start a second life, often without ever looking back.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Japan, these people are sometimes referred to as “jouhatsu”. That’s the Japanese word for “evaporation”, but it also refers to people who vanish on purpose into thin air, and continue to conceal their whereabouts – potentially for years, even decades.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I got fed up with human relationships. I took a small suitcase and disappeared,” says 42-year-old Sugimoto, who’s just going by his family name for this story. “I just kind of escaped.” He says that back in his small hometown, everybody knew him because of his family and their prominent local business, which Sugimoto was expected to carry on. But having that role foisted upon him caused him such distress that he abruptly left town forever and told no one where he was going.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom inescapable debt to loveless marriages, the motivations that push jouhatsu to “evaporate” can vary. Regardless of their reasons, they turn to companies that help them through the process. These operations are called “night moving” services, a nod to the secretive nature of becoming a jouhatsu. They help people who want to disappear discreetly remove themselves from their lives, and can provide lodging for them in secret whereabouts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Normally, the reason for moving is something positive, like entering university, getting a new job or a marriage. But there’s also sad moving – for example, like dropping out of university, losing a job or escaping from a stalker,” says Sho Hatori, who founded a night-moving company in the 90s when Japan’s economic bubble burst. At first, he thought financial ruin would be the only thing driving people to flee their troubled lives, but he soon found there were “social reasons”, too. “What we did was support people to start a second life,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESociologist Hiroki Nakamori has been researching jouhatsu for more than a decade. He says the term ‘jouhatsu’ first started being used to describe people who decided to go missing back in the 60s. Divorce rates were (and still are) very low in Japan, so some people decided it was easier to just up and leave their spouses instead of going through elaborate, formal divorce proceedings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In Japan, it’s just easier to evaporate,” says Nakamori. Privacy is fiercely protected: missing people can freely withdraw money from ATMs without being flagged, and their family members can’t access security videos that might have captured their loved one on the run. “Police will not intervene unless there’s another reason – like a crime or an accident. All the family can do is pay a lot for a private detective. Or just wait. That’s all.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘I was shocked’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the loved ones who get left behind, the abandonment – and resultant search for their jouhatsu – can be unbearable.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I was shocked,” says a woman who’s remained anonymous, and whose 22-year-old son went missing and hasn’t contacted her since. “He failed after quitting his job twice. He must have felt miserable with his failure.” She drove to where he was living, searched the premises and then waited in her car for days to see if he showed up. He never did.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says the police haven’t been helpful, and says they told her they could only get involved if it was a suspected suicide. But since there was no note, they won’t help.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I understand there are stalkers – information can be misused. This is a necessary law, perhaps. But criminals, stalkers and parents who cannot search for their own children? All of them are treated the same way due to the protection. What is this?” she says. “With the current law, without money, all I can do is check if [a] dead body is my son – the only thing left for me.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe disappeared\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the jouhatsu themselves, feelings of sadness and regret stick with many of them long after they leave their lives behind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I constantly have a feeling that I’ve done something wrong,” says Sugimoto, the businessman who left his wife and kids in the small town. “I haven’t seen [my children] in a year. I told them I’m on a business trip.” His only regret, he says, was leaving them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESugimoto is currently staying in a home tucked away in a residential district of Tokyo. The night-moving company that’s housing him is run by a woman called Saita, who’s also going by her family name only to preserve anonymity. She was a jouhatsu herself, who went missing 17 years ago. She ‘disappeared’ after being in a physically abusive relationship, and says “in a way, I’m a missing person – even now.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I have various types of clients,” she continues. “There are people who run away from serious domestic violence or ego and self-interest. I don’t judge. I never say, ‘Your case is not serious enough’. Everybody has individual struggles.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor people like Sugimoto, her company helped him address those struggles of his own . But even though he managed to disappear, it doesn’t mean that traces of his old life don’t linger. “Only my first son knows the truth. He’s 13 years old,” he says. “The words I can’t forget are, ‘What Dad decided is Dad’s life, and I can’t change it’. It sounds more mature than me, doesn’t it?”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200903-the-companies-that-help-people-vanish-0"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The companies that help people vanish","headlineShort":"The companies that help people vanish","image":["p08qgj89"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":["worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200113-the-rise-of-japans-super-solo-culture","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200810-yamato-japan-smartphone-ban-while-walking","worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200211-why-are-so-many-old-companies-in-japan"],"relatedTag":["tag\u002Fjapan"],"summaryLong":"Each year, some choose to 'disappear' and abandon their lives, jobs, homes and families. In Japan, there are companies that can help those looking to escape into thin air.","summaryShort":"Why some people choose to 'evaporate' into thin air","tag":["tag\u002Fstress"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-09-03T19:56:16.258464Z","entity":"article","guid":"2dacd92d-bcfd-4e40-a936-a7f3dc0448d4","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200903-the-companies-that-help-people-vanish","modifiedDateTime":"2020-09-03T20:20:14.976673Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200903-the-companies-that-help-people-vanish","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227800},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work","_id":"5fda3fb081722ae486bf87ef","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Covid-19 upended our jobs. We've tried to adapt, but what about the long term? BBC Worklife asks dozens of experts to flag the biggest questions we should be asking in 2020 and beyond.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Fcolumns\u002Funknown-questions\"\u003E \u003Cimg src=\"http:\u002F\u002Fichef.bbci.co.uk\u002Fimages\u002Fic\u002Fraw\u002Fp08w68j3.jpg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Unknown Questions\" width=\"100%\" \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore than seven months have passed since the World Health Organization declared Covid-19 a pandemic. Hundreds of millions of people have lived through lockdowns. Many have made the abrupt shift to working from home; millions have lost jobs. The future looks uncertain. We don't know when, or if, our societies might return to normal – or what kind of scars the pandemic will leave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmid the upheaval, BBC Worklife spoke to dozens of experts, leaders and professionals across the globe to ask: what are the greatest unknowns we face? How will we work, live and thrive in the post-pandemic future? How is Covid-19 reshaping our world – potentially, forever?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe’ll roll out these important views from some of the top minds in business, public health and many other fields in several articles over the next few weeks. We'll hear from people including Melinda Gates on gender equality, Zoom founder Eric Yuan on the future of video calls, Lonely Planet founder Tony Wheeler on what’s next in travel and Unesco chief Audrey Azoulay on the ethics of artificial intelligence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday, we’re starting by looking at the issue of work: how the pandemic has normalised remote work, and what that might mean. Will we go to the office again – and, if so, how often? What impact will a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-why-the-future-of-work-might-be-hybrid\"\u003E‘hybrid’ way of working\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have on how we communicate, connect and create? Will work-from-home be the great leveller in terms of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201007-the-changes-that-could-help-women-stay-employed\"\u003Egender equality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and diversity? And what will work mean if our offices are virtual and we lose those day-to-day social interactions?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe’re also examining what happens to people who can’t work from home as well as those \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200826-the-ripple-effects-of-closed-office-buildings\"\u003Ewhose jobs depend\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on a steady flow of traffic into urban hubs. Can we learn from Covid-19 and build better safety nets for the most vulnerable workers? And if the future is digital, how do we make sure swathes of the global population \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200713-the-coronavirus-effect-on-pakistans-digital-divide\"\u003Earen’t left behind\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We all know that work will never be the same, even if we don’t yet know all the ways in which it will be different,” says Slack co-founder and CEO Stewart Butterfield. But we’ve started asking the questions – and here’s what our experts had to say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08w67xl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMelinda Gates: Co-Chair, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWhat is the future of gender equality?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EWill the world finally get serious about gender equality? That’s a question of long standing, but I’m asking it even more insistently now. Because when the world’s economies were pushed to the brink, it was women who fell over the edge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWomen were already clustered in low-paying jobs. When the pandemic hit, they were more likely than men to lose those jobs. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mckinsey.com\u002Ffeatured-insights\u002Ffuture-of-work\u002Fcovid-19-and-gender-equality-countering-the-regressive-effects\"\u003EAccording to one study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, 1.8 times more likely.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat’s just paid work. With billions of people staying home, the demand for unpaid work – cooking, cleaning, and childcare – has surged. Women already did about three quarters of that work; in the pandemic, the breakdown is even more lopsided.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, the paid and unpaid economies are intimately connected. (One is a lot more visible, but it’s built on top of the other!) The unpaid work women do is one of the biggest barriers they face to reaching their potential in the workforce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI hope Covid-19 forces us to confront how unsustainable the current arrangement is – and how much we all miss out on when women’s responsibilities at home limit their ability to contribute beyond it. The solutions lie with governments, employers and families committed to doing things more equitably.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStewart Butterfield: CEO and co-founder, Slack\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EHow many people actually want to work in offices?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe all know that work will never be the same, even if we don’t yet know all the ways in which it will be different. What we can say with certainty is that the sudden shift to distributed work has provided a once-in-a-generation opportunity to reimagine everything about how we do our jobs and how we run our companies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf we can move past decades of orthodoxy about 9-to-5, office-centric work, there’s an opportunity to retain the best parts of office culture while freeing ourselves from bad habits and inefficient processes, from ineffective meetings to unnecessary bureaucracy. Every leader believes they can do better, and things can move faster: this is their chance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom the employee perspective, the shift is massive and very consequential: people are making new choices about where they want to live and creating new expectations about flexibility, working conditions and life balance that can’t be undone. Our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fslack.com\u002Fblog\u002Fcollaboration\u002Fworkplace-transformation-in-the-wake-of-covid-19\"\u003EFuture Forum research\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 4,700 knowledge workers found the majority never want to go back to the old way of working. Only 12% want to return to full-time office work, and 72% want a hybrid remote-office model moving forward.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll this change in our methods will go hand-in-hand with a change in our tools. Of course, we think Slack has an important role to play as a new kind of headquarters for a digital first world, but the opportunities for digital transformation are expansive and wide-ranging. Businesses that do it well will drive engagement, achieve organisational agility, maintain alignment and empower teamwork across all disciplines and locations. They will have a competitive advantage in this new era of work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EElisabeth Reynolds: Executive Director, Task Force on the Work of the Future, Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EWhat happens to the workers that remote jobs leave behind?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor those who can work from home (approximately 40% of US workers largely from the higher educated quartile), our daily experience of work will change significantly. Commuters will gain an hour back on average in their day and estimates suggest that post pandemic, some portion of the week will involve working from home – from one to three days a week. A hybrid model is likely to emerge that will try to balance the efficiencies gained by remote work with the benefits of social interactions and to creativity and innovation generated by working in person with others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the greatest challenge that we face regarding work is what happens to the other 60% of workers who can’t work from home. The decline in daily commuters as well as business travel has a knock-on effect on those whose jobs support and serve these workers and offices. A full one-in-four workers are in the transportation, food service, cleaning and maintenance, retail and personal care industries. These jobs, often concentrated in cities and lower paid, are disappearing or are at risk of disappearing in the near term. We need to shore up the social safety net and invest in ways to further skills and increase access to education and training for our most vulnerable workers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The unpaid work women do is one of the biggest barriers they face to reaching their potential in the workforce - Melinda Gates: Co-Chair, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIndranil Roy: Executive Director, Human Capital practice, Deloitte Consulting\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow can companies become ‘virtual first’?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore than half of the global workforce is working remotely and as the pandemic continues to threaten health, we are looking at a prolonged period of hybrid working – from home and office in different proportions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome lessons learned: we can accomplish most tasks remotely without significant drop in productivity or quality. Most employees appreciate flexibility, especially those with long commute times. Over time, however, face-to-face interaction is required to facilitate collaboration, build relationships, solve complex challenges and generate ideas. Continuous remote work extends the work day, diffuses work-life boundaries and reduces mental wellbeing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven these pros and cons, organisations have to rethink their working arrangements. This re-calibration will eventually settle on a sustainable new normal, likely a hybrid workforce and distributed workplace.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnterprises adopting this new way of working – “virtual-first” – have these characteristics: One, the workplace is distributed across home, office and satellite offices. Employees can choose to work remotely or face-to-face based on their nature of work and teams’ preferences. Two, the teams are virtual ready. Managers know how to manage, coach, collaborate, evaluate performance and motivate their team remotely. Three, the technology enables multiple modes of working. Data is saved on cloud; access and security are tailored for different working modes; and applications allow seamless virtual collaborations. Four, the culture prioritises trust and belonging. Interpersonal bonds are formed with intent and care.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith these four critical moves, organisations can transit to a hybrid-workforce model and build a “virtual-first” enterprise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EDiane Coyle: Co-Director, Bennett Institute for Public Policy, University of Cambridge\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat is the role of the state in this new economy?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe economic shock caused by the pandemic is making even more pressing some of the questions about the economy that many people had already started to ask. There is a demand to ‘build back better’ as the phrase goes, because it was clear that some things had already started to go wrong and have now gotten worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, one is low pay and terrible conditions of work in the types of jobs we’ve been praising as ‘key workers’, in everything from care homes to delivery drivers and warehouse staff. Another is the terrifying decline in environmental indicators from extreme weather events and loss of biodiversity – both threatening food supplies – to polluted air and the consequences for human health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI would highlight an underlying question about the role of the state in the economy. We have grown used to the idea that government and markets are separate spheres, and the market generally knows best. Yet in the crisis responses across the world, we have a demonstration of how dramatically governments can intervene in managing the economy. It might take years for the state role to unwind even if a government wanted to do so. But, with a focus on new infrastructure investment and green transition, on establishing job schemes, on making up for the educational deficit due to disrupted learning through 2020 and beyond and on supporting key industries such as travel and the arts, I think there will be a lasting change in perceptions of the role of the state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EEric S Yuan: Founder and CEO, Zoom\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow will video calls continue to shape businesses?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow that the world is familiar with video communications, the way businesses and individuals communicate and connect will be forever changed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHealthcare, education, finance and businesses large and small are growing and improving with the help of video communications. This year alone, hundreds of thousands of small business owners – yoga and piano instructors, therapists, accountants and others – maintained and even grew businesses using video to connect with customers. We believe that model will be a large part of our future, so we’ve made those interactions easier with OnZoom, a new all-in-one solution for Zoom users to create and host free and paid events on Zoom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the near future, some organisations will adopt a hybrid-work model, with certain days in the office and others remote, and might align employees’ in-office and remote schedules to create equity. Other companies will use video communications to be completely remote. Both models will enjoy increased productivity and deeper collaboration, and the ability to attract a more diverse workforce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08w640t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EErica Brescia: Chief Operating Officer, GitHub\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow will workers interact with each other?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe future of work will be distributed. We’re going to see a big shift from office by default to remote by default. GitHub has been a predominantly distributed company with people working across the globe, which has helped us learn and evolve quickly. With people in every part of the company working remotely for years, we’ve seen how virtual interactions drive innovation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith Covid-19, we’re rethinking how we design and use our office spaces – making them more about bringing the community in and placing an emphasis on virtual events. Remote by default will also force people to reframe the way they communicate and connect with people at work. Those whose superpower is connecting with people live and bringing energy to conversations will need to become good written communicators. And companies who do not have a strict need for physical interaction are going to have to operate more like open source communities – distributed, asynchronously and online. We will quickly see a material shift in who succeeds in this new mode of working.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERobin Dunbar: Emeritus Professor of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs remote working overhyped?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe last few months has seen a great deal of media hype about new ways of working – the dispersed office and working from home. No more of the drudgery of the morning commute, the arrival home exhausted long after the children have been put to bed. Alas, it is all hype. We have forgotten that we tried it 20 years ago and very quickly gave it up. At the time, big business with expensive London real estate spotted it as a way of radically reducing their overheads. A round of golf over lunch, and collecting the kids from school… what could be better? At a personal level, it probably is better, but it didn’t last long – for three very good reasons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, the work place is a social environment and business in any form is a social phenomenon. Without face-to-face engagement, and those casual meetings round the coffee machine, the ‘flow’ that makes things work, and work fast, will be missing. Work groups quickly lose focus, and the sense of belonging – and of commitment to the organisation and its aims and objectives – is very quickly lost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESecond, we have been in the midst of a loneliness epidemic among the 20-somethings for the better part of the last two decades. It is a particular problem for young new graduates moving to an unfamiliar city on their first job. With no family or friends nearby, work is the only place they can find friends and arrange social events. “We come in to work to see our friends!” has been their response to surveys.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThird, the digital world of Zoom and Skype is no substitute for face-to-face meetings. It is easy to hide away reading your emails and newsfeed. People find the virtual environment awkward and very quickly get bored. There is a very strict limit on the size of natural conversations at four people. Anything bigger, and it becomes a lecture dominated by a handful of extraverts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The greatest challenge that we face regarding work is what happens to the 60% of workers who can’t work from home - Elisabeth Reynolds: Executive Director, Task Force on the Work of the Future, MIT","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJean-Nicolas Reyt: Assistant Professor of Organizational Behaviour, McGill University\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003ECould working from home increase gender equality?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven as modern organisation are challenged by attracting, retaining and promoting talented employees, they underutilise one major source of available talent: women. Women account for half of all entry-level employees, yet they compose only \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mckinsey.com\u002Ffeatured-insights\u002Fgender-equality\u002Fwomen-in-the-workplace-2019\"\u003Ea third of senior managers and a fifth of C-suite executives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One of the reasons women have a harder time advancing professionally is that they are much more likely than men to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2015\u002F10\u002F01\u002Fwomen-more-than-men-adjust-their-careers-for-family-life\u002F\"\u003Eprioritise their family responsibilities over their careers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiving employees more flexibility in choosing when and where they work can increase gender equality via two pathways. First, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002FdoiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0021-9010.92.6.1524\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has long established that remote work can help mothers better balance their work and family responsibilities, which makes them less likely to sacrifice one for the other. Second, data collected during the pandemic suggests that working from home may also make the father more involved. More couples share family responsibilities more equally now than they did before the pandemic, according to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontemporaryfamilies.org\u002Fcovid-couples-division-of-labor\u002F\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of American couples. In a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmenshealthfoundation.ca\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2020\u002F06\u002FCMHF-Fatherhood-COVID-19-Study-Data-Tables.pdf\"\u003Esurvey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of Canadian fathers, a majority report doing more household chores and spending more time with their children now than they did before the pandemic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf organisations continued to offer remote work opportunities after the pandemic is over, more women will have a level playing field.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EReetika Khera: Associate Professor, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EWill our jobs still give us value?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo me, the most significant realisation due to the pandemic and related restrictions, has been that people have become aware of the – call it ‘social’ or ‘intrinsic’ – value of work in our lives. For many, those much loathed and dreaded three words – ‘going to work’ – is something they crave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI’m not referring to those who have lost work and income and need it to survive. I have in mind those who are comfortably working from home, even rediscovering old loves (such as cooking or sketching), honing new skills (many are baking) and so on. I’m referring to work broadly, including students who are longing for lectures even. There are signs of this across economic classes. Even the admittedly small fraction of domestic workers who continued to be paid through the lockdown were restless to resume work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor different reasons, we’re socialised into thinking that work is about money. With WFH people have continued to enjoy the economic value of work, but they still feel like there is a hole in their lives. The obvious next step is that we value other people’s work, even when it is lower paid. Unfortunately, that has not happened.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08w67n0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKarin Kimbrough: Chief Economist, LinkedIn\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow is remote working changing job searches?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe’re seeing a huge increase in demand for remote work on our platform, one that will have a significant long-term impact on the labour market. Globally, we’re seeing four times the number of jobs that offer remote work since March. We also see that trend reflected from jobseekers: the volume of job searches using the “Remote” filter on LinkedIn has increased ~60% since the beginning of March, and the share of Remote Job Applications has increased nearly 2.5 times globally from March.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe advent of remote work and an increasingly virtual world seems to have reduced barriers for people to connect and build their networks. Lately, LinkedIn members are more likely to connect with others outside of where they live.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith the rise of remote work, one of the most exciting trends that we’re going to see is a democratisation of opportunity and movement of skills all around the globe. Companies may be able to source diverse talent more easily, especially from groups that are underrepresented in their area, or for skills that are locally less available, through remote-work options.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ENaohiro Yashiro: Professor, Global Business, Showa Women's University\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWill white-collar workers get more freedom?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECovid-19 is reshaping the traditional urban work style in Japan. In Tokyo, 2.4 million people commute in the crowded trains every day. The Covid-19 pandemic forces remote work for many employees, who find it quite efficient and comfortable. However, the flexible combination between work and family life at home is interrupted by the rigid labour law that forces the employer to monitor the working hours of the employees from 9 to 6, including lunchtime break. The law was originally established based on the blue-collar work style, and it mechanically applies to the white-collar jobs. The current official guideline for teleworkers requires the employees to take an hourly paid holiday when they leave temporarily from the work at home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENevertheless, the expansion of the new workstyle facing the Covid-19 will eventually not only release the white-collar jobs from the restrictions on time and place, but it should change the traditional unspecified job style under a lifetime commitment toward more specific contract-based employment. An increasing number of teleworkers would be an important step toward activating the elderly and handicapped workers and raising the labour productivity of the white-collar workers by letting them free from rigid time-based management in Japan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We will need more managers from shop floor to top floor who have emotional intelligence and social skills if we are to manage people more remotely - Cary Cooper: Professor of Organisational Psychology & Health at Manchester University","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJeanna Lundberg: Co-Founder and CEO, Respaces\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EWhat is the future of workspaces?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA few months ago, I had the luxury of a beautiful office close to home, and a boss who would allow me to work from home whenever I wanted. My friends were envious, as almost all of them were expected to work from the same desk every day.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen Covid-19 hit, and show-up culture was officially dead. No one was expected to show up anywhere. Suddenly companies were forced to leave the standard office buildings behind, and trust both technology and their employees to truly work remotely. So, what have we learnt so far?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf I ask my friends if they would like to go back full-time to working from one office, five days a week – most people say no. They like skipping the obligatory commute, feeling trusted by their bosses, and having the freedom to customise their days to their personal needs. But they also complain that the home office is cramped, boring, and lonely after a while.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECompanies have discovered that both remote work and trusting employees is not only possible, but in many cases more profitable. Employees remain effective and productive, and they feel better, too. Many are now questioning the need for the big, expensive and static office they used to have.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, if the general population won't be going back full-time to the office, but also won’t be staying at home full-time – what is the future of workspaces?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECovid-19 taught us the importance of flexibility and trust, from economic, sustainability and health perspectives. As companies dare to explore options beyond the ‘one-size-fits-all’ office solution, we can start sharing spaces in a new way. Imagine if you could have access to inspiring new locations adapted for different tasks and projects – wherever you are.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERashmi Dhanwani: Founder, the Art X Company\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EWhat does employee trust look like?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the formal economy, we have observed that the impact has been most evident around intangible ideas of trust, accountability and boundaries. In India, we have operated on a trust deficit in the workplace, which made it necessary for specific hierarchical and social structures to be in place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic, the disruptions it has caused to what we know and the enforced move to work from home has allowed for a multi-polar power dynamic to emerge with power bases shifting from leaders and experienced bosses to younger professionals more adept at adapting to digital working environments. Secondly, with the transparency of processes, allocation and status updates that digital planning tools bestow, employee accountability to tasks is made more visible to everyone across the work chain, leading to challenging the aforementioned trust deficit. Lastly, boundaries between office and personal space, digital and lived experiences and work and play have become far more fluid. It remains to be seen how organisations are able to capitalise on opportunities arising out of this unprecedented situation, while also syncing it into creating a “better normal” for its employees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08w67tv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EKaren Mills: Senior Fellow, Harvard Business School and Former Administrator, US Small Business Administration\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIs being an entrepreneur harder than ever?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESmall businesses and entrepreneurship are the hidden assets of every democratic society. In the US, they have long been the pathway to the American Dream. But what if this pathway became less available in the future? It’s getting harder to start a business in the US, and entrepreneurship is already on the decline.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne way to reverse this trend is by widening access to capital. Fintech [financial technology] lenders can help fill the gaps left by banks in underserved markets and communities, although we must be vigilant that hidden biases in lending algorithms do not exacerbate existing disparities. The future of access to capital remains unclear, but one thing is certain: if entrepreneurship fades, so will economic opportunity and mobility.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJay Van Bavel: Associate Professor of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWill our behavioural changes last?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe have just undergone the largest behaviour-change experiment in the history of humanity. The question is, which new habits will stick around after the pandemic is over? I think it’s safe to say that people will quickly flock back to restaurants and bars, weddings and funerals, vacations and graduations once a vaccine has been developed. But it’s less clear if we will continue to wear masks during flu season – which could save countless lives and better prepare us for a future pandemic – or continue to work from home.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe population has had a massive crash course in modern technology, so I think that these new skills and experiences will be the true engine of change. For instance, now that companies have been forced to try telecommuting, I bet that many will decide it’s less expensive and more efficient to allow people to work from home. This has lots of second- and third-order effects that we haven’t considered. One possibility is that it could increase gender equity in the workforce as parents are better able to balance work and home life. Telecommuters might flock to smaller, cheaper cities or rural environments. But if they do, this won’t be the end of big cities – I expect they will rise from the ashes like a phoenix as artists and young parents will suddenly be able to afford life in an urban hub.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe restructuring of society might seem frightening, but it provides the opportunity for radically new social arrangements that are not only more efficient, but also more humane.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"One of the biggest effects of the pandemic has been to illuminate the utter lack of voice and influence most people have in their workplace - Anna Stansbury: Inequality & Social Policy Scholar, Harvard University","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EJohn Trougakos: Associate Professor, Organizational Behaviour and HR Management, University of Toronto\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EHow do we modernise traditional work arrangements?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Covid-19 pandemic has fundamentally shifted the way in which people work. As a result, traditional office jobs may never be the same. The pandemic forced millions of employees to work remotely, and numerous companies have elected to make this move a permanent feature of their business models. However, in order to maximise the benefits of working remotely, ways must be found to ensure people remain productive and connected while not being overburdened.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECompanies need to look at the pandemic as an opportunity to modernise how people work. This should not only include a shift to having employees working from home, but also being open to alternative schedules including ideas such as four-day work weeks and six-hour work days. At the same time, employees must build resilience and actively preserve boundaries between home and their job, not only to boost performance, but to also maintain personal well-being. One way to help achieve this is to empower workers by giving them more autonomy in determining their working arrangements. Greater control over how and when to work leads to greater satisfaction, productivity and reduced stress. People may choose to work from home, go into the office or find alternate arrangements that work for them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELocal neighbourhood Covid-safe remote work spaces, such as those offered by new companies like Toronto-based WorkMode, have arisen specifically to address this growing need. These types of spaces offer alternatives to large crowded office buildings, while providing employees a simple way to deal with their work-home boundary dilemmas. The key is to focus on keeping workers productive and healthy by giving them the freedom to work in ways that suit their needs while also meeting corporate objectives. Proactive and progressive companies will take this opportunity to embrace this new normal and turn it into a competitive advantage while simultaneously improving the lives of their workers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAnna Stansbury: Inequality & Social Policy Scholar, Harvard University\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EWill all workers now have a voice?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the world of work, one of the biggest effects of the pandemic has been to illuminate the utter lack of voice and influence most people have in their workplace.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is starkest if you consider low-paid essential workers in industries like food production or delivery – working for meagre pay at the best of times, in poor working conditions and during this pandemic often forced to choose between losing their income or risking contracting a disease which could threaten them and their loved ones. But it is also true for employees throughout the income distribution. Healthcare workers – on the front-line in dealing with the pandemic – are dying at alarming rates, and are often forced to go without the information, the protective equipment or the workplace practices needed to stay safe. Employees in retail, in office jobs, in hospitality have hesitated to return to long days of working in enclosed spaces with poor air circulation – but have often had no real choice in the matter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd for many people, this has raised the question: why do I have so little say in my workplace? And: what can we do to change this?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis desire for a greater voice in the workplace has manifested itself with strikes and walkouts across industries and countries, from warehouse workers in Milan to bus drivers in Detroit, food packers in Northern Ireland to nurses in Hong Kong. It has manifested itself with calls for greater unionization, or for employee representation on workplace health and safety committees. And, I expect, it will manifest itself over the longer term, in a generation which has viscerally experienced the risks of not having a meaningful voice in their workplace – and who will put substantial emphasis on organizing for, advocating for, and voting for measures to strengthen employee representation and workplace democracy in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08w648s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChinmay Tumbe: Professor of Economics, Indian Institute of Management\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EWhich divides between workers will deepen?\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic is starkly reframing societal inequalities between those who have good bandwidth connectivity and those who don’t. The former can work from home, choose to live remotely, exercise at home and accumulate their savings in a world with limited opportunities for instant gratification. The latter are either struggling or out of work, stalling mortgage payments, climbing down the nutrition ladder and dipping into their savings. This includes a large class of migrant workers, desperate for normalcy to resume, as work from home is not feasible and work near home is not available.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnemployment and growing inequality could thus herald new political opportunities, if not outright revolutions. The post-pandemic world will also be interesting: a resumption of the consumerist economy with reduced time-horizons (why postpone purchases and exotic vacations when life can be so short) as well as a nostalgia for the possibilities that the lockdown offered us – of streets without cars, of clean air and of spending quality time with family. Expect more suburbanisation and multiple-home-ownership for the wealthy and a strong urge to upgrade digital skills among those not so well-off but who want to thrive in the new age high-bandwidth society.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECary Cooper: Professor of Organisational Psychology & Health at Manchester University\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EWill presenteeism get worse?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe world of work will dramatically change over the next few years, not only because of Covid, but also because of the deep recession we will all be facing. There will, of course, be more flexible working – that is, people working substantially from home if they can and using a central office environment from time to time – but the 9-to-5 in an office environment is dead. Even employers will want this given the recession because it will enable them to substantially downsize their estate costs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBusiness travel will virtually cease both within the country and between countries as well because people are reluctant to use trains and planes and also employers want to minimise travel expenses – so Zooming, Skyping, etc. will be the future of business relationships. Given the fears of redundancies and a massive increase in job insecurity, we will see a great deal of presenteeism over the coming couple of years, which is likely to reflect itself in the short term by more visits to the central office environment to connect with office politics and to show facetime.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in the medium term, [presenteeism will be reflected] by people working longer hours and creating and attending more virtual meetings – which will not be good for the health of employees and their productivity. And finally, people in management roles will have to undergo a major transformation. We will need more managers from shop floor to top floor who have emotional intelligence and social skills, if we are to manage people more remotely, to identify when people are not coping with their work or suffering from mental ill health and to team build and develop in a virtual world new products and services. In the past, we promoted and hired people to leadership roles based on their technical skills; in the future, we will need managers who have parity between their technical and people skills – this is a major shift in emphasis in the new world of work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EScott Galloway: Professor of Marketing, New York University\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EThe pandemic has accelerated societal change – will it last?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic’s most enduring impact will be as an accelerant. While it will initiate some changes and alter the direction of some trends, the pandemic’s primary effect has been to accelerate dynamics already present in society – from e-commerce to online education to remote healthcare.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe biggest question facing the world as the pandemic recedes will be: will these accelerations stick? Millions of people shifted their grocery purchases online – will they keep that up after it is safe to shop in person? Thousands of colleges invested in distance learning technology, and their teachers and students developed new skills – will they leverage those investments to expand their offerings beyond the traditional ivy-covered walls? And millions of people saw their doctor, their therapist or their psychiatrist online for the first time – will they make future appointments this way, saving time, money, and gas, or will they miss the physical closeness?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeyond the world of business, the pandemic revealed and accelerated stark disparities in income, lifestyle and opportunity. Working class people got laid off, or – if they were deemed “essential workers” – were forced to risk their lives for minimum wage. While office workers relocated to their suburban homes and kept on collecting their $100,000 incomes. Will the generation that came of age into such a world reject the system that produced it, push for reform or decide that ruthless competition is their only hope?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p08w6bjk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPoornima Luthra: Founder and Chief Consultant, TalentED\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat will inclusive offices look like?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is the year 2020. What would a futurist in the early 1900s have predicted about the state of equality in the year 2020? It is quite likely that the predictions would have been around absolute equality for all human beings. And yet here we are, in 2020, still struggling with inequality, biases and discrimination in our workplaces.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs we design the workplaces of the post-Covid-19 era, we need to put inclusive workplaces for diverse talent at the forefront of how we think about the future of work. This will need us to embrace a broader scope of diversity in our workplaces that includes gender, ethnicity, age, physical disabilities, cognitive diversity, lifestyle choices, sexual orientation and socioeconomic backgrounds. Whether work is done remotely, in our offices or perhaps some hybrid of the two, we need to be asking ourselves if we have inclusive workplace cultures for our diverse talent to thrive?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe foot needs to stay on the accelerator. This will require all of us, individually and collectively, to ask ourselves if we are doing enough to be active allies – are we actively creating inclusive workplaces in which all its diverse talent feel that they are valued, appreciated, respected and that they belong.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELila Preston: Co-Head of Growth Equity Investment, Generation Investment Management\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow can we make work more sustainable?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic had a profound impact on the labour market almost overnight: the equivalent of nearly 500 million full-time jobs disappeared. What happens next is enormously important, and we at Generation are focused on ensuring a sustainable future of work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe pandemic has brought home how many of the current models of work are not sustainable. Employment has dropped across the world, but the young, people of colour and women have been hit hardest of all. As economies reopen, we have the obligation to build back better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe are investors dedicated to sustainability. For us, a sustainable future of work would have three main traits. First, people would receive adequate compensation – not only in terms of their take-home salary each month, but also in terms of retirement savings and healthcare coverage. Second, the world of work must address longstanding issues of underrepresentation of minority groups. Finally, companies must help improve productivity growth, which was weak long before the pandemic and is a fundamental source of societal discontent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA number of young companies are doing important work in this space. Some companies are focused on improving financial inclusion, trying to make it easier for workers to start and build a retirement-savings plan. Other companies in this space reduce the costs of access to benefits including health insurance. These services save small business owners hours of administration – and also immeasurably improve workers' lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EImproving diversity and accessibility is also crucial. For white-collar workers, by removing the requirement to be in a physical office, businesses can open up access to new talent pools like working mothers, veterans and people with disabilities. The opportunity for remote and distributed work can also allow us to challenge human biases that impact recruiting processes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs sustainability investors, we believe that we are at an exciting turning point. The pandemic, despite its many horrors, could be a catalyst for a better world of work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Will the generation that came of age into such a world reject the system that produced it, push for reform or decide that ruthless competition is their only hope? - Scott Galloway: Professor of Marketing, New York University","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVinod Kumar: CEO, Vodafone Business\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EHow will emerging tech shape post-Covid-19 offices?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe’re seeing a massive rewriting of the social contracts between employers and employees as a result of Covid-19. The way businesses function and employees work fundamentally changed overnight which forced both to reset their expectations of how work fits into life. The traditional 9-to-5 work day as we know it has also changed, as employers seek to accommodate its employees with flexible windowed hours of working.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese new social contracts between employers and workers centre on blending in-person offices with remote capabilities as well as traditional office hours with asynchronous work, all enabled by technology. As a result, when I think about the future of work and how it will evolve in years to come, I believe our workday will be more virtual and automated. The rise of 5G networks and connected machines will enable virtual on-the-go workstations. These virtual stations will provide employees with all the amenities of a digital workplace, from AI-powered assistants that prep whiteboard presentations to virtual reality headsets that put you at the table of a morning meeting with co-workers around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, businesses will need to create digital workplaces that make it easier for all kinds of employees to work in flexible environments while also living their lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVaibhav Gujral: Partner at McKinsey & Company\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWhat about the 'heartbeat' of the office?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs lockdowns swept through the world earlier this year, the speed with which companies adapted was nothing short of remarkable, switching to a remote work model virtually overnight. Living rooms and kitchen countertops were converted into workspaces, and backgrounds for video calls were carefully curated. Many desk job workers even experienced a productivity ‘honeymoon’, with hours that were erstwhile spent stuck in traffic or airport lines, redeployed to staying on top of a zero inbox and sometimes enjoying mealtime with family.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, as the crisis dragged, we realised that it wasn’t sufficient to measure productivity by the simple yardstick of hours worked. We were missing the ‘heartbeat’ of the workplace: the energy that comes from serendipitous encounters that aren’t boxed into Zoom screens; the creativity that comes from spontaneous collaboration; the trust and relationships that are built through countless and unsaid small gestures and interactions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, the question that is critical for us to answer – as we eventually emerge from this crisis – is ‘will we work differently?’ Will companies that are announcing permanent work from home policies become beacons for the rest, or remain exceptions?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven small shifts in work patterns could have a profound impact on commercial real estate – most directly on the demand for office space, and inevitably a multiplier effect on urban downtowns that are designed for the 9-to-5 worker. Companies are now reflecting more than ever on their real estate footprint. Does it make sense to keep large HQ spaces in urban centres, or should they adopt a more flexible model? The pressure on demand will create a flight to quality, toward buildings that deliver a better experience for users, and are more technologically advanced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOrganisations that get it right may emerge from the crisis ahead in the war for talent, with policies that employees prefer, and workplaces that are purpose-designed to be vibrant, foster collaboration and productivity for the new way of working.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ERosanna Durruthy: Vice President, Global Diversity, Inclusion and Belonging, LinkedIn\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWhat will become of working parents?\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAcross the globe, it’s apparent, one thing will remain constant: remote work. Whether mandated by an employer or a personal choice, chances are many of us will be working from home for the foreseeable future. For many professionals, this shift is a positive and welcomed change. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fpulse\u002Fwfh-problem-parents-returning-office-wont-solve-caroline-fairchild\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EOur recent survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E revealed that 63% of professionals would choose to continue working from home in some capacity even if their employer opened offices because most of them (57%) are not yet feeling safe to return to work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn this environment, having managers and company leaders who also recognize the unique challenges working parents are facing is critical. As a leader, you can foster an environment and culture where working parents are supported by offering flexibility such as moving away from traditional 9-to-5 working hours and encouraging transparency and regular check-ins between colleagues on work schedules and availability. It's also critical that organisations understand the challenges and barriers of returning to work. A LinkedIn study found 30% of working professionals with school-aged children at home right now feel they do not have the necessary childcare available to return to work. And 60% of workers say their employers have not made accommodations to their work schedules to help with parenting duties. As companies look to reopen, they must address the concerns of working parents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis series is produced by: Philippa Fogarty, Simon Frantz, Javier Hirschfeld, Sarah Keating, Emmanuel Lafont, Bryan Lufkin, Rachel Mishael, Visvak Ponnavolu, Maddy Savage and Meredith Turits.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work-22"}],"collection":["worklife\u002Fcolumn\u002Funknown-questions"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-10-26T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Coronavirus: How the world of work may change forever","headlineShort":"The pandemic’s biggest unknowns","image":["p08w67kt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Project":"","Slug":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"5fda405381722ae486c54287"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p08w6398"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Covid-19 upended our jobs. We've tried to adapt, but what about the long term? BBC Worklife asks dozens of experts to flag the biggest questions we should be asking in 2020 and beyond.","summaryShort":"The most urgent questions about work in a post-Covid world","tag":["tag\u002Funknown-questions"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-10-24T15:12:26.056Z","entity":"article","guid":"b3d8e4d4-51d3-4172-96a9-43bb1f8eba1a","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-18T21:34:39.433595Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20201023-coronavirus-how-will-the-pandemic-change-the-way-we-work","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227801},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality","_id":"5fda3fae81722ae486bf7a4c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Psychologists have found a single habit that sabotages most goals – and the way to correct it.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow often do you find yourself lost in a fantasy, imagining just how wonderful your life would be if you trained for a marathon, learnt a new language, founded your own start-up or wrote a novel? It’s natural to daydream about the things we want – but contrary to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FLaw_of_attraction_(New_Thought)\"\u003Epositive-thinking literature\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, simply visualising a brighter future won’t make it any more likely to happen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, psychological research shows that we should start making pragmatic plans to accomplish our goals instead of simply dancing in daydreams. This means comparing  those rosy visions with our current reality, identifying the obstacles and finding the best way to overcome them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPsychologists call this process “mental contrasting”. Their research shows that most people fail to effectively engage the strategy in their daily lives – meaning that our good intentions remain wishful thinking, and we never reach our dreams. Learning how to mentally contrast effectively can improve our problem solving, motivation and self-control – all of which can bring huge benefits to our personal and professional lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Fantasy Realisation Theory’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGabriele Oettingen, a professor of psychology at New York University, has pioneered much of the research in this field, which she calls “\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fspc3.12271\"\u003EFantasy Realisation Theory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E”. Her interest began with some studies in the 1990s that yielded counter-intuitive results: all revealed that positive thinking on its own could be surprisingly counter-productive. Studying dieters, for instance, she found that the more people fantasised about the weight loss, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002FBF01173206\"\u003Eless likely they were to actually drop any pounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Students, meanwhile, who dreamt of academic success \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.psych.nyu.edu\u002Foettingen\u002FOETTINGEN2002MOTIVATING.PDF\"\u003Etended to get worse grades than those who didn’t\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The warm emotions the fantasies aroused led [people] to feel as if they’d already met goals","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHow could positive thinking backfire so badly? Given these results, Oettingen speculated that participants were non-consciously confusing the daydreams for reality; the warm emotions the fantasies aroused led them to feel as if they’d already met goals, meaning that they were less likely to put in all the hard work needed for actual success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd so, in the early 2000s, she set about investigating whether a simple reality check could put them back on track. Working with colleagues in Germany, she recruited 55 schoolchildren studying English. Some were asked to write a story about the benefits of being proficient in the language – a “positive fantasy”. (Their answers ranged from “my father is happy” to “I can talk to the Back Street Boys” [sic].) Others were asked to list the obstacles that might stop them achieving that goal – the “negative reality”, such as not knowing enough vocabulary or being tempted to play football rather than doing their homework. And a third group were asked to do both, engaging first in the positive fantasy followed by an acknowledgement of the negative reality. This was the “mental contrasting” intervention.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESure enough, Oettingen found that the children who’d engaged in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS088303550000046X\"\u003Emental contrasting made much better progress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over the following three months. This was especially true for the students who had the highest initial expectations of success: the simple exercise allowed them to translate those hopes into the best possible grades, while the others obtained middling results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMind over mettle\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese early findings inspired a trickle, and then a torrent, of new studies in many different contexts over the following years – and together, they build a compelling case for mental contrasting as a versatile and valuable tool.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe now know the benefits include everything from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F1948550613476307\"\u003Ebetter academic performance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F20496981\u002F\"\u003Eimproved diet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F22888817\u002F\"\u003Eincreased exercise\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F1090198119826284\"\u003Ereduced consumption of alcohol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In 2019, Oettingen found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1469029218307416\"\u003Emental contrasting could also predict success in competitive ballroom dancing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with more commitment to their training in the run-up to a competition. And in a paper published earlier this year, researchers showed that it can also lead to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11031-019-09791-9\"\u003Ebetter relationships\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, by helping individuals overcome their frustrations and reconcile following disagreements.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“[Mental contrasting] is now very well researched,” says Katja Friederichs, a psychologist who studies mental contrasting at the University of Trier, Germany and the Liesenfeld Research Institute in Boston, Massachusetts. “It has been found to be very helpful for people to implement their goals in various areas, from sport to business.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn each case, the technique seems to steel people’s resolve and determination. “For most wishes, you have to mobilise the effort to overcome an obstacle,” agrees A Timur Sevincer at the University of Hamburg. “And mental contrasting helps people to do that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Remember the acronym ‘WOOP’: consider your Wish, imagine the Outcome, identify the Obstacle, and then make a Plan","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESevincer’s own research over the past few years has examined \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F0146167213492428\"\u003Ewhether people spontaneously use mental contrasting in their daily lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In a typical experiment, he would ask the participant to write about an important personal wish and then analyse their answers for signs of the positive fantasies, followed by the reality check. His results suggest that as few as 10% to 25% of people spontaneously use this powerful strategy in the pursuit of their goals – whereas most people simply indulge in the positive fantasies, or become too bogged down in demotivating rumination about the challenges facing them. That leaves a huge number of people who might benefit from learning to balance the two ways of thinking through mental contrasting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMental contrasting seems to be particularly effective when it is combined with “implementation intentions”. Essentially, once you have identified the obstacles that will prevent you from reaching your goal, you should plan concrete ways to overcome the challenge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat may sound obvious, but once again, it’s a simple step that escapes many people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a study published earlier this year, social psychologist Elizabeth Mutter at New York University recently examined \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31264451\u002F\"\u003Ethe use of this technique for smoking reduction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One participant, for instance, identified that stress often triggered their habit, and they decided that they would instead go on a walk instead of lighting up.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInterestingly, Mutter found that the people with the greatest dependency on their cigarettes were the most likely to benefit from applying mental contrasting with implementation intentions. The discovery chimes with Friederichs’s research, showing that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.paid.2020.109970\"\u003Emental contrasting brings the biggest benefits for people with generally poor self-regulation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMutter says that the simplicity of the technique should make it a particularly useful addition to public health programmes. “You can learn mental contrasting with implementation intentions in a short amount of time – around 10 minutes – at no monetary cost.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMental muscles\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you fancy trying mental contrasting yourself, remember to follow the acronym ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwoopmylife.org\u002Fen\u002Fhome\"\u003EWOOP\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’, which reminds you to consider your Wish, imagine the Outcome, identify the Obstacle, and then make a Plan for how you are going to overcome those challenges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith time, these simple steps should become a kind of mental habit that you apply whenever you find yourself mind wandering into those unproductive fantasies that feel good but ultimately sabotage your success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESevincer, for instance, says that he uses it regularly while job hunting. “Before these interviews, I catch myself fantasising how great my presentation or my interview will be, and then I try to take a step back and think of the obstacles.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFriederichs has similarly integrated the technique into her life. It gives her the self-control to write her scientific papers, for instance, even on a hot summer’s day when all her friends are going for a swim. She compares self-regulation to an “emotional muscle” that you need to develop, and therefore advises that we begin with humbler ambitions before tackling major life goals. She says, “If you start out with small things, you make that muscle bigger, and eventually, even the biggest challenges will be doable.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDavid Robson is the author of \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.davidrobson.me\u002Fthe-intelligence-trap\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Intelligence Trap: Why Smart People Do Dumb Things\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003E(WW Norton\u002FHodder & Stoughton), which examines the psychology of irrational thinking and the best ways to make wiser decisions.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The strategy that turns daydreams into reality","headlineShort":"How to turn fantasies into reality","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Psychologists have found a single habit that sabotages most goals – and the way to correct it.","summaryShort":"The trick that can make your daydreams more productive","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-24T19:49:14.24824Z","entity":"article","guid":"7b08e64e-12d2-4f99-86f7-0f4e8dcc5e17","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-25T08:42:55.686513Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200821-the-strategy-that-turns-daydreams-into-reality","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227802},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder","_id":"5fda3fad81722ae486bf73d5","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Self-doubt and imposter syndrome permeate the workplace, but women, especially women of colour, are particularly likely to experience it. Why is this – and how can it be changed?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough I haven’t worked in an office in more than 20 years, I still remember the feeling I used to have at my nine-to-five magazine job. No matter how well I did, I always felt that I wasn’t good enough for the rarefied publishing world. I didn’t come from a pedigree; I just was a hard-working black woman. I felt (and sometimes literally was) unacknowledged in the hallways, and my voice was hardly heard. It wasn’t unusual that ideas I presented at meetings got a lukewarm reception, but two meetings later someone else suggested a similar thought, which was instantly deemed a must-write story.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven though I knew I was capable of doing the work, I was riddled with doubt. It was years later that I learned there was a term for what I felt: imposter syndrome.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EYou may not be able to see it around you, but imposter syndrome permeates the workplace. It’s a feeling that many people can identify with: why do I feel like a fraud even though I’m eminently qualified for this job? Despite having education and training, many have never been able to break free of doubting their worthiness and step into any a higher level of success.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EBut although anyone can ask this question, imposter syndrome has an outsize effect on certain groups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We’re more likely to experience imposter syndrome if we don't see many examples of people who look like us or share our background who are clearly succeeding in our field – Emily Hu","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Women, women of colour, especially black women, as well as the LGBTQ community are most at risk,” says Brian Daniel Norton, a psychotherapist and executive coach in New York. “When you experience systemic oppression or are directly or indirectly told your whole life that you are less-than or underserving of success and you begin to achieve things in a way that goes against a long-standing narrative in the mind, imposter syndrome will occur.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you doubt yourself even when you’re doing all the right things, are you doomed to feel like an imposter, no matter what? And why, exactly, do we feel imposter syndrome – and what can we do when that feeling starts to boil up?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EStacked odds\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECorporate culture exacerbates the problem of imposter syndrome, particularly for women.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Lean In, a US organisation that focuses on women in the workplace, women are less likely to be hired and promoted to manager. Its 2019 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fleanin.org\u002Fwomen-in-the-workplace-2019\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eresearch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E shows that for every 100 men brought onto teams and elevated to management, only 72 women experience the same thing. Men hold 62% of manager-level positions, while women hold just 38%. And although one-third of the companies Lean In surveyed set gender representation targets for first-level manager roles, 41% of them didn’t for senior levels of management.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd despite progress in the boardroom, where diverse voices have been historically absent, women still don’t have near-equal representation. According to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.catalyst.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fwomen-on-corporate-boards\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECatalyst\u003C\u002Fa\u003E data for 2019, women in the US held 26.1% of directorships, up from 20.3% in 2016. Women in the UK fared slightly better, holding 31.7% of directorships, up from 25.3%. But even in the top-rated country, France, women only hold 44.3% of directorships, up from 37.6% in 2016. Additionally, women of colour are all but non-existent on corporate boards: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.catalyst.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fwomen-minorities-corporate-boards\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECatalyst\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reports that fewer than 5% of US corporate board seats are held by women of colour, despite being 18% of the US population. The only black woman to ever head up a Fortune 500 company as CEO was Xerox's Ursula Burns, who left the company in 2016.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe lack of role models for marginalised communities has a major impact on making people feel like they do – or don’t – belong in these corporate environments. Without this representation, there’s no “signal of the possibility of advancement… [or] how they managed the realities of stereotype, stigma and oppression in order to advance”, says Thema Bryant-Davis, a black psychologist and professor of psychology at Pepperdine University in California.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We’re more likely to experience imposter syndrome if we don't see many examples of people who look like us or share our background who are clearly succeeding in our field,” adds Emily Hu, a clinical psychologist in Los Angeles. “This is especially true for black and indigenous people, for whom overall representation across almost all white-collar fields is alarmingly low.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For years I thought Nasa only hired me because they needed women - Maureen Zappala","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut lack of physical representation is just one of the factors that feeds into imposter syndrome. For instance, pervasive racist and sexist stereotypes can cause marginalised people to doubt themselves, says Bryant-Davis. She points to common messaging such as that women are not good leaders because they're too emotional; women are not good at maths or science; black, indigenous and other people of colour are lazy, unintelligent or lack integrity.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EEven the traditional focus on female beauty can make an impact on self-doubt. “If you've grown up with messages that you're only valued for your looks and your body, not your skills or intelligence, you may end up getting a certain job or position and wondering whether you truly deserve it or if the hiring manager just thought you were a pretty face,” says Hu.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘Underqualified and in over my head’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaureen Zappala is a former propulsion engineer – a literal rocket scientist. But despite working at the US’s renowned National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Nasa) for 13 years in the 80s and 90s, and reaching a mid-level management position, Zappala was still beset with self-doubt.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“For years I thought Nasa only hired me because they needed women. I felt under-qualified and in over my head. I worked long hours to try to prove myself. I was too afraid to ask for help because I thought if I'm really as smart as they think I am, I shouldn't need the help, and I should be able to figure this out on my own,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven after being promoted, she constantly second-guessed her decisions. “Even though people raved about my people skills, and how I knew the facility inside out, and how I was really good at project management, I refused to objectively look at that data that said I was qualified,” says Zappala, who is now a professional speaker and author of Pushing Your Envelope: How Smart People Defeat Self-Doubt and Live with Bold Enthusiasm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat never-ending doubt can do damage both professionally and personally.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJaime-Alexis Fowler is founder and executive director of Empower Work, a San Francisco-based non-profit that provides a crisis text line for workers, and says that imposter syndrome is one of the top issues that people reach out about. “They're overwhelmed, stressed, in many ways paralysed by this sense that no matter what they are doing, it's not enough, or that someone is going to find out that they don't know what they think they know. They feel like a 'fraud', or that they're never going to be qualified enough,” says Fowler. The professional anxiety spills over into their day-to-day mental health, she adds. “They have anxiety, stress, lack of sleep, an inability to focus and more.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoubt and stress from imposter syndrome can thwart your career trajectory, too. “You may not seek better opportunities due to fear of being exposed as a fraud, or it could cause your management style to not be as effective due to micro-management, perfectionism and lack of confidence,” says Richard Orbé-Austin, psychologist and co-author of Own Your Greatness: Overcome Impostor Syndrome, Beat Self-Doubt, and Succeed in Life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFrom fear to faith\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if you know the sources of your imposter syndrome, the feeling can still be hard to shake.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Talking about your imposter syndrome is the first step to dealing with it, rather than suffering in silence,” says Orbé-Austin. “Identify allies and advocates in the workplace who believe in you and are supportive of you professionally.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECheck in with your colleagues and peers in the field, especially other women and people of colour. “Don't be afraid to admit you're struggling. Ninety-nine percent of the time, you're not the only one doubting yourself,” says Hu. This goes a long way toward validating the way you're feeling, which can be helpful for convincing yourself that the imposter syndrome actually isn't real the next time you experience it, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I was a woman in a foreign country with no business experience, working in a field that is to this day overwhelmingly white and male. How could I be an executive? - Rana el Kaliouby","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHu adds that it’s also important to silence your inner critic, and look toward your strengths. “We tend to over-focus on the negatives when we feel imposter syndrome, only paying attention to supposed failures or deficiencies,” she says. “Give yourself credit for your accomplishments. It may be hard at first because your mind will try to keep minimising the good stuff that you do, but keep trying.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd know that it is possible to get past your sticking points.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeveral years ago, Rana el Kaliouby left Egypt to move to the US to pursue a career in artificial intelligence. She worked at MIT and did well, which led her to co-found Affectiva, an emotion-measurement technology company in Boston.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I had no faith in my ability to lead,” says el Kaliouby. “I was a woman in a foreign country with no business experience, working in a field that is to this day overwhelmingly white and male. How could I be an executive? I told myself I couldn't, and we opted to hire a seasoned business executive to serve as CEO.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter a few years with the company, their first CEO moved on. Some board members recommended Kaliouby step into the role, but she had a lot of doubts. “I’d never been a CEO before, so how could I take this on? The voice in my head told me I can’t, I shouldn’t and that I’d fail.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut after Affectiva’s head of sales raised his hand to take the job, despite never having been a CEO either, el Kaliouby says that she “realised that women often don’t raise their hand unless they check all of the boxes. But when I sat down and thought about what a CEO does – and what I was doing – I realised I was not only ready for the job, but I was already doing it. I summoned my courage, approached the executive team and the board, and ultimately stepped into the role.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFour years later, el Kaliouby isn’t totally free of self-doubt – but she’s in a much better place with her imposter syndrome. “Sometimes I still hear the ‘Debbie Downer’ voice in my head. But I have learned to reframe the message. It is now my advocate, not my adversary, challenging me to move forward out of my comfort zone.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Why imposter syndrome hits women and women of colour harder","headlineShort":"Imposter syndrome's prime target?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Self-doubt and imposter syndrome permeate the workplace, but women, especially women of colour, are particularly likely to experience it. Why is this – and how can it be changed?","summaryShort":"Why self-doubt has an outsized effect on certain groups","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-07-27T19:53:43.69941Z","entity":"article","guid":"6b80e314-9b61-44b0-8b1d-a48462d7839d","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder","modifiedDateTime":"2020-11-10T16:17:16.909496Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200724-why-imposter-syndrome-hits-women-and-women-of-colour-harder","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227802},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure","_id":"5fda3fae81722ae486bf792b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"From billboards to posters, adverts are everywhere and can be an eyesore for anyone – but for communities they target the most, they’re also a public health risk.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOn a Saturday morning in July, a group of face-mask-wearing protestors milled about a small plot of land next to a busy road in the English city of Bristol. Houses lined the side of the road they were on, with industrial buildings and a river on the other side.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey were dwarfed by a large placeholder billboard bearing the logo of the world’s largest outdoor-advertising company, JCDecaux. The site was slated to have a big, new digital billboard. Those plans had drawn the ire of protestors – largely members of \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fadblockbristol.org.uk\u002F\"\u003EAdblock Bristol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a group advocating for a reduction in outdoor public advertising.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome local residents observing the group were apathetic. “I’m not really opposed to it,” shrugged Simon Hitchcock, watching the protest from a nearby bus shelter. He wondered if the bright lights might even bring a positive sheen to the largely working-class area, which was being redeveloped for multi-storey housing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnti-advertisers tend to be an ardent but niche group. Iwona Tempowski, who lives about half a mile from the protest site, said she was there “to fight for a bit of humanity and nature”. She wanted the vacant site to be turned into a sculpture park, rather than a shrine to consumption.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the desire for more beautified public space isn’t the only factor that has mobilised some to push back on highly visible outdoor adverts. What Tempowski has observed in Bristol holds true for cities around the world, where evidence shows that lower-income people are bombarded with more – and more harmful – ads than those in wealthy neighbourhoods. Some opponents are fighting the public health threat these billboards’ messages pose, especially in less affluent areas with vacant lots and cheap land values.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe inequality of exposure \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany people consider outdoor adverts to be eyesores. But opposition campaigners point to the deeper effects of a glut of public advertising – for instance, causing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fcities\u002F2019\u002Fdec\u002F23\u002Fadvertising-breaks-your-spirit-the-french-cities-trying-to-ban-public-adverts\"\u003Emental overload\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.campaignlive.co.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fguerrilla-art-group-sabotages-outdoor-ads\u002F1141464\"\u003Eoverspending\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and exacerbating the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.equaltimes.org\u002Fthe-growing-global-movement-to-end#.Xij-OySnyEf\"\u003Eenvironmental consequences of overconsumption\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This has led the anti-advertising movement to comprise a varied coalition of psychologists, environmentalists, public space activists and artists. The movement is also finding common cause with some public health researchers, as in the case of junk-food advertising.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJean Adams, a public health researcher at Cambridge University, has studied how advertising unequally affects health behaviours. “We know that advertising works. Food advertising influences what kind of food children express preference for. Most food advertising is for less healthy foods. So food advertising in itself contributes to less healthy diets, and, by extension, probably to obesity,” she explains.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Outdoor advertising, we do not consent to it. It’s there whether we want it or not – Carla Denyer","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne study of four US cities found that overall advertising density was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1468-0009.2009.00551.x\"\u003Etwo- to four-times higher in low-income postal codes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than in high-income ones. This is in large part because the land there is cheaper. Wealthier areas are also more likely to be deemed to have conservation or heritage value, and so it’s harder to obtain planning permission to erect ads there. Privately owned sites will generally have an easier time obtaining such permission, unless especially motivated or politically connected citizens mount opposition to it. In the UK, the exact procedures vary from council to council, although the National Policy Planning Framework sets out general stipulations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELess affluent areas (for instance, in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fpublic-health-nutrition\u002Farticle\u002Fsocioeconomic-differences-in-outdoor-food-advertising-in-a-city-in-northern-england\u002F192383F225D92A592658F950382D7E30\"\u003ENewcastle\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, England) have more dense concentrations of billboards for less healthy foods. The Newcastle study found that 20% of the advertising land space was for food, with a KFC product being the most commonly advertised food. As Adams points out, “less healthy foods are cheaper, calorie-for-calorie and gram-for-gram”. Thus it’s not a paradox that people with less spending power are being disproportionately exposed to adverts for unhealthy food.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOutdoor advertising is also more prevalent in neighbourhoods with higher proportions of certain racial minorities, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12889-019-7821-y\"\u003Eblack residents in New York City\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This holds even for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11524-006-9127-5\"\u003Emore affluent, predominantly black neighbourhoods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“In high-income white areas, there just wasn’t outdoor advertising,” says Sonya Grier, who researches marketing at American University in Washington, DC, and has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1468-0009.2009.00551.x\"\u003Eexamined outdoor-advertising density\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Living in an upper-income white neighbourhood was kind of protective” against marketing of products contributing to obesity. This was in stark contrast to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F331483408_%27Alisha_in_obesity-land%27_Is_food_marketing_the_mad_hatter\"\u003Einner-city minority neighbourhood\u003C\u002Fa\u003Es where billboards, bus shelters and walls commonly promote soda, fast food and sugar cereals. These visuals influence people by amplifying the many other kinds of unhealthy-food marketing – including on TV, magazines, radio and internet – aimed particularly at young people and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F286252437_Understanding_Community_Perspectives_A_Step_Towards_Achieving_Food_Marketing_Equity\"\u003Eminorities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA ‘double inequality’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn its own, advertising influences preferences for food high in salt, fat and sugar. But abundant public advertising is linked with not just poorer nutritional health, but also limited walking and recreational space caused by the uneven layout of cities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAccording to Carla Denyer, a city of Bristol councillor who also works for the Adfree Cities network, long-standing inequalities and dual carriageways cutting through more deprived communities mean that low-income residents are disproportionately exposed to outdoor billboards targeted especially at motorists zooming through.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDenyer gives the example of Lawrence Hill, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bristolpost.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbristol-news\u002Fmost-deprived-streets-bristol-poverty-886532\"\u003Eone of the poorest areas of\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Bristol, which is next to a confluence of major roads and has a very high concentration of outdoor adverts. “It has some of the worst air quality in the city, and yet it also has some of the lowest car-ownership rates in the city. So there’s a real kind of double inequality there. Because the people that live there are not the people who are causing this pollution, but they happen to live in it and they’re facing premature deaths and breathing problems in their children.” At the same time “they’re also being subjected to advertising telling them how great these SUVs are that are actually causing all of these problems.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPublic-health researcher Adams believes that the disparities in land value, and their consequences for unequal advertising, shouldn’t be dismissed. Whether inequalities built into cities are a product of neglect or discrimination, she advocates more regulation of public advertising in view of the public health impacts, particularly on more vulnerable groups.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFighting adverts\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome jurisdictions have had success in cutting out specific product categories that are deemed socially harmful. For instance, London has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fuk-england-london-47318803\"\u003Ebanned posters for junk food\u003C\u002Fa\u003E across its public transport network in an attempt to curb child obesity (although it’s unclear what effect this has had). In France, proposals for the citizens’ climate convention have included suggestions to ban advertising \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fantipub.org\u002Fles-citoyen%c2%b7nes-vont-dans-le-sens-de-la-regulation-de-la-pub-pour-sauver-le-climat\u002F\"\u003Eharmful to the environment or to health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGovernmental regulation and policy implementation isn’t such a straight road, however, as evidenced by prior fights over advertising that threatens public health, such as tobacco. Tobacco-advertising regulation was a hard-fought victory for public health professionals, but Grier believes that the battle against junk food is likely to be more challenging.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERather than tackling powerful lobbying groups at the national level, it may be more effective to think small. “Local officials can consider things like zoning restrictions,” she says. “I think local officials can also think about how they might identify specific strategies for their locality that change the message environment, and work to incentivise the promotion of healthy food and disincentivise the promotion of unhealthy foods using the tools that they have at their disposal.” Reducing the overall space for advertising would be likely to reduce the advertising of unhealthy foods that form such a large share of marketing efforts, especially in relation to children, low earners and minorities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere’s also scope for working with community groups. “We’ve done research that shows that there are significant numbers of community members that are concerned about these issues, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5707955\u002F\"\u003Eespecially when they’re sensitised to them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,” says Grier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome cities have gone further than blocking specific categories of ads, by restricting outdoor advertising altogether. Distaste for ‘visual pollution’ has led to the restriction of outdoor billboards and signs in São Paulo. Some Indian cities have banned ads in certain public spaces where they were considered to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.deccanherald.com\u002Fspecials\u002Fpoint-blank\u002Fbengaluru-ward-panels-as-covid-19-warriors-859629.html\"\u003Eendanger public safety or block views\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in Bristol, campaigners have had to combat each billboard one by one, using the National Policy Planning Framework. This allows for challenges on the grounds of road safety or public amenity. Denyer says that Adblock Bristol has successfully challenged about 75 digital outdoor ads so far, primarily using the road safety argument that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F288931602_A_field_study_on_the_effects_of_digital_billboards_on_glance_behavior_during_highway_driving\"\u003Edigital billboards are distracting to drivers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But “what we really need is for government and local councils to change their policy so that we don’t have to fight each individual planning application”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne concern is the potential loss to cities of badly needed revenue, for instance from rents and business rates, that come from advertising. But that common assumption is misguided, according to Denyer. She believes that the public income derived from advertising is minimal and would be dwarfed by the longer-term costs of dealing with air pollution, obesity and other ills associated with advertising.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Outdoor advertising, we do not consent to it. It’s there whether we want it or not,” emphasises Denyer. “And if we are forcing that experience on all the people that live in the more deprived areas of the city, then that’s worsening the inequalities all the more.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"How outdoor advertising can deepen inequality","headlineShort":"The inequality of outdoor advertising","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From billboards to posters, adverts are everywhere and can be an eyesore for anyone – but for communities they target the most, they’re also a public health risk.","summaryShort":"Why things like billboards are a public health and equality issue","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-08-19T20:07:39.995658Z","entity":"article","guid":"12347f9e-8aa9-4c17-bfe2-19c5ded35c9b","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure","modifiedDateTime":"2020-08-20T09:15:52.633816Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200817-the-inequality-of-outdoor-advertising-exposure","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227802},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf89fa","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Amid wide unemployment during Covid-19, basic income schemes have gained fresh relevance. A successful Canadian scheme that's over four decades old could provide a road map for others.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EEvelyn Forget was a psychology student in Toronto in 1974 when she first heard about a ground-breaking social experiment that had just begun in the rural Canadian community of Dauphin, Manitoba.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I found myself in an economics class which I wasn’t looking forward to,” she remembers. “But in the second week, the professor came in, and spoke about this \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.utpjournals.press\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.3138\u002Fcpp.37.3.283\"\u003Ewonderful study \u003C\u002Fa\u003Ewhich was going to revolutionise the way we delivered social programmes in Canada. To me, it was a fascinating concept, because until then I’d never really realised you could use economics in any kind of positive way.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe experiment was called ‘Mincome’, and it had been designed by a group of economists who wanted to do something to address rural poverty. Once it was implemented in the area, it had real results: over the four years that the program ended up running in the 1970s, an average family in Dauphin was guaranteed an annual income of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.marketplace.org\u002F2016\u002F12\u002F20\u002Fdauphin\u002F\"\u003E16,000 Canadian dollars \u003C\u002Fa\u003E($11,700, £9,400).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith unemployment likely to mount in the wake of Covid-19, the concept of introducing a basic income is once again back in vogue on both sides of the Atlantic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy did these economists start Mincome those four decades ago? They wanted to see whether a guaranteed basic income for those below the poverty line could improve quality of life – a grand economic idea that had been around since the Enlightenment, but had barely been tested in practise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs one of just a handful of real-life basic income trials that has taken place over the past half century, little did they know that more than 40 years later, this experiment  would be at the centre of the discussion regarding the merits of introducing basic income on a larger scale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBack in 1974, Canadian policy makers were inspired by a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.utpjournals.press\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.3138\u002Fcpp.37.3.283\"\u003Ewave of social reforms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which had been rolled out throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, including the introduction of universal health insurance across Canada in 1972. So, having garnered the support of Canada’s federal and provincial governments, University of Manitoba economist Derek Hum, along with Manitoba civil servants Ron Hikel and Michael Loeb, created a scheme in which Dauphin’s poorest residents could apply to receive monthly cheques to boost their existing income. At the time it was the most ambitious social science experiment ever to take place in Canada, and saw rates of hospitalisations fall, improvements in mental health, and a rise in the number of children completing high school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“It wasn’t a case of getting money to live and do nothing,” says Sharon Wallace-Storm, who grew up in Dauphin and was 15 when the experiment began. “They set a level for how much a family of three or four needed to get by. You applied showing how much you were making, and if you didn’t meet that threshold they would give you a top up.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E‘100 miles too far from anywhere’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe experiment intrigued Forget, especially because of the sheer remoteness of Dauphin. Located in the middle of a vast plain, a five-hour drive from the capital of Winnipeg, Dauphin comprised little more than farming, and a small factory producing trainers. Even the town’s own inhabitants would jokingly refer to it as being “100 miles too far from anywhere”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut choosing Dauphin wasn’t random – it was simply a case of pragmatism. The economists needed a town of approximately 10,000 people – any smaller, and they would lack sufficient data to draw conclusions, while any bigger and it would cost too much – which they could drive to and from in a day. They drew a big circle around Winnipeg and happened upon Dauphin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn total, the scheme ran for more than four years, with the primary goal of investigating whether a basic income reduced the incentive to work, one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FEvelyn_Forget\u002Fpublication\u002F282878565_Reconsidering_a_Guaranteed_Annual_Income_lessons_from_MINCOME\u002Flinks\u002F5621459c08ae70315b58cb74\u002FReconsidering-a-Guaranteed-Annual-Income-lessons-from-MINCOME.pdf\"\u003Emain public concerns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at the time regarding such schemes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"At the time it was the most ambitious social science experiment ever to take place in Canada, and saw rates of hospitalisations fall, improvements in mental health, and a rise in the number of children completing high school","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, it was abruptly stopped in 1979, a casualty of the political and economic turmoil of the mid-to late-1970s. A series of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.canadianbusiness.com\u002Fbusiness-strategy\u002Fthe-stagnant-70s\u002F\"\u003Eoil price shocks\u003C\u002Fa\u003E had led to rampant inflation and increasing levels of unemployment. This meant that by 1979, far more families in Dauphin were seeking assistance than the experiment had budgeted for, while the scheme’s payouts were rising with the inflation rate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESoon, both the federal and provincial governments decided that supporting it was no longer viable, and so the experiment was scrapped. The many files of data were packed away in cardboard boxes, stored in a warehouse, and there they languished, unused and forgotten for nearly three decades.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUncovering the truth\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EForget had long wondered what had happened to the social experiment that so captivated her in 1974. Merely hearing about it even changed her own career direction: she switched fields from psychology, andlater became a health economist. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, in 2008, she finallydecided to find out what had become of it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As a health economist, you become aware very quickly that we use the healthcare system to treat the consequences of poverty, and we do it in an inefficient and expensive way,” she says. “We wait until people live horrible lives for many years, get sick as a consequence, and then we go in all guns blazing to make things better.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EForget discovered that the data had fallen under the jurisdiction of the Winnipeg regional office of Canada’s National Library and Archives. After gaining permission to analyse it, she was confronted with 1,800 dusty boxes packed full of tables, surveys and assessment forms, all of which needed to be digitalised.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter several years of painstaking work, she was finally able to publish \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.utpjournals.press\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.3138\u002Fcpp.37.3.283\"\u003Ethe results\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, many of which were eye-opening. In particular, Forget was struck by the improvements in health outcomes over the four years. There was an 8.5% decline in hospitalisations – primarily because there were fewer alcohol-related accidents and hospitalisations due to mental health issues – and a reduction in visits to family physicians.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EForget believes this was a direct result of the added security in people’s lives provided by the basic income. “I wanted to see whether doing something about poverty has an impact on people’s health and these results are really interesting,” she says. “An 8.5% reduction over four years is pretty dramatic.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJoy Taylor, who was 18 and newly married when the scheme began, remembers that people had much less to worry about financially during the course of the experiment, which improved their wellbeing. Her husband was suddenly able to get a loan to open a local record store, with banks being more willing to lend money to small businesses because of the guaranteed payments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere was also an increase in the number of adolescents completing high school. Before and after the experiment, Dauphin students – like many in rural towns across Manitoba – were less likely to finish school than those in the city of Winnipeg, with boys often leaving at 16 and getting jobs on farms or in factories. However, over the course of those four years, they were actually more likely to graduate than Winnipeg students. In 1976, 100% of Dauphin students enrolled for their final year of school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“Very often these people were the first in their family who’d ever finished high school,” says Forget. “When Mincome came along, families decided they could support their sons in school just a little bit longer, and, in some ways, I think that’s the most exciting result because we saw that investment in human capital.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther families who were on the programme at the time remember that certain things were suddenly more affordable. For Eric Richardson, the youngest of six children who was aged 10 when the experiment began, the introduction of basic income meant a trip to the dentist for the first time. “Normally, you didn’t get to go until you were old enough to pay for it yourself,” he says. “I remember it very well because I had 10 cavities and our dentist would drill your teeth without freezing.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For Eric Richardson, the youngest of six children who was aged 10 when the experiment began, the introduction of basic income meant a trip to the dentist for the first time","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut when the experiment ended in 1979, the improvements which had been seen in health and education soon returned to how things had been in 1974. Taylor remembers how many of the small businesses that had sprung up over the preceding four years began to vanish. Her husband was forced to close their shop, and the couple soon left Dauphin for good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“After the programme ended, we moved to Ontario in 1980 because there was nothing to stay for anymore,” she says. “It just wasn’t doing very well.” \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd, so, Dauphin faded back into anonymity – until now. Forget’s persistence in bringing the findings of Mincome to light has led both policy makers and academics around the world to revisit this long-forgotten experiment, as they ponder whether such a scheme could ever be viable on a much larger scale.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECan basic income work across a whole country?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EProponents of a nationwide basic income scheme \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-018-05259-x\"\u003Ehave argued\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that a system similar to Mincome, in which those earning less than a certain threshold receive top-up payments, are a necessary complement to the existing benefits system in order to reduce poverty. They feel that the stringent requirements attached to welfare programmes means that on their own, they provide insufficient support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, critics point to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiea.org.uk\u002Fthe-case-against-a-universal-basic-income-ubi\u002F\"\u003Ehuge administrative costs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E associated with providing a population-wide basic income, potentially supporting several million individuals. After all, just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-018-05259-x\"\u003E2,128 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in total were involved in the Mincome experiment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, Luke Martinelli, an economist at the University of Bath, attempted to model how much such a scheme may cost the UK, with the cheapest estimate coming to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bath.ac.uk\u002Fpublications\u002Fassessing-the-case-for-a-universal-basic-income-in-the-uk\u002F\"\u003E£140 billion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E per year – on top of the existing welfare state costs. Critics have stated that no trial conducted so far has provided any indication of whether governments could afford such a large-scale programme, nor whether citizens would be willing to accept the higher levels of taxation needed to fund it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the things we do know from the Mincome experiment is that basic income does not appear to discourage the recipients from working – one of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FEvelyn_Forget\u002Fpublication\u002F282878565_Reconsidering_a_Guaranteed_Annual_Income_lessons_from_MINCOME\u002Flinks\u002F5621459c08ae70315b58cb74\u002FReconsidering-a-Guaranteed-Annual-Income-lessons-from-MINCOME.pdf\"\u003Emajor concerns\u003C\u002Fa\u003E politicians have always held about such schemes. Forget found that employment rates in Dauphin stayed the same throughout the four years of Mincome, while a \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fjulkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10024\u002F161361\u002FReport_The%20Basic%20Income%20Experiment%2020172018%20in%20Finland.pdf?sequence-=1&isAllowed=y\"\u003Erecent trial in Finland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which provided more than 2,000 unemployment people with a monthly basic income of 560 euros ($630, £596) from 2017 to 2019 – found that this helped many of them to find work which provided greater economic security.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“They recently released the final results, which showed the nature of the jobs that people got once they received a basic income was changing,” says Forget. “So instead of taking on precarious part-time work, they were much more likely to be moving into full-time jobs that would make them more independent. I see that as a great success.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Critics have stated that no trial conducted so far has provided any indication of whether governments could afford such a large-scale programme, nor whether citizens would be willing to accept the higher levels of taxation needed to fund it","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut to understand some of the broader implications of how a basic income scheme may work across a larger population, some experts believe it may be necessary to first try it on a state-wide or regional level, before rolling it out on a nationwide scale can be considered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis could provide governments with a better idea of what it could cost in practise, as well as analyse critical social factors such as what Greg Mason, an economist at the University of Manitoba, calls the ‘politics of envy’.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“All the experiments so far have only considered whether basic income affects the willingness to work of those receiving the extra payments,” Mason says. “But they haven’t looked at the people who are just above the threshold for receiving basic income. Those people could well become very resentful of anyone who isn’t working, and yet only earn slightly less than them.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMason believes that for basic income to work on a larger scale, governments would need to find an eligibility income threshold that is reasonable enough to cover necessities, while not allowing people to live “the good life”. He predicts that such a threshold is likely to lie in the region of CAD$15,000 ($11,000, £8,800) – very similar to the equivalent sum which families in Dauphin received during Mincome.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough many questions do need to be answered surrounding the affordability of basic income on a larger scale, Forget believes that the impact of the coronavirus pandemic could render it necessary to consider taking radical measures to plug gaps within existing welfare programmes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“When Covid-19 came along and people started to lose jobs in Canada, we discovered that the suite of social programmes in place was really not up to the task,” she says. “You have this mismatch of inconsistent programmes, and you’ve got people falling through the gaps so they’re not getting the support they need. That’s only going to continue as many of the firms suffering now because of the pandemic are probably finished. With so much employment, I think basic income needs to be considered as it provides a much more coherent solution.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the residents of Dauphin who lived through the Mincome project during the 1970s, there are no doubts of its merits. “I’m a huge advocate of basic income to this day,” says Taylor. “Knowing that extra money was coming in made life that bit easier. You no longer needed to be afraid of paying the bills or what you were spending on food. It gave you that piece of mind.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Canada’s forgotten universal basic income experiment","headlineShort":"Canada's lost social experiment","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Amid wide unemployment during Covid-19, basic income schemes have gained fresh relevance. A successful Canadian scheme that's over four decades old could provide a road map for others.","summaryShort":"What the world can learn about safety nets amid pandemic job loss","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-24T20:11:16.880295Z","entity":"article","guid":"1d6c5c5c-2fff-4ccf-b521-19e34bcadda5","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-26T00:59:32.937827Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200624-canadas-forgotten-universal-basic-income-experiment","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227802},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits","_id":"5fda3fb081722ae486bf8814","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":null,"bodyIntro":"Cases worth hundreds of millions can chip away at long-standing workplace inequality.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis is the latest story in \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fcapital\u002Ftags\u002Fthe-diversity-box\"\u003EThe Diversity Box\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, our new series looking at representation in the workplace.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EMost companies will be able to quickly point to their diversity scheme, whether it’s a well-thought out plan to create a more balanced workforce or a token public relations effort.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EA lack of diversity can show itself in ugly ways, when workers are discriminated against or harassed due to their age, race, gender, sexuality, and more.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EOften these instances are swept under the rug or shrugged off and go unreported. But sometimes, people fight back against discrimination – and win, punishing companies that allow workplace discrimination to happen. In the process, these cases raise awareness about the broader issues of discrimination, harassment, representation and diversity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003EIn the US, individuals can sue their employers for enormous sums. Here are some landmark lawsuits that have commanded headlines through the years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EClick or pinch to zoom on mobile.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EClick or pinch to zoom on mobile.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EClick or pinch to zoom on mobile.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EClick or pinch to zoom on mobile.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EResearch by Miriam Quick. Design by Tiziana Alocci.\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Capital, please head over to our\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCapital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Epage or message us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Capital\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp\u003E{\"image\":{\"pid\":\"\"}}\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2018-08-16T22:47:29Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"The most influential US workplace discrimination lawsuits","headlineShort":"Do discrimination lawsuits work?","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"How cases worth hundreds of millions can chip away at long-standing workplace inequality","summaryShort":"Some of them are worth hundreds of millions","tag":[],"creationDateTime":"2018-08-16T01:39:29.509159Z","entity":"article","guid":"f2ebad3d-40ea-490e-8703-0daa3b845ffd","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits","modifiedDateTime":"2018-08-16T01:39:29.509159Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20180815-the-most-influential-us-workplace-discrimination-lawsuits","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227802},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf891a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Whether it's a small balcony, a home garden, or access to a park, outdoor space has long been a luxury for many – not a given. And the pandemic's made it even worse.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMoikgantsi Kgama has seen far too much of her apartment recently. She’s spent the pandemic inside her home in New York’s Harlem neighbourhood, an affordable housing flat which has no balcony, rooftop or private garden. A communications consultant by day and CEO of her own film company on the side, she spends her time working in a tiny home office alongside her husband, who lost his job in the concert industry when coronavirus hit. They’re also home-schooling their son, who’s developed insomnia due to the abrupt lifestyle change. Having no outdoor space makes everything worse.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“I don’t have anywhere to go, except outside into the pandemic – which feels extremely scary,” says Kgama. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies have long shown \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6651051\u002F\"\u003Ethat access to green or open space is often linked to income\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, particularly in cities. Covid-19 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fusa-spaces-minorities\u002Fprotests-pandemic-pile-pressure-on-u-s-public-space-idUSL8N2DO1RM\"\u003Ehas placed this issue front and centre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: those with access to balconies, gardens or good, close neighbourhood parks have been benefiting from them during weeks of lockdown, while others have been trapped inside. Kgama says that she could walk to a park, but that would mean making her way through crowds of people gathered on the pavement to throw birthday parties. “You only see that in poor neighbourhoods,” she says. “People haven’t stopped doing that during the pandemic. I walked through one yesterday.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELacking that private outdoor space is something that “defines the haves and have-nots”, she feels. And there’s no guarantee living outside the city is better; poverty is rising in US suburbs and residents of emerging suburbs have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-avenue\u002F2019\u002F08\u002F21\u002Fparks-make-great-places-but-not-enough-americans-can-reach-them\u002F\"\u003Esome of the lowest park access\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the nation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECovid-19 has shone a harsh light on numerous inequalities in our society. Is access to green space one we can fix?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETrapped inside\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDecades of research have shown that spending time in green space is good for our physical and mental health – including boosting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F238428905_Why_Is_Nature_BeneficialThe_Role_of_Connectedness_to_Nature\"\u003Eour emotional states and attention spans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and improving our \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cnn.com\u002F2019\u002F11\u002F21\u002Fhealth\u002Fgreen-spaces-life-expectancy-wellness-trnd\u002Findex.html\"\u003Elongevity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even a little goes a long way: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F224\u002F4647\u002F420\"\u003Ea study in the 1980s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E showed that post-surgery patients assigned to hospital rooms with greenery outside recovered faster than those who didn’t have such accommodations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EYet in many cities, outdoor space – whether your own or in terms of proximity to parks – comes at a premium. Last month, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\u002Feconomy\u002Fenvironmentalaccounts\u002Farticles\u002Foneineightbritishhouseholdshasnogarden\u002F2020-05-14\"\u003Estudy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E from the Office of National Statistics revealed that one in eight British households had no access to green space at home, whether a private or shared space. That inequity was starker among ethnic groups: in England, black people are almost four times more likely than white people to have no access to private outdoor space. Access to public outdoor space can be a challenge, too: “There are about 100 million people in the US who don’t live within 10 minutes of a park or green space,” says Kimberly Burrowes, a researcher at the Urban Institute, a think tank based in Washington, DC that studies cities. And \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Fblog\u002Fthe-avenue\u002F2019\u002F08\u002F21\u002Fparks-make-great-places-but-not-enough-americans-can-reach-them\u002F\"\u003Ethe poorer an area is, the worse the park quality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even if a park is close by.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People view nature as an amenity, not as an essential – Lorien Nesbitt","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“People view nature as an amenity, not as an essential,” says Lorien Nesbitt, an assistant professor of urban forestry at the University of British Columbia in Canada. “I think we don’t always view urban nature as important as running water, housing, that kind of thing.” Nesbitt led a study last year \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F328030472_Who_has_access_to_urban_vegetation_A_spatial_analysis_of_distributional_green_equity_in_10_US_cities\"\u003Eexamining green space in 10 major US cities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Across the board, she says, green space was harder to access in lower-income neighbourhoods and in areas with mostly residents of colour. In general, in richer areas, it’s easier to find any kind of garden, rooftop or balcony greenery, ‘micro parks’ on pavements or city blocks, and even trees, which require long-term investment and maintenance, meaning they are found more often in those wealthier neighbourhoods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMoving further out of cities is a solution many seek. Yet, cheaper suburban life, with its houses and front and back gardens, isn’t always the solution. In some areas people (especially women and people of colour) may not feel safe in their gardens, or homes might be next to loud, pollution-heavy structures like a highway or airport. Not all suburbs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.citylab.com\u002Flife\u002F2019\u002F11\u002Fsuburbs-demographic-trends-population-data-immigration\u002F601546\u002F\"\u003Eare created equal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, either: from 2000 to 2015, the poverty rate in US suburbs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.brookings.edu\u002Ftestimonies\u002Fthe-changing-geography-of-us-poverty\u002F\"\u003Egrew by 57%.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E “There are still marginalised people in suburban areas as well,” says Nesbitt. “It’s not so much about the amount [of green space], it’s the quality.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a place like the US, public green spaces are funded by city budgets (whose parks departments can often operate on a shoestring) from local tax dollars. In richer areas, green spaces can be high quality, since private non-profits can “conduct massive fundraising campaigns among the affluent stakeholders with access to these parks”, says Ingrid Gould Ellen, faculty cirector of New York University’s Furman Center, which researches urban policy. “Since state and local budgets seem likely to shrink [because of the pandemic], potentially dramatically, there's a worthwhile conversation about how to raise private funds to support investment in parks in lower-income neighbourhoods.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESmart solutions\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome cities have prioritised accessible green space more than others; in Vancouver, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fvancouver.ca\u002Ffiles\u002Fcov\u002FGreenest-city-action-plan.pdf\"\u003E92% of residents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E live within a five-minute walk of green spaces. In Milwaukee, in the US state of Wisconsin, Burrowes points to an urban trail that was deliberately designed to makes its way through several neighbourhoods of colour, allowing residents greater access close to home. She says cities like these have nature-minded advocates in local government: she points to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tpl.org\u002F10minutewalk\"\u003E10-Minute Walk Challenge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which challenges mayors to make parks a 10-minute walk from all homes by 2050. It’s a national initiative led by organisations like the US’s National Recreation and Park Association, and nearly 300 city mayors have signed on, with San Francisco \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sfchronicle.com\u002Fbayarea\u002Farticle\u002FSF-1st-city-in-nation-with-a-park-10-minute-walk-11150987.php\"\u003Ebecoming the first city\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to hit the challenge’s goal in 2017.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBurrowes also points to New York City’s work with minority communities in Manhattan’s Lower East Side decades ago \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Flifeandstyle\u002F2015\u002Faug\u002F11\u002Fnew-york-lower-east-side-community-gardens\"\u003Eto create ‘pocket parks’ tucked into the city blocks that exist to this day.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Even when the city was gripped by crime, drugs and bankruptcy in the 1970s, it helped neighbourhood residents develop the public community gardens they made out of abandoned clearings that continue to provide green space for small public art events and other gatherings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen there’s the matter of balconies. “I live in affordable housing, and I’m grateful for the housing,” says Kgama. “But I was kind of thinking, ‘would it have hurt them to put a balcony here?’” She isn’t alone in that sentiment: from New York to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theglobeandmail.com\u002Freal-estate\u002Ftoronto\u002Frising-demand-for-balconies-poses-riddle-for-developers-intoronto\u002Farticle35997696\u002F?ref=http:\u002F\u002Fwww.theglobeandmail.com&\"\u003EToronto\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.citylab.com\u002Flife\u002F2020\u002F04\u002Fapartment-design-balcony-private-outdoor-space-zoning-laws\u002F610162\u002F\"\u003Ethere’s been more demand for balconies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E built into apartment units. Strict zoning laws and extra cost are roadblocks, however, as is the fact that bigger balconies can mean less space inside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E“Balconies and communal rooftops were not common features of pre-war construction, and 57% of all units in New York City were built before 1947,” says New York University’s Ellen, who says small courtyards are more common, and many public housing buildings were built to include them. But many, like Kgama’s, don’t allow residents access, as that would require extra maintenance money.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dezeen.com\u002F2020\u002F04\u002F14\u002Fcoronavirus-pandemic-reveals-inequities-in-new-york-housing-say-local-architects\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ESome local architecture firms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like New York City-based PRO, think now is the time to address this issue, with proposals to retrofit screened-in balconies onto the sides of World War Two-era brick buildings. Nathan Rich, the founding partner at PRO, \u003Ca href=\"points%20to%20a%20project%20in%20France%20\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Epoints to a project in France\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that’s done something similar, adding balconies on to 1960s social housing developments. His firm is looking at buildings within the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA), which provides housing to low and middle-income residents, to design possible solutions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Covid continues to spotlight where these inequities are and what they look like – Kimberly Burrowes","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMost NYCHA buildings lack outdoor space, plus many of the buildings are ageing rapidly, with potentially huge maintenance costs – meaning any solutions need to be creative. “We are looking at strategies that would allow new balconies to perform multiple functions and piggyback on NYCHA maintenance efforts that are already underway,” says Rich.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENesbitt says changes don’t have to be so radical; even “view corridors” to parks from your home could help. Extra flowers on the street could work, too, because we can’t go to the park every day. “Especially if we’re busy, or a single parent, or low income and we have to work a couple [of] jobs. You’re not going to be in the park five blocks from your house – you will be walking down the street in front of your house, and that contact with nature is important.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA renewed conversation\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, trying to increase access to outdoor space has been a goal of cities way before Covid-19 struck. But the conversation has taken on greater intensity since the pandemic has exposed just how unequal access can be. It’s not yet been possible to quantify the mental-health toll of long weeks of lockdown, and any correlation with access to outdoor space. But we do know that isolation \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcapmh.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs13034-020-00329-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eis bad for everyone’s mental health,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and that people \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kff.org\u002Fcoronavirus-covid-19\u002Fissue-brief\u002Fthe-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewho lost incomes or had low incomes to begin with experienced more stress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. “Covid continues to spotlight where these inequities are and what they look like,” says Burrowes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExperts hope this will accelerate pre-pandemic trends: a push for more balconies, better community gardens and easier entry points to parks. But this must come from city governments prioritising them. “We can have good housing and good access to nature – not one or the other,” says Nesbitt. “In the pandemic, that relationship with nature is really important.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKgama, meanwhile, is finally managing to get some fresh air – in Charlotte, North Carolina. She and her family bought plane tickets for $15 each and will fly down for a weeklong getaway. But she wishes it was even longer. If a second wave of Covid cases hits New York, it’ll mean being cooped up inside for months all over again. “If I could, we would’ve left for the whole summer,” she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid-10"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"What outdoor space tells us about inequality","headlineShort":"The luxury of having outdoor space","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":[],"relatedTag":[],"summaryLong":"Whether it's a small balcony, a home garden, or access to a park, outdoor space has long been a luxury for many – not a given. And the pandemic's made it even worse.","summaryShort":"In Covid-19, balconies and gardens reveal a lot about inequality","tag":[],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2020-06-17T18:54:44.408435Z","entity":"article","guid":"ba673f54-38dc-4ffb-aee5-731fe188df84","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","modifiedDateTime":"2020-06-24T04:09:06.674477Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20200617-the-luxury-and-privilege-of-a-balcony-or-yard-during-covid","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227802},"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:article:worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","_id":"5fda3fb181722ae486bf8cde","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":[],"bodyIntro":"Our brains don’t all work the same way. One New York-based software company sees that as a competitive advantage.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ERajesh Anandan founded his company Ultranauts (formerly Ultra Testing) with his MIT roommate Art Shectman with one aim: one aim: to prove that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Farticle\u002F20190719-neurodiversity\"\u003Eneurodiversity \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand autism could be a competitive advantage in business.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“There is an incredible talent pool of adults on the autistic spectrum that has been overlooked for all the wrong reasons,” says 46-year-old Anandan. “People who haven’t had a fair shot to succeed at work, because of workplace and workflow and business practices that aren’t particularly effective for anyone but are especially damaging for anyone who is wired differently.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe New York-based quality engineering start-up is now one of an increasing number of firms looking towards autistic talent. But while programmes at companies including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.reuters.com\u002Farticle\u002Fus-world-work-autismatwork\u002Fautism-in-the-workplace-a-spectrum-of-hiring-choices-idUSKCN1SD0YB\"\u003EMicrosoft and accounting firm EY\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are small and focused around supporting neurodiverse workers in the office, Ultranauts has redesigned its entire business around neurodiversity, changing hiring efforts to actively recruit individuals on the autism spectrum and developing new workplace practices to effectively manage neurodiverse teams.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“We set out to change the blueprint for work, and change how a company could hire, manage and develop talent,” says Anandan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENeurodiversity has risen to the top of the agenda around inclusion at work in recent years, yet it is not a common term. It refers to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fneurodiversity.io\u002F?option=com_content&view=article&id=1\"\u003Ethe range of differences in individual human brain function\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which can be associated with conditions such as dyslexia, autism and ADHD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch by the UK’s National Autistic Society (NAS) shows that the figures around employment of people with autism in the UK are still very low. In its survey of 2,000 autistic adults, just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.autism.org.uk\u002Fget-involved\u002Fmedia-centre\u002Fnews\u002F2016-10-27-employment-gap.aspx\"\u003E16% were in in full-time work\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, despite 77% of people who were unemployed saying they wanted to work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe barriers to work for people with autism can still be huge, and Richmal Maybank, employer engagement manager at NAS, says many factors contribute to this. “Job descriptions can often have core tick-box behaviours, and can be quite general,” she says. “Forms look for ‘team players’ and ‘staff with great communication skills’ but lack specific information.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETerms like these – or interview questions such as ‘where you see yourself in five years’ – can be too general for people with autism, as many with the condition can find vague questionsparticularly hard to decipher. Additionally, people can feel uncomfortable disclosing their disability or feel challenged by open-plan workplaces, where they may feel they need to socialise or absorb uncomfortable levels of noise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"People can feel uncomfortable disclosing their disability or feel challenged by open-plan workplaces, where they may feel they need to socialise or absorb uncomfortable levels of noise","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFive years in, 75% of Ultranauts’ staff are on the autistic spectrum – and one reason for this is its innovative approach to hiring. In other companies, assessing candidates often focuses heavily on communication competencies, which means neurodiverse voices can be excluded. But at Ultranauts there is no interview process and applicants don’t need relevant experience of specific technical skills. “We have adopted an approach to screening job applicants that is much more objective than you’ll find in most places,” says Anandan.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead of using CVs and interviews, potential employees undergo a basic competency assessment in which they are evaluated against 25 desirable attributes for software testers, such as the ability to learn new systems or take on feedback. Following these initial tests, potential staff undergo a week of working from home fully paid. Potential recruits also know they can choose to work on a DTE (a desired-time equivalent) timetable, meaning they can take on as many hours as they feel comfortable managing, rather than being tied into full-time work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“As a result, we have a talent screening process to take someone who has never done this job and at the end of that process have a 95% degree of confidence… whether people would be great at this,” says Anandan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe competitive advantages of ‘neurodiversity’\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStudies by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhbr.org\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fneurodiversity-as-a-competitive-advantage\"\u003EHarvard University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bima.co.uk\u002FTech-and-Inclusion-Report\"\u003EBIMA\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have shown that embracing and maximising the talents of people who think differently can have huge benefits for a business. Having a neurodiverse workforce has been shown to improve innovation and problem solving, as people see and understand information in a range of different ways. Researchers have also found that accommodations made for neurodiverse staff members such as flexible hours or remote working can benefit neurotypical staff, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe NAS say they have seen a rise in organisations reaching out to them to find out how they could better recruit autistic talent and neurodiverse workers, especially outside the IT sector. NAS offers suggestions for small changes, such as ensuring every meeting has an agenda. Agendas and similar tools can help neurodiverse staff focus on the relevant information needed and help people plan things in advance, making the meeting more accessible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The things we suggest are good practice for any company, not just people with autism. They aren’t expensive, and are often easy quick wins,” says Maybank. “Employers need to recognise cultures in their organisation and to understand the unwritten rules of their organisation, to help people navigate that.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMaybank, who has been working with autistic people for the last decade, says she’d like to see more mandatory training for managers around neurodiversity and more buddying programmes to help people create better social links at work. She also feels employers should look at different progression routes for employees who may not want to become managers.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut she says increased awareness of neurodiversity has improved understanding in workplaces. “People are becoming way more open about recognising different strands of autistic and neurodiverse behaviour,” she says. “People have a pre-conceived perception of what autism is, but it’s best to ask that person. People may be opposites of each other despite having the same condition.”\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETailoring new technology\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet it’s not just increased awareness; remote working and new technologies are also helping to support workers who may previously have struggled to enter the workforce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWorkplace tools including instant messaging platform Slack and list-making application Trello have improved communication for staff who may work outside a standard office environment. These tools can have additional benefits for people on the autistic spectrum, who might find things like face-to-face communication difficult.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltranauts has made use of these technologies, as well as creating its own tools to suit staff needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“A couples of years ago, a colleague on our team said they wished people came with a user manual,” says Anandan. So that’s exactly what they created, a self-authored guide called a ‘biodex’ which gives colleagues at Ultranauts all the information they need to find the best ways of working with a particular person.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBeing flexible about workplace set-up and tailoring company behaviours to cater for autistic needs has been a huge success for Ultranauts, which is beginning to share its experiences on best practice with other companies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnandan says he’s learnt that making a workplace inclusive for neurodiverse colleagues hasn’t added friction or inefficiency, but allowed people who have largely been ignored by society to show their true talents. “We’ve shown over and over… that we’ve delivered results better because of the diversity of our team,” he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum-7"}],"collection":[],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2019-10-21T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","geolocation":null,"headlineLong":"Where 75% of workers are on the autistic spectrum","headlineShort":"The firm that got rid of job interviews","image":[],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","location":null,"longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"worklife","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Our brains don’t all work the same way. One New York-based software company sees that as a competitive advantage.","summaryShort":"To recruit neurodiverse workers, one company took a new approach to hiring","tag":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-21T02:10:22.357963Z","entity":"article","guid":"f8151bd9-24fd-4c5f-9aa0-183b341a7f11","id":"worklife\u002Farticle\u002F20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","modifiedDateTime":"2019-11-25T15:54:24.190705Z","project":"worklife","slug":"20191018-where-75-of-workers-are-on-the-autistic-spectrum","cacheLastUpdated":1608507227803}},"tags":{"tag\u002Fpsychology":{"urn":"urn:pubstack:jative:tag:tag\u002Fpsychology","_id":"5fda411481722ae486c73d9c","assetImage":null,"description":"BBC Travel’s latest stories on 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