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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descrizione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descrizione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Descrizione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descrizione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chimica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chimica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chimica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chimica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classificazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caratteristiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caratteristiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Caratteristiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caratteristiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Caratteristiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caratteristiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naturali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Naturali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semisintetiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semisintetiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Semisintetiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semisintetiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penicillina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 110 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisillien" title="Penisillien - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Penisillien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline" title="Penicilline - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Penicilline" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%94%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B2%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95" title="ፔኒሲሊን - amarico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፔኒሲሊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amarico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بنسلين - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنسلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينسيلين - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بينسيلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="পেনিচিলিন - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পেনিচিলিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisillin" title="Penisillin - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Penisillin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنی‌سیلین - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنی‌سیلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Пеніцылін - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пеніцылін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Пэніцылін - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэніцылін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="পেনিসিলিন - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেনিসিলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicil%C2%B7lina" title="Penicil·lina - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Penicil·lina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پێنیسیلین - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێنیسیلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline" title="Penicilline - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Penicilline" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πενικιλίνη - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πενικιλίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilino" title="Penicilino - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Penicilino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitsilliin" title="Penitsilliin - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Penitsilliin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penizilina" title="Penizilina - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Penizilina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنی‌سیلین - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنی‌سیلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilliinit" title="Penisilliinit - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Penisilliinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9nicilline" title="Pénicilline - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pénicilline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitsiliin" title="Penitsiliin - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Penitsiliin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilline" title="Penisilline - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Penisilline" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peinicillin" title="Peinicillin - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Peinicillin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%A2ng-m%C3%B4i-su" title="Chhiâng-môi-su - hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhiâng-môi-su" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פניצילין - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פניצילין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पेनिसिलिन - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेनिसिलिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պենիցիլիններ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պենիցիլիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Penicillina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilina" title="Penisilina - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Penisilina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilino" title="Penicilino - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Penicilino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensil%C3%ADn" title="Pensilín - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pensilín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ペニシリン - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペニシリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პენიცილინი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენიცილინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пенициллин - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пенициллин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೆನ್ಸಿಲಿನ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೆನ್ಸಿಲಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%8B%88%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%B0" title="페니실린 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페니실린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - cornico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пенициллиндер - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пенициллиндер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillinum" title="Penicillinum - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Penicillinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillien" title="Penicillien - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Penicillien" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisil%C3%ADni" title="Penisilíni - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Penisilíni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ເປນີຊີລິນ - lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເປນີຊີລິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilinas" title="Penicilinas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Penicilinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicil%C4%ABni" title="Penicilīni - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Penicilīni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="പെനിസിലിൻ - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെനിസിലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пенициллин - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пенициллин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पेनिसिलिन - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पेनिसिलिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်နီဆီလင် - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်နီဆီလင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilline" title="Penicilline - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Penicilline" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillina" title="Penicillina - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Penicillina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੈਨਸਲਿਨ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਨਸਲਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicyliny" title="Penicyliny - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Penicyliny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penissilin-a" title="Penissilin-a - piemontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Penissilin-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنسلین - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنسلین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پنسلين - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پنسلين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin%C4%83" title="Penicilină - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Penicilină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пенициллины - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенициллины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilin" title="Penicilin - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Penicilin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicil%C3%ADn" title="Penicilín - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Penicilín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilini" title="Penicilini - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Penicilini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benseliin" title="Benseliin - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Benseliin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicilina" title="Penicilina - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Penicilina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пеницилин - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пеницилин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9nisilin" title="Pénisilin - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pénisilin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilini" title="Penisilini - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Penisilini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin-ni-si-lin" title="Pin-ni-si-lin - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Pin-ni-si-lin" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பெனிசிலின் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெனிசிலின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పెన్సిలిన్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెన్సిలిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เพนิซิลลิน - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพนิซิลลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Penisilin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пенициллин - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пенициллин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пеніциліни - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пеніциліни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پنسلین - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنسلین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitsillin" title="Penitsillin - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Penitsillin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Penicillin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" title="青霉素 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="青霉素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פעניצילין - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פעניצילין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinghmoizsoq" title="Cinghmoizsoq - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cinghmoizsoq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" title="青霉素 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="青霉素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E6%9E%97" title="盤尼西林 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盤尼西林" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12190#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penicillina" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Penicillina" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penicillina"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Penicillina" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Penicillina" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&oldid=143011505" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Penicillina&id=143011505&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenicillina"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenicillina"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Penicillina"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Penicillina&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penicillin_antibiotics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Penicillina" hreflang="it"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12190" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint disclaimer"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/18px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/27px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Nuvola_apps_important.svg/36px-Nuvola_apps_important.svg.png 2x" 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I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disclaimer_medico" title="Wikipedia:Disclaimer medico">leggi le avvertenze</a>.</span></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style><div style="" class="ambox metadata plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niente fonti!"><img alt="Niente fonti!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/45px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/68px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/90px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento farmaci <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">non cita le fonti necessarie</a> o quelle presenti sono insufficienti</b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <div class="noprint"><hr />Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit">migliorare questa voce</a> aggiungendo citazioni da <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fonti_attendibili" title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili">fonti attendibili</a> secondo le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">linee guida sull'uso delle fonti</a>. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penicillin_core.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg/310px-Penicillin_core.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg/465px-Penicillin_core.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Penicillin_core.svg/620px-Penicillin_core.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Formula di struttura della penicillina</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penicillin_3D_Model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Penicillin_3D_Model.png/310px-Penicillin_3D_Model.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Penicillin_3D_Model.png/465px-Penicillin_3D_Model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Penicillin_3D_Model.png/620px-Penicillin_3D_Model.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Modello tridimensionale della molecola (benzilpenicillina)</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <b>penicilline</b> sono <a href="/wiki/Antibiotici" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotici">antibiotici</a> <a href="/wiki/Beta-lattamici" title="Beta-lattamici">beta-lattamici</a> isolati da prodotti del <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolismo</a> di alcune specie di <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i>, in particolare il <i>Penicillium notatum</i> oggi noto come <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_chrysogenum" title="Penicillium chrysogenum">Penicillium chrysogenum</a></i>. </p><p>Le penicilline rappresentano il primo tipo di antibiotico estratto naturalmente, ma il primo antibiotico in assoluto (sia per scoperta che per utilizzo clinico) non è stata una penicillina, ma il <a href="/wiki/Prontosil" title="Prontosil">prontosil</a>, ottenuto via sintesi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La scoperta della penicillina viene attribuita allo scozzese <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> nel 1928; questo osservò che in una piastra di coltura contaminata da una muffa la crescita batterica era inibita; venne così creata la <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillina_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillina G">penicillina G</a></i> capostipite di tutta la famiglia, usata ora solo come <a href="/wiki/Profarmaco" title="Profarmaco">profarmaco</a> per sintetizzare le vecchie penicilline. La penicillina G era attiva solo su Gram positivi e per effettuare iniezioni endovenose doveva essere salificata (penicillina G sodica o potassica) ma ciò la rendeva estremamente caustica e dolorosa. </p><p>Il medico italiano <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Tiberio" title="Vincenzo Tiberio">Vincenzo Tiberio</a> già nel 1895 pubblicò all'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_di_Napoli_Federico_II" title="Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II">Università di Napoli</a> uno studio sugli effetti di questa muffa che egli notò in un pozzo vicino alla sua casa di <a href="/wiki/Arzano" title="Arzano">Arzano</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> purtroppo le sue ricerche<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non vennero ritenute interessanti dall'ambiente scientifico italiano e caddero nell'oblio e vennero riscoperte solo quaranta anni dopo la sua morte <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Altro tipo di penicillina fu scoperta da Mary Hunt su un melone comprato in un supermercato. Tale muffa, battezzata "<i>muffa-Mary</i>", aumentò di oltre dieci volte le capacità produttive e lanciò definitivamente la produzione su larga scala della penicillina <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Data l'elevata idrosolubilità della molecola si distribuiva male nell'organismo e occorreva una somministrazione ogni quattro ore. Si pensò a una forma più oleosa per iniezioni, così venne esterificata prima con la <a href="/wiki/Procaina" title="Procaina">procaina</a> e in seguito con la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benzatina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benzatina (la pagina non esiste)">benzatina</a> (degli anestetici locali) che permettevano di aumentare gli intervalli di somministrazione fino a 48 ore, poiché necessitavano di esterasi dei tessuti per staccarsi dalla penicillina. Infine venne modificata direttamente la molecola portando alla scoperta della <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillina_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillina V">penicillina V</a></i> o <a href="/wiki/Fenossimetilpenicillina" title="Fenossimetilpenicillina">fenossimetilpenicillina</a> somministrabile anche per via orale ma ancora inefficace su <a href="/wiki/Batteri_Gram-negativi" title="Batteri Gram-negativi">Gram negativi</a> e inibita dalle penicillasi. Le prime sperimentazioni della penicillina sull'uomo non ebbero grandi risultati; bisognava renderla più efficace. Con lo scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale cresceva infatti la richiesta di un antibiotico per le truppe e i civili colpiti dalle infezioni. Si pensò di far arrivare campioni di muffe Penicillum, partendo dal presupposto che alcune producevano penicillina e altre meno, per trovare quella capace di produrre la maggior quantità di antibiotico. </p><p>È solo dal 1941, comunque, che la penicillina viene utilizzata contro <a href="/wiki/Infezioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Infezioni">infezioni</a> batteriche. Nel 1943 l'industria americana, spinta dalla necessità di curare i feriti nel corso della <a href="/wiki/Seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Seconda guerra mondiale">seconda guerra mondiale</a>, ne cominciò la produzione a livello industriale, rivoluzionando il mondo della medicina e creando una nuova era per la moderna farmacoterapia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descrizione">Descrizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Descrizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Descrizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le penicilline sono prodotte dal fungo <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_chrysogenum" title="Penicillium chrysogenum">Penicillium chrysogenum</a></i> (precedentemente noto come <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_chrysogenum" title="Penicillium chrysogenum">Penicillium notatum</a></i>). Sono composti beta-lattamici che contengono cioè un anello beta-lattamico (deriva dalla condensazione di una funzione <a href="/wiki/Acidi_carbossilici" title="Acidi carbossilici">carbossilica</a> con l'<a href="/wiki/Ammine" title="Ammine">ammina</a> sul Cβ). La base è l'acido 6-ammino penicillanico. L'anello beta-lattamico è condensato con un anello tiazolidinico (è a 5 termini con S e N) e prende nome di nucleo penam. </p><p>Sono attive contro la maggior parte dei <a href="/wiki/Batteri_Gram-positivi" title="Batteri Gram-positivi">batteri Gram positivi</a> come gli <a href="/wiki/Stafilococchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Stafilococchi">stafilococchi</a> e gli <a href="/wiki/Streptococchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococchi">streptococchi</a>, contro le <a href="/wiki/Spirochete" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochete">spirochete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leptospira" title="Leptospira">Leptospira</a>), contro <a href="/wiki/Gonococchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonococchi">gonococchi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Meningococchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococchi">meningococchi</a>. Nonostante le penicilline siano antibiotici battericidi, a causa dell'intenso uso che se ne è fatto e alla produzione di particolari <a href="/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima">enzimi</a> (penicillinasi o <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-lattamasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-lattamasi">β-lattamasi</a>) da parte dei batteri, spesso si incorre in fenomeni di <a href="/wiki/Resistenza_agli_antibiotici" title="Resistenza agli antibiotici">resistenza batterica</a>. Le penicilline naturali sono inattive nei confronti del batterio della <a href="/wiki/Tubercolosi" title="Tubercolosi">tubercolosi</a> e dei batteri <a href="/wiki/Batteri_Gram-negativi" title="Batteri Gram-negativi">Gram negativi</a>. Le penicilline semi-sintetiche, prodotte da colture biologiche di <a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a>, hanno in comune un sistema beta-lattamico-triazolico e hanno un ampio spettro di azione, anche contro alcuni <a href="/wiki/Batteri_Gram-negativi" title="Batteri Gram-negativi">batteri gram negativi</a>. </p><p>Le penicilline sono disponibili sotto diverse preparazioni farmaceutiche: preparazioni somministrabili per <a href="/wiki/Somministrazione_orale" title="Somministrazione orale">via orale</a> (sotto forma di capsule, compresse, sciroppi, polvere solubile, gocce), per via <a href="/wiki/Preparazione_parenterale" title="Preparazione parenterale">parenterale</a> (sospensioni sterili liofilizzate in flaconi da ricostituire e somministrare poi per via sottocutanea, intramuscolare, endovenosa), ma anche supposte e ovuli, ecc., preparazioni somministrabili per via topica, come creme, pomate, unguenti, colliri, pomate oftalmiche. C'è un'analogia strutturale con il <a href="/wiki/Dipeptide" title="Dipeptide">dipeptide</a> D-Ala-D-Ala (anche per la lunghezza del legame) che è il <a href="/wiki/Substrato_(biochimica)" title="Substrato (biochimica)">substrato</a> della <a href="/wiki/Transpeptidasi" title="Transpeptidasi">transpeptidasi</a>. L'anello β-lattamico è molto tensionato e quindi molto reattivo; quello a cinque termini è leggermente ripiegato (più reattivo): il nucleofilo O(-) serinico della transpeptidasi attacca il C carbonilico del β-lattamico per l'analogia e la reattività; si forma l'<a href="/wiki/Estere" class="mw-redirect" title="Estere">estere</a> serinico che non è più idrolizzabile perché c'è grande ingombro sterico. È quasi una inibizione irreversibile che porta alla morte batterica. </p><p>A causa della presenza del <a href="/wiki/Legami_ammidici" title="Legami ammidici">legame ammidico</a>, queste <a href="/wiki/Molecole" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecole">molecole</a> vengono facilmente <a href="/wiki/Idrolisi" title="Idrolisi">idrolizzate</a> sia da <a href="/wiki/Acido" title="Acido">acidi</a> anche deboli sia da <a href="/wiki/Base_(chimica)" title="Base (chimica)">basi</a>; è importante quindi controllare l'ambiente di conservazione per evitare perdita di attività. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chimica">Chimica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Chimica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Chimica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I gruppi funzionali principali sono: </p> <ul><li>carbossile in posizione 3</li> <li>2 metili in posizione 2</li> <li>gruppo amminico in posizione 6 acilato con acidi di tipo diverso, responsabili delle diverse caratteristiche delle penicilline.</li></ul> <p>Ci sono tre C asimmetrici: </p> <ul><li>C<sub>3</sub> che ha configurazione assoluta S e lega il carbossile</li> <li>C<sub>5</sub> e C<sub>6</sub> che hanno configurazione assoluta R, hanno ognuno un H in <i>cis</i> tra loro.</li></ul> <p>Il radicale R è responsabile della sensibilità all'<a href="/wiki/Idrolisi" title="Idrolisi">idrolisi</a> da parte delle β-lattamasi, del legame con le proteine carrier, e al legame con le proteine batteriche PBPs che trasportano la penicillina all'interno della cellula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificazione">Classificazione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Classificazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Classificazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gruppo I: penicilline naturali (Benzilpenicillina, ecc)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Spettro d’azione ristretto ai cocchi G+, utilizzata per via parenterale. Inattivata dalle beta-lattamasi batteriche, è efficace per le infezioni sostenute da streptococchi (inclusi pneumococchi), gonococchi e meningococchi, tuttavia emergono sempre di più ceppi resistenti. Da tempo non è più farmaco di scelta per la meningite pneumococcica.</dd> <dd>La penicillina benzatinica è una <a href="/wiki/Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Depot">formulazione deposito</a> a lento assorbimento, particolarmente utile nella terapia della <a href="/wiki/Sifilide" title="Sifilide">sifilide</a>; si utilizza anche per la profilassi della <a href="/wiki/Febbre_reumatica" title="Febbre reumatica">febbre reumatica</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Gruppo II: penicilline ad attività antistafilococcica di natura isossazolinica, resistenti alle beta-lattamasi stafilococciche (oxacillina, flucloxacillina, ecc)</li></ul> <dl><dd>L'unica indicazione per il loro uso sono le infezioni causate da stafilococchi resistenti alla penicillina G.</dd> <dd>Problema rilevante è l’insorgenza di ceppi di <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_resistente_alla_meticillina" title="Staphylococcus aureus resistente alla meticillina">S. aureus meticillino-resistenti</a> (MRSA) che rendono inefficace il loro uso.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Gruppo III: aminopenicilline (ampicillina, amoxicillina, bacampicillina, ecc)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sono gastro-resistenti perciò somministrabili anche per via orale; attive sia su Gram positivi sia Gram negativi (con l'eccezione di<i> <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas" title="Pseudomonas">Pseudomonas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(microbiologia)" title="Proteus (microbiologia)">Proteus</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella" title="Klebsiella">Klebsiella</a></i>); hanno un basso legame farmaco-proteico (10%). Spettro d’azione ampio (cocchi G+ e G-), sono inattivate dalle beta-lattamasi; molti stafilococchi, ceppi di <i>E. coli</i> e ceppi di <i>H. influenzae</i> sono pertanto resistenti. Non dovrebbero essere utilizzate nei pazienti ospedalizzati senza aver effettuato dei test di sensibilità. Poiché sono sensibili alle beta-lattamasi si trovano anche in associazione con gli inibitori delle β-lattamasi.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Gruppo IV: Ureidopenicilline (mezlocillina, piperacillina, ecc.)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Si usano anche in associazione con inibitori delle beta-lattamasi. La piperacillina è la più attiva verso lo <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, l’aggiunta del <a href="/wiki/Tazobactam" title="Tazobactam">tazobactam</a> la rende efficace anche verso i ceppi resistenti alle ureidopenicilline; il suo spettro d’attività è comparabile a quello dei <a href="/wiki/Carbapenemi" title="Carbapenemi">carbapenemi</a>. Nelle setticemie da <i>Pseudomonas</i> (in particolare se presente neutropenia o endocardite) queste penicilline dovrebbero essere somministrate in associazione con <a href="/wiki/Aminoglicosidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminoglicosidi">aminoglicosidi</a>. <ul><li>Gruppo V: Carbossipenicilline (ticarcillina, carbenicillina, ecc.)</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche">Caratteristiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturali">Naturali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Naturali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Naturali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanno uno spettro orientato principalmente sui Gram positivi. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penicillina_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillina G">Penicillina G</a></li> <li>Penicillina K</li> <li>Penicillina N</li> <li>Penicillina O</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penicillina_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillina V">Penicillina V</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semisintetiche">Semisintetiche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Semisintetiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Semisintetiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Amminopenicilline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampicillina" title="Ampicillina">Ampicillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxicillina" title="Amoxicillina">Amoxicillina</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Carbossipenicilline: Sono attive anche sui Gram negativi (per es. <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a>); hanno uno scarso assorbimento per via orale che migliora se vengono esterificate, utili principalmente per patologie locali. Possono però dare disfunzione piastrinica. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbenicillina" title="Carbenicillina">Carbenicillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticarcillina" title="Ticarcillina">Ticarcillina</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Sulfossipenicilline: farmaci a uso ospedaliero a somministrazione parenterale utilizzati nei casi di ceppi resistenti.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ureidopenicilline: sono le ultime penicilline sintetizzate e godono di un ampio spettro d'azione anche sui Gram negativi, in particolare su <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas" title="Pseudomonas">Pseudomonas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enterobacter" title="Enterobacter">Enterobacter</a></i> e <i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella" title="Klebsiella">Klebsiella</a></i>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezlocillina" title="Mezlocillina">Mezlocillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperacillina" title="Piperacillina">Piperacillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azlocillina" title="Azlocillina">Azlocillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalcillina" title="Apalcillina">Apalcillina</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Quelle resistenti alle penicillinasi sono attive solo su Gram positivi, somministrabili per via orale, hanno un elevato legame farmaco-proteina (97%) ma un'emivita breve. Sono importanti nel trattamento dei patogeni produttori di eso <a href="/wiki/Beta-lattamasi" title="Beta-lattamasi">beta-lattamasi</a>, in particolare dello <i>Stafiloccocco aureo</i>, anche se nel tempo hanno favorito lo svilupparsi di ceppi resistenti conosciuti come <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_resistente_alla_meticillina" title="Staphylococcus aureus resistente alla meticillina">MRSA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meticillina" title="Meticillina">Meticillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafcillina" title="Nafcillina">Nafcillina</a></li> <li>Isossacilline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxacillina" title="Oxacillina">Oxacillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxacillina" title="Cloxacillina">Cloxacillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicloxacillina" title="Dicloxacillina">Dicloxacillina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucloxacillina" title="Flucloxacillina">Flucloxacillina</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>In base all'efficacia a spettro orientato sui Gram negativi abbiamo: </p> <ul><li>Mecillina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temocillina" title="Temocillina">Temocillina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202032804/http://www.almanacco.rm.cnr.it/reader/cw_usr_view_recensione?id_articolo=1704&giornale=1679"><span style="font-style:italic;">Gli antibiotici? Una scoperta italiana</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">almanacco.rm.cnr.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 14 aprile 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.almanacco.rm.cnr.it/reader/cw_usr_view_recensione?id_articolo=1704&giornale=1679">url originale</abbr> il 2 febbraio 2017)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">nel suo articolo pubblicato su <i>Annali di Igiene sperimentale</i>, scrisse: «Ho voluto osservare quale azione hanno sugli schizomiceti [<i>batteri, ndr</i>] i prodotti cellulari, solubili in acqua, di alcuni ifomiceti [<i>un tipo di funghi, ndr</i>] comunissimi: <i>Penicillium glaucum</i>, <i>Mucor mucedo</i> ed <i>Aspergillus flavescens</i>. […] Per le loro proprietà le muffe sarebbero di forte ostacolo alla vita e alla propagazione dei batteri patogeni»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focus.it/cultura/storia/tiberio-litaliano-che-scopri-la-penicillina-molto-prima-di-fleming"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tiberio, l’italiano che scoprì la penicillina prima di Fleming</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Focus.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 4 agosto 2021</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> beatricesegato, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepasswordunito.com/2021/10/07/donne-dietro-le-quinte-mary-hunt-melone-penicillina/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Donne dietro le quinte: Mary Hunt e il melone ammuffito che salvò tutti</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">The Password</span>, 7 ottobre 2021. <small>URL consultato il 22 dicembre 2021</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibs.it/principi-di-farmacologia-classificazione-interazioni-libro-henry-hitner-barbara-nagle/e/9788808364722?lgw_code=1122-B9788808364722"><span style="font-style:italic;">Principi di farmacologia. Classificazione, interazioni, indicazioni cliniche - Henry Hitner - Barbara Nagle - - Libro - Zanichelli - | IBS</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">www.ibs.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 2 febbraio 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_notatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillium notatum">Penicillium notatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteine_leganti_la_penicillina" title="Proteine leganti la penicillina">Proteine leganti la penicillina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Penicillina" class="extiw" title="q:Penicillina">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/penicillina" class="extiw" title="wikt:penicillina">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Penicillin antibiotics"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penicillin_antibiotics?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni sulla <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Penicillina" class="extiw" title="q:Penicillina">penicillina</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/penicillina" class="extiw" title="wikt:penicillina">penicillina</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sulla <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penicillin_antibiotics?uselang=it">penicillina</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penicillina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/penicillina.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">penicillina</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12190#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/penicillin"><span style="font-style:italic;">penicillin</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12190#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/P04475.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "penicillins"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 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.mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Antibiotici"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antibiotici" title="Template:Antibiotici"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Antibiotici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Antibiotici (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Antibiotici&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotico" title="Antibiotico">Antibiotici</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:PowderBlue;">Inibitori della sintesi<br /> della parete</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Beta-lattamici" title="Beta-lattamici">Beta-lattamici</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Penicilline" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicilline">Penicilline</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Gruppo I</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Penicillina_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillina G">Penicillina G</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Penicillina_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillina V">Penicillina V</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Gruppo II (antistafilococciche)</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Cloxacillina" title="Cloxacillina">Cloxacillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dicloxacillina" title="Dicloxacillina">Dicloxacillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oxacillina" title="Oxacillina">Oxacillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nafcillina" title="Nafcillina">Nafcillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Meticillina" title="Meticillina">Meticillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Flucloxacillina" title="Flucloxacillina">Flucloxacillina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Gruppo III (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminopenicilline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminopenicilline (la pagina non esiste)">aminopenicilline</a>)</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amoxicillina" title="Amoxicillina">Amoxicillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ampicillina" title="Ampicillina">Ampicillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apalcillina" title="Apalcillina">Apalcillina</a><b> ·</b> (<a href="/wiki/Pivampicillina" title="Pivampicillina">Pivampicillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bacampicillina" title="Bacampicillina">Bacampicillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metampicillina" title="Metampicillina">Metampicillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Talampicillina" title="Talampicillina">Talampicillina</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ticarcillina" title="Ticarcillina">Ticarcillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Temocillina" title="Temocillina">Temocillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carindacillina" title="Carindacillina">Carindacillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulbenicillina" title="Sulbenicillina">Sulbenicillina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Gruppo IV (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureidopenicilline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ureidopenicilline (la pagina non esiste)">ureidopenicilline</a>)</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Azlocillina" title="Azlocillina">Azlocillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Apalcillina" title="Apalcillina">Apalcillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mezlocillina" title="Mezlocillina">Mezlocillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Piperacillina" title="Piperacillina">Piperacillina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Cefalosporine" title="Cefalosporine">Cefalosporine</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Prima generazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Cefalotina" title="Cefalotina">Cefalotina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefazolina" title="Cefazolina">Cefazolina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefalexina" title="Cefalexina">Cefalexina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefadrossile" title="Cefadrossile">Cefadrossile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefradina" title="Cefradina">Cefradina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefapirina" title="Cefapirina">Cefapirina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Seconda generazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Cefoxitina" title="Cefoxitina">Cefoxitina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefotetan" title="Cefotetan">Cefotetan</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefuroxima" title="Cefuroxima">Cefuroxima</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefonicid" title="Cefonicid">Cefonicid</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefaclor" title="Cefaclor">Cefaclor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loracarbef" title="Loracarbef">Loracarbef</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefradina" title="Cefradina">Cefradina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefamandolo" title="Cefamandolo">Cefamandolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetossietilcefuroxima" title="Acetossietilcefuroxima">Acetossietilcefuroxima</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Terza generazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Cefotaxima" title="Cefotaxima">Cefotaxima</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ceftriaxone" title="Ceftriaxone">Ceftriaxone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefixima" title="Cefixima">Cefixima</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefoperazone" title="Cefoperazone">Cefoperazone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ceftazidima" title="Ceftazidima">Ceftazidima</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceftizoxime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceftizoxime (la pagina non esiste)">Ceftizoxime</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefditoren_pivoxil" title="Cefditoren pivoxil">Cefditoren pivoxil</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ceftizoxima" title="Ceftizoxima">Ceftizoxima</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Latamoxef" title="Latamoxef">Latamoxef</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefdinir" title="Cefdinir">Cefdinir</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefpodoxima" title="Cefpodoxima">Cefpodoxima</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Quarta generazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Cefepime" title="Cefepime">Cefepime</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefpirome" title="Cefpirome">Cefpirome</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cefquinome" title="Cefquinome">Cefquinome</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cefozopran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cefozopran (la pagina non esiste)">Cefozopran</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Quinta generazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ceftarolina" title="Ceftarolina">Ceftarolina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ceftobiprolo" title="Ceftobiprolo">Ceftobiprolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceftolozano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceftolozano (la pagina non esiste)">Ceftolozano</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Monobattami" title="Monobattami">Monobattami</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aztreonam" title="Aztreonam">Aztreonam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Carbapenemi" title="Carbapenemi">Carbapenemi</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Imipenem" title="Imipenem">Imipenem</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Meropenem" title="Meropenem">Meropenem</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ertapenem" title="Ertapenem">Ertapenem</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Doripenem" title="Doripenem">Doripenem</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faropenem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faropenem (la pagina non esiste)">Faropenem</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Panipenem" title="Panipenem">Panipenem</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biapenem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biapenem (la pagina non esiste)">Biapenem</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teipenem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teipenem (la pagina non esiste)">Teipenem</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomopenem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomopenem (la pagina non esiste)">Tomopenem</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruzupenem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruzupenem (la pagina non esiste)">Ruzupenem</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Inibitori delle<br /><a href="/wiki/Beta-lattamasi" title="Beta-lattamasi">beta-lattamasi</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_clavulanico" title="Acido clavulanico">Acido clavulanico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulbactam" title="Sulbactam">Sulbactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tazobactam" title="Tazobactam">Tazobactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avibactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avibactam (la pagina non esiste)">Avibactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durlobactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durlobactam (la pagina non esiste)">Durlobactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relebactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relebactam (la pagina non esiste)">Relebactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaborbactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaborbactam (la pagina non esiste)">Vaborbactam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Associazioni</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amoxicillina-acido_clavulanico" title="Amoxicillina-acido clavulanico">Amoxicillina-acido clavulanico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampicillina-flucloxacillina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampicillina-flucloxacillina (la pagina non esiste)">Ampicillina-flucloxacillina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampicillina-sulbactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampicillina-sulbactam (la pagina non esiste)">Ampicillina-sulbactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aztreonam-avibactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aztreonam-avibactam (la pagina non esiste)">Aztreonam-avibactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cefepime-enmetazobactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cefepime-enmetazobactam (la pagina non esiste)">Cefepime-enmetazobactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cefoperazone-sulbactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cefoperazone-sulbactam (la pagina non esiste)">Cefoperazone-sulbactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceftazidime-avibactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceftazidime-avibactam (la pagina non esiste)">Ceftazidime-avibactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceftolozano-tazobactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceftolozano-tazobactam (la pagina non esiste)">Ceftolozano-tazobactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imipenem-cilastatina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imipenem-cilastatina (la pagina non esiste)">Imipenem-cilastatina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imipenem-cilastatina-relebactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imipenem-cilastatina-relebactam (la pagina non esiste)">Imipenem-cilastatina-relebactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meropenem-vaborbactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meropenem-vaborbactam (la pagina non esiste)">Meropenem-vaborbactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panipenem-betamipron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panipenem-betamipron (la pagina non esiste)">Panipenem-betamipron</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piperacillina-tazobactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piperacillina-tazobactam (la pagina non esiste)">Piperacillina-tazobactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulbactam-durlobactam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulbactam-durlobactam (la pagina non esiste)">Sulbactam-durlobactam</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticarcillina-acido_clavulanico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ticarcillina-acido clavulanico (la pagina non esiste)">Ticarcillina-acido clavulanico</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Glicopeptidi" title="Glicopeptidi">Glicopeptidi</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Vancomicina" title="Vancomicina">Vancomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teicoplanina" title="Teicoplanina">Teicoplanina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Telavancin" title="Telavancin">Telavancin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oritavancina" title="Oritavancina">Oritavancina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalbavancina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalbavancina (la pagina non esiste)">Dalbavancina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramoplanin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramoplanin (la pagina non esiste)">Ramoplanin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mupirocina" title="Mupirocina">Mupirocina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bleomicina" title="Bleomicina">Bleomicina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Polimixine" title="Polimixine">Polimixine</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Colistina" title="Colistina">Colistina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polimixina_B" title="Polimixina B">Polimixina B</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Altri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fosfomicina" title="Fosfomicina">Fosfomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bacitracina" title="Bacitracina">Bacitracina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cicloserina" title="Cicloserina">Cicloserina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Taurolidina" title="Taurolidina">Taurolidina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Clofoctolo" title="Clofoctolo">Clofoctolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tirotricina" title="Tirotricina">Tirotricina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Teixobactin" title="Teixobactin">Teixobactin</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:PowderBlue;">Inibitori della<br /><a href="/wiki/Sintesi_proteica" title="Sintesi proteica">sintesi proteica</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Leganti la subunità 50s</th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Ossazolidinoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossazolidinoni">Ossazolidinoni</a><br />(inibitori del complesso di <a href="/wiki/Traduzione_(biologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traduzione (biologia)">iniziazione</a>)</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">Linezolid</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torezolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torezolid (la pagina non esiste)">Torezolid</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eperezolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eperezolid (la pagina non esiste)">Eperezolid</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posizolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posizolid (la pagina non esiste)">Posizolid</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radezolid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radezolid (la pagina non esiste)">Radezolid</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Inibitori della <a href="/wiki/Peptidiltransferasi" title="Peptidiltransferasi">peptidiltransferasi</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Amfenicoli" title="Amfenicoli">Amfenicoli</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Cloramfenicolo" title="Cloramfenicolo">Cloramfenicolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azidamfenicolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azidamfenicolo (la pagina non esiste)">Azidamfenicolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiamfenicolo" title="Tiamfenicolo">Tiamfenicolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Florfenicolo" title="Florfenicolo">Florfenicolo</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Pleuromutiline" title="Pleuromutiline">Pleuromutiline</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Retapamulin" title="Retapamulin">Retapamulin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiamulina" title="Tiamulina">Tiamulina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valnemulina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valnemulina (la pagina non esiste)">Valnemulina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lefamulina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lefamulina (la pagina non esiste)">Lefamulina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Gruppo <i>MLS</i> (agiscono sull'<a href="/wiki/Traduzione_(biologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traduzione (biologia)">elongazione</a>)</th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Macrolidi" title="Macrolidi">Macrolidi</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Eritromicina" title="Eritromicina">Eritromicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Azitromicina" title="Azitromicina">Azitromicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Claritromicina" title="Claritromicina">Claritromicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spiramicina" title="Spiramicina">Spiramicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Roxitromicina" title="Roxitromicina">Roxitromicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Josamicina" title="Josamicina">Josamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Midecamicina" title="Midecamicina">Midecamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Oleandomicina" title="Oleandomicina">Oleandomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Troleandomicina" title="Troleandomicina">Troleandomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rokitamicina" title="Rokitamicina">Rokitamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Miocamicina" title="Miocamicina">Miocamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diritromicina" title="Diritromicina">Diritromicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluritromicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluritromicina (la pagina non esiste)">Fluritromicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Valinomicina" title="Valinomicina">Valinomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tilosina" title="Tilosina">Tilosina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bafilomicina" title="Bafilomicina">Bafilomicina</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Ketolidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketolidi">Ketolidi</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Telitromicina" title="Telitromicina">Telitromicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetromicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetromicina (la pagina non esiste)">Cetromicina</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Lincosamidi" title="Lincosamidi">Lincosamidi</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Clindamicina" title="Clindamicina">Clindamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lincomicina" title="Lincomicina">Lincomicina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptogramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptogramine (la pagina non esiste)">Streptogramine</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Pristinamicina" title="Pristinamicina">Pristinamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Virginiamicina" title="Virginiamicina">Virginiamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quinupristina-Dalfopristina" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinupristina-Dalfopristina">Quinupristina-Dalfopristina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Leganti la subunità 30s</th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Aminoglicosidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminoglicosidi">Aminoglicosidi</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Famiglia della streptomicina</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Streptomicina" title="Streptomicina">Streptomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diidrostreptomicina" title="Diidrostreptomicina">Diidrostreptomicina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Famiglia della gentamicina</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gentamicina" title="Gentamicina">Gentamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Netilmicina" title="Netilmicina">Netilmicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sisomicina" title="Sisomicina">Sisomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isepamicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isepamicina (la pagina non esiste)">Isepamicina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Famiglia della kanamicina</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kanamicina" title="Kanamicina">Kanamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Amikacina" title="Amikacina">Amikacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tobramicina" title="Tobramicina">Tobramicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbekacina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbekacina (la pagina non esiste)">Arbekacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bekanamicina" title="Bekanamicina">Bekanamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dibekacina" title="Dibekacina">Dibekacina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Famiglia della neomicina</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Neomicina" title="Neomicina">Neomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Paromomicina" title="Paromomicina">Paromomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Framicetina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Framicetina (la pagina non esiste)">Framicetina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ribostamicina" title="Ribostamicina">Ribostamicina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Aminociclitolici</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Spectinomicina" title="Spectinomicina">Spectinomicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igromicina_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igromicina B (la pagina non esiste)">Igromicina B</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Altri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Verdamicina" title="Verdamicina">Verdamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astromicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astromicina (la pagina non esiste)">Astromicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dactimicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dactimicina (la pagina non esiste)">Dactimicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Daptomicina" title="Daptomicina">Daptomicina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Tetracicline" title="Tetracicline">Tetracicline</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Tetracicline" title="Tetracicline">Tetracicline</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Doxiciclina" title="Doxiciclina">Doxiciclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Clortetraciclina" class="mw-redirect" title="Clortetraciclina">Clortetraciclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ossitetraciclina" title="Ossitetraciclina">Ossitetraciclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetraciclina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraciclina">Tetraciclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Demeclociclina" title="Demeclociclina">Demeclociclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metaciclina" title="Metaciclina">Metaciclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Minociclina" title="Minociclina">Minociclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clomociclina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clomociclina (la pagina non esiste)">Clomociclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Limeciclina" title="Limeciclina">Limeciclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Meclociclina" title="Meclociclina">Meclociclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penimepiciclina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penimepiciclina (la pagina non esiste)">Penimepiciclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rolitetraciclina" title="Rolitetraciclina">Rolitetraciclina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Clorotetraciclina" title="Clorotetraciclina">Clorotetraciclina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Glicilcicline" title="Glicilcicline">Glicilcicline</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tigeciclina" title="Tigeciclina">Tigeciclina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Inibitori della <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traslocasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traslocasi (la pagina non esiste)">traslocasi</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_fusidico" title="Acido fusidico">Acido fusidico</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:PowderBlue;">Anti<a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Sulfamidici" title="Sulfamidici">Sulfamidici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sulfacitina" title="Sulfacitina">Sulfacitina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulfadiazina" title="Sulfadiazina">Sulfadiazina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulfadimidina" title="Sulfadimidina">Sulfadimidina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulfadossina" title="Sulfadossina">Sulfadossina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulfamerazina" title="Sulfamerazina">Sulfamerazina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulfametizolo" title="Sulfametizolo">Sulfametizolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulfametossazolo" title="Sulfametossazolo">Sulfametossazolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulfapiridina" title="Sulfapiridina">Sulfapiridina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sulfisossazolo" title="Sulfisossazolo">Sulfisossazolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ftalilsulfatiazolo" title="Ftalilsulfatiazolo">Ftalilsulfatiazolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Formosulfatiazolo" title="Formosulfatiazolo">Formosulfatiazolo</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Diaminopirimidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaminopirimidine">Diaminopirimidine</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Trimetoprim" title="Trimetoprim">Trimetoprim</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetroxoprim" title="Tetroxoprim">Tetroxoprim</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Associazioni</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Cotrimossazolo" title="Cotrimossazolo">Cotrimossazolo</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:PowderBlue;">Inibitori della sintesi<br />degli <a href="/wiki/Acidi_nucleici" title="Acidi nucleici">acidi nucleici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Chinoloni" title="Chinoloni">Chinoloni</a> e<br /><a href="/wiki/Fluorochinoloni" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorochinoloni">fluorochinoloni</a><br />Inibitori della <a href="/wiki/Topoisomerasi" title="Topoisomerasi">topoisomerasi</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">1ª generazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_nalidixico" title="Acido nalidixico">Acido nalidixico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_oxolinico" title="Acido oxolinico">Acido oxolinico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cinoxacina" title="Cinoxacina">Cinoxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rosoxacina" title="Rosoxacina">Rosoxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_pipemidico" title="Acido pipemidico">Acido pipemidico</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">2ª generazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacina" title="Ciprofloxacina">Ciprofloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Enoxacina" title="Enoxacina">Enoxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fleroxacina" title="Fleroxacina">Fleroxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lomefloxacina" title="Lomefloxacina">Lomefloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nadifloxacina" title="Nadifloxacina">Nadifloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ofloxacina" title="Ofloxacina">Ofloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Norfloxacina" title="Norfloxacina">Norfloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pefloxacina" title="Pefloxacina">Pefloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rufloxacina" title="Rufloxacina">Rufloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Flumequina" title="Flumequina">Flumequina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">3ª generazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Balofloxacina" title="Balofloxacina">Balofloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Grepafloxacina" title="Grepafloxacina">Grepafloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Levofloxacina" title="Levofloxacina">Levofloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pazufloxacina" title="Pazufloxacina">Pazufloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sparfloxacina" title="Sparfloxacina">Sparfloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Temafloxacina" title="Temafloxacina">Temafloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tosufloxacina" title="Tosufloxacina">Tosufloxacina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">4ª generazione</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Besifloxacina" title="Besifloxacina">Besifloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Clinafloxacina" title="Clinafloxacina">Clinafloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Garenoxacina" title="Garenoxacina">Garenoxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gemifloxacina" title="Gemifloxacina">Gemifloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Moxifloxacina" title="Moxifloxacina">Moxifloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gatifloxacina" title="Gatifloxacina">Gatifloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sitafloxacina" title="Sitafloxacina">Sitafloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trovafloxacina" title="Trovafloxacina">Trovafloxacina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alatrofloxacina" title="Alatrofloxacina">Alatrofloxacina</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Prulifloxacina" title="Prulifloxacina">Prulifloxacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Delafloxacina" title="Delafloxacina">Delafloxacina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Derivati dell'<a href="/wiki/Imidazolo" title="Imidazolo">imidazolo</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Metronidazolo" title="Metronidazolo">Metronidazolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tinidazolo" title="Tinidazolo">Tinidazolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ornidazolo" title="Ornidazolo">Ornidazolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Azanidazolo" title="Azanidazolo">Azanidazolo</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Inibitori della <a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerasi" title="RNA polimerasi">RNA polimerasi</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Rifampicina" title="Rifampicina">Rifampicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rifabutina" title="Rifabutina">Rifabutina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rifapentina" title="Rifapentina">Rifapentina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rifaximina" title="Rifaximina">Rifaximina</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Nitrofurani" title="Nitrofurani">Derivati del nitrofurano</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Furazolidone" title="Furazolidone">Furazolidone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nifuratel" title="Nifuratel">Nifuratel</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nifurfolina" title="Nifurfolina">Nifurfolina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nifuroxazide" title="Nifuroxazide">Nifuroxazide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nifurtoinolo" title="Nifurtoinolo">Nifurtoinolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrofurantoina" title="Nitrofurantoina">Nitrofurantoina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrofurazone" title="Nitrofurazone">Nitrofurazone</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Altri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Novobiocina" title="Novobiocina">Novobiocina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:PowderBlue;">Altri</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Fusafungina" title="Fusafungina">Fusafungina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Xibornolo" title="Xibornolo">Xibornolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ristocetina" title="Ristocetina">Ristocetina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitroxolina" title="Nitroxolina">Nitroxolina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Viomicina" title="Viomicina">Viomicina</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Chemioterapia" title="Chemioterapia">Chemioterapia</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Batteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Batteri">Batteri</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malattia_infettiva" title="Malattia infettiva">Malattie infettive</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=24034">24034</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85099402">sh85099402</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045094-6">4045094-6</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119442602">cb119442602</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119442602">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533961105171">987007533961105171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569084">00569084</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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