CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Telecommunications in Australia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5f5614ea-738f-4f48-ab3f-7a9d3e93935c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Telecommunications_in_Australia","wgTitle":"Telecommunications in Australia","wgCurRevisionId":1253700488,"wgRevisionId":1253700488,"wgArticleId":68911,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Australian English from December 2013","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Use dmy dates from January 2022","Articles needing additional references from December 2009","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022", "All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from December 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009","Telecommunications in Australia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Telecommunications_in_Australia","wgRelevantArticleId":68911,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4411276","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init" :"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg/1200px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="944"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg/800px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg/640px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="504"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Telecommunications in Australia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Telecommunications_in_Australia rootpage-Telecommunications_in_Australia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Telecommunications+in+Australia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Telecommunications+in+Australia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Telecommunications+in+Australia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Telecommunications+in+Australia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Federation_(1901)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Federation_(1901)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>At Federation (1901)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Federation_(1901)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>After Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcasting_in_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcasting_in_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Broadcasting in Australia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Broadcasting_in_Australia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Broadcasting in Australia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Broadcasting_in_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Core_technologies,_the_network,_backhaul_and_the_local_loop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_technologies,_the_network,_backhaul_and_the_local_loop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Core technologies, the network, backhaul and the local loop</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Core_technologies,_the_network,_backhaul_and_the_local_loop-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Core technologies, the network, backhaul and the local loop subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Core_technologies,_the_network,_backhaul_and_the_local_loop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copper_cable_and_optical_fibre_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper_cable_and_optical_fibre_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Copper cable and optical fibre networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper_cable_and_optical_fibre_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Submarine cables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telephony_and_related_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephony_and_related_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Telephony and related arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephony_and_related_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>General censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Internet censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadband_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadband_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Broadband access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadband_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-xDSL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#xDSL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>xDSL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-xDSL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telstra_FTTN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telstra_FTTN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Telstra FTTN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telstra_FTTN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_broadband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_broadband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Wireless broadband</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_broadband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Rural coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Broadband_Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Broadband_Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>National Broadband Network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Broadband_Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Incidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Incidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2023_Optus_outage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Optus_outage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>2023 Optus outage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Optus_outage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telecommunications in Australia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekomunikasi_di_Australia" title="Telekomunikasi di Australia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Telekomunikasi di Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Связь в Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Связь в Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Зв'язок в Австралії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зв'язок в Австралії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4411276#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Telecommunications_in_Australia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Telecommunications_in_Australia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&oldid=1253700488" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Telecommunications_in_Australia&id=1253700488&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTelecommunications_in_Australia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTelecommunications_in_Australia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Australia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4411276" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Telecommunications in Australia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Telecommunications+in+Australia%22">"Telecommunications in Australia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Telecommunications+in+Australia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Telecommunications+in+Australia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Telecommunications+in+Australia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Telecommunications+in+Australia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Telecommunications+in+Australia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg/400px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg/600px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg/800px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>Adults employed in the information media and telecommunications industry as a percentage of the adult population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Telecommunications in Australia</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> through electronic means, using devices such as <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>, and services such as the telephony and broadband networks. Telecommunications have always been important in Australia given the "tyranny of distance" with a dispersed population. Governments have driven telecommunication development and have a key role in its regulation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NarranderaTrunkLineMemorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NarranderaTrunkLineMemorial.JPG/220px-NarranderaTrunkLineMemorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NarranderaTrunkLineMemorial.JPG/330px-NarranderaTrunkLineMemorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/NarranderaTrunkLineMemorial.JPG/440px-NarranderaTrunkLineMemorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A memorial at <a href="/wiki/Narrandera" title="Narrandera">Narrandera</a> to the "J" trunk route linking the Australian cities and towns on the east coast</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_telegraphy_in_Australia" title="History of telegraphy in Australia">History of telegraphy in Australia</a></div> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</a> in 1901, each of the six Australian colonies had its own telephony communications network.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian networks were government assets operating under colonial legislation modelled on that of Britain. The UK <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Act_1868" title="Telegraph Act 1868">Telegraph Act 1868</a> for example empowered the Postmaster-General to "acquire, maintain and work electric telegraphs" and foreshadowed the 1870 nationalisation of competing British telegraph companies. </p><p>Australia's first telephone service (connecting the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Melbourne" title="South Melbourne">South Melbourne</a> offices of Robinson Brothers, a Melbourne engineering firm) was launched in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-wah_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The private <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Telephone_Exchange_Company" title="Melbourne Telephone Exchange Company">Melbourne Telephone Exchange Company</a> opened Australia's first telephone exchange in August 1880. Around 7,757 calls were handled in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-wah_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of the networks meant that regulation in Australia was undemanding: network personnel were government employees or agents, legislation was enhanced on an incremental basis and restrictions could be achieved through infrastructure. All the colonies ran their telegraph networks at a deficit through investment in infrastructure and subsidisation of regional access, generally with bipartisan support. </p><p>Government-operated post office and telegraph networks – the largest parts of the bureaucracy – were combined into a single department in each colony on the model of the UK Post Office: <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> in 1869, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a> in 1870, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> in 1880 and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> in 1893.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Federation_(1901)"><span id="At_Federation_.281901.29"></span>At Federation (1901)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: At Federation (1901)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Federation, the colonial networks (staff, switches, wires, handsets, buildings etc.) were transferred to the Commonwealth <a href="/wiki/Postmaster-General%27s_Department" title="Postmaster-General's Department">Postmaster-General's Department</a> responsible for domestic postal, telephone and, telegraph services becoming the responsibility of the first Postmaster-General (PMG), a federal. With 16,000 staff (and assets of over £6 million) the PMG accounted for 80% of the new federal bureaucracy. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Payphone" title="Payphone">Public phones</a> were available in a handful of post offices. Subscriber telephones were initially restricted to major businesses, government agencies, institutions and wealthier residences. Eight million telegrams were sent that year over 43,000 miles of line. </p><p>There were around 33,000 phones across Australia, with 7,502 telephone subscribers in inner <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and 4,800 in the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_central_business_district" title="Melbourne central business district">Melbourne central business district</a>. </p><p>Overseas cable links to Australia remained in private hands, reflecting the realities of imperial politics, demands on the new government's resources, and perceptions of its responsibilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Federation">After Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A trunk line between Melbourne (headquarters of the PMG Department) and Sydney was established in 1907, with extension to <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> in 1914, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> in 1923, <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> in 1930 and <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a> in 1935. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Ash_Tray_With_Single_Digit_Phone_No.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_Ash_Tray_With_Single_Digit_Phone_No.jpg/220px-Old_Ash_Tray_With_Single_Digit_Phone_No.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_Ash_Tray_With_Single_Digit_Phone_No.jpg/330px-Old_Ash_Tray_With_Single_Digit_Phone_No.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Old_Ash_Tray_With_Single_Digit_Phone_No.jpg/440px-Old_Ash_Tray_With_Single_Digit_Phone_No.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An old <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">bakelite</a> ash tray showing an example of a single digit phone number used in the early days of telecommunication.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 July 1906 the first Australian wireless overseas messages were sent between <a href="/wiki/Point_Lonsdale" title="Point Lonsdale">Point Lonsdale</a>, Victoria and <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport, Tasmania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia and New Zealand ratified the 1906 Berlin Radio-telegraph Convention in 1907. The PMG department became responsible for some international shortwave services, particularly from the 1920s and for a new Coastal Radio Service in 1911, with the first of a network of stations operational in February 1912. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sydney%E2%80%93Melbourne_co-axial_cable" title="Sydney–Melbourne co-axial cable">Sydney–Melbourne co-axial cable</a> was officially opened on 9 April 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coaxial cable infrastructure supported the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Subscriber_trunk_dialling" title="Subscriber trunk dialling">subscriber trunk dialling</a> between the cities<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and live television link-ups. After its commissioning in April 1962 the cable carried telegraph and telephone traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also provided the first inter-city television transmission in Australia, allowing simultaneous television broadcasting in Melbourne and Sydney for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Optus" title="Optus">Optus</a> was formed as AUSSAT, a government owned corporation, in 1981. It was privatized later in the 1980s under the <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Hawke</a> Labor government. <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a> (previously known as Telecom), another government owned asset, was also privatized in 1997 under the <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a> Liberal government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broadcasting_in_Australia">Broadcasting in Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Broadcasting in Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting_in_Australia" title="History of broadcasting in Australia">History of broadcasting in Australia</a></div> <p>Australia developed its own radio broadcasting system, through its own engineers, manufacturers, retailers, newspapers, entertainment services, and news agencies. Initially hobbyists and amateurs were dominant, however with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Commonwealth Government</a> setting up the first radio system, and business interests becoming increasingly involved, hobbyists and amateurs were marginalised. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> was especially interested in radio because it allowed them to bypass the newspapers, which were mostly controlled by their opposition. Both parties agreed on the need for a national system, and in 1932 set up the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Commission</a> was set up as a government agency largely separate from political interference. </p><p>The first commercial broadcasters, originally known as "B" class stations were on the air as early as 1925. Many were sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Australia" title="Newspapers in Australia">newspapers in Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Australia">theatrical interests</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> enthusiasts and radio retailers, and by retailers generally.<sup id="cite_ref-R.R._Walker,_1973_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R.R._Walker,_1973-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all Australians were within reach of a station by the 1930s, and the number of stations remained relatively stable through the post-war era. However, in the 1970s, the Labor government under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> commenced a broadcasting renaissance so that by the 1990s there were 50 different radio services available for groups based on tastes, languages, religion, or geography.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broadcasting system was largely deregulated in 1992, except that there were limits on foreign ownership and on monopolistic control. By 2000, 99 percent of Australians owned at least one television set, and averaged 20 hours a week watching it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting_in_Australia" title="Television broadcasting in Australia">Television broadcasting in Australia</a></div> <p>As early as 1929, two Melbourne commercial radio stations, <a href="/wiki/3UZ" class="mw-redirect" title="3UZ">3UZ</a> and <a href="/wiki/KIIS_101.1" title="KIIS 101.1">3DB</a> were conducting experimental mechanical television broadcasts – these were conducted in the early hours of the morning, after the radio stations had officially closed down. In 1934 Dr Val McDowall<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at amateur station 4CM Brisbane<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conducted experiments in electronic television. </p><p>Television broadcasting officially began in Sydney and Melbourne just prior to the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">Melbourne Olympic Games</a> in November/December 1956 and then phased in at other capital cities, and then into rural markets. Many forms of entertainment, particularly drama and variety, proved more suited to television than radio, so the actors and producers migrated there. </p><p>It now includes a broad range of public, commercial, community, subscription, narrowcast, and amateur stations across the country. Colour television in the <a href="/wiki/PAL#PAL-B.2FG.2FD.2FK.2FI" title="PAL">PAL 625-line format</a> went to a full-time basis in 1975. Subscription television, on the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(Australian_television)" title="Galaxy (Australian television)">Galaxy</a> platform, began in 1995. Digital terrestrial television was introduced in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia moved from PAL 625 to <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> on 10 December 2013. </p><p>Subscription television, whether <a href="/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> type services, has become more important and is one factor driving demand for the <a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Network" title="National Broadband Network">National Broadband Network</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Core_technologies,_the_network,_backhaul_and_the_local_loop"><span id="Core_technologies.2C_the_network.2C_backhaul_and_the_local_loop"></span>Core technologies, the network, backhaul and the local loop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Core technologies, the network, backhaul and the local loop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper_cable_and_optical_fibre_networks">Copper cable and optical fibre networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Copper cable and optical fibre networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber to the x</a></div> <p>Prior to the government opening telecommunications to multi player competition the PMG (and later Telecom Australia) operated a <a href="/wiki/Vertically_integrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertically integrated">vertically integrated</a> system, providing the <a href="/wiki/Core_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Core network">Core network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backbone_network" title="Backbone network">backhaul</a>, ancillary networks and a range of services to end users. </p><p>With opening telecommunications to multi provider competition the government required Telstra to sell wholesale access to its core facilities and networks. </p><p>In the 2000s, larger ISPs began taking over more of the delivery infrastructure themselves by taking advantage of regulated access to the <a href="/wiki/Local_loop_unbundling" class="mw-redirect" title="Local loop unbundling">unconditioned local loop</a>. As well as significantly reducing costs, it gave the service providers complete control of their own service networks, other than the <a href="/wiki/Local_loop" title="Local loop">copper pair</a> (phone line from the exchange to the customer).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telstra in 2006 proposed replacing its copper network with an optical fibre node network with the drop connection into end user premises being the existing copper cable. They abandoned this as under competition policy they would be required to open their network to competing carriers on a wholesale basis. </p><p>Further options were explored with the <a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2007-2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudd government (2007-2010)">first Rudd government</a> deciding to set up a <a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Network" title="National Broadband Network">National Broadband Network</a> using Fibre to the Premises as the main carrier network, supported by satellite and wireless to remote areas. </p><p>After the election of the <a href="/wiki/Abbott_government" title="Abbott government">Abbott government</a> in 2013 a Multi Technological Mix was implemented, replacing FTTP where development was yet to start with Fibre to the Node and also repurposing the Telstra and Optus <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">hybrid fibre-coaxial</a> networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable">Cable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg/220px-Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg/330px-Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg/440px-Fibre-optic_cable_in_a_Telstra_pit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fibre-optic_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre-optic cable">Fibre-optic cable</a> in a Telstra pit, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optus" title="Optus">Optus</a> rolled-out separate <a href="/wiki/Cable_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable Internet">cable Internet</a> services, focusing on the east coast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite">Satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Overseas Telecommunications Commission">Overseas Telecommunications Commission</a> (OTC) was established by Australia in August 1946 with responsibility for all international telecommunications services into, through and out of Australia. </p><p>In 1981 Aussat Pty Ltd was established as a GBE to operate domestic satellite telecommunication and broadcasting services. Aussat's charter restricted it from acting as a competitor to Telecom, including a prohibition on interconnecting public switched traffic with Telecom's network. </p><p>Proposals for a merger of Aussat and OTC (thereby permitting national delivery of telecommunication services in competition with Telecom) were rejected in favor of disposal of the satellite operator to a non-government entity that would be allowed to compete with Telecom. </p><p>Satellites are used to provide telecommunications services in very remote areas. These are primarily the <a href="/wiki/Optus_fleet_of_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus fleet of satellites">Optus satellites</a> C1 D1 and D2. </p><p>There are also a number of <a href="/wiki/Earth_stations_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth stations in Australia">satellite earth stations</a>, which provide access points into the Australian networks: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a> has 10 earth stations, 4 for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and 6 for the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a> has 2 earth stations, which serve the Indian and Pacific Ocean regions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optus_fleet_of_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus fleet of satellites">SingTel Optus Earth Stations</a> has several earth stations located in the major cities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Muster" title="Sky Muster">Sky Muster</a> satellites operated as part of the National Broadband Network.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a> has a totals of 48 earth stations, Located between sites in Sydney, Perth and <a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a> serving both the Australian Continent, Asia-Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean regions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine_cables">Submarine cables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Submarine cables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to Australia's large size, sparse population, and relative remoteness to other countries, a significant amount of infrastructure is required for Internet communications. The vast majority of Australia's international telecommunications transit capacity is sourced from undersea several <a href="/wiki/Fibre-optic_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre-optic cable">fibre-optic cables</a> to Asia and the US: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Cable" title="Southern Cross Cable">Southern Cross Cables</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and the US mainland with a capacity of 620 Gbit/s, with planned upgrade in Q2 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Cable" title="Southern Cross Cable">Southern Cross Cables</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, Hawaii and the US mainland with a capacity of 620 Gbit/s, with planned upgrade in the Q2 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia-Japan_Cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia-Japan Cable">Australia-Japan Cable</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Primarily used as an alternative path to the United States with a capacity of 320 Gbit/s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_3_(cable_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="SEA-ME-WE 3 (cable system)">Sea-Me-We3</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and onto Asia, Middle East, the United States and other destinations with a capacity of 40 Gbit/s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2013)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Telecommunications_in_Australia#Dubious" title="Talk:Telecommunications in Australia">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APNG-2_(cable_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="APNG-2 (cable system)">APNG2</a> (previously part of Pac Rim West) to <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> with a capacity of 2x565 Mbit/s.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://subpartners.net/indigo.html">INDIGO-West</a> (linking Perth to Jakarta and Singapore.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana-1" title="Gondwana-1">Gondwana-1</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Global_Access" title="Tasman Global Access">TGA</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_Pacific_Cable" title="Pipe Pacific Cable">PPC-1</a> (a joint venture of <a href="/wiki/PIPE_Networks" title="PIPE Networks">PIPE Networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videsh_Sanchar_Nigam" class="mw-redirect" title="Videsh Sanchar Nigam">Videsh Sanchar Nigam</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> with lit capacity of 80 Gbit/s, and potential capacity of 2.56 Tbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstra_Endeavour" title="Telstra Endeavour">Telstra Endeavour</a> to Hawaii with a capacity of 320 Gbit/s.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telephony_and_related_arrangements">Telephony and related arrangements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Telephony and related arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Australia" title="Telephone numbers in Australia">Telephone numbers in Australia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Postmaster-General%27s_Department" title="Postmaster-General's Department">Postmaster-General's Department</a> regulated telecommunications and operated telephone and related communications within Australia over the copper telephony network from federation up to 22 December 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-NAA_CA_9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAA_CA_9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Postal_and_Telecommunications_Department" title="Postal and Telecommunications Department">Postal and Telecommunications Department</a>. </p><p>In mid-1975 the department was disaggregated by the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a> into the two <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">Government Business Enterprises</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Australian Telecommunications Commission</a> (trading as Telecom Australia) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading as <a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a>) with a new <a href="/wiki/Postal_and_Telecommunications_Department" title="Postal and Telecommunications Department">Postal and Telecommunications Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MRAbolition_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRAbolition-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change was intended to take account of the increase in the functions of the department to include all electronic media matters which had previously been the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Media" title="Department of the Media">Department of the Media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MRAbolition_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRAbolition-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1982 Davidson Inquiry regarding private sector involvement in delivery of existing/proposed telecommunications services recommended ending Telecom Australia's monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1991, legislation was passed allowing duopoly competition with Telstra, Optus Communications became Australia's second general telecommunications carrier.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was guaranteed access to Telecom's existing infrastructure on reasonable terms - meant to ensure its viability. Other players were prevented from entering the general telephone market until 1997. </p><p>Telecom Australia changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a> in 1995 and has since been privatised. It faced growing competition in market niches such as long distance corporate voice and data services. Telstra was progressively privatised (33.3% 1997, 16.6% 1999, 33.3% 2006, with 17% transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Future_Fund" title="Future Fund">Future Fund</a>.) </p><p>Numbers of licensed telecommunications carriers grew from: ~20 controlling facilities in Australia at 1998 (with several hundred entities providing services using those facilities to <a href="/wiki/End_users" class="mw-redirect" title="End users">end users</a>); to 99 at 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Postmaster-General%27s_Department" title="Postmaster-General's Department">Postmaster-General's Department</a> regulated telecommunications and operated telephone and related communications within Australia over the copper telephony network from federation up to 22 December 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-NAA_CA_9_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAA_CA_9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Postal_and_Telecommunications_Department" title="Postal and Telecommunications Department">Postal and Telecommunications Department</a>. </p><p>On 1 July 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Communications_%26_Media_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Communications & Media Authority">Australian Communications & Media Authority</a> (ACMA) brought together the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Australian Broadcasting Authority">Australian Broadcasting Authority</a> (ABA) and the Australian Communications Authority (ACA).<sup id="cite_ref-NAA_CA_9024_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAA_CA_9024-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_censorship">General censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board" title="Australian Classification Board">Australian Classification Board</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_censorship">Internet censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Internet censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Australia#Federal_law" title="Internet censorship in Australia">Internet censorship in Australia § Federal law</a></div> <p>On 31 December 2007, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Conroy" title="Stephen Conroy">Stephen Conroy</a> announced the federal government's intention to censor "inappropriate material" from the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the proposed system any Australian who subscribes to an <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISP</a> would receive a "clean" version of the Internet. The Federal Government's stated aim is to protect children from accessing violent and pornographic websites. This plan was later abandoned and the Australian government continues to only block websites that violate online laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Australia" title="Internet in Australia">Internet in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telstra_internet_pay_phone_2012-12-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Telstra_internet_pay_phone_2012-12-06.jpg/220px-Telstra_internet_pay_phone_2012-12-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Telstra_internet_pay_phone_2012-12-06.jpg/330px-Telstra_internet_pay_phone_2012-12-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Telstra_internet_pay_phone_2012-12-06.jpg/440px-Telstra_internet_pay_phone_2012-12-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Internet enabled <a href="/wiki/Payphone" title="Payphone">payphone</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_internet_cafe_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sydney_internet_cafe_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Sydney_internet_cafe_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sydney_internet_cafe_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Sydney_internet_cafe_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sydney_internet_cafe_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Sydney_internet_cafe_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Sydney <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">internet café</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Permanent <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> was first available in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to universities via <a href="/wiki/AARNet" title="AARNet">AARNet</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-rogerclarke.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogerclarke.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AARNET_-_History_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AARNET_-_History-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobbes'_Internet_Timeline_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobbes'_Internet_Timeline-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commercial dial-up <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">Internet Service Provider</a> (ISP) appeared in capital cities soon after,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the mid-1990s almost the entire country had a range of choices of dial-up ISPs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Internet access is available through a range of technologies, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Fibre_Coaxial" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid Fibre Coaxial">hybrid fibre coaxial cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a> (DSL), <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">Integrated Services Digital Network</a> (ISDN) and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite Internet">satellite Internet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a>, in partnership with the industrial sector, began rolling out a nationwide FTTP broadband network in July 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The .au domain (<a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a>) was delegated to Robert Elz of the Australian Computing Science Network (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ACSNet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACSNet (page does not exist)">ACSNet</a>) in March 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then, universities connected one at a time to allow for the sending and receiving of email and for use newsgroup facilities. An earlier restricted IP-based network, linking academic institutions within Australia, known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACSNet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACSNet (page does not exist)">ACSNet</a>, used the .oz domain. This domain was subsumed under .au to become .oz.au.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A permanent connection between <a href="/wiki/AARNet" title="AARNet">AARNet</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARPANet" class="mw-redirect" title="ARPANet">ARPANet</a> was established in May 1989 by a satellite connection.<sup id="cite_ref-rogerclarke.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rogerclarke.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AARNET_-_History_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AARNET_-_History-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobbes'_Internet_Timeline_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobbes'_Internet_Timeline-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992 there were two competing commercial ISPs expanding to excess of 100 by June 1995 [Internet Australasia Magazine], attributing some fifth of all AARNet traffic. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Vice-Chancellors%27_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee">Vice Chancellors' Committee</a> sold all commercial customers with Telstra leading the commercial push of the Internet into Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadband_access">Broadband access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Broadband access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadband internet access is available in Australia using predominantly ADSL, plus cable, fibre, satellite and wireless technologies. Since July 2008 almost two thirds of Australian households have had internet access, with broadband connections outnumbering dial-up two to one.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the recent ABS statistics the non-dial-up services outnumber dial up services 3.6 to 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="xDSL">xDSL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: xDSL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, the first consumer <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> services were made available via Telstra Bigpond, at speeds of 256/64 kbit/s (downstream/upstream), 512/128 kbit/s, and 1500/256 kbit/s. Telstra chose to artificially limit all ADSL speeds to a maximum of 1500/256 kbit/s. As ADSL required access to the telephone exchange and the copper line – which only Telstra had – this allowed Telstra to be dominant due to the expense of roll-out for other companies and Telstra's established customer base. Other ISPs followed suit soon after; reselling connections purchased wholesale from Telstra.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to Telstra's monopolisation of ADSL provision other carriers installed their own <a href="/wiki/DSLAM" title="DSLAM">DSLAMs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Internode_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Internode Systems">Internode</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of non-Telstra DSLAMs allowed the service providers to control the speed of connection, and most offered "uncapped" speeds, allowing the customers to connect at whatever speed their copper pair would allow, up to 8 Mbit/s. Ratification of <a href="/wiki/ADSL2" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSL2">ADSL2 and ADSL2+</a> increased the maximum to 12 Mbit/s, then 24 Mbit/s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 2007 the first Naked DSL product was announced by <a href="/wiki/IiNet" title="IiNet">iiNet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after this other internet providers also started to provide DSL products without telephony service over copper, reducing line rental fees.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telstra_FTTN">Telstra FTTN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Telstra FTTN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telstra proposed to upgrade to Fibre to the Node (FTTN) in 2006 but did not pursue the development because it would be required to share the network.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_broadband">Wireless broadband</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wireless broadband"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wireless broadband in Australia is widespread, with many point-to-point fixed wireless broadband providers serving broadband-poor regional and rural areas, predominantly with <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(wireless)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (wireless)">Motorola Canopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> technologies. Telstra's 2006 introduction of the "<a href="/wiki/Next_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Next G">Next G</a>" <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a> network (which reportedly covers 99% of the Australian population as of September 2008) with speeds advertised of being up to 14 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stimulated investment in wireless broadband by competitors Optus, Vodafone and Hutchison Telecommunications, who are presently expanding their HSPA networks to cover 96–98% of the Australian population.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the 1973 Australian telecommunications wireless carrier: <a href="/wiki/Vertel" title="Vertel">Vertel</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_coverage">Rural coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rural coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Universal_service" title="Universal service">Universal service</a></div> <p>Delivering competitive telecommunications services to regional and rural areas is a major issue, with Telstra having a <a href="/wiki/Universal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Service">Universal Service</a> Obligation regarding telephony services. Government monies have been made available on a competitive basis to carriers to address broadband and mobile telephone blackspots and gaps in service provision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Broadband_Network">National Broadband Network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: National Broadband Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Network" title="National Broadband Network">National Broadband Network</a></div> <p>The National Broadband Network was initially a <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">fibre-to-the-home</a> <a href="/wiki/Open-access_network" title="Open-access network">open-access network</a> in planning and trial operation in Australia by the federal government. The national broadband network aimed to provide up to 1000 Mbit/s speeds and to connect to 93% of Australian households and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has since been revised under a Coalition government to a mixed-technology system relying largely on Australia's existing and largely depreciated copper networks. This revision aims for 50 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s, with consumer reports ranging from 1 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s. The government will hold a majority share (51%) in the network company, with the remainder being held by private firms.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian government had previously called for proposals to build a fibre-to-the-node broadband network providing download speeds up to 100 and upload speeds up to 40 <a href="/wiki/Megabits_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabits per second">megabits per second</a>. The government also utilises fixed wireless technology and satellite technology to provide fast broadband connection in rural area and very remote area. Fixed wireless provides speeds up to 50/20 Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satellite technology uses two <a href="/wiki/Sky_Muster" title="Sky Muster">Sky Muster</a> <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication satellites</a> launched in 2015 and 2016 to provide fast broadband in very remote areas and offshore. It provides speeds up to 25/5 Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The network will be the largest single infrastructure investment in Australia's history.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incidents">Incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Optus_outage">2023 Optus outage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2023 Optus outage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2023_Optus_outage" title="2023 Optus outage">2023 Optus outage</a></div> <p>On 8 November 2023 at around 04:00 <a href="/wiki/AEDT" class="mw-redirect" title="AEDT">AEDT</a>, all Optus services, including wireless phone, internet, and mobile, stopped working. This led to over 10 million people and over 400,000 businesses without services provided by the telco. The outage lasted from 9-13 hours, with mobile coverage being the first thing restored.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LTE_networks" title="List of LTE networks">List of LTE networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_LTE_networks" title="List of planned LTE networks">List of planned LTE networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region">List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Remote_Communications_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Remote Communications Association">Indigenous Remote Communications Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telsoc.org/journal/ajtde-v2-n2/a43">"160 years of Australian telecommunications | Telsoc"</a>. <i>telsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telsoc.org&rft.atitle=160+years+of+Australian+telecommunications+%7C+Telsoc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelsoc.org%2Fjournal%2Fajtde-v2-n2%2Fa43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wah-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wah_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wah_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/16334">"When and How Did Telephones Come to Victoria?"</a>. <i>Museums Victoria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museums+Victoria&rft.atitle=When+and+How+Did+Telephones+Come+to+Victoria%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.museumsvictoria.com.au%2Farticles%2F16334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tja.org.au/index.php/tja/article/view/9/30">http://tja.org.au/index.php/tja/article/view/9/30</a> Given, Jock. 2010. 'Wireless politics: Marconi and the Parliament at Point Lonsdale, 12 July 1906'. Telecommunications Journal of Australia. 60 (4): pp. 60.1 to 60.7. Monash University ePress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/timeline/results.aspx">"Australia's Prime Ministers"</a>. National Archives of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Ftimeline%2Fresults.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Australasian Engineer, 1962, p.32</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australasian+Engineer%2C+1962%2C+p.32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Telecommunications Journal of Australia, vol.13, no.3, February 1962 (special edition), p.173</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telecommunications+Journal+of+Australia%2C+vol.13%2C+no.3%2C+February+1962+%28special+edition%29%2C+p.173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Australasian Engineer, 1962, p.33</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australasian+Engineer%2C+1962%2C+p.33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Cryle, 'The press and public service broadcasting: Neville Petersen's news not views and the case for Australian exceptionalism.' (2014) <i>Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy</i> Issue 151 (May 2014): 56+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R.R._Walker,_1973-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R.R._Walker,_1973_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.R. Walker, <i>The Magic Spark – 50 Years of Radio in Australia</i> (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Potts, <i>Radio in Australia</i> (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graeme Davison et al., eds., <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian History</i> (2001), pp 546–47, 637–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://members.racp.edu.au/page/library/college-roll/college-roll-detail&id=496">College Roll: McDowall, Valentine, <i>The Royal Australasian College of Physicians</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:212637/s00855804_1961_1962_6_4_750.pdf">Charles Porter, (1962), Broadcasting in Queensland. <i>Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland</i>, 6 4, pp. 750-761.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Moran and Chris Keating. <i>The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television</i> (Scarecrow Press, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.iinet.net.au/about/mediareleases/00mediarelease6.html">'iinet archives'</a> Retrieved on 25 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnews.com.au/News/157753,ppc-1-delivers-more-speed-than-expected.aspx">ITNews, PPC-1 delivers more speed than expected by Ben Grubb Oct 8, 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAA_CA_9-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAA_CA_9_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAA_CA_9_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/SearchOld.asp?Number=CA+9"><i>CA 9: Postmaster-General's Department, Central Administration</i></a>, National Archives of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CA+9%3A+Postmaster-General%27s+Department%2C+Central+Administration&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaa12.naa.gov.au%2Fscripts%2FSearchOld.asp%3FNumber%3DCA%2B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MRAbolition-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MRAbolition_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MRAbolition_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1975" class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser, Malcolm</a> (18 December 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111020520/http://pmtranscripts.dpmc.gov.au/browse.php?did=4008">"Major Changes in Ministerial And Departmental Responsibilities And Functions"</a> (Press release). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pmtranscripts.dpmc.gov.au/browse.php?did=4008">the original</a> on 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Changes+in+Ministerial+And+Departmental+Responsibilities+And+Functions&rft.date=1975-12-18&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpmtranscripts.dpmc.gov.au%2Fbrowse.php%3Fdid%3D4008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_of_Inquiry_into_Telecommunications_Services_in_AustraliaJ._A._DavidsonAustralian_Parliament1982" class="citation report cs1">Committee of Inquiry into Telecommunications Services in Australia; J. A. Davidson; Australian Parliament (1982). Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Telecommunications Services in Australia (Report). Australian Government Publishing Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-644-01231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-644-01231-7"><bdi>978-0-644-01231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Committee+of+Inquiry+into+Telecommunications+Services+in+Australia&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publishing+Service&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-644-01231-7&rft.au=Committee+of+Inquiry+into+Telecommunications+Services+in+Australia&rft.au=J.+A.+Davidson&rft.au=Australian+Parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/technology/optus-rings-up-20-years-sticking-to-its-guns/news-story/d357df679f5db28b7a09184e0f27ee9f">Mitchell Bingemann, (30 January 2012), Optus rings up 20 years, sticking to its guns, <i>The Australian</i></a> Retrieved 9 February 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAA_CA_9024-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAA_CA_9024_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/SearchOld.asp?Number=CA+9024"><i>CA 9024: an Communications and Media Authority, Central Office, Canberra</i></a>, National Archives of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CA+9024%3A+an+Communications+and+Media+Authority%2C+Central+Office%2C+Canberra&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaa12.naa.gov.au%2Fscripts%2FSearchOld.asp%3FNumber%3DCA%2B9024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/12/31/2129471.htm">"Conroy announces mandatory internet filters to protect children"</a>. Australia: <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. 31 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conroy+announces+mandatory+internet+filters+to+protect+children&rft.date=2007-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2007%2F12%2F31%2F2129471.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.engin.com.au/government-claims-data-retention-laws-only-target-extremists/">"Government Claims Data Retention Laws Only Target Extremists"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+Claims+Data+Retention+Laws+Only+Target+Extremists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.engin.com.au%2Fgovernment-claims-data-retention-laws-only-target-extremists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rogerclarke.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rogerclarke.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogerclarke.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html#8589">"Roger Clarke's 'The Internet in Australia' – 4.3 1985–1989"</a>. Rogerclarke.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Clarke%27s+%27The+Internet+in+Australia%27+%E2%80%93+4.3+1985%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Rogerclarke.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerclarke.com%2FII%2FOzI04.html%238589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AARNET_-_History-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AARNET_-_History_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AARNET_-_History_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220175608/http://www.aarnet.edu.au/about-us/history.aspx">"History"</a>. AARNET. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aarnet.edu.au/about-us/history.aspx">the original</a> on 20 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=AARNET&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faarnet.edu.au%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobbes'_Internet_Timeline-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hobbes'_Internet_Timeline_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobbes'_Internet_Timeline_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/">"Hobbes' Internet Timeline"</a>. Zakon.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hobbes%27+Internet+Timeline&rft.pub=Zakon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zakon.org%2Frobert%2Finternet%2Ftimeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html#CIAP">Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia – Roger Clarke</a>. Published 29 January 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html#9500">Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia – Roger Clarke</a>. Published 29 January 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716072540/http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0005/86072/Request_for_Proposals_-_DCON-08-18.doc">"A separate company for a broadband network"</a>. <i>Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy</i>. 11 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0005/86072/Request_for_Proposals_-_DCON-08-18.doc">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Broadband%2C+Communications+and+the+Digital+Economy&rft.atitle=A+separate+company+for+a+broadband+network&rft.date=2008-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbcde.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fword_doc%2F0005%2F86072%2FRequest_for_Proposals_-_DCON-08-18.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2001-10-25-en">"ccTLD Agreement Signed with auDA"</a>. <i>ICANN</i>. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=ccTLD+Agreement+Signed+with+auDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fnews%2Fannouncement-2001-10-25-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html#7584">"Roger Clarke's 'The Internet in Australia' – 4.2 1975–1984"</a>. Rogerclarke.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Clarke%27s+%27The+Internet+in+Australia%27+%E2%80%93+4.2+1975%E2%80%931984&rft.pub=Rogerclarke.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerclarke.com%2FII%2FOzI04.html%237584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218005538/http://www.aarnet.edu.au/Content.aspx?p=103">"AARNET - About us - History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarnet.edu.au/Content.aspx?p%3D103">the original</a> on 18 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AARNET+-+About+us+-+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarnet.edu.au%2FContent.aspx%3Fp%253D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> AARNet History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24064928-12377,00.html">"Latest Stories From News.Com.Au"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Latest+Stories+From+News.Com.Au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.news.com.au%2Fstory%2F0%2C25197%2C24064928-12377%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telstrawholesale.com.au/">Telstra Wholesale</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120155819/http://www.xyzed.com.au/admin/uploads/pdf/00.09.04.pdf">"First competitive DSL network opens for business"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). 4 September 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xyzed.com.au/admin/uploads/pdf/00.09.04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+competitive+DSL+network+opens+for+business&rft.date=2000-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xyzed.com.au%2Fadmin%2Fuploads%2Fpdf%2F00.09.04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106010305/http://www.internode.on.net/about/news/20060920-coorongsolar.htm">"Internode - News and Media - Internode Covers Coorong with Solar-Powered Broadband"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internode.on.net/about/news/20060920-coorongsolar.htm">the original</a> on 6 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internode+-+News+and+Media+-+Internode+Covers+Coorong+with+Solar-Powered+Broadband&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internode.on.net%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F20060920-coorongsolar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/iinet-keeps-raincoat-on-ready-to-expose-naked-dsl/">'ZDnet iiNet keeps Raincoat on, ready to expose naked DSL'</a> Retrieved on 9 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120722142541/http://www.cnet.com.au/broadband/adsl/0,239035934,339281360,00.htm?feed=pt_naked_dsl/">'AAPT Promises Naked DSL by Christmas'</a> Retrieved on 9 December 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071116113231/http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/communications/soa/iiNet-leaps-out-and-exposes-naked-DSL/0,130061791,339283842,00.htm">"iiNet leaps out and exposes naked DSL"</a>. Zdnet.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/communications/soa/iiNet-leaps-out-and-exposes-naked-DSL/0,130061791,339283842,00.htm">the original</a> on 16 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iiNet+leaps+out+and+exposes+naked+DSL&rft.pub=Zdnet.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com.au%2Fnews%2Fcommunications%2Fsoa%2FiiNet-leaps-out-and-exposes-naked-DSL%2F0%2C130061791%2C339283842%2C00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200608/s1708224.htm">"Telstra scraps broadband network plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 7 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telstra+scraps+broadband+network+plan&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fnewsitems%2F200608%2Fs1708224.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://my.bigpond.com/internetplans/broadband/wireless/overview/default.jsp">'example of Bigpond plan'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915142650/http://my.bigpond.com/internetplans/broadband/wireless/overview/default.jsp">Archived</a> 15 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 25 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/optus-extends-3g-mobile-to-rural-australia/">Znet Optus story</a> Retrieved on 25 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,22912481-5014109,00.html">'Vodafone news.com'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102114131/http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0%2C25642%2C22912481-5014109%2C00.html">Archived</a> 2 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 25 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/business/story/0,27753,24211218-462,00.html">Hutchison Telecommunications news.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917035455/http://www.news.com.au/business/story/0%2C27753%2C24211218-462%2C00.html">Archived</a> 17 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 25 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/nbn-now-to-reach-93-of-population/">"NBN now to reach 93% of population – Communications – News"</a>. Zdnet.com.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NBN+now+to+reach+93%25+of+population+%E2%80%93+Communications+%E2%80%93+News&rft.pub=Zdnet.com.au&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fnbn-now-to-reach-93-of-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigpondnews.com/articles/Technology/2009/04/08/Tasmania_to_get_govt_broadband_first_319955.html">BigPond News – NBN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411113602/http://bigpondnews.com/articles/Technology/2009/04/08/Tasmania_to_get_govt_broadband_first_319955.html">Archived</a> 11 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbnco.com.au/learn-about-the-nbn/network-technology/fibre-to-the-node-explained-fttn.html">"Fibre to the Node Explained"</a>. <i>NBN co</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBN+co.&rft.atitle=Fibre+to+the+Node+Explained&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbnco.com.au%2Flearn-about-the-nbn%2Fnetwork-technology%2Ffibre-to-the-node-explained-fttn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis" class="citation news cs1">Francis, Hannah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/ten-cool-facts-about-nbns-forthcoming-sky-muster-satellite-service-20160202-gmjpow.html">"Ten cool facts about NBN's forthcoming Sky Muster satellite service"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ten+cool+facts+about+NBN%27s+forthcoming+Sky+Muster+satellite+service&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Ftechnology%2Ftechnology-news%2Ften-cool-facts-about-nbns-forthcoming-sky-muster-satellite-service-20160202-gmjpow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2008" class="citation news cs1">Egan, Michael (5 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.theage.com.au/business/a-separate-company-for-a-broadband-network-20080904-49zt.html">"A separate company for a broadband network"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=A+separate+company+for+a+broadband+network&rft.date=2008-09-05&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.theage.com.au%2Fbusiness%2Fa-separate-company-for-a-broadband-network-20080904-49zt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-09/how-the-optus-outage-played-out/103079768">"How the Optus outage disrupted millions of Australians"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=How+the+Optus+outage+disrupted+millions+of+Australians&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-11-09%2Fhow-the-optus-outage-played-out%2F103079768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyal1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Moyal" title="Ann Moyal">Moyal, Ann</a> (1984). <i>Clear Across Australia: A History of Telecommunications</i>. Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/017006266X" title="Special:BookSources/017006266X"><bdi>017006266X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clear+Across+Australia%3A+A+History+of+Telecommunications&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=017006266X&rft.aulast=Moyal&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelecommunications+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whirlpool.net.au/">Whirlpool</a> – "Whirlpool.net.au is a fully independent, non-commercial, community website, run by a team of unpaid volunteers, which is devoted to keeping the public informed about the state of broadband in Australia." Australian ADSL news, information, and forums.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetchoice.com.au/">Internet Choice</a> – Broadband Comparison website comparing a range of the leading internet providers in Australia.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Australia" title="Template:Economy of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Economy of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">Australian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_banking_crisis_of_1893" title="Australian banking crisis of 1893">Banking crisis of 1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_pillars_policy" title="Four pillars policy">Four pillars policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Australia" title="Great Depression in Australia">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Australia" title="Privatisation in Australia">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains_Scheme" title="Snowy Mountains Scheme">Snowy Mountains Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_South_Wales" title="Economy of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Victoria_(state)" title="Economy of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Queensland" title="Economy of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Australia" title="Economy of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tasmania" title="Economy of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Economy of the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_in_Australia" title="Seafood in Australia">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Australia" title="Insurance in Australia">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_market" title="Australian property market">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Australia" title="List of ports in Australia">Ports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_taxes_in_Australia" title="Fuel taxes in Australia">Fuel taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Australia)" title="Goods and services tax (Australia)">Goods & Services Tax</a> (<a href="/wiki/GST_distribution_dispute" title="GST distribution dispute">dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_Car_Tax" title="Luxury Car Tax">Luxury Car Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerals_Resource_Rent_Tax" title="Minerals Resource Rent Tax">Minerals Resource Rent Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_Movement_Charge" title="Passenger Movement Charge">Passenger Movement Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_return_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax return (Australia)">Tax return</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Australia" title="Banking in Australia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Australia" title="Financial system in Australia">Financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_cash_rate" title="Official cash rate">Official cash rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Australian Securities Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%26P/ASX_200" title="S&P/ASX 200">S&P/ASX 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Ordinaries" title="All Ordinaries">All Ordinaries</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Competition_%26_Consumer_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Competition & Consumer Commission">ACCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Prudential_Regulation_Authority" title="Australian Prudential Regulation Authority">APRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_%26_Investments_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Securities & Investments Commission">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_corporate_law" title="Australian corporate law">Corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xx)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xx) of the Constitution of Australia">Corporations power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Work_Commission" title="Fair Work Commission">FWC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_Australia" title="Biofuel in Australia">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing_in_Australia" title="Carbon pricing in Australia">Carbon pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_rating" title="Energy efficiency rating">Energy efficiency rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_Australia" title="Green electricity in Australia">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electricity_Market" title="National Electricity Market">National Electricity Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Australia" title="Solar power in Australia">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Australia" title="Wind power in Australia">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">Government debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Income in Australia">Income in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_bubble" title="Australian property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Australia">Social class in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in Australia">Wealth in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="Australian Council of Trade Unions">ACTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">Labour movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Australia" title="Free trade agreements of Australia">Trade agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Chile_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–Chile Free Trade Agreement">Australia–Chile FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement">Australia–Korea FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">Australia–New Zealand FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United States FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Australia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Australia Free Trade Agreement">China–Australia FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Australia_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–Australia Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan–Australia FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Australia_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Indonesia–Australia FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United Kingdom FTA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Australia" title="Category:Economy of Australia">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Australia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of Australia">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications_in_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Template:Telecommunications in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Telecommunications in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications_in_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telecommunications in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_industry_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications industry in Australia (page does not exist)">Telecommunications industry</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Category:History of telecommunications in Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telegraphy_in_Australia" title="History of telegraphy in Australia">Telegraphy history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Overland_Telegraph_Line" title="Australian Overland Telegraph Line">Australian Overland Telegraph Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Telegraph_Line" title="Cape York Telegraph Line">Cape York Telegraph Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtex_666" title="Microtex 666">Microtex 666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Cable_Station" title="Pacific Cable Station">Pacific Cable Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson_(Cape_York)_Telegraph_Station" title="Paterson (Cape York) Telegraph Station">Paterson (Cape York) Telegraph Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peake" title="The Peake">The Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyre_Telegraph_Station" title="Eyre Telegraph Station">Eyre Telegraph Station</a></li></ul></li> <li>Scientific societies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Society_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Society of Australia">Telecommunications Society of Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Telecommunications_Museum" title="Victorian Telecommunications Museum">Victorian Telecommunications Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">Telephony</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/600_series_connector" title="600 series connector">600 series connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-pair_colour_code_(Australia)" title="20-pair colour code (Australia)">20-pair colour code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Australia" title="Telephone numbers in Australia">Telephone numbers in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/000_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="000 (emergency telephone number)">Emergency telephone number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/106_(emergency_telephone_number)" title="106 (emergency telephone number)">106 (emergency telephone number)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australian dialling codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Australian_dialling_codes" title="Former Australian dialling codes">former</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Australia" title="Internet in Australia">Internet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadband_Network" title="National Broadband Network">National Broadband Network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Broadband_Network" title="History of the National Broadband Network">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBN_Co" title="NBN Co">NBN Co</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.au" title=".au">au top level domain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.au_Domain_Administration" title=".au Domain Administration">Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Australia" title="Internet censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5G_connectivity_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5G connectivity in Australia (page does not exist)">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G_connectivity_in_Australia" title="4G connectivity in Australia">4G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_companies_of_Australia" title="Category:Telecommunications companies of Australia">Telecom providers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Major <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optus" title="Optus">Optus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstra" title="Telstra">Telstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPG_Telecom" title="TPG Telecom">TPG Telecom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodafone (Australia)">Vodafone</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_service_providers_of_Australia" title="Category:Internet service providers of Australia">ISPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SABRENet" title="SABRENet">SABRENet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AARNet" title="AARNet">AARNet</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaysim" title="Amaysim">Amaysim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aussie_Broadband" title="Aussie Broadband">Aussie Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Networks" title="Clear Networks">Clear Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connexus_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Connexus Internet">Connexus Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamtilt" title="Dreamtilt">Dreamtilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocus_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocus Communications">Vocus</a> <ul><li>aaNet</li> <li>Amnet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander Australia">Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ClubTelco" title="ClubTelco">ClubTelco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodo_Services" title="Dodo Services">Dodo Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eftel" title="Eftel">Eftel</a></li> <li>Engin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPrimus" class="mw-redirect" title="IPrimus">iPrimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nextgen_Networks" title="Nextgen Networks">Nextgen Networks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optus" title="Optus">Optus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_Net" title="Origin Net">Origin Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyMesh" title="SkyMesh">SkyMesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superloop_(company)" title="Superloop (company)">Superloop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exetel" title="Exetel">Exetel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belong_(telecommunications_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belong (telecommunications provider)">Belong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacnet" title="Pacnet">Pacnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IiNet" title="IiNet">iiNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internode_(ISP)" title="Internode (ISP)">Internode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westnet" title="Westnet">Westnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniti_Wireless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniti Wireless (page does not exist)">Uniti Wireless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebara" title="Lebara">Lebara Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZettaNet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZettaNet (page does not exist)">ZettaNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_telecommunications_companies_of_Australia" title="Category:Defunct telecommunications companies of Australia">Defunct providers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austar" title="Austar">Austar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Telephone_Exchange_Company" title="Melbourne Telephone Exchange Company">Melbourne Telephone Exchange Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froggy_(ISP)" title="Froggy (ISP)">Froggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_Cable" title="Neighbourhood Cable">Neighbourhood Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One.Tel" title="One.Tel">One.Tel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEL_Networks" title="OPEL Networks">OPEL Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Telecommunications" title="Open Telecommunications">Open Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Overseas Telecommunications Commission">Overseas Telecommunications Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Networks" title="Pegasus Networks">Pegasus Networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">Submarine cabling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cross cable">Southern Cross cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Japan_Cable" title="Australia–Japan Cable">Australia–Japan Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_Pacific_Cable" title="Pipe Pacific Cable">Pipe Pacific Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstra_Endeavour" title="Telstra Endeavour">Telstra Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_3" title="SEA-ME-WE 3">SEA-ME-WE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASURAUS" title="JASURAUS">JASURAUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PacRimWest" title="PacRimWest">PacRimWest</a></li></ul></li> <li>Between-city cabling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sydney%E2%80%93Melbourne_co-axial_cable" title="Sydney–Melbourne co-axial cable">Sydney–Melbourne co-axial cable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Black_Spot_Program" title="Mobile Black Spot Program">Mobile Black Spot Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyberattacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2010_Australian_cyberattacks" title="February 2010 Australian cyberattacks">February 2010 Australian cyberattacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Optus_data_breach" title="2022 Optus data breach">2022 Optus data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DP_World#2023:_Cyberattack_in_Australia" title="DP World">2023 DP World Australian cyberattack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_outage" class="mw-redirect" title="Network outage">Outages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Optus_outage" title="2023 Optus outage">2023 Optus outage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&oldid=1253700488">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&oldid=1253700488</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications in Australia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_December_2013" title="Category:Use Australian English from December 2013">Use Australian English from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2022">Use dmy dates from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2009">Articles needing additional references from December 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from December 2013">Articles with disputed statements from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 12:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Australia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pqfbt","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.754","walltime":"0.941","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3921,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":191622,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18198,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":151559,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 734.424 1 -total"," 31.41% 230.703 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.18% 206.971 1 Template:Australia_topics"," 25.85% 189.838 1 Template:Country_topics"," 15.08% 110.783 16 Template:Cite_web"," 7.73% 56.800 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.69% 49.124 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 6.32% 46.436 1 Template:Ambox"," 6.32% 46.387 4 Template:Navbox"," 4.76% 34.986 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.394","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6926908,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-slbkc","timestamp":"20241124102901","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Telecommunications in Australia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telecommunications_in_Australia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4411276","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4411276","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-29T02:27:48Z","dateModified":"2024-10-27T12:20:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2d\/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_7214_Persons_Information_media_and_telecommunications_Total.svg","headline":"overview of telecommunications in Australia"}</script> </body> </html>