CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Constitution of Australia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"13f45d3e-8386-47b6-a620-606e11d34433","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Constitution_of_Australia","wgTitle":"Constitution of Australia","wgCurRevisionId":1256068494,"wgRevisionId":1256068494,"wgArticleId":18579518,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Australian English from July 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Use dmy dates from September 2023","Articles containing German-language text","Constitution of Australia","1900 in Australian law","1901 in Australian law","1901 in politics","1975 Australian constitutional crisis","Australian constitutional law","1900 in British law"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Constitution_of_Australia","wgRelevantArticleId":18579518,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1144614","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg/1200px-CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1834"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg/800px-CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1223"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg/640px-CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="978"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Constitution of Australia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Constitution_of_Australia rootpage-Constitution_of_Australia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Constitution+of+Australia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Constitution+of+Australia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Constitution+of+Australia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Constitution+of+Australia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prior_to_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_to_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prior to Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_to_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>After Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Document_structure_and_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Document_structure_and_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Document structure and text</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Document_structure_and_text-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Document structure and text subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Document_structure_and_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Covering_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covering_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Covering clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covering_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preamble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preamble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Preamble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preamble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_document" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_document"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Main document</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_document-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapter_I:_The_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_I:_The_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Chapter I: The Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_I:_The_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_II:_The_Executive_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_II:_The_Executive_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Chapter II: The Executive Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_II:_The_Executive_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_III:_The_Judicature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_III:_The_Judicature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Chapter III: The Judicature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_III:_The_Judicature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_IV:_Finance_and_Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_IV:_Finance_and_Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Chapter IV: Finance and Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_IV:_Finance_and_Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_V:_The_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_V:_The_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Chapter V: The States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_V:_The_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_VI:_New_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_VI:_New_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Chapter VI: New States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_VI:_New_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_VII:_Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_VII:_Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Chapter VII: Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_VII:_Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_VIII:_Alteration_of_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_VIII:_Alteration_of_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.8</span> <span>Chapter VIII: Alteration of the Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_VIII:_Alteration_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schedule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schedule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Schedule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schedule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conventions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conventions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conventions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unwritten_conventions_during_the_dismissal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unwritten_conventions_during_the_dismissal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Unwritten conventions during the dismissal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unwritten_conventions_during_the_dismissal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alterations_to_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alterations_to_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alterations to the Constitution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alterations_to_the_Constitution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alterations to the Constitution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alterations_to_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Past_referendums_and_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_referendums_and_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Past referendums and amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_referendums_and_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposals_for_amendment_via_British_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_for_amendment_via_British_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Proposals for amendment via British legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_for_amendment_via_British_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existing_major_amendment_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_major_amendment_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Existing major amendment proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing_major_amendment_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inclusion_of_a_preamble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusion_of_a_preamble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Inclusion of a preamble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusion_of_a_preamble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Republic proposals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_recognition_and_voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_recognition_and_voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Indigenous recognition and voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_recognition_and_voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Labor_Party_supported_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Labor_Party_supported_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Other Labor Party supported amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Labor_Party_supported_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Australia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="دستور أستراليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دستور أستراليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Канстытуцыя Аўстраліі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыя Аўстраліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_d%27Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Constitució d'Austràlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constitució d'Austràlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verfassung_von_Australien" title="Verfassung von Australien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verfassung von Australien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austraalia_p%C3%B5hiseadus" title="Austraalia põhiseadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austraalia põhiseadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_Australia" title="Constitución de Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constitución de Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucio_de_A%C5%ADstralio" title="Konstitucio de Aŭstralio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstitucio de Aŭstralio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="قانون اساسی استرالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اساسی استرالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_de_l%27Australie" title="Constitution de l'Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution de l'Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_Australia" title="Constitución de Australia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constitución de Australia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95" title="오스트레일리아 헌법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트레일리아 헌법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ավստրալիայի սահմանադրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավստրալիայի սահմանադրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया का संविधान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया का संविधान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costituzione_dell%27Australia" title="Costituzione dell'Australia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costituzione dell'Australia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="חוקת אוסטרליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת אוסטרליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australijos_Konstitucija" title="Australijos Konstitucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Australijos Konstitucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlembagaan_Australia" title="Perlembagaan Australia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perlembagaan Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="オーストラリア憲法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストラリア憲法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya_Konstitutsiyasi" title="Avstraliya Konstitutsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstraliya Konstitutsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstytucja_Australii" title="Konstytucja Australii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstytucja Australii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Constituição da Austrália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constituição da Austrália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Конституция Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституция Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constitution of Australia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustav_Australije" title="Ustav Australije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ustav Australije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_perustuslaki" title="Australian perustuslaki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Australian perustuslaki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiens_konstitution" title="Australiens konstitution – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Australiens konstitution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஆஸ்திரேலியாவின் அரசியலமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆஸ்திரேலியாவின் அரசியலமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avustralya_Anayasas%C4%B1" title="Avustralya Anayasası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avustralya Anayasası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Конституція Австралії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституція Австралії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="澳洲憲法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="澳洲憲法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1144614#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Constitution_of_Australia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Constitution_of_Australia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Constitution_of_Australia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&oldid=1256068494" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Constitution_of_Australia&id=1256068494&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_Australia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_Australia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Constitution_of_Australia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Australia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Australia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1144614" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supreme law of Australia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg/220px-CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg/330px-CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg/440px-CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Original 1900 copy of the Constitution</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1901<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1901-01-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Executive government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judicature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Australia)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Australia">King of Australia</a>, exercisable through the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a> on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">federal courts</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Amendments</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 — <i>See <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums in Australia</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last amended</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum" title="1977 Australian referendum">1977 Australian referendum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</i> (Imp) 63 & 64 Vict, c 12, s 9 ('<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004Q00685/latest/text"><i>Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia</i></a>')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a> public gallery<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Australia)">Constitutional Conventions, 1891 and 1897–98</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supersedes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Australasia" title="Federal Council of Australasia"><i>Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885</i> (Imp)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia_Constitution_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act">Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00843D; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia"><span style="color:white;"><small>Politics of</small><br />Australia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/110px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/165px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#222; text-align:center;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Monarchy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mostyn" title="Sam Mostyn">Sam Mostyn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Executive</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marles" title="Richard Marles">Richard Marles</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">Ministry</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanese_ministry" title="Albanese ministry">Albanese ministry</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Legislature</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Australian Parliament</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg/59px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg/88px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg/117px-Australian_House_of_Representatives_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Australian_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2022_Australian_Senate.svg/55px-2022_Australian_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2022_Australian_Senate.svg/82px-2022_Australian_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2022_Australian_Senate.svg/109px-2022_Australian_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="President of the Australian Senate">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sue_Lines" title="Sue Lines">Sue Lines</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Dick" title="Milton Dick">Milton Dick</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Burke" title="Tony Burke">Tony Burke</a> (ALP)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Opposition</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Peter Dutton</a> (LP)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_ministry_of_Peter_Dutton" title="Shadow ministry of Peter Dutton">Shadow Ministry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_High_Court_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gageler" title="Stephen Gageler">Stephen Gageler</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Keane" title="Patrick Keane">Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Gordon" title="Michelle Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Edelman" title="James Edelman">Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Steward_(judge)" title="Simon Steward (judge)">Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Gleeson" title="Jacqueline Gleeson">Gleeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Beech-Jones" title="Robert Beech-Jones">Beech-Jones</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Debra_Mortimer" title="Debra Mortimer">Debra Mortimer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia">List of Judges</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Family Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Alstergren" title="Will Alstergren">Will Alstergren</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Family Court of Australia">List of Judges</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia#Australian_court_hierarchy" title="Judiciary of Australia">State and territory courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Australian legal system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>Recent elections</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">2007</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Federal electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorates_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives">Electoral divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums and plebiscites</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_Australia" title="Voter registration in Australia">Voter registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Political funding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">States and territories</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and assemblies</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia#State_and_territory_courts_and_tribunals" title="Judiciary of Australia">State courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories">State electoral systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Local government</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Qld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local government areas of the Northern Territory">NT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_government_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of local government political parties in Australia">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Australia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Australia">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Australia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_passport" title="Australian passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Australian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Australian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Australia" title="Visa policy of Australia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Australia and the United Nations">Australia and the United Nations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Australia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Australia–Canada relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Australia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Australia–India relations">India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Ideologies</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Australia" title="Monarchism in Australia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #00843D;border-bottom:1px solid #00843D;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_South_Wales" title="Portal:New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Victoria" title="Portal:Victoria">Victoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Queensland" title="Portal:Queensland">Queensland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia" title="Portal:Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Australia" title="Portal:South Australia">South Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tasmania" title="Category:Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Category:Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northern_Territory" title="Category:Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar" title="Template:Politics of Australia sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics of Australia sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Australia sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/63_%26_64_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="63 & 64 Vict.">63 & 64 Vict</a>, c 12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by</th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="the House of Commons">Commons</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Palmer,_2nd_Earl_of_Selborne" title="William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne">William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="the House of Lords">Lords</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 July 1900</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repeals/revokes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Australasia" title="Federal Council of Australasia"><i>Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885</i> (Imp)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_Australian_referendum_(Senate_elections)" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 Australian referendum (Senate elections)"><i>Constitution Alteration (Senate Elections) 1906</i> (Cth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_referendum_(State_Debts)" title="1910 Australian referendum (State Debts)"><i>Constitution Alteration (State Debts) 1909</i> (Cth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_referendum_(State_Debts)" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Australian referendum (State Debts)"><i>Constitution Alteration (State Debts) 1928</i> (Cth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Australian_referendum_(Social_Services)" title="1946 Australian referendum (Social Services)"><i>Constitution Alteration (Social Services) 1946</i> (Cth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)"><i>Constitution Alteration (Aboriginals) 1967</i> (Cth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Senate_Casual_Vacancies)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Senate Casual Vacancies)"><i>Constitution Alteration (Senate Casual Vacancies) 1977</i> (Cth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Retirement_of_Judges)" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Australian referendum (Retirement of Judges)"><i>Constitution Alteration (Retirement of Judges) 1977</i> (Cth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Referendums)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Referendums)"><i>Constitution Alteration (Referendums) 1977</i> (Cth)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relates to</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Laws_Validity_Act_1865" title="Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865"><i>Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865</i> (Imp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942"><i>Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</i> (Cth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986"><i>Australia Act 1986</i> (Cth & UK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Status: Amended</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/search?searchTerm=Commonwealth+Of+Australia+Constitution+Bill">Records of Parliamentary debate relating to the statute</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hansard.parliament.uk/">Hansard</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/63-64/12/contents/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2004Q00685/latest/text">Revised text of statute as amended</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of Australia</b> (also known as the <b>Commonwealth Constitution</b>) is the fundamental law that governs the political structure of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Written_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Written constitution">written constitution</a>, that establishes the country as a <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">constitutional monarchy</a> governed with a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>. Its eight chapters sets down the structure and powers of the three constituent parts of the federal level of government: the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Executive Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judicature</a>. </p><p>The Constitution was drafted between 1891 and 1898 at a series of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Australia)">conventions</a> conducted by representatives of the six self-governing British colonies in Australia: <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This final draft was then approved by each state in a <a href="/wiki/1898%E2%80%931900_Australian_constitutional_referendums" title="1898–1900 Australian constitutional referendums">series of referendums</a> from 1898 to 1900. The agreed constitution was transmitted to London where, after some minor modifications, it was enacted as section 9 of the <i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900</i>, an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. It came into effect on 1 January 1901 at which point the six colonies became <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">states</a> within the new Commonwealth of Australia. </p><p>The Constitution is the primary, but not exclusive, source of <a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Australian constitutional law</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_Australia" title="State constitutions in Australia">state constitutions</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Australia_Acts_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Acts 1986">Australia Acts 1986</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_instrument" title="Prerogative instrument">prerogative instruments</a> and judicial <a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">interpretations</a> of these laws by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>. </p><p>The document may only be amended by <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">referendum</a>, through the procedure set out in <a href="/wiki/Section_128_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 128 of the Constitution of Australia">section 128</a>. This requires a <a href="/wiki/Double_majority" title="Double majority">double majority</a>: a nationwide majority as well as a majority of voters in a majority of states. Only eight of the 45 proposed amendments put to a referendum have passed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposals to amend the document to <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_recognition_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians">recognise Indigenous Australians</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">become a republic</a> are the subject of significant contemporary debate. The <a href="/wiki/2023_Australian_Indigenous_Voice_referendum" title="2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum">most recent referendum</a> occurred on 14 October 2023, in which a proposed amendment to establish an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Voice_to_Parliament" title="Indigenous Voice to Parliament">Indigenous Voice to Parliament</a> was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional history of Australia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_Federation">Prior to Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prior to Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</a></div> <p>Political movements to federate the Australian colonies grew to prominence in the mid 19th century. Multiple motivations existed for increased political co-operation between the colonies; including a desire to regulate inter-colonial <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>. </p><p>Tensions existed, however, between the larger colonies and the smaller ones, and in the degree to which each colony embraced <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> policies. Those tensions and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> harmed the political case for federalism in the 1850s and 1860s. </p><p>In 1889 the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Australasia" title="Federal Council of Australasia">Federal Council of Australasia</a> was established. It arose out of a fear of the growing presence of German and French colonies in the Pacific, and a growing Australian identity. The council could legislate on certain subjects but did not have a permanent secretariat, an executive, or independent source of revenue. Perhaps most problematically <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, the largest colony, did not join the body. </p><p>A series of conferences to discuss federalism was promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales" title="Premier of New South Wales">premier of New South Wales</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkes" title="Henry Parkes">Henry Parkes</a>; the first held in 1890 at Melbourne, and another at Sydney in 1891. These conferences were attended by most colonial leaders. </p><p>By the 1891 conference the federalist cause gained momentum. Discussion turned to what the proper system of federal government ought to be. A draft constitution was drawn up at the conference under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Griffith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Samuel Griffith">Sir Samuel Griffith</a>, but these meetings lacked popular support. An additional problem was that this draft constitution sidestepped some critical issues like tariff policy. The 1891 draft was submitted to colonial parliaments; however, it lapsed in New South Wales. After that event other colonies were unwilling to proceed. </p><p>In 1895, the six premiers of the Australian colonies agreed to establish a new convention by popular vote. The convention met over the course of a year from 1897 to 1898. The meetings produced a new draft which contained substantially the same principles of government as the 1891 draft, but with added provisions for <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>. </p><p>Some delegates to the 1898 constitutional convention favoured a section similar to the bill of rights of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, but this was decided against. This remains the case, with the Constitution only protecting a small and limited number of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right" title="Constitutional right">constitutional rights</a>. </p><p>To ensure popular support, the 1898 draft was presented to the electors of each colony. After one failed attempt, an amended draft was submitted to the electors of each colony except <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. After ratification by the five colonies, the bill was presented to the <a href="/wiki/British_Imperial_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Imperial Parliament">British Imperial Parliament</a> with an address requesting <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> to enact the bill. </p><p>Prior to the bill's enactment, a final change was made to ensure that a right of appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> from the High Court remained. Several colonial chief justices and other conservative and financial interests had called for amendments to be made in London, with the British government also objecting to the proposed bill. Businessmen feared that an Australian court would be unduly influenced by local interests, whilst the UK wished to ensure that no local judgments would cause embarrassment internationally or within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Additionally, the restriction went against plans to create a new court of appeal for the whole empire. Following the amendment, restrictions on Privy Council appeals for some constitutional cases remained,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with any further restrictions on appeals imposed by the Australian Parliament required to be "reserved for Her Majesty's Pleasure", meaning subject to approval by the UK government.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this and some other minor changes, the <i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</i> became law after receiving royal assent on 9 July 1900. This act, also known as the covering act, also authorised the Queen to <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_Declaring_the_Establishment_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Australia" title="Proclamation Declaring the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia">proclaim the actual act of federation</a>, which was done by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> on 17 September 1900, to take effect on 1 January 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> then agreed to join the Commonwealth to ensure it would be an "original state" alongside the other five colonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Federation">After Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyalAssentToConstitutionOfAustraliaAct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RoyalAssentToConstitutionOfAustraliaAct.jpg/220px-RoyalAssentToConstitutionOfAustraliaAct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RoyalAssentToConstitutionOfAustraliaAct.jpg/330px-RoyalAssentToConstitutionOfAustraliaAct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RoyalAssentToConstitutionOfAustraliaAct.jpg/440px-RoyalAssentToConstitutionOfAustraliaAct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Royal Assent to the <i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</i></figcaption></figure> <p>At Federation, six British colonies became a single federated nation. Some British Imperial laws remained in force, together with those of the Australian colonies although, according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, "the real and administrative legislative independence of Australia" was never challenged after federation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power of the British Imperial Parliament to legislate with effect in Australian federal law was restricted by the UK's passage in 1931 of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931"><i>Statute of Westminster</i></a>, adopted into Australian law by the <i><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a></i>. The adoption act acceded Australia to the <i>Statute of Westminster</i> retroactively, with the date set to 3 September 1939, when Australia along with the rest of the British Empire entered World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Act_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Australia_Act_1986.jpg/260px-Australia_Act_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Australia_Act_1986.jpg/390px-Australia_Act_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Australia_Act_1986.jpg/520px-Australia_Act_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Photo of the <i>Australia Act 1986</i> (UK) document located in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House, Canberra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Statute did not however remove the ability for the UK to appoint <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">state governors</a>, make laws that applied to the states and an appeal to the UK <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> still existed for certain court cases. These remaining constitutional links to the United Kingdom were removed in 1986 with the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act</a></i>, leaving Australia fully independent of the British Parliament and legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, the original copy of the <i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Public Record Office</a> in London was lent to Australia for the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bicentenary" title="Australian Bicentenary">Australian Bicentenary</a>. The Australian Government requested permission to keep the copy, and the British Parliament agreed by passing the <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution_(Public_Record_Copy)_Act_1990" title="Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990">Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990</a>.</i> The copy was given to the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A curiosity of the document's history is that the act remains in force as a statute of the UK, despite Australia's subsequent independence.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under traditional legal theory, the Constitution is binding by virtue of the UK parliament's paramount authority over Australian law; however, various members of the High Court and some academics have expressed the view that the Constitution now derives its legal authority from the Australian people.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others contend this question is ultimately not a legal one, with the binding force of the Constitution the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Grundnorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundnorm">grundnorm</a></i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">basic norm</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or starting premise of the Australian legal system.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Australian_parliamentary_eligibility_crisis" title="2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis">2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis</a>, there was discussion of whether to retain or replace the current constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> advocated for getting "rid of the constitution we've got", and replacing the Constitution with a system that does not include states.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constitution Day is observed on 9 July, the date Queen Victoria assented to the <i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</i> in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date is not a public holiday. </p><p>Constitution Day was first held on 9 July 2000 to mark the centenary of the Constitution in the lead up to the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Centenary of Federation</a>. </p><p>Further events have not been widely held since 2001. The day was revived in 2007 and is jointly organised by the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Immigration_and_Citizenship_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia)">Department of Immigration and Citizenship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Document_structure_and_text">Document structure and text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Document structure and text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covering_clauses">Covering clauses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Covering clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900</i> (Imp) was granted <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on 9 July 1900. It consists of nine sections. </p><p>Section 9 contains the Constitution itself. Since the Constitution itself is divided into sections, sections 1 to 8 of the Act have come to be known for convenience as the "covering clauses". The second covering clause is interpretive, specifying that throughout the Act references to "the Queen" are references to "Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering the emergence of a separate Australian monarchy, on one view the plain reading of this section suggests that it ensures that whoever is the monarch of the UK is automatically the monarch of Australia as well. However, other academics have suggested that this clause merely ensures that references to "the Queen" are not restricted to whoever was the monarch at the time of the enactment (i.e. Queen Victoria) and extends the meaning of the phrase to whoever is the currently lawful monarch under Australian succession law.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these laws are not automatically the same as those of the UK, it is theoretically possible for the separate people to be monarch of the UK and Australia via either of the countries passing diverging succession legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, to ensure that both positions are held by the same person, any succession laws must be changed in each Commonwealth realm, as was done most recently following the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">Perth Agreement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preamble">Preamble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preamble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Constitution Act</i> contains a preamble. It does not discuss Western Australia due to the late date which it agreed to join Federation. The preamble names all states except Western Australia, mentions God and recognises that the Australian people have <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia#1899_and_1900_referendums" title="Federation of Australia">agreed to unite</a> under the Constitution. It ends with the standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_enacting_clauses#United_Kingdom" title="List of enacting clauses">enacting clause of the United Kingdom</a>, acknowledging the Queen and the UK houses of Parliament as the legal authority of the act.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>WHEREAS the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, humbly relying on the blessing of Almighty God, have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and under the Constitution hereby established: </p><p>And whereas it is expedient to provide for the admission into the Commonwealth of other Australasian Colonies and possessions of the Queen: </p><p>Be it therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_document">Main document</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Main document"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution is divided into eight chapters, collectively containing 128 sections. The first three chapters state the respective powers of the legislature, executive, and judiciary. This split into three chapters has been interpreted by the High Court (most notably in the landmark <i><a href="/wiki/Boilermakers%27_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Boilermakers' case">Boilermakers' case</a></i>) as giving rise of the separation of powers doctrine in Australia, most strongly between judicial and the other two powers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_I:_The_Parliament">Chapter I: The Parliament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chapter I: The Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter I: The Parliament</a> sets up the legislative branch of government. It consists of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. It provides for the number of representatives to attend each body, and provides that the representatives attending both must be chosen directly by the electorate. </p><p>Each electorate of the House of Representatives is apportioned equally by population, whereas senators are allocated unevenly between "original states", the territories, and future states (of which none presently exist). The House of Representatives is required to have twice as many members as the senate. Chapter I also defines the role of the monarch in relation to the Parliament, although the monarch's own powers over legislation are now regarded as defunct. </p><p>The chapter notably also provides for the powers of the Commonwealth parliament. The Parliament is not granted <a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">plenary power</a> by the Constitution. <a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51 of the Australian Constitution">Section 51</a> contains a list of topics Commonwealth Parliament is permitted to legislate upon (known as the <i>heads of power</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-s51_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s51-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States may also legislate upon these topics, but <a href="/wiki/Section_109_of_the_Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 109 of the Australian Constitution">Commonwealth law prevails</a> in the event of inconsistency between the laws.<sup id="cite_ref-s109_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s109-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 52 contains a brief list of topics that only the Commonwealth may legislate upon.<sup id="cite_ref-s52_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s52-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some relevant powers of the governor-general are provided here: to summon, prorogue or dissolve the Parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-s5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to give or refuse royal assent to federal bills.<sup id="cite_ref-s58_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s58-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other matters dealt within the chapter include eligibility issues for voting or standing in elections; and miscellaneous matters regarding parliamentary procedures and allowances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_II:_The_Executive_Government">Chapter II: The Executive Government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chapter II: The Executive Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chapter_II_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter II: The Executive Government</a> sets down the powers of the executive government. Executive power is vested in the monarch and exercisable by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a>, who appoints the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a> and is to act with its advice. The governor-general is empowered to appoint and dismiss ministers, and is the Commander-in-Chief of the Australian armed forces. However, the Constitution does not set out explicitly the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional conventions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> that require the governor-general to act on the advice of ministers and the existence of cabinet and the prime minister. This was intentional on the part of the framers of the constitution, however the High Court has found these principles arise as a matter of implication.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_III:_The_Judicature">Chapter III: The Judicature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chapter III: The Judicature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Court_of_Australia_(6769096715).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg/220px-High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg/330px-High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg/440px-High_Court_of_Australia_%286769096715%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Chapter III establishes <a href="/wiki/The_High_Court_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="The High Court of Australia">the High Court</a> as Australia's apex court</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chapter_III_Court" title="Chapter III Court">Chapter III: The Judicature</a> sets up the judicial branch. Commonwealth judicial power is vested in a federal supreme court to be called the High Court of Australia. The Parliament is authorised to create federal courts, and to vest the exercise of federal judicial power within the courts of the states. Section 74 (now defunct) provides for the circumstances in which an appeal may be made to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Queen in Council</a>, section 75 provides for the High Court's jurisdiction, and section 80 guarantees trial by jury for <a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">indictable offences</a> against the Commonwealth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_IV:_Finance_and_Trade">Chapter IV: Finance and Trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chapter IV: Finance and Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chapter_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter IV of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter IV: Finance and Trade</a> deals with commercial matters within the federation. Section 81 prescribes all Commonwealth revenue to a <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Revenue_Fund#Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated Revenue Fund">Consolidated Revenue Fund</a>, and section 90 gives the Commonwealth exclusive power over custom and excise duties. <a href="/wiki/Section_51(i)_of_the_Australian_Constitution#Section_92_of_the_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51(i) of the Australian Constitution">Section 92</a> is notable for prescribing "absolutely free" trade and commerce between the states. Section 96 allows the Commonwealth to make grants on terms determined by Parliament. Section 101 sets up an <a href="/wiki/Inter-State_Commission" title="Inter-State Commission">Inter-State Commission</a>, now defunct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_V:_The_States">Chapter V: The States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chapter V: The States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chapter_V_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter V of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter V: The States</a> contains provisions dealing with the states and their role in the federal system. Sections 106–108 preserve the powers of the states, section 109 provides that Commonwealth legislation prevails over that of a state to the extent of any inconsistency. Section 111 provides for surrender of state territory to the Commonwealth, section 114 forbids states to raise military forces without Commonwealth permission, and also forbids the Commonwealth to tax property of a state government and the reverse. Section 116 forbids the Commonwealth to establish a national religion, to impose any religious observance or prohibit the free exercise of any religion, or to impose a religious test for office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_VI:_New_States">Chapter VI: New States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chapter VI: New States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VI_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VI of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter VI: New States</a> allows for the establishment or admission of new states, and allows Parliament to provide for representation of the territories. It also provides that state boundaries must require the consent of a state before alteration by referendum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_VII:_Miscellaneous">Chapter VII: Miscellaneous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chapter VII: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter VII: Miscellaneous contains provisions on varied topics. Section 125 establishes Melbourne as the nation's temporary capital, while providing for the eventual capital to be established within <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> but no less than one hundred miles (160 km) from <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. In 1911, New South Wales ceded to the Commonwealth what is now the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> was built within it and declared the national capital in 1913. Section 126 permits the governor-general to appoint deputies. <a href="/wiki/Section_127_of_the_Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 127 of the Australian Constitution">Section 127</a> provided that "aboriginal natives" were not to be included in headcounts for electoral purposes. That section was <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">removed by referendum</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapter_VIII:_Alteration_of_the_Constitution">Chapter VIII: Alteration of the Constitution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chapter VIII: Alteration of the Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter VIII: Alteration of the Constitution</a> is a single section providing for amendments. It prescribes that alterations may only occur through a referendum bill being approved at a national referendum. A national referendum under this section requires a <a href="/wiki/Double_majority" title="Double majority">double majority</a> to be valid, which consists of a majority of votes nationally, and a majority of votes in a majority of states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedule">Schedule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Schedule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Australia)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Australia)">Oath of Allegiance (Australia)</a></div> <p>The Constitution also contains a schedule setting out the wording of the oath and affirmation of allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-sch_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sch-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under section 42, parliamentarians are required to take this oath or affirmation before taking their seat. </p><p>The oath or affirmation reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I, <i>A.B.</i>, do swear [or solemnly and sincerely affirm and declare] that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Her heirs and successors according to law. [Optionally:] SO HELP ME GOD! ... (NOTE—<i>The name of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland for the time being is to be substituted from time to time.</i>)</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Constitution of Australia</i> schedule</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Since 1901, other <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oaths or affirmations of office</a> are made by prime ministers, ministers and parliamentary secretaries upon appointment to their office. The wording of these oaths are not set by statute and are set by the government of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions">Conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Constitutional conventions</a> are an important part of the Australian Constitution. Some notable conventions include the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a> as head of a Cabinet composed of senior ministers. Another is that the governor-general in exercising executive powers must in almost all circumstances act on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of the prime minister. Despite not being present explicitly in the Constitution, they are understood by the High Court to be incorporated by implication within the document. For example, the convention under <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> that the governor-general may only appoint as prime minister a member with the support of the majority of the House of Representatives follows from the requirement that ministers must sit in Parliament<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and money cannot be spent by the executive government unless authorised by law (passed by the House).<sup id="cite_ref-s51_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s51-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While normally the governor-general may only act according to advice given by ministers, in certain circumstances the governor-general may exercise <a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">reserve powers</a>: meaning to act without advice, and according to their own discretion. Two common example of these powers is the power to appoint the prime minister (the choice usually limited to the person who can command the confidence of the lower house) and the discretion to refuse to grant an early election. The most famous example of the use of the reserve powers <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">occurred in 1975</a> where Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Kerr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Kerr">Sir John Kerr</a> controversially dismissed Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a> after the Senate refused to pass supply until an early election was called.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unwritten_conventions_during_the_dismissal">Unwritten conventions during the dismissal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Unwritten conventions during the dismissal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of constitutional conventions gave rise to controversy during <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">the dismissal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a> in 1975. In that episode, the Governor-General Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(governor-general)" title="John Kerr (governor-general)">John Kerr</a> dismissed the Labor Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>, and appointed the Liberal Opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> as caretaker Prime Minister on the understanding that he would immediately call an election (which <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_federal_election" title="1975 Australian federal election">he then won</a>). This crisis arose due to the breach of the convention that, in the event of a Senate vacancy, the state government would nominate a replacement from the same political party. This convention was broken by the <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lewis_(Australian_politician)" title="Tom Lewis (Australian politician)">Lewis</a> government of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitlam2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitlam2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, this unwritten convention was later formally incorporated into the written constitution via <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1977_(Senate_Casual_Vacancies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1977 (Senate Casual Vacancies)">national referendum in 1977</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Governor-General Sir John Kerr argued that Gough Whitlam had broken an alleged convention that a prime minister who cannot obtain supply must either request that the Governor-General call a general election, or resign.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view remains controversial, with no consensus amongst legal experts as to whether this convention exists.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the convention that a prime minister must have the confidence of the House of Representatives to govern is accepted as a principle of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, whether this convention extends to requiring the confidence of the Senate to pass supply remains subject to often partisan debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Australian constitutional law</a></div> <p>The High Court is responsible for interpreting the Constitution. The legal doctrines historically applied by the court its process have varied. Some such doctrines have included the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" title="Separation of powers in Australia">separation of powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_immunity_(Australia)" title="Intergovernmental immunity (Australia)">intergovernmental immunities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers_doctrine" title="Reserved powers doctrine">reserved state powers</a>. </p><p>While the document does not include a bill of rights, some rights and restrictions are expressly stated. Among these are the <a href="/wiki/Section_80_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 80 of the Constitution of Australia">right to trial by jury for indictable offences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51(xxxi) of the Constitution of Australia">right that any property compulsory acquired by the Commonwealth be on "just terms"</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Section_116_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia">right to freedom of religion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Section_117_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 117 of the Constitution of Australia">right against discrimination based on state residence</a>. </p><p>The High Court has also read a number of important legal implications into the document. One of these is the <a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law#Freedom_of_political_communication" title="Australian constitutional law">freedom of political communication</a>, the other is a <a href="/wiki/Roach_v_Electoral_Commissioner" title="Roach v Electoral Commissioner">freedom of interference from voting</a> in elections. Both doctrines are born of the section 7 and section 24 requirements that representatives in Australia's houses of parliament be "directly chosen by the people".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These implications, which limit Commonwealth legislative power, have been characterised as "freedoms" or "guarantees" instead of "implied rights" meaning that they are directed to limiting government power (instead of guaranteeing access) and do not apply between individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Stone" title="Adrienne Stone">Adrienne Stone</a> has argued that the High Court's purported distinction between a "right" versus a "freedom" is misleading and little more than semantic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alterations_to_the_Constitution">Alterations to the Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alterations to the Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Section_128_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 128 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 128 of the Constitution of Australia</a></div><p>Amendment to the Constitution requires a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> in which the amending act is approved by a majority in at least four states, as well as a nationwide majority: a <a href="/wiki/Double_majority" title="Double majority">double majority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflects the commitment to <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> within the constitution, to ensure that any changes to the document cannot be approved solely with the support of the more populous states.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_referendums_and_amendments">Past referendums and amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Past referendums and amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums in Australia</a></div><p>Forty-five proposals to amend the Constitution have been voted on at referendums, only eight of which have been approved. The eight proposals that have been approved are: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_Australian_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 Australian referendum">1906</a> – <a href="/wiki/1906_Australian_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 Australian referendum">Senate elections</a> – amended section 13 to slightly alter the length and dates of senators' terms of office.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_referendum" title="1910 Australian referendum">1910</a> – <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1910_(State_Debts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1910 (State Debts)">State debts</a> – amended section 105 to allow the Commonwealth to take over debts incurred by a state following Federation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Australian referendum">1928</a> – <a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Australian referendum">State debts</a> – inserted section 105A to ensure the constitutional validity of the financial agreement reached between the Commonwealth and state governments in 1927.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Australian_referendum" title="1946 Australian referendum">1946</a> – <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1946_(Social_Services)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1946 (Social Services)">Social services</a> – inserted section 51(xxiiiA) to extend the power of the Commonwealth over a range of social services.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum" title="1967 Australian referendum">1967</a> – <a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)">Aboriginal Australians</a> – amended section 51(xxvi) to allow the Commonwealth to make laws for Indigenous Australians and repealed <a href="/wiki/Section_127_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 127 of the Constitution of Australia">section 127</a> so that Indigenous Australians would be included in population counts for constitutional purposes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum" title="1977 Australian referendum">1977</a> – <a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Senate_Casual_Vacancies)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Senate Casual Vacancies)">Senate casual vacancies</a> – amended section 15 to ensure casual vacancies in the Senate would be filled by a member of the same political party.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum" title="1977 Australian referendum">1977</a> – <a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Referendums)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Referendums)">Referendums</a> – amended section 128 to allow residents of Australian <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">territories</a> to vote in referendums.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum" title="1977 Australian referendum">1977</a> – <a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Retirement_of_Judges)" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Australian referendum (Retirement of Judges)">Retirement of Judges</a> – amended section 72 to mandate a retirement age of 70 for judges in <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">federal courts</a>.</li></ul> <p>This low success rate reflects a reluctance of Australian voters to approve changes, rather than the onerous requirements of section 128; only 3 of the 36 failed referendums received a national majority of votes without a majority of states.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but one of the successful referendums also received a majority in each of the states, with exception of the 1910 State Debts referendum which succeeded despite a no vote of 66% in New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposals_for_amendment_via_British_legislation">Proposals for amendment via British legislation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Proposals for amendment via British legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first decades after Federation, before Australia's constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom had been clarified, two serious attempts were made to amend the constitution via a British act of Parliament, in order to circumvent the referendum provisions of section 128: </p> <ul><li>In 1917, during World War I, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> sought to amend the Constitution to allow for the constitutionally required federal election to be postponed, thereby extending the term of his government.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Representatives passed a motion by 34 votes to 17 calling on the British Parliament to amend the <i>Constitution Act;</i> Hughes had already secured the support of the British Government for his tactic. However, the equivalent motion in the Senate was defeated after <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Nationalist</a> senators <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bakhap" title="Thomas Bakhap">Thomas Bakhap</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Keating_(Australian_politician)" title="John Keating (Australian politician)">John Keating</a> crossed the floor. Hughes then called the <a href="/wiki/1917_Australian_federal_election" title="1917 Australian federal election">1917 federal election</a>, which saw his government re-elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouter1988152_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouter1988152-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1934, the Western Australia Government petitioned the British Parliament to amend the <i>Constitution Act</i> to allow it to withdraw from the Federation. This followed <a href="/wiki/1933_Western_Australian_secession_referendum" title="1933 Western Australian secession referendum">a 1933 referendum</a> in which the state voted to secede from the rest of Australia, the results of which were rejected by the Federal Government. The petition, presented by former premier <a href="/wiki/Hal_Colebatch" title="Hal Colebatch">Hal Colebatch</a>, was heard by a joint <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">select committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, which rejected it on the grounds that it broke the principle of non-interference in <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> matters recently codified in the <i><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouter1988297–298_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouter1988297–298-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existing_major_amendment_proposals">Existing major amendment proposals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Existing major amendment proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple ongoing debates exist regarding changes to the Australian Constitution. These include debates on the inclusion of a preamble, proposals for an Australian republic, and formal recognition of Indigenous Australians through a <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Voice_to_Parliament" title="Indigenous Voice to Parliament">Voice to Parliament</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inclusion_of_a_preamble">Inclusion of a preamble</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Inclusion of a preamble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum#Preamble_question" title="1999 Australian republic referendum">1999 Australian republic referendum § Preamble question</a></div> <p>The British act containing the Constitution includes a preamble drafted during the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Australia)">1897–8 constitutional conventions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, there has been in increasing calls to change or replace this preamble. Despite receiving several submission, the 1988 Constitutional Commission rejected such a change due to the difficulty of drafting a proposal that would be accepted by all Australians and recognise Indigenous Australians, as well as their view that such a change should not be done unless the entire constitution was rewritten.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this, the 1998 Constitution Convention recommended the inclusion of a new preamble, alongside their recommendation that Australia become a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this recommendation was ultimately taken up by a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchist</a>, then prime minister, <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A draft, penned by Howard with the assistance of the poet <a href="/wiki/Les_Murray_(poet)" title="Les Murray (poet)">Les Murray</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was heavily criticised by the Labor party, Indigenous leaders and the wider public. A modified version was released one day before the passage of legislation that authorised the 1999 referendum. This proposal was again opposed by the Labor party and was eventually defeated with a 60% no vote.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While debate around the preamble was minor compared with the debate around the republic, concerns were raised by opponents about the justiciability of the preamble, especially by those that opposed the inclusion of human rights guarantees in the document and by those who felt the court had become unduly "<a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">activist</a>" in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Mabo_Decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabo Decision">Mabo decision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republic_proposals">Republic proposals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Republic proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism in Australia</a></div> <p>Debates on whether Australian should become a republic have existed since Federation. </p><p>In November 1999 a referendum was held as to whether the Queen and the Governor-General ought be removed from the Constitution, to be replaced with a President. The referendum rejected the change. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_recognition_and_voice">Indigenous recognition and voice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Indigenous recognition and voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_recognition_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians">Constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_to_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice to Parliament">Voice to Parliament</a></div> <p>Since 1910, there have been calls for constitutional reform to recognise Indigenous Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, the Constitution was amended providing the Commonwealth with the power to legislate for all Indigenous Australians by removing the restriction preventing the Commonwealth from legislating in states.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a limitation on including all Indigenous Australians in population counts for constitutional purposes was removed, which in 1967 was relevant only to section 24.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawer196625–26,30_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawer196625–26,30-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcioni2012300–301_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcioni2012300–301-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since those reforms, other proposals have emerged. Guaranteed parliamentary representatives, a constitutionally recognised voice, and an inclusion of Indigenous Australians in a preamble to the Constitution are all proposals that have been made to reform the Australian Constitution to recognise Indigenous Australians. </p><p>In his <a href="/wiki/Closing_the_Gap" title="Closing the Gap">Closing the Gap</a> speech in February 2020, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Scott Morrison</a> reinforced the work of the Referendum Council, rejecting the idea of merely symbolic recognition, supporting a voice co-designed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, "using the language of listening and empowerment". The Labor Party has supported a voice enshrined in the Constitution for a long time, and so have many of Australia's left-leaning minor parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_20202_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_20202-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many right-wing and regional groups opposed the change.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A referendum to prescribe a Voice to Parliament in the constitution failed in 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Labor_Party_supported_amendments">Other Labor Party supported amendments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other Labor Party supported amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alongside support for an Australian republic and the Voice to Parliament, the 2023 National Platform of the Labor Party also supports amendments to: </p> <ul><li>recognise local government</li> <li>implement fixed four-year terms for both the Senate and the House of Representatives (as a change from the current fixed six-year term for senators, with half elected each three years, and an unfixed maximum three-year term for members of parliament)</li> <li>reform "matters of territory rights"</li></ul> <p>The platform states that the later two reforms should be progressed through a new independent Australian Constitutional Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution is often described as "virtually invisible" within Australian culture and mainstream political discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is especially compared to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">US constitution</a> and the centrality of it to the country's <a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">civil religion</a>. The Australian Constitution, in contrast, barely pierces the national consciousness, with one survey in 2015 finding that over a third of Australians had not heard of it.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the US constitution, which through the words "We the People" describes itself as an expression of the national will, the Australian Constitution is contained within an act passed by the United Kingdom and its authority is described as deriving from the consent of the Queen and the UK Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it contains no explicit statement of values, aspirations or rights nor does it describe an "objective order of values", as in the <a href="/wiki/German_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="German Basic Law">German Basic Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "thin" nature of the Constitution is celebrated<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by some academic, judicial and political commentators, and lamented by others.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_Australia" title="State constitutions in Australia">State constitutions</a> and territory self government Acts: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of New South Wales">Constitution of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Victoria" title="Constitution of Victoria">Constitution of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Queensland" title="Constitution of Queensland">Constitution of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Australia" title="Constitution of South Australia">Constitution of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Western Australia">Constitution of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tasmania" title="Constitution of Tasmania">Constitution of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_(Self-Government)_Act_1988" title="Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988">Australian Capital Territory self government Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_(Self-Government)_Act_1978" title="Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978">Northern Territory self government Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a> – concept used to study the historical development and common features of constitutions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a> – concept underlying constitutional states</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> was involved in early discussions about Federation and attended the first convention in 1891; however, they remained hesitant about the idea and did not formally participate in later conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically those "arising, as to the limits inter se of the Constitutional powers of the Commonwealth and those of any State or States, or as to the limits inter se of the Constitutional powers of any two or more States".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Anne Twomey</a> suggests this happened during the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdication of Edward VIII</a>, which became effective in the UK and Australia on 11 December 1936, whilst the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> enacted its own succession change, becoming law on 12 December 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It has also been suggested that section 15 of the Australia Act allows amendment of the Constitution through the consent of the Commonwealth and all state parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/Visit_Parliament/Art/Icons/Constitution_Act_1900">"Constitution Act 1900"</a>. <i>Parliament of Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Constitution+Act+1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FVisit_Parliament%2FArt%2FIcons%2FConstitution_Act_1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/history-of-parliament/federation/the-federation-of-australia/">"The Federation of Australia"</a>. <i>Parliamentary Education Office</i>. 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft.atitle=The+Federation+of+Australia&rft.date=2023-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fhistory-of-parliament%2Ffederation%2Fthe-federation-of-australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/referendums/Referendum_Dates_and_Results.htm">"Referendum dates and results"</a>. <i>Australian Electoral Commission</i>. 7 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Electoral+Commission&rft.atitle=Referendum+dates+and+results&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2FElections%2Freferendums%2FReferendum_Dates_and_Results.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2023" class="citation news cs1">Worthington, Brett (14 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-14/voters-reject-indigeneous-voice-to-parliament-referendum/102974522">"Australians reject Indigenous recognition via Voice to Parliament, referendum set for defeat"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australians+reject+Indigenous+recognition+via+Voice+to+Parliament%2C+referendum+set+for+defeat&rft.date=2023-10-14&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-10-14%2Fvoters-reject-indigeneous-voice-to-parliament-referendum%2F102974522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian Constitution s 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Nauze1972" class="citation book cs1">La Nauze, J. A. (1972). "16. Clause 74, London, 1900". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofaustrali0000lana"><i>The Making of the Australian constitution</i></a>. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84016-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84016-2"><bdi>978-0-522-84016-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16.+Clause+74%2C+London%2C+1900&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Australian+constitution&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84016-2&rft.aulast=La+Nauze&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofaustrali0000lana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParliamentary_Education_Office2022" class="citation web cs1">Parliamentary Education Office (6 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/">"Queen Victoria signed the Australian Constitution Act in July 1900. So why weren't we officially Australia then? What did the proclamation do?"</a>. <i>Parliamentary Education Office</i>. Commonwealth of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420021722/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/queen-victoria-signed-the-australian-constitution-act-in-july-1900-so-why-werent-we-officially-australia-then-what-did-the-proclamation-do/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft.atitle=Queen+Victoria+signed+the+Australian+Constitution+Act+in+July+1900.+So+why+weren%27t+we+officially+Australia+then%3F+What+did+the+proclamation+do%3F&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft.au=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fyour-questions-on-notice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page24976232">"Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia_Gazette" title="Commonwealth of Australia Gazette">Commonwealth of Australia Gazette</a></i>. No. 1. Australia, Australia. 1 January 1901. p. 1 – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+of+Australia+Gazette&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Australia+Gazette+No.+1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1901-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-page24976232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenzies1937" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies, Robert</a> (25 August 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/hansard80/hansardr80/1937-08-25/toc_pdf/19370825_reps_14_154.pdf">"House of Representatives: Official Hansard"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Commonwealth of Australia. p. 94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230917043722/https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/hansard80/hansardr80/1937-08-25/toc_pdf/19370825_reps_14_154.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 September 2023. <q>In point of practice the real and administrative legislative independence of Australia has never been challenged, since the Commonwealth was created.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=House+of+Representatives%3A+Official+Hansard&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1937-08-25&rft.aulast=Menzies&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparlinfo.aph.gov.au%2FparlInfo%2Fdownload%2Fhansard80%2Fhansardr80%2F1937-08-25%2Ftoc_pdf%2F19370825_reps_14_154.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sowaa1942379/s3.html">s 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/">"How much British legislation, if any, still applies to Australia either federally or at a state level? How does it get changed if it does still apply?"</a>. <i>Parliamentary Education Office</i>. 6 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft.atitle=How+much+British+legislation%2C+if+any%2C+still+applies+to+Australia+either+federally+or+at+a+state+level%3F+How+does+it+get+changed+if+it+does+still+apply%3F&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fyour-questions-on-notice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Graeme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706124030/http://alia.org.au/publishing/alj/54.1/full.text/powell.html">"The quest for the nation's title deeds, 1901-1990"</a>. <i>Australian Library and Information Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alia.org.au/publishing/alj/54.1/full.text/powell.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Library+and+Information+Association&rft.atitle=The+quest+for+the+nation%27s+title+deeds%2C+1901-1990&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falia.org.au%2Fpublishing%2Falj%2F54.1%2Ffull.text%2Fpowell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1900/12/">"Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 9 July 1900, 1900 c. 12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Australia+Constitution+Act+1900&rft.date=1900-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1900%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Twomey, Anne</a> (2000). "Sue v Hill: The Evolution of Australian Independence". In <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Stone" title="Adrienne Stone">Stone, Adrienne</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a> (eds.). <i>The High Court at the Crossroads: Essays in Constitutional Law</i>. Federation Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-371-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-371-1"><bdi>978-1-86287-371-1</bdi></a>. <q>Until such a position is formally taken by a clear majority of the High Court [on the ultimate binding nature of the Constitution] ... it is submitted that traditional legal principles should be followed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sue+v+Hill%3A+The+Evolution+of+Australian+Independence&rft.btitle=The+High+Court+at+the+Crossroads%3A+Essays+in+Constitutional+Law&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86287-371-1&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon1935" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Dixon" title="Owen Dixon">Dixon, Owen</a> (1935). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/lqr51&i=602">"The Law and the Constitution"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Law_Quarterly_Review" title="Law Quarterly Review">Law Quarterly Review</a></i>. <b>51</b> (4): 597. <q>The framers of our own Federal Commonwealth Constitution (who were for the most part lawyers) found the American instrument of government an incomparable model. They could not escape from its fascination. Its contemplation damped the smouldering fires of their originality. But, although they copied it in many respects with great fidelity, in one respect the Constitution of our Commonwealth was bound to depart altogether from its prototype. It is not a supreme law purporting to obtain its force from the direct expression of a people's inherent authority to constitute a government. It is a statute of the British Parliament enacted in the exercise of its legal sovereignty over the law everywhere in the King's Dominions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Law+and+the+Constitution&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FP%3Fh%3Dhein.journals%2Flqr51%26i%3D602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindell1986" class="citation journal cs1">Lindell, G. J. (March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/FedLRev/1986/2.html">"Why is Australia's Constitution Binding? – The Reason in 1900 and Now, and the Effect of Independence"</a>. <i>Federal Law Review</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 29–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0067205X8601600102">10.1177/0067205X8601600102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0067-205X">0067-205X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159157171">159157171</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Austlii" class="mw-redirect" title="Austlii">Austlii</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Why+is+Australia%27s+Constitution+Binding%3F+%E2%80%93+The+Reason+in+1900+and+Now%2C+and+the+Effect+of+Independence&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-49&rft.date=1986-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159157171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0067-205X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0067205X8601600102&rft.aulast=Lindell&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FFedLRev%2F1986%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Egan v Willis</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/1996/583.html">[1996] NSWSC 583</a>, (1996) 40 NSWLR 650</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2020" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Luke (2020). <i>Australian constitutional law: concepts and cases</i>. Port Melbourne, VIC: Cambridge university press. pp. 14–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-70103-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-70103-7"><bdi>978-1-108-70103-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+constitutional+law%3A+concepts+and+cases&rft.place=Port+Melbourne%2C+VIC&rft.pages=14-6&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-70103-7&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyke2020" class="citation book cs1">Pyke, John (2020). <i>Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia</i> (2nd ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. pp. 65–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0"><bdi>978-0-455-24415-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+powers+under+a+Federal+Constitution%3A+constitutional+law+in+Australia&rft.place=Pyrmont%2C+NSW&rft.pages=65-70&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lawbook+Co&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-455-24415-0&rft.aulast=Pyke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrom2017" class="citation news cs1">Strom, Marcus (18 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-18/abolish-the-constitution-and-start-again/8816488">"The constitution is broken and out of date — we should abolish it and start again"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024123559/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-18/abolish-the-constitution-and-start-again/8816488">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+constitution+is+broken+and+out+of+date+%E2%80%94+we+should+abolish+it+and+start+again&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.aulast=Strom&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-08-18%2Fabolish-the-constitution-and-start-again%2F8816488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2017" class="citation news cs1">Lambert, Scott (16 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themandarin.com.au/86092-not-fit-purpose-re-imagining-australian-constitution/">"Principles for a new Australian Constitution"</a>. <i>The Mandarin</i>. Private Media Pty Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121153638/https://www.themandarin.com.au/86092-not-fit-purpose-re-imagining-australian-constitution/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mandarin&rft.atitle=Principles+for+a+new+Australian+Constitution&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themandarin.com.au%2F86092-not-fit-purpose-re-imagining-australian-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelot2017" class="citation news cs1">Belot, Henry (16 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-17/john-howard-and-bob-hawke-criticise-career-politicians/8814572">"Howard, Hawke criticise career politicians 'with no life experience'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427093615/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-17/john-howard-and-bob-hawke-criticise-career-politicians/8814572">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Howard%2C+Hawke+criticise+career+politicians+%27with+no+life+experience%27&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.aulast=Belot&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-08-17%2Fjohn-howard-and-bob-hawke-criticise-career-politicians%2F8814572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Archives_of_Australia2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a> (22 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naa.gov.au/about-us/media-and-publications/media-releases/catch-glimpse-original-australian-constitution-national-archives">"Catch a glimpse of the original Australian Constitution at National Archives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230917040838/https://www.naa.gov.au/about-us/media-and-publications/media-releases/catch-glimpse-original-australian-constitution-national-archives">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catch+a+glimpse+of+the+original+Australian+Constitution+at+National+Archives&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft.au=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Fabout-us%2Fmedia-and-publications%2Fmedia-releases%2Fcatch-glimpse-original-australian-constitution-national-archives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719045242/http://www.alp.org.au/media/0708/mssms090.php">"Constitution Day Celebrations"</a>. 9 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alp.org.au/media/0708/mssms090.php">the original</a> on 19 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+Day+Celebrations&rft.date=2008-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alp.org.au%2Fmedia%2F0708%2Fmssms090.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900</i> (Imp) 63 & 64 Vict, c 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s2.html">s 2</a>. "The provisions of this Act referring to the Queen shall extend to Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Twomey, Anne (October 2011). "Changing the rules of succession to the throne". <i>Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper</i> (11/71): 14–16. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1943287">1943287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Law+School+Legal+Studies+Research+Paper&rft.atitle=Changing+the+rules+of+succession+to+the+throne&rft.issue=11%2F71&rft.pages=14-16&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1943287%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStellios2022" class="citation book cs1">Stellios, James Stephen (2022). <i>Zines and Stellios's The High Court and the Constitution</i> (7th ed.). Alexandria, NSW: Federation Press. pp. 514–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-370-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-370-6"><bdi>978-1-76002-370-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zines+and+Stellios%27s+The+High+Court+and+the+Constitution&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+NSW&rft.pages=514-6&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-370-6&rft.aulast=Stellios&rft.aufirst=James+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2016976825/view"><i>Final report of the Constitutional Commission</i></a>. 1988. pp. 79–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-644-06897-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-644-06897-3"><bdi>0-644-06897-3</bdi></a> – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+report+of+the+Constitutional+Commission&rft.pages=79-82&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-644-06897-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-2016976825%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Twomey, Anne (October 2011). "Changing the rules of succession to the throne". <i>Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper</i> (11/71): 9. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1943287">1943287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Law+School+Legal+Studies+Research+Paper&rft.atitle=Changing+the+rules+of+succession+to+the+throne&rft.issue=11%2F71&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1943287%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erskinemay.parliament.uk/section/4978/enacting-formula/">"Enacting formula"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=Enacting+formula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferskinemay.parliament.uk%2Fsection%2F4978%2Fenacting-formula%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Constitution/preamble">"Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act"</a>. <i>Parliament of Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Australia+Constitution+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FSenate%2FPowers_practice_n_procedures%2FConstitution%2Fpreamble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan2010" class="citation journal cs1">McMillan, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedLRev/2010/18.pdf">"Re-thinking the separation of powers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal Law Review</i>. <b>38</b>: 424–5 – via <a href="/wiki/AustLII" class="mw-redirect" title="AustLII">AustLII</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Re-thinking+the+separation+of+powers&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=424-5&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FFedLRev%2F2010%2F18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s51-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s51_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s51_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s83.html">s 83</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s109-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s109_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s109.html">s 109</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s52-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s52_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s52.html">s 52</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s5-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s5_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/">Australian Constitution</a></i> (Cth) s 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s58-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s58_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s58.html">s 58</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>McCloy v New South Wales</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2015/34.html">[2015] HCA 34</a> at [100]–[110]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorff2014" class="citation web cs1">Korff, Jens (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-1967-referendum">"Australian 1967 Referendum"</a>. <i>creativespirits.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=creativespirits.info&rft.atitle=Australian+1967+Referendum&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Korff&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativespirits.info%2Faboriginalculture%2Fhistory%2Faustralian-1967-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sch-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sch_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/sch1.html">s ch1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/OathsAffirmations#_Toc358025341">"Oaths and affirmations made by the executive and members of federal parliament since 1901"</a>. Parliamentary Library, Department of Parliamentary Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307144419/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/OathsAffirmations">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oaths+and+affirmations+made+by+the+executive+and+members+of+federal+parliament+since+1901&rft.pub=Parliamentary+Library%2C+Department+of+Parliamentary+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2Fpubs%2Frp%2Frp1314%2FOathsAffirmations%23_Toc358025341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s64.html">s 64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyke2020" class="citation book cs1">Pyke, John (2020). <i>Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia</i> (2nd ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0"><bdi>978-0-455-24415-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1140000411">1140000411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+powers+under+a+Federal+Constitution%3A+constitutional+law+in+Australia&rft.place=Pyrmont%2C+NSW&rft.pages=285&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lawbook+Co&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1140000411&rft.isbn=978-0-455-24415-0&rft.aulast=Pyke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/whitlam-dismissal">"National Museum of Australia - Whitlam dismissal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a></i>. 29 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Australia&rft.atitle=National+Museum+of+Australia+-+Whitlam+dismissal&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fresources%2Fwhitlam-dismissal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitlam2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitlam2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gough Whitlam. <i>The Truth of the Matter</i>. Penguin. 1979 (Reprint: Melbourne University Press. 2005.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109202212/http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s350401.htm">"Reflections from the Seventies (transcript)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)" title="ABC Television (Australian TV network)">ABC TV</a> <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners_(Australian_TV_program)" title="Four Corners (Australian TV program)">Four Corners</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/s350401.htm">the original</a> on 9 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reflections+from+the+Seventies+%28transcript%29&rft.pub=ABC+TV+Four+Corners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2F4corners%2Fstories%2Fs350401.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1975" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(governor-general)" title="John Kerr (governor-general)">Kerr, John</a> (11 November 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitlamdismissal.com/1975/11/11/kerr-statement-of-reasons.html">"Sir John Kerr's Statement of Reasons"</a>. <i>whitlamdismissal.com</i> (published 16 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416042105/http://whitlamdismissal.com/1975/11/11/kerr-statement-of-reasons.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitlamdismissal.com&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Kerr%27s+Statement+of+Reasons&rft.date=1975-11-11&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitlamdismissal.com%2F1975%2F11%2F11%2Fkerr-statement-of-reasons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2015" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Bede (2015). <i>Constitutional Law Guidebook</i> (2nd ed.). Australia: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-559400-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-559400-3"><bdi>978-0-19-559400-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+Guidebook&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=61-3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-559400-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Roach_v_Electoral_Commissioner" title="Roach v Electoral Commissioner">Roach v Electoral Commissioner</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2007/43.html">[2007] HCA 43</a>, (2007) <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Lange_v_Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1997/25.html">[1997] HCA 25</a>, 189 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Unions NSW v New South Wales</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2013/58.html">[2013] HCA 58</a> at para 36, (2013) 252 CLR 530, 554 "[W]hat the Constitution protects is not a personal right. A legislative prohibition or restriction on the freedom [of political communication] is not to be understood as affecting a person's right or freedom to engage in political communication, but as affecting communication on those subjects more generally. The freedom is to be understood as addressed to legislative power, not rights, and as effecting a restriction on that power. Thus the question is not whether a person is limited in the way that he or she can express himself or herself, although identification of that limiting effect may be necessary to an understanding of the operation of a statutory provision upon the freedom more generally. The central question is: how does the impugned law affect the freedom?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Stone" title="Adrienne Stone">Stone, Adrienne</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/UMelbLRS/2001/1.html">"Rights, Personal Rights and freedoms: The Nature of the Freedom of Political Communication"</a>. <i>Melbourne University Law Review</i>. <b>25</b> (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428124800/https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/UMelbLRS/2001/1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023 – via Austlii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melbourne+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Rights%2C+Personal+Rights+and+freedoms%3A+The+Nature+of+the+Freedom+of+Political+Communication&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FUMelbLRS%2F2001%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1989" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Christopher D (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/QUTLawJl/1989/4.html">"Section 15 of the Australia Acts: Constitutional Change by the Back Door"</a>. <i>Queensland University of Technology Law Journal</i>. <b>5</b> – via <a href="/wiki/Austlii" class="mw-redirect" title="Austlii">Austlii</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Queensland+University+of+Technology+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Section+15+of+the+Australia+Acts%3A+Constitutional+Change+by+the+Back+Door&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww8.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FQUTLawJl%2F1989%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBrennanLynch2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a>; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2018). <i>Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials</i> (7th ed.). Sydney: The Federation Press. p. 1408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-151-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-151-1"><bdi>978-1-76002-151-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshield+and+Williams+Australian+Constitutional+Law+and+Theory%3A+Commentary+and+Materials.&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=1408&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-151-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Sean&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBrennanLynch2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a>; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2018). <i>Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials</i> (7th ed.). Sydney: The Federation Press. p. 1411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-151-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-151-1"><bdi>978-1-76002-151-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshield+and+Williams+Australian+Constitutional+Law+and+Theory%3A+Commentary+and+Materials.&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=1411&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=The+Federation+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-151-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Sean&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsHume2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a>; Hume, David (2010). <i>People power: the history and future of the referendum in Australia</i>. Sydney, N.S.W: University of New South Wales (UNSW) Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-215-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74223-215-7"><bdi>978-1-74223-215-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+power%3A+the+history+and+future+of+the+referendum+in+Australia&rft.place=Sydney%2C+N.S.W&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales+%28UNSW%29+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-74223-215-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Hume%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouter1988" class="citation book cs1">Souter, Gavin (1988). <i>Acts of Parliament: A Narrative History of Australia's Federal Legislature</i>. Melbourne University Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0522844081" title="Special:BookSources/0522844081"><bdi>0522844081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts+of+Parliament%3A+A+Narrative+History+of+Australia%27s+Federal+Legislature&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0522844081&rft.aulast=Souter&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouter1988152-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouter1988152_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouter1988">Souter 1988</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouter1988297–298-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouter1988297–298_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouter1988">Souter 1988</a>, pp. 297–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsMcKennaSimpson2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a>; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/agis_archive.20020262">"First words: the preamble to the Australian Constitution"</a></span>. <i>University of New South Wales Law Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 384–5 – via Informit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+New+South+Wales+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=First+words%3A+the+preamble+to+the+Australian+Constitution.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=384-5&rft.date=2001-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Mark&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3316%2Fagis_archive.20020262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstitutional_Commission1988" class="citation report cs1">Constitutional Commission (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2016976825">Final report of the Constitutional Commission</a> (Report). Vol. 1. pp. 109–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0644068973" title="Special:BookSources/0644068973"><bdi>0644068973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+report+of+the+Constitutional+Commission&rft.pages=109-10&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0644068973&rft.au=Constitutional+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-2016976825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsMcKennaSimpson2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a>; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/agis_archive.20020335">"With hope in God, the Prime Minister and the poet: lessons from the 1999 Referendum on the Preamble"</a></span>. <i>The University of New South Wales Law Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 402 – via Informit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+New+South+Wales+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=With+hope+in+God%2C+the+Prime+Minister+and+the+poet%3A+lessons+from+the+1999+Referendum+on+the+Preamble&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=402&rft.date=2001-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Mark&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3316%2Fagis_archive.20020335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsMcKennaSimpson2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a>; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/agis_archive.20020335">"With hope in God, the Prime Minister and the poet: lessons from the 1999 Referendum on the Preamble"</a></span>. <i>The University of New South Wales Law Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 402–10 – via Informit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+New+South+Wales+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=With+hope+in+God%2C+the+Prime+Minister+and+the+poet%3A+lessons+from+the+1999+Referendum+on+the+Preamble&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=402-10&rft.date=2001-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Mark&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3316%2Fagis_archive.20020335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCooey2019" class="citation news cs1">McCooey, David (29 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/vale-les-murray-a-witty-anti-authoritarian-national-poet-who-spoke-to-the-world-116186">"Vale Les Murray, the unofficial Australian poet laureate who spoke to the world"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206044328/https://theconversation.com/vale-les-murray-a-witty-anti-authoritarian-national-poet-who-spoke-to-the-world-116186">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Vale+Les+Murray%2C+the+unofficial+Australian+poet+laureate+who+spoke+to+the+world&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.aulast=McCooey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fvale-les-murray-a-witty-anti-authoritarian-national-poet-who-spoke-to-the-world-116186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsMcKennaSimpson2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a>; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/agis_archive.20020335">"With hope in God, the Prime Minister and the poet: lessons from the 1999 Referendum on the Preamble"</a></span>. <i>The University of New South Wales Law Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 415 – via Informit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+New+South+Wales+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=With+hope+in+God%2C+the+Prime+Minister+and+the+poet%3A+lessons+from+the+1999+Referendum+on+the+Preamble&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=415&rft.date=2001-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Mark&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3316%2Fagis_archive.20020335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsMcKennaSimpson2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a>; McKenna, Mark; Simpson, Amelia (January 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/agis_archive.20020262">"First words: the preamble to the Australian Constitution"</a></span>. <i>University of New South Wales Law Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 396–7 – via Informit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+New+South+Wales+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=First+words%3A+the+preamble+to+the+Australian+Constitution.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=396-7&rft.date=2001-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Mark&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.informit.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3316%2Fagis_archive.20020262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExpert_Panel_on_Constitutional_Recognition_of_Indigenous_Australians2012" class="citation book cs1">Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians (2012). "1.7 Early voices for change". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021155805/https://antar.org.au/sites/default/files/expert_panel_report_.pdf/"><i>Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution : Report of the Expert Panel</i></a>. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 28–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921975295" title="Special:BookSources/9781921975295"><bdi>9781921975295</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antar.org.au/sites/default/files/expert_panel_report_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.7+Early+voices+for+change&rft.btitle=Recognising+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Peoples+in+the+Constitution+%3A+Report+of+the+Expert+Panel&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=28-31&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781921975295&rft.au=Expert+Panel+on+Constitutional+Recognition+of+Indigenous+Australians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantar.org.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fexpert_panel_report_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExpert_Panel_on_Constitutional_Recognition_of_Indigenous_Australians2012" class="citation book cs1">Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians (2012). "1.8 The 1967 referendum". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021155805/https://antar.org.au/sites/default/files/expert_panel_report_.pdf/"><i>Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution : Report of the Expert Panel</i></a>. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921975295" title="Special:BookSources/9781921975295"><bdi>9781921975295</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antar.org.au/sites/default/files/expert_panel_report_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.8+The+1967+referendum&rft.btitle=Recognising+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Peoples+in+the+Constitution+%3A+Report+of+the+Expert+Panel&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781921975295&rft.au=Expert+Panel+on+Constitutional+Recognition+of+Indigenous+Australians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantar.org.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fexpert_panel_report_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawer196625–26,30-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawer196625–26,30_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSawer1966">Sawer 1966</a>, p. 25–26,30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcioni2012300–301-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcioni2012300–301_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArcioni2012">Arcioni 2012</a>, pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_20202-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_20202_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Megan_Davis" title="Megan Davis">Davis, Megan</a> (18 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/constitutional-recognition-for-indigenous-australians-must-involve-structural-change-not-mere-symbolism-131751">"Constitutional recognition for Indigenous Australians must involve structural change, not mere symbolism"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817200244/https://theconversation.com/constitutional-recognition-for-indigenous-australians-must-involve-structural-change-not-mere-symbolism-131751">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Constitutional+recognition+for+Indigenous+Australians+must+involve+structural+change%2C+not+mere+symbolism&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fconstitutional-recognition-for-indigenous-australians-must-involve-structural-change-not-mere-symbolism-131751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8250504/voice-support-hits-perilously-low-levels-in-regions/">"Voice support hits perilously low levels in regions"</a>. <i>The Canberra Times</i>. 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Voice+support+hits+perilously+low+levels+in+regions&rft.date=2023-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F8250504%2Fvoice-support-hits-perilously-low-levels-in-regions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alp.org.au/media/3569/2023-alp-national-platform.pdf">"Australian Labor Party National Platform: As determined by the 49th National Conference"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a></i>. 19 August 2023. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Labor+Party&rft.atitle=Australian+Labor+Party+National+Platform%3A+As+determined+by+the+49th+National+Conference&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2023-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alp.org.au%2Fmedia%2F3569%2F2023-alp-national-platform.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcioniStone2016" class="citation journal cs1">Arcioni, Elisa; Stone, Adrienne (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmow003">"The small brown bird: Values and aspirations in the Australian Constitution"</a>. <i>International Journal of Constitutional Law</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 60–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmow003">10.1093/icon/mow003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-2640">1474-2640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=The+small+brown+bird%3A+Values+and+aspirations+in+the+Australian+Constitution&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-79&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmow003&rft.issn=1474-2640&rft.aulast=Arcioni&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft.au=Stone%2C+Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ficon%252Fmow003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLino2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lino, Dylan (2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0067205X20955076">"The Australian Constitution as Symbol"</a></span>. <i>Federal Law Review</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 543–555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0067205X20955076">10.1177/0067205X20955076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0067-205X">0067-205X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225303789">225303789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Australian+Constitution+as+Symbol&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=543-555&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225303789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0067-205X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0067205X20955076&rft.aulast=Lino&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0067205X20955076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2015" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Nick (20 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/more-than-one-third-of-australians-have-not-heard-of-the-constitution-survey-finds-20150221-13kxri.html">"More than one third of Australians have not heard of the Constitution, survey finds"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=More+than+one+third+of+Australians+have+not+heard+of+the+Constitution%2C+survey+finds&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fmore-than-one-third-of-australians-have-not-heard-of-the-constitution-survey-finds-20150221-13kxri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane2008" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Keane" title="Patrick Keane">Keane, Patrick A</a> (12 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://austlii.edu.au/au/journals/QldJSchol/2008/64.html"><i>In Celebration of the Constitution</i></a> (Speech). An address to the National Archives Commission. Banco Court, Brisbane: Supreme Court of Queensland Library – via <a href="/wiki/Austlii" class="mw-redirect" title="Austlii">Austlii</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Celebration+of+the+Constitution&rft.place=Banco+Court%2C+Brisbane&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Queensland+Library&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=Patrick+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FQldJSchol%2F2008%2F64.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Primary sources</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013Q00005">"<i>Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</i> (The Constitution)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register_of_Legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Register of Legislation">Federal Register of Legislation</a></i>. 29 July 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Australia+Constitution+Act+%28The+Constitution%29&rft.date=1977-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2013Q00005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/22-23/4">"<i>Statute of Westminster</i> 1931 (Imp) 22 & 23 Geo 5, c 4"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Statute+of+Westminster+1931+%28Imp%29+22+%26+23+Geo+5%2C+c+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo5%2F22-23%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2004C00661">"<i>Statute of Westminster Adoption Act</i> 1942 (Cth)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register_of_Legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Register of Legislation">Federal Register of Legislation</a></i>. 3 March 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Statute+of+Westminster+Adoption+Act+1942+%28Cth%29&rft.date=1986-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2004C00661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2004A03181">"<i>Australia Act</i> 1986 (Cth)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register_of_Legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Register of Legislation">Federal Register of Legislation</a></i>. 4 December 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Australia+Act+1986+%28Cth%29&rft.date=1985-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2004A03181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/2">"<i>Australia Act</i> 1986 (UK)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Australia+Act+1986+%28UK%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1986%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Secondary sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcioni2012" class="citation journal cs1">Arcioni, Elisa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedLawRw/2012/12.html">"Excluding Indigenous Australians from 'The People': A Reconsideration of Sections 25 and 127 of the Constitution"</a>. <i>Federal Law Review</i>. <b>40</b> (3). Canberra: Australian National University: 287–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22145%2Fflr.40.3.1">10.22145/flr.40.3.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1444-6928">1444-6928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210774854">210774854</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Excluding+Indigenous+Australians+from+%27The+People%27%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+Sections+25+and+127+of+the+Constitution&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-315&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210774854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1444-6928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22145%2Fflr.40.3.1&rft.aulast=Arcioni&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FFedLawRw%2F2012%2F12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerangelos2017" class="citation book cs1">Gerangelos, George A., ed. (2017). <i>Winterton's Australian Federal Constitutional Law</i> (4th ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Thomson Reuters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-45523-972-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-45523-972-9"><bdi>978-0-45523-972-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winterton%27s+Australian+Federal+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=Pyrmont%2C+NSW&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-45523-972-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuick,_JohnGarran,_Robert1901" class="citation book cs1">Quick, John & Garran, Robert (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annotatedconstit00quicuoft"><i>The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth</i></a>. Sydney, NSW: <a href="/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson" title="Angus & Robertson">Angus & Robertson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9596568-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9596568-0-4"><bdi>0-9596568-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Constitution+of+the+Australian+Commonwealth&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1901&rft.isbn=0-9596568-0-4&rft.au=Quick%2C+John&rft.au=Garran%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannotatedconstit00quicuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawer1966" class="citation journal cs1">Sawer, Geoffrey (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedLawRw/1967/2.pdf">"The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal Law Review</i>. <b>2</b> (1). Canberra: Australian National University: 17–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0067205X6600200102">10.1177/0067205X6600200102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1444-6928">1444-6928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159414135">159414135</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Australian+Constitution+and+the+Australian+Aborigines&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-36&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159414135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1444-6928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0067205X6600200102&rft.aulast=Sawer&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FFedLawRw%2F1967%2F2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBrennanLynch2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Williams_(lawyer)" title="George Williams (lawyer)">Williams, George</a>; Brennan, Sean; Lynch, Andrew (2018). <i>Blackshield and Williams Australian Constitutional Law and Theory</i> (7th ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-151-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76002-151-1"><bdi>978-1-76002-151-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshield+and+Williams+Australian+Constitutional+Law+and+Theory&rft.place=Annandale%2C+NSW&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-76002-151-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Sean&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaundersStone2018" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Cheryl; Stone, Adrienne, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-the-australian-constitution-9780198738435?cc=au&lang=en&"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Australian Constitution</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford U.P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198738435" title="Special:BookSources/9780198738435"><bdi>9780198738435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Australian+Constitution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+U.P.&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780198738435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-oxford-handbook-of-the-australian-constitution-9780198738435%3Fcc%3Dau%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia_Constitution_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act">Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Records_of_the_Australasian_Federal_Conventions_of_the_1890s">Records of the Australasian Federal Conventions of the 1890s</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Constitution" title="Template:Australian Constitution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Constitution" title="Template talk:Australian Constitution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Constitution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Constitution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia"> Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_II_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia">Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_61_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)"> Federal Executive Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_III_Court" title="Chapter III Court">Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_75_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_v_Kirby;_Ex_parte_Boilermakers%27_Society_of_Australia" title="R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers' Society of Australia"> Boilermakers' Case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-State_Commission" title="Inter-State Commission">Inter-State Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia#Appeals_to_the_Privy_Council" title="High Court of Australia"> Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitutional_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitutional Law">Australian Constitutional Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" title="Separation of powers in Australia">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)#Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">Constitutional conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Australia" title="Federalism in Australia">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_political_communication" title="Freedom of political communication">Implied freedom of political communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_immunity_(Australia)" title="Intergovernmental immunity (Australia)">Implied immunity of instrumentalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power"> Reserve power (sovereign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers_doctrine" title="Reserved powers doctrine"> Reserved State powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amendments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendum process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Australian_Senate_elections_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 Australian Senate elections referendum">Senate elections (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Australian_referendum_(State_Debts)" title="1910 Australian referendum (State Debts)">1st State debts (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_referendum_(State_Debts)" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 Australian referendum (State Debts)">2nd State debts (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Australian_referendum_(Social_Services)" title="1946 Australian referendum (Social Services)">Social services (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)">Aboriginals (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Senate_Casual_Vacancies)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Senate Casual Vacancies)">Casual vacancies (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Referendums)" title="1977 Australian referendum (Referendums)">Referendums (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Australian_referendum_(Retirement_of_Judges)" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Australian referendum (Retirement of Judges)">Retirement of judges (1977)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution_(Public_Record_Copy)_Act_1990" title="Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990">Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional history of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">The Dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Australia)">Constitutional Conventions</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998_Australian_Constitutional_Convention" title="1998 Australian Constitutional Convention">1998</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Australian_parliamentary_eligibility_crisis" title="2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis">2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_states_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed states of Australia">List of proposed states of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_Australia" title="Secession in Australia">Separatist movements within Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By chapter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia">I: The Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_II_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia">II: The Executive Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_III_Court" title="Chapter III Court">III: The Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter IV of the Constitution of Australia">IV: Finance and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_V_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter V of the Constitution of Australia">V: The States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VI_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VI of the Constitution of Australia">VI: New States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter VII of the Constitution of Australia">VII: Miscellaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia">VIII: Alteration of the Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By section</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 1 of the Constitution of Australia">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 2 of the Constitution of Australia">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 3 of the Constitution of Australia">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 4 of the Constitution of Australia">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_5_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 5 of the Constitution of Australia">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 6 of the Constitution of Australia">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 7 of the Constitution of Australia">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_8_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 8 of the Constitution of Australia">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 9 of the Constitution of Australia">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 10 of the Constitution of Australia">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_11_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 11 of the Constitution of Australia">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 12 of the Constitution of Australia">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_13_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 13 of the Constitution of Australia">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_14_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 14 of the Constitution of Australia">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 15 of the Constitution of Australia">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_16_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 16 of the Constitution of Australia">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_17_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 17 of the Constitution of Australia">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_18_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 18 of the Constitution of Australia">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_19_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 19 of the Constitution of Australia">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_20_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 20 of the Constitution of Australia">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_21_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 21 of the Constitution of Australia">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 22 of the Constitution of Australia">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 23 of the Constitution of Australia">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 24 of the Constitution of Australia">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_25_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 25 of the Constitution of Australia">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_26_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 26 of the Constitution of Australia">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_27_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 27 of the Constitution of Australia">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 28 of the Constitution of Australia">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 29 of the Constitution of Australia">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_30_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 30 of the Constitution of Australia">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_31_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 31 of the Constitution of Australia">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_32_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 32 of the Constitution of Australia">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_33_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 33 of the Constitution of Australia">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_34_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 34 of the Constitution of Australia">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_35_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 35 of the Constitution of Australia">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_36_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 36 of the Constitution of Australia">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_37_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 37 of the Constitution of Australia">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_38_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 38 of the Constitution of Australia">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_39_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 39 of the Constitution of Australia">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_40_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 40 of the Constitution of Australia">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_41_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 41 of the Constitution of Australia">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_42_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 42 of the Constitution of Australia">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_43_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 43 of the Constitution of Australia">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_44_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_45_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 45 of the Constitution of Australia">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_46_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 46 of the Constitution of Australia">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_47_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 47 of the Constitution of Australia">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_48_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 48 of the Constitution of Australia">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_49_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 49 of the Constitution of Australia">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_50_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 50 of the Constitution of Australia">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_52_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 52 of the Constitution of Australia">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_53_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 53 of the Constitution of Australia">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_54_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 54 of the Constitution of Australia">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_55_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 55 of the Constitution of Australia">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_56_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 56 of the Constitution of Australia">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_57_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 57 of the Constitution of Australia">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_58_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 58 of the Constitution of Australia">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_59_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 59 of the Constitution of Australia">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_60_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 60 of the Constitution of Australia">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_61_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_62_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 62 of the Constitution of Australia">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 63 of the Constitution of Australia">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_64_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 64 of the Constitution of Australia">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_65_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 65 of the Constitution of Australia">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_66_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 66 of the Constitution of Australia">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_67_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 67 of the Constitution of Australia">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_68_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 68 of the Constitution of Australia">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_69_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 69 of the Constitution of Australia">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_70_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 70 of the Constitution of Australia">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_71_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 71 of the Constitution of Australia">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_72_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 72 of the Constitution of Australia">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_73_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 73 of the Constitution of Australia">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_74_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 74 of the Constitution of Australia">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_75_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_76_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 76 of the Constitution of Australia">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_77_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 77 of the Constitution of Australia">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_78_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 78 of the Constitution of Australia">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_79_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 79 of the Constitution of Australia">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_80_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 80 of the Constitution of Australia">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_81_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 81 of the Constitution of Australia">81</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_82_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 82 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">82</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_83_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 83 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">83</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_84_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 84 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">84</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_85_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 85 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">85</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_86_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 86 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_87_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 87 of the Constitution of Australia">87</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_88_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 88 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">88</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_89_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 89 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_90_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 90 of the Constitution of Australia">90</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_91_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 91 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_92_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 92 of the Constitution of Australia">92</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_93_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 93 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">93</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_94_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 94 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">94</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_95_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 95 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_96_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 96 of the Constitution of Australia">96</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_97_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 97 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_98_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 98 of the Constitution of Australia">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_99_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 99 of the Constitution of Australia">99</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_100_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 100 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_101_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 101 of the Constitution of Australia">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_102_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 102 of the Constitution of Australia">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_103_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 103 of the Constitution of Australia">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_104_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 104 of the Constitution of Australia">104</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_105_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 105 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_105A_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 105A of the Constitution of Australia">105A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_106_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 106 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">106</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_107_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 107 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">107</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_108_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 108 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_109_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia">109</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_110_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 110 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_111_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 111 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_112_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 112 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_113_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 113 of the Constitution of Australia">113</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_114_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 114 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">114</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_115_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 115 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_116_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_117_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 117 of the Constitution of Australia">117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_118_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 118 of the Constitution of Australia">118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_119_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 119 of the Constitution of Australia">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_120_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 120 of the Constitution of Australia">120</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_121_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 121 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_122_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 122 of the Constitution of Australia">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_123_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 123 of the Constitution of Australia">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_124_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 124 of the Constitution of Australia">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_125_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 125 of the Constitution of Australia">125</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_126_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 126 of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_127_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 127 of the Constitution of Australia">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia">128</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Section_51_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia">Enumerated legislative<br /> powers (Section 51)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Powers of</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(i)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(i) of the Constitution of Australia">(i) Interstate trade and commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_basis_of_taxation_in_Australia" title="Constitutional basis of taxation in Australia">(ii) Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(v)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(v) of the Constitution of Australia">(v) Post and telegraph (communication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(vi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(vi) of the Constitution of Australia">(vi) Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(ix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(ix) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(ix) Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(x)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(x) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(x) Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51_(xii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51 (xii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xii) Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xiii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xiii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xiii) Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xiv)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xiv) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xiv) Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xviii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xviii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xix) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xix) Naturalization and aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xx)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xx) of the Constitution of Australia">(xx) Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxi) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxi) Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxii) Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxiii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxiii) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxiii) Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxiiiA)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxiiiA) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxiiiA) Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxvi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxvi) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxvi) Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxvii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxvii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxvii) Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxix) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxix) External affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxx)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxx) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxx) Pacific islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51(xxxi) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxi) Acquisition of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxv)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51(xxxv) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxxvi)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxxvi) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxxvi) Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxvii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxxvii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxvii) Referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxxviii)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 51(xxxviii) of the Constitution of Australia">(xxxviii) Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Section_51(xxxix)_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Section 51(xxxix) of the Constitution of Australia (page does not exist)">(xxxix) Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topic" title="Template:Australia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topic" title="Template talk:Australia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitutions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Queensland" title="Constitution of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Australia" title="Constitution of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tasmania" title="Constitution of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Victoria" title="Constitution of Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Mainland territories</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jervis_Bay_Territory#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">External territories</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Act_1979" title="Norfolk Island Act 1979">Norfolk Island</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Australia" title="Template:Politics of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Politics of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet_of_Australia" title="Shadow cabinet of Australia">Shadow Cabinet</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_ministry" title="Albanese ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Opposition Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Lower Courts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_elections" title="Timeline of Australian elections">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State/territory <br /> governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and Assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">State and Territory Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales" title="Government of New South Wales">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_State_Government" title="Victoria State Government">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Qld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Government" title="Tasmanian Government">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Government" title="Northern Territory Government">NT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">Local <br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_South_Wales" title="Local government in New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local government areas of the Northern Territory">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Queensland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Queensland" title="Local government areas of Queensland">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in South Australia">South Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Victoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria" title="Local government areas of Victoria">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Western Australia">Western Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political <br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Country Liberal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Lambie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">UAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia#Federal_non-parliamentary_parties" title="List of political parties in Australia">Other parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of historical political parties in Australia">Historical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battler_(underdog)" title="Battler (underdog)">Battlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelkemander" title="Bjelkemander">Bjelkemander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_stacking" title="Branch stacking">Branch stacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_vacancies_in_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Casual vacancies in the Australian Parliament">Casual vacancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_revolt" title="Caucus revolt">Caucus revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist#_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Champagne socialist">Chardonnay socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament" title="Contempt of parliament">Contempt of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despatch_box" title="Despatch box">Despatch box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_vote" title="Donkey vote">Donkey vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dixer" title="Dorothy Dixer">Dorothy Dixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">Double dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceless_men" title="Faceless men">Faceless men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_People" title="The Forgotten People">Forgotten People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">Group voting ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardworking_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardworking Families">Hardworking Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How-to-vote_card" title="How-to-vote card">How-to-vote card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independent politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirribilli_agreement" title="Kirribilli agreement">Kirribilli agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langer_vote" title="Langer vote">Langer vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_belt" title="Mortgage belt">Mortgage belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Parliamentary secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playmander" title="Playmander">Playmander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_test" title="Pub test">Pub test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_quiet_Australians" title="The quiet Australians">Quiet Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_family" title="Working family">Working Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm_(marketing)" title="Worm (marketing)">Worm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitution of Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Fiji" title="Constitution of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kiribati" title="Constitution of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Constitution of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nauru" title="Constitution of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Palau" title="Constitution of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Samoa" title="Constitution of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tonga" title="Constitution of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tuvalu" title="Constitution of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vanuatu" title="Constitution of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_American_Samoa" title="Constitution of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&oldid=1256068494">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&oldid=1256068494</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_Australia" title="Category:Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900_in_Australian_law" title="Category:1900 in Australian law">1900 in Australian law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1901_in_Australian_law" title="Category:1901 in Australian law">1901 in Australian law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1901_in_politics" title="Category:1901 in politics">1901 in politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="Category:1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_constitutional_law" title="Category:Australian constitutional law">Australian constitutional law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900_in_British_law" title="Category:1900 in British law">1900 in British law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_July_2016" title="Category:Use Australian English from July 2016">Use Australian English from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2023">Use dmy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 01:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Australia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-tzzmt","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.272","walltime":"1.557","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8697,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":418445,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":73319,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":311428,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1295.209 1 -total"," 32.15% 416.460 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.23% 171.413 24 Template:Cite_web"," 8.36% 108.296 1 Template:Politics_of_Australia_sidebar"," 8.26% 106.937 1 Template:Navboxes"," 8.19% 106.077 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.18% 105.939 1 Template:Lang"," 6.96% 90.096 18 Template:Cite_book"," 6.73% 87.113 2 Template:Short_description"," 6.56% 84.915 1 Template:Australia_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.762","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19403621,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"medium\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArcioni2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArcioniStone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelot2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstitutional_Commission1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExpert_Panel_on_Constitutional_Recognition_of_Indigenous_Australians2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGerangelos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeane2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Nauze1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindell1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLino2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCooey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenzies1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Archives_of_Australia2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParliamentary_Education_Office2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyke2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFQuick,_JohnGarran,_Robert1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaundersStone2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawer1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStellios2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrom2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsBrennanLynch2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsHume2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsMcKennaSimpson2001\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Australia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Australia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AustLII\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite Legislation AU\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite legislation UK\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Constitution of Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox UK legislation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox constitution\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Oceania in topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Politics of Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Politics of Australia sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 5,\n [\"Start date\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Australian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-bnt9m","timestamp":"20241128121107","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Constitution of Australia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_Australia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1144614","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1144614","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-21T23:21:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T01:22:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4d\/CommonwealthOfAustraliaConstitutionAct-NAA.jpg","headline":"the supreme law of Australia"}</script> </body> </html>