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than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: 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However, little is known about how and why nonviolence functions as a mechanism of conflict transformation. Using the case study of the 2006 April Uprising (Jana Andolan II) in Nepal, this paper shows how the nonviolent struggle was a vehicle for the termination of the armed conflict that ravaged the country for a decade (1996–2006). The collaboration between the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and the Communist Party of Nepal Maoist (CPNM), erstwhile enemies, led to nonviolent collective action, driven by the convergence of interests of these two key actors towards fighting a common enemy: the royal Palace. The paper argues that the nonviolent struggle also transformed strategies, attitudes and behaviour of key actors, including the CPNM, which ultimately transformed conflict issues into peace issues and induced structural changes in the long run. Thus the processes of actor transformation, issue transformation and structural transformation catalysed by the April Uprising explain why and how the nonviolent struggle functioned as a catalyst for the termination of the armed conflict.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The April Uprising: How a Nonviolent Struggle Explains the Transformation of Armed Conflict in Nepal","attachmentId":55333816,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35267159/The_April_Uprising_How_a_Nonviolent_Struggle_Explains_the_Transformation_of_Armed_Conflict_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35267159/The_April_Uprising_How_a_Nonviolent_Struggle_Explains_the_Transformation_of_Armed_Conflict_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="22563085" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22563085/Dynamics_and_factors_of_transition_from_armed_struggle_to_nonviolent_resistance_Journal_of_Peace_Research_2013_">Dynamics and factors of transition from armed struggle to nonviolent resistance (Journal of Peace Research 2013)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7694035" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VeroniqueDudouet">Veronique Dudouet</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The dynamics of conflict (de)escalation by social movements or political opposition groups have attracted crossdisciplinary interest among social scientists, but there remain several knowledge gaps to be filled. On the one hand, there is already extensive research on the shifts from unarmed expressions of collective grievances to the adoption of violent strategies by oppressed constituencies or ‘minorities at risk’, as well as on the transition from armed insurgency to negotiations, demobilization, reintegration and conventional politics. However, there is scarce scholarship on the phenomenon of armed groups shifting their conflict-waging strategies from violent to nonviolent means, especially in contexts which cannot be resolved by force but are also ‘unripe’ for conventional de-escalation methods through negotiation and political integration. This article offers a first attempt to fill this conceptual and empirical gap, by investigating the nature and the drivers of transitions from armed strategies to nonviolent methods of contentious collective action on the part of non-state conflict actors. It focuses in particular on the internal and relational/environmental factors which underpin their decisionmaking process, from a change of leadership and a pragmatic re-evaluation of the goals and means of insurgency, to the search for new local or international allies and the cross-border emulation or diffusion of new repertoires of action. This multilevel analysis draws from past research on various self-determination or revolutionary movements which fit the scope of analysis (i.e. Nepal, Egypt, Palestine, West Papua, East Timor, Mexico and Western Sahara). The article also points to the need for more systematic enquiry on these cases through in-depth comparative empirical analysis.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dynamics and factors of transition from armed struggle to nonviolent resistance (Journal of Peace Research 2013)","attachmentId":43172876,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22563085/Dynamics_and_factors_of_transition_from_armed_struggle_to_nonviolent_resistance_Journal_of_Peace_Research_2013_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22563085/Dynamics_and_factors_of_transition_from_armed_struggle_to_nonviolent_resistance_Journal_of_Peace_Research_2013_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="18075198" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18075198/Strategic_Revolutionary_Phases_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal">Strategic Revolutionary Phases of the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38024784" href="https://prio.academia.edu/ScottGates">Scott Gates</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Strategic Revolutionary Phases of the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal","attachmentId":39862527,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18075198/Strategic_Revolutionary_Phases_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18075198/Strategic_Revolutionary_Phases_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="106232136" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106232136/Red_Menace_over_South_Asia_A_Comparison_of_Maoist_Guerrilla_Movements_in_Nepal_and_India">Red Menace over South Asia? A Comparison of Maoist Guerrilla Movements in Nepal and India</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="276737253" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MartinChurav%C3%BD">Martin Churavý</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Complex phenomenon of social movements operating under various labels on the razor"s edge between underground anti-system groups and established political organizations within genuinely democratic as well as within authoritarian political regimes all over the globe presents important and highly actual theme for research. The so-called Arab Spring, which we have been witnessing from December 2010, is, after all, nothing but one concrete manifestation of that phenomenon. The main purpose of this thesis is to enrich the existing amount of information in regards to social movements in general by presenting a comparative analysis of two particular cases from the vibrant region of modern-day South Asia. Taken together, they can offer an interesting view of two remarkably similar social movements subscribing themselves to the Maoist legacy and initially evolving along almost analogical trajectories: from formally recognized political actors to underground guerrilla movements opposing the central government via instruments of violent resistance. In the case of Nepal, the rebels eventually managed to undertake a full-circle journey and were included within the mainstream political arena again. Indian insurgents, on the other hand, never really left the underground positions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Red Menace over South Asia? A Comparison of Maoist Guerrilla Movements in Nepal and India","attachmentId":105482617,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106232136/Red_Menace_over_South_Asia_A_Comparison_of_Maoist_Guerrilla_Movements_in_Nepal_and_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106232136/Red_Menace_over_South_Asia_A_Comparison_of_Maoist_Guerrilla_Movements_in_Nepal_and_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="10787550" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10787550/The_Strategic_Revolutionary_Phases_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal">The Strategic Revolutionary Phases of the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="932687" href="https://uio.academia.edu/JasonMiklian">Jason Miklian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article traces the path of the Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist ascent to power from the start of Nepal's 1996-2006 civil war to its end. In the pattern of several other movements inspired by the success of Mao’s 1948 take-over of the Chinese state, the Maoists of Nepal tactically fought their war in stages, consisting of creation, expansion, and consolidation. Re-examining the lifecycle of Nepal’s Civil War in this context allows us to better understand: the course of events and the timing of significant episodes; the decisions that Maoist leadership made; and what techniques the Maoists used in order to make in-roads during each phase of the conflict.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Strategic Revolutionary Phases of the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal","attachmentId":36634324,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10787550/The_Strategic_Revolutionary_Phases_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10787550/The_Strategic_Revolutionary_Phases_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="90091537" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90091537/Introduction_to_the_Proceedings_of_the_ANHS_Pre_Conference_2002_War_on_Terrorism_War_as_Terrorism_The_Maoist_Rebellion_in_Nepal">Introduction to the Proceedings of the ANHS Pre-Conference 2002 War on Terrorism, War as Terrorism: The Maoist Rebellion in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52125391" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnMetz1">John Metz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Himalaya the Journal of the Association For Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction to the Proceedings of the ANHS Pre-Conference 2002 War on Terrorism, War as Terrorism: The Maoist Rebellion in Nepal","attachmentId":93750324,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90091537/Introduction_to_the_Proceedings_of_the_ANHS_Pre_Conference_2002_War_on_Terrorism_War_as_Terrorism_The_Maoist_Rebellion_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90091537/Introduction_to_the_Proceedings_of_the_ANHS_Pre_Conference_2002_War_on_Terrorism_War_as_Terrorism_The_Maoist_Rebellion_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="9746707" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9746707/Fighting_with_ideas_Maoist_and_popular_conceptions_of_the_People_s_war_in_Nepal_In_Armed_Militias_of_South_Asia_Fundamentalists_Maoists_and_Separatists_C_Jaffrelot_and_L_Gayer_eds_London_Hurst_New_York_Columbia_University_Press_2010_p_65_90">Fighting with ideas. Maoist and popular conceptions of the People’s war in Nepal. In Armed Militias of South Asia: Fundamentalists, Maoists, and Separatists, C. Jaffrelot and L. Gayer eds. London: Hurst/New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 65-90.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23437114" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MarieLecomteTilouine">Marie Lecomte-Tilouine</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The conception and perception of war are important aspects of revolutionary movements such as the Nepalese People's War. Indeed, this movement reached its remarkable national and worldwide audience and achieved success mainly because of its armed actions and military prowess. War is also the major element defining the Maoist position within the Nepalese political landscape: by launching the People's War in February 1996, the Communist party of Nepal (Maoist) positioned itself as unique and in opposition to all other parties, be they conservative or not. The very creation of this party was conditioned by war, since its founder, Prachanda, reformed the views of the Marxist leaders Nirmal Lama and M. B. Singh by proponing the army as the principal form of organisation, and war as the principal form of struggle. 1 The conception of war at a theoretical level is therefore a prerequisite for analysing the Nepalese Maoist revolution. But the CPN (M) would probably not have attracted such a large part of the population without moving into action, and its ideology would have remained a dead letter if it had not been complemented by the perception of it by those enrolled in the People's Liberation Army. The basis of my investigations consists mainly in the reading of Nepalese revolutionary texts and interviews, which have not yet been analysed per se. I first consider Maoist writers' theoretical views of war and the transformative effect they attribute to war; then, the issue of women in war, for they are presented as the main category of oppressed people who benefited from this transformation; finally, how a villager and a Maoist commander interact verbally around the question of a major attack, in order to show their respective perception of violence and war is not fully delineated. In Nepal, the People's War gave birth to a spate of narratives and reflections. Until the 2006 peace agreement, these could be found in weekly clandestine Maoist publications posted on the Internet. 2 Since then, the number of Maoist publications has literally exploded; they now include a dozen journals, compiled works on Maoist theory, novels, diaries and volumes of poetry. Except for a limited number of English translations of the leaders' writings, the language of these publications is Nepali. However, it makes use of a lexicon far removed from spoken Nepali, borrowing a great deal of abstract notions from Hindi and Sanskrit -as 1 These new principles were exposed in his discourse at the Party's 3 rd meeting, in March 1995. All of them state, in a different manner, that the Nepalese are a violent people and that they have always fought for their rights and against their enemies. Their image as a peaceful population is a reactionary lie. See "Strategy …". 2 Mainly in two weeklies: Janaawaj (period 2001-2003), and Janadesh (1991-to date, but posting it on internet only started in 2003).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fighting with ideas. Maoist and popular conceptions of the People’s war in Nepal. In Armed Militias of South Asia: Fundamentalists, Maoists, and Separatists, C. Jaffrelot and L. Gayer eds. London: Hurst/New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. p. 65-90.","attachmentId":37068023,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9746707/Fighting_with_ideas_Maoist_and_popular_conceptions_of_the_People_s_war_in_Nepal_In_Armed_Militias_of_South_Asia_Fundamentalists_Maoists_and_Separatists_C_Jaffrelot_and_L_Gayer_eds_London_Hurst_New_York_Columbia_University_Press_2010_p_65_90","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9746707/Fighting_with_ideas_Maoist_and_popular_conceptions_of_the_People_s_war_in_Nepal_In_Armed_Militias_of_South_Asia_Fundamentalists_Maoists_and_Separatists_C_Jaffrelot_and_L_Gayer_eds_London_Hurst_New_York_Columbia_University_Press_2010_p_65_90"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="27931653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27931653/Phayal_Anup_Cost_of_violence_and_the_peaceful_way_out_A_comparison_of_the_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_and_the_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_Maoists_Dynamics_of_Asymmetric_Conflict_4_1_2011_1_20">Phayal, Anup. "Cost of violence and the peaceful way out: A comparison of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists)." Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 4.1 (2011): 1-20.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52053682" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Phayal">Anup Phayal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">One of the ways to end protracted, violent, intrastate conflict is negotiated settlement where the rebel parties negotiate with the government and give up armed struggle. However, the most intriguing puzzle is: what influences the rebels to come to the negotiating table and opt for peace? The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists) and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) are recent examples of rebel groups that have renounced violence and transformed into mainstream political parties after waging insurgency for many years. These two cases present an opportunity to analyze factors that lead rebel parties to renounce violence. In this article, I argue that violent rebel groups settle for peaceful means owing to their perception of the high cost of violence that arises from pressures exerted by the military means of a state, by domestic groups, and by the international community. In both cases, when the state opened up political space to accommodate the rebel group, accumulated pressures influenced them to renounce violence. The study indicates how civil society, with solidarity from the global community, is able to defy the mobilization narrative of a rebel group and pressure them to renounce violence. After the demise of the Cold War, several cases of armed rebellion have ended in peaceful negotiated settlements and there have been many studies on the topic. For instance, Zahar's thesis (1999) on Lebanon and Bosnia-Herzegovina focused on the transition from armed rebellion to peace agreement, and Soderberg's work (2007) similarly focused on rebel to party transformation with the cases of El Salvador and Mozambique. These studies were based on the rational choice perspective, arguing that incentives drive the rebel groups to peace. Yet, in order to provide a full picture of the transition to peace, this perspective requires further exploration of the factors that push rebels and governments to negotiate. The cases of Northern Ireland and Nepal are recent cases where armed rebel groups, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists), referred to as 'the Maoists' hereafter, have renounced violence to settle for peaceful politics. What led them to do so? To be more precise, the question this article seeks to address is: what are the cost factors that led the armed rebels to renounce violence and come to peace? The main argument of this article is that in</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phayal, Anup. \"Cost of violence and the peaceful way out: A comparison of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists).\" Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 4.1 (2011): 1-20.","attachmentId":48229806,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27931653/Phayal_Anup_Cost_of_violence_and_the_peaceful_way_out_A_comparison_of_the_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_and_the_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_Maoists_Dynamics_of_Asymmetric_Conflict_4_1_2011_1_20","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27931653/Phayal_Anup_Cost_of_violence_and_the_peaceful_way_out_A_comparison_of_the_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_and_the_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_Maoists_Dynamics_of_Asymmetric_Conflict_4_1_2011_1_20"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="89462283" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89462283/Why_Do_Radical_Insurgents_Join_Mainstream_Politics_A_Case_Study_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_of_Nepal">Why Do Radical Insurgents Join Mainstream Politics? A Case Study of the Maoist Insurgency of Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103344996" href="https://nps.academia.edu/SureshGaire">Suresh Gaire</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Maoist insurgency of Nepal, which lasted from 1996 to 2006, was a major communist armed insurrection that cost more than 13,000 lives and brought a significant change to Nepal’s historical political structure. This insurgency ended after the Maoists entered the mainstream politics of the country in 2006, but questions remain on why they decided to join democratic politics. Understanding this outcome is important because it provides insights into how insurgencies are resolved. Using a qualitative method, this thesis analyzes the roles of Nepal’s domestic political parties, its monarch, and the international community in bringing the Maoist into mainstream politics. This investigation reveals that as a result of the changing domestic and international political scenario surrounding the insurgency, Maoists were forced to modify their strategy and join mainstream politics. Nepal’s Maoist insurgency reveals the importance of pursuing a counterinsurgency approach that combines politic...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Why Do Radical Insurgents Join Mainstream Politics? A Case Study of the Maoist Insurgency of Nepal","attachmentId":93264249,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89462283/Why_Do_Radical_Insurgents_Join_Mainstream_Politics_A_Case_Study_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_of_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89462283/Why_Do_Radical_Insurgents_Join_Mainstream_Politics_A_Case_Study_of_the_Maoist_Insurgency_of_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="82333598" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82333598/Bringing_Armed_Groups_into_Parliamentary_Process_by_Nonviolent_Means_Existing_Challenges_of_Nepal">Bringing Armed Groups into Parliamentary Process by Nonviolent Means: Existing Challenges of Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1069022" href="https://tribhuvan-university.academia.edu/RajibTimalsina">Rajib Timalsina</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">From 1996 to 2006, Nepal encountered an armed conflict of Maoists against the government. The aim of the conflict was believed to end social exclusion and unequal laws. The conflict with the death of more than 13,000 people ended with an agreement in 2006 through intervention of Nepal’s own political and civil society leaders. The nonviolent people’s movement in 2006 was instrumental in accelerating the transition to peace. Maoist combatants were peacefully dissolved. Despite the achievements towards peace, there are challenges too. One of the major problems is to achieve sustainable peace at the time when the country has just emerged from the armed conflict. In this context, this paper aims to argue the major processes of bringing armed group to parliamentary process with consideration to the success of the nonviolent movement. Further, the paper also tries to discuss the role played by different stakeholders, and the existing scenario of the country in the more than seven year lon...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bringing Armed Groups into Parliamentary Process by Nonviolent Means: Existing Challenges of Nepal","attachmentId":88077025,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82333598/Bringing_Armed_Groups_into_Parliamentary_Process_by_Nonviolent_Means_Existing_Challenges_of_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82333598/Bringing_Armed_Groups_into_Parliamentary_Process_by_Nonviolent_Means_Existing_Challenges_of_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39003854,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39003854,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39003854" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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