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searchaux" style="display:none">White army during the Russian Civil War</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northwestern_army_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Northwestern_army_emblem.svg/150px-Northwestern_army_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Northwestern_army_emblem.svg/225px-Northwestern_army_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Northwestern_army_emblem.svg/300px-Northwestern_army_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Emblem and arm patch of the Northwestern Army</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Northwestern Army</b> was a <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> Army that operated in the <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Governorate" title="Pskov Governorate">Pskov Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Governorate" title="Saint Petersburg Governorate">Saint Petersburg Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> from 1919 to 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwestern_Army_(Russia)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North-Western_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/North-Western_Army.jpg/220px-North-Western_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/North-Western_Army.jpg/330px-North-Western_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/North-Western_Army.jpg/440px-North-Western_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Gen. Yudenich of North-Western Army and the staff members</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the Northwest Army was the plan to create an army by a group of reactionary <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> officers in the summer of 1918, in the territory controlled by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and with German support to confront the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. By October 10, 1918, a force of some 6,000 troops was created in the city of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, which was called the <b>Northern Corps</b>. A quarter of them were officers of the former Tsarist army, and the rest was made up of local recruits, escaped Petrograd officers and prisoners of war released by the Germans. </p><p>The military supplies promised by the Germans didn't materialize and the <i>Northern Corps</i> had to retreat abruptly into Estonia at the end of November 1918. The Estonian Government, faced with a <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Bolshevik advance</a>, accepted to take the White force into its territory and supply it, in exchange for passing under its control, and this despite the ideological difference between the independence fighters of Tallinn and the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Russian White Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> gen. Gough who promised to arrange for Estonian and British military assistance in advance on Petrograd, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_N._Yudenich" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai N. Yudenich">Nikolai N. Yudenich</a> formed a Government of Northwestern Region of Russia encompassing Petrograd, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Governorate" title="Novgorod Governorate">Novgorod</a> and Pskov governorates that officially recognised Estonian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish</a> counterrevolutionary forces of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a>, the Estonians and the Northern Corps were able to stop the advance of the Bolsheviks and to launch a counteroffensive in which they took <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamburg">Yamburg</a> in May 1919. </p><p>The White administration of the newly conquered territories was disastrous, as Rodzianko's subordinates unleashed a wave of terror against suspected Bolsheviks and against the Jewish population in general. </p><p>In June, the Northern Corps, now renamed the <b>Northwestern Army</b>, approached Luga, Ropcha and Gatchina, threatening Petrograd. But the Bolsheviks mobilized their reserves and aligned 40,000 men against the Northwestern Army supported by two Estonian divisions. On August 1, the Bolsheviks launched a counter-attack and drove back the Estonian troops, who were reluctant to fight outside their country. On August 5, Yamburg fell and Pskov was recaptured by the Reds on August 28. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petrograd_Campaign">Petrograd Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwestern_Army_(Russia)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Petrograd Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrograd" title="Battle of Petrograd">Battle of Petrograd</a></div> <p>On October 12, 1919, the Northwestern Army, some 18,500 men strong against 25,000 on the Red side, forced the frontline at Yamburg and seized on October 16 <a href="/wiki/Luga,_Leningrad_Oblast" title="Luga, Leningrad Oblast">Luga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>. On October 20 <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a> fell into the hands of the White troops, who were now at the gates of Petrograd. They captured the <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Heights" title="Pulkovo Heights">Pulkovo Heights</a>, the left flank of the Army entered <a href="/wiki/Ligovo" title="Ligovo">Ligovo</a> and advanced units engaged the enemy in skirmishes as far as the Ijorski factories. But the lack of forces and means, Estonia's lack of support, the disobedience of <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Bermondt-Avalov" title="Pavel Bermondt-Avalov">Pavel Bermondt-Avalov</a> and his <a href="/wiki/West_Russian_Volunteer_Army" title="West Russian Volunteer Army">West Russian Volunteer Army</a>, the passivity of the British fleet, and the Red numerical superiority made it impossible to take Petrograd. After ten days of fierce fighting with the Reds, whose numbers had risen to 60,000, the North-West Army was pushed back by the <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(RSFSR)" title="7th Army (RSFSR)">7th</a> and <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_(RSFSR)" title="15th Army (RSFSR)">15th Red Army</a> from November 2, 1919 and retreated fighting into Estonia in the Narva region East of Narova river. The last and unsuccessful attempt of the Reds to capture Narva from the Whites was undertaken on 17 December 1919. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internment_and_collapse">Internment and collapse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwestern_Army_(Russia)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internment and collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During April–December 1919 the Soviet Russian government and their Estonian counterpart were involved in the peace talks that ended with 1920 <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> (Yuriev) Peace Treaty. Its Article 7 provisioned that the parties cease to support the forces hostile to each other, and undertake to disarm and neutralize these on their own territory. </p><p>Once the retreating North-Western Army, the Red prisoners of war and the refugees fleeing the Reds in total of about 40-50 thousand approached Narva, Estonians first refused to allow the train to pass through the bridge over Narova river motivating it with a fear of the typhoid epidemic that hit the army. Its personnel was ordered to stay in cold carriages in Ivangorod (then Eastern part of Narva) on a narrow landstrip between the river and the newly-agreed Russian-Estonian border. An eyewitness of these events, writer <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kuprin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Kuprin">Alexandr Kuprin</a>, reported of numerous deaths from the cold and starvation in one single night, mostly women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others recall hundreds dead bodies transported in the lorries and buried in the open graves in the suburbs of Narva.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">Typhus</a> death toll in Narva is estimated at 4000. Some time thereafter trains were allowed to pass to Estonia proper, where 15,000 soldiers and officers of the Northwestern Army were disarmed, and 5,000 of them were interned in camps, partly on the open air.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same number of the former soldiers were under supervision employed in logging in the nearby forests, shale mines and in agricultural field works, as the government of Estonia claimed it could not feed such number of people for free.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who were caught more than 2 <a href="/wiki/Verst" title="Verst">versts</a> away from the designated working places were subject to deportation to Soviet Russia. The former anti-Bolshevik allies, demobilized Russian soldiers and officers, were deemed as a "20-thousands large gang" that somehow had to be disposed of.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it was also suggested to divert the soldiers to the large Russian villages on the lake <a href="/wiki/Lake_Peipus" title="Lake Peipus">Peipus</a> (Chudskoye) since "...should Typhus spread there, it will not be that painful to see the number of Russians there to diminish".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the accounts of an officer Kuzmin, his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talabsky_regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talabsky regiment (page does not exist)">Talabsky regiment</a> was disarmed and then pushed back into <a href="/wiki/Narva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Narva River">Narova</a> river where it was shot by the Reds. General Yudenich accused of an attempt to escape with the Army's funds was arrested by men of <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Bu%C5%82ak-Ba%C5%82achowicz" title="Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz">Bułak-Bałachowicz</a> with the tacit consent of the Estonian authorities, before being released after the intervention of the commander of the English squadron anchored at Tallinn.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This misconduct was addressed, yet to no avail, in a letter of protest from the former member of the Russian Provisional government, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Guchkov</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. </p><p>However, as the Estonian newspaper <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sotsial-demokraat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sotsial-demokraat (page does not exist)">Sotsial-demokraat</a></i> reported on 30 November 1919, the living conditions of about 4000 refugees then residing in <a href="/wiki/Rakvere" title="Rakvere">Wesenberg</a> county had been improved and the food was provided to them at the expense of American charity organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the needs of medical treatment eleven Russian hospitals all across Estonia were established by the Estonian Army using the facilities of the Northwestern Army, and six more by the Estonian and American <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 22, 1920, by decree of Nikolai Yudenich, the Northwestern Army ceased to exist,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Army's funds were distributed as the final salary and its remaining property was requisitioned<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the government. In total around 17 thousand died after internment, and survivors were mostly denied to permanently stay in Estonia and fled further to Central and Western Europe. Yudenich went into exile in France, where he died near Nice on October 5, 1933. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strength">Strength</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwestern_Army_(Russia)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strength"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>17,500 (July 1919)</li> <li>18,500 (October 1919)</li> <li>15,000 (November 1919)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanders">Commanders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwestern_Army_(Russia)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Dzerozhinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Dzerozhinsky (page does not exist)">Anton Dzerozhinsky</a> (1918 - 19.06.1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rodzyanko" title="Alexander Rodzyanko">Alexander Rodzyanko</a> (19.06.1919 — 02.10.1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a> (02.10.1919 — 28.11.1919)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Vladimir_von_Glasenapp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Vladimir von Glasenapp (page does not exist)">Peter Vladimir von Glasenapp</a> (28.11.1919 — 22.01.1920)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory">Memory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwestern_Army_(Russia)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016 in Estonia the newspaper "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinevskiy_Kray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinevskiy Kray (page does not exist)">Prinevskiy Kray</a>" of the Northwestern Army was digitized by the enthusiasts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwestern_Army_(Russia)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/8a68a8be-fe4c-4bbb-b165-53cc0a72f7eb">"ETIS - Rets.: Reigo Rosenthal, Loodearmee, Tallinn: Argo, 2006"</a>. <i>www.etis.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etis.ee&rft.atitle=ETIS+-+Rets.%3A+Reigo+Rosenthal%2C+Loodearmee%2C+Tallinn%3A+Argo%2C+2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etis.ee%2FPortal%2FPublications%2FDisplay%2F8a68a8be-fe4c-4bbb-b165-53cc0a72f7eb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwestern+Army+%28Russia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estonica.org/en/North-Western_Army/">"Estonica.org - North-Western Army"</a>. <i>www.estonica.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.estonica.org&rft.atitle=Estonica.org+-+North-Western+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.estonica.org%2Fen%2FNorth-Western_Army%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwestern+Army+%28Russia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffat,_Ian_C._D.2015" class="citation book cs1">Moffat, Ian C. D. (2015-02-26). <i>The allied intervention in Russia, 1918-1920 : the diplomacy of chaos</i>. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. pp. 242–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137435736" title="Special:BookSources/9781137435736"><bdi>9781137435736</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909398151">909398151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+allied+intervention+in+Russia%2C+1918-1920+%3A+the+diplomacy+of+chaos&rft.place=Houndsmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pages=242-244&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909398151&rft.isbn=9781137435736&rft.au=Moffat%2C+Ian+C.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwestern+Army+%28Russia%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuprin1927" class="citation book cs1">Kuprin, Alexander (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/kuprin_ai/index.html"><i>Купол святого Исаакия Далматского</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Kuprin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fmemo%2Frussian%2Fkuprin_ai%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwestern+Army+%28Russia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Фон Зауэр. "Наступление на Петроград"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltija.eu/news/read/4562">"Портал русской общины Эстонии - Памяти Северо-Западной армии"</a>. <i>baltija.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%90+REGNUM&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%28%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregnum.ru%2Fnews%2F744774.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthwestern+Army+%28Russia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_armies_and_fleets_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White armies and fleets of the Russian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_armies_and_fleets_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">armies</a> and fleets of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(1919)" title="Russian Army (1919)">Russian Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/South_Russia_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="South Russia (1919–1920)">Southern Front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" title="Armed Forces of South Russia">Armed Forces of South Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_Corps_(Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia)" title="1st Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia)">1st Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_Corps_(Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia)" title="2nd Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia)">2nd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia)" title="3rd Army Corps (Armed Forces of South Russia)">3rd Army Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrakhan Army (page does not exist)">Astrakhan Army</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Астраханская армия">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Army" title="Volunteer Army">Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Army" title="Don Army">Don Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Don_Army_Units_in_the_Civil_War" title="List of Don Army Units in the Civil War">Units</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Army_Group_Kiev_of_General_Bredov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Army Group Kiev of General Bredov (page does not exist)">Army Group Kiev of General Bredov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiev_Region_Army_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiev Region Army Group (page does not exist)">Kiev Region Army Group</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%AE%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Войска Киевской области ВСЮР">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novorossiysk_Region_Army_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novorossiysk Region Army Group (page does not exist)">Novorossiysk Region Army Group</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%AE%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Войска Новороссийской области ВСЮР">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharkov_Region_Army_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kharkov Region Army Group (page does not exist)">Kharkov Region Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Caucasus_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Caucasus Army (page does not exist)">North Caucasus Army</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%AE%D0%A0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Войска Северного Кавказа (ВСЮР)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Army_(Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia)" title="Caucasus Army (Armed Forces of South Russia)">Caucasus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Azov_Army_(Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean–Azov Army (Armed Forces of South Russia)">Crimean–Azov Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban Army">Kuban Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrangel%27s_fleet" title="Wrangel's fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla_of_the_White_Movement" title="Caspian Flotilla of the White Movement">Caspian Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Wrangel" title="Army of Wrangel">Army of Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Galician_Army" title="Ukrainian Galician Army">Ukrainian Galician Army</a> (since November 1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Army_(1918)" title="Southern Army (1918)">Southern Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Siberian_Army" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Army" title="Siberian Army">Siberian Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Army_(Siberian_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Army (Siberian Army) (page does not exist)">1st Army (Siberian Army)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:1-я армия (Сибирская армия)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Army_(Siberian_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Army (Siberian Army) (page does not exist)">2nd Army (Siberian Army)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:2-я армия (Сибирская армия)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Army_(Siberian_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Army (Siberian Army) (page does not exist)">3rd Army (Siberian Army)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:3-я армия (Сибирская армия)">ru</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Middle_Siberian_Corps" title="1st Middle Siberian Corps">1st Middle Siberian Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Steppe_Siberian_Corps" title="2nd Steppe Siberian Corps">2nd Steppe Siberian Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Ural_Corps" title="3rd Ural Corps">3rd Ural Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Eastern_Siberian_Corps" title="4th Eastern Siberian Corps">4th Eastern Siberian Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Pri-Amur_Corps" title="5th Pri-Amur Corps">5th Pri-Amur Corps</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Komuch" title="People's Army of Komuch">People's Army of Komuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Army_of_the_White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Army of the White Movement">Western Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg_Independent_Army" title="Orenburg Independent Army">Orenburg Independent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Army" title="Ural Army">Ural Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Army" title="Far Eastern Army">Far Eastern Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemskaya_Rat" title="Zemskaya Rat">Zemskaya Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Cross_Druzhina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Cross Druzhina (page does not exist)">Holy Cross Druzhina</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Дружины Святого Креста">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separate_Mongolian-Buryat_Cavalry_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Separate Mongolian-Buryat Cavalry Brigade (page does not exist)">Separate Mongolian-Buryat Cavalry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Cavalry_Division" title="Asiatic Cavalry Division">Asiatic Cavalry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion" title="Czechoslovak Legion">Czechoslovak Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(1919)" title="Russian Army (1919)">Russian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Rifle_Division_(Poland)" title="5th Rifle Division (Poland)">5th Polish Division</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siberian_Fleet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siberian Fleet (page does not exist)">Siberian Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baikal_Fleet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baikal Fleet (page does not exist)">Baikal Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">White Latvian Riflemen</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North-Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Corps_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Corps (Russia)">Northern Corps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North-Western Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Russian_Volunteer_Army" title="West Russian Volunteer Army">West Russian Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chudskoe_Flotilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chudskoe Flotilla (page does not exist)">Chudskoe Flotilla</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1915%E2%80%941919)" class="extiw" title="ru:Чудская военная флотилия (1915—1919)">ru</a>]</span></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Northern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Army_(Russia)" title="Northern Army (Russia)">Northern Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Flotilla" title="Arctic Ocean Flotilla">Arctic Ocean Flotilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia" title="Armed Forces of South Russia">Armed Forces of South Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Army_(Armed_Forces_of_South_Russia)" title="Turkestan Army (Armed Forces of South Russia)">Turkestan Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla_of_the_White_Movement" title="Caspian Flotilla of the White Movement">Caspian Flotilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Military_Organization" title="Turkestan Military Organization">Turkestan Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Army_of_Fergana" title="Peasant Army of Fergana">Peasant Army of Fergana</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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