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Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Side effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Side effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opioid_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opioid_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Opioid withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opioid_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Adverse effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liver_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liver_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Liver damage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liver_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pharmacodynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opioid_receptor_blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opioid_receptor_blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Opioid receptor blockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opioid_receptor_blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Other activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Absorption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Metabolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Elimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Pharmacogenetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Analogues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generic_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Generic names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Brand names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depersonalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depersonalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Depersonalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depersonalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-dose_naltrexone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-dose_naltrexone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Low-dose naltrexone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-dose_naltrexone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Self-injury </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Behavioral disorders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interferon_alpha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interferon_alpha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Interferon alpha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interferon_alpha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_addiction_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_addiction_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Critical addiction studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_addiction_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Sexual addiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Naltrexone</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="نالتريكسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نالتريكسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نالتروکسان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نالتروکسان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Налтрексон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Налтрексон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexon" title="Naltrexon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Naltrexon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrecson" title="Naltrecson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Naltrecson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexon" title="Naltrexon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naltrexon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexona" title="Naltrexona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Naltrexona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نالتروکسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نالتروکسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naltrexone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%89%EC%86%90" title="날트렉손 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="날트렉손" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Նալտրեքսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նալտրեքսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrekson" title="Naltrekson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naltrekson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrex%C3%B3n" title="Naltrexón – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Naltrexón" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Naltrexone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="נלטרקסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נלטרקסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexon" title="Naltrexon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naltrexon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ナルトレキソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナルトレキソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrekson" title="Naltrekson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naltrekson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ନାଲଟ୍ରେକ୍ସୋନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନାଲଟ୍ରେକ୍ସୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrekson" title="Naltrekson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Naltrekson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexona" title="Naltrexona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Naltrexona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexon%C4%83" title="Naltrexonă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Naltrexonă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Налтрексон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Налтрексон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Naltrexone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrekson" title="Naltrekson – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Naltrekson" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrekson" title="Naltrekson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naltrekson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltreksoni" title="Naltreksoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naltreksoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexon" title="Naltrexon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naltrexon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrekson" title="Naltrekson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Naltrekson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Налтрексон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Налтрексон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Naltrexone" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E6%9B%B2%E9%85%AE" title="那曲酮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="那曲酮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nalmexone" title="Nalmexone">Nalmexone</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Revia" redirects here. For the cantillation mark, see <a href="/wiki/Revia_(Hebrew_cantillation_mark)" title="Revia (Hebrew cantillation mark)">Revia (Hebrew cantillation mark)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Naltrexone</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Naltrexone_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Naltrexone_skeletal.svg/250px-Naltrexone_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Naltrexone_skeletal.svg/330px-Naltrexone_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Naltrexone_skeletal.svg/500px-Naltrexone_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Naltrexone-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Naltrexone-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/250px-Naltrexone-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Naltrexone-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/375px-Naltrexone-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Naltrexone-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/500px-Naltrexone-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2006" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌnælˈtrɛksoʊn/</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Revia, Vivitrol, Depade, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">EN-1639A; UM-792; ALKS-6428; N-cyclopropylmethylnoroxymorphone; N-cyclopropylmethyl-14-hydroxydihydromorphinone; 17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5α-epoxy-3,14-dihydroxymorphinan-6-one</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/naltrexone.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a685041.html">a685041</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: B3</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">subcutaneous implant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N07" title="ATC code N07">N07BB04</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N07BB04">WHO</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C1" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class C1</a> (Other controlled substances)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a><a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ContraveLabel-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-VivitrolLabel-5">[5]</a></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5–60%<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19537999-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20%<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">CYP450</a>)<a href="#cite_note-SevarinoKosten2009-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a>, others<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 minutes<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Oral (Revia):<a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a> • Naltrexone: 4 hours • <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a>: 13 hours Oral (Contrave):<a href="#cite_note-ContraveLabel-4">[4]</a> • Naltrexone: 5 hours <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection"><abbr title="Intramuscular injection">IM</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Intramuscular injection (Vivitrol):<a href="#cite_note-VivitrolLabel-5">[5]</a> • Naltrexone: 5–10 days • 6β-Naltrexol: 5–10 days</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">>72 hours<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ColasantiLingford-HughesNutt2013-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2839637-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a><a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(4R,4aS,7aR,12bS)-3-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4a,9-dihydroxy-2,4,5,6,7a,13-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinoline-7-one</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=16590-41-3">16590-41-3</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5360515">5360515</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1639">1639</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00704">DB00704</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4514524.html">4514524</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/5S6W795CQM">5S6W795CQM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D05113">D05113</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:7465">CHEBI:7465</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL19019">ChEMBL19019</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID4046313">DTXSID4046313</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409587#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.036.939">100.036.939</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q409587#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C20H23NO4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">341.407 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC4%5BC%40%40H%5D5Oc1c2c%28ccc1O%29C%5BC%40H%5D3N%28CC%5BC%40%5D25%5BC%40%40%5D3%28O%29CC4%29CC6CC6">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">169 °C (336 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C4[C@@H]5Oc1c2c(ccc1O)C[C@H]3N(CC[C@]25[C@@]3(O)CC4)CC6CC6</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C20H23NO4/c22-13-4-3-12-9-15-20(24)6-5-14(23)18-19(20,16(12)17(13)25-18)7-8-21(15)10-11-1-2-11/h3-4,11,15,18,22,24H,1-2,5-10H2/t15-,18+,19+,20-/m1/s1 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:DQCKKXVULJGBQN-XFWGSAIBSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464372546&page2=Naltrexone">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Naltrexone, sold under the brand name Revia among others, is a <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> primarily used to manage <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">opioid use disorder</a> by reducing <a href="/wiki/Craving_(withdrawal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Craving (withdrawal)">cravings</a> and feelings of <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> It has also been found effective in the treatment of other <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addictions</a> and may be used for them <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27401883-12">[12]</a> An opioid-dependent person should not receive naltrexone before <a href="/wiki/Drug_detoxification" title="Drug detoxification">detoxification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> It is taken <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">injection into a muscle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> Effects begin within 30 minutes,<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> though a decreased desire for opioids may take a few weeks to occur.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> Side effects may include <a href="/wiki/Trouble_sleeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Trouble sleeping">trouble sleeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> In those still on opioids, <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a> may occur.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> Use is not recommended in people with <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> It is unclear if use is safe during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Naltrexone is an <a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">opioid antagonist</a> and works by blocking the effects of <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, including both opioid drugs as well as <a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">opioids naturally produced in the brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> Naltrexone was first made in 1965 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sad2012-14">[14]</a> Naltrexone, as <a href="/wiki/Naltrexone/bupropion" title="Naltrexone/bupropion">naltrexone/bupropion</a> (brand name Contrave), is also used to treat <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO23rd-16">[16]</a> In 2021, it was the 254th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol_use_disorder">Alcohol use disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alcohol use disorder">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone has been best studied as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27401883-12">[12]</a> Naltrexone has been shown to decrease the quantity and frequency of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> consumption by reducing the dopamine release from the brain after consuming alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer_2023-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ros2010-21">[21]</a> It does not appear to change the percentage of people drinking.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Its overall benefit has been described as "modest".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spencer_2023-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clinical_and_biological_moderators-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20201811-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a> may work better than naltrexone for eliminating alcohol abuse, while naltrexone may decrease the desire for <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> to a greater extent.<a href="#cite_note-Mai2013-26">[26]</a> A method pioneered by scientist John David Sinclair (dubbed commercially the “Sinclair Method”) advocates for “pharmacological extinction” of problem drinking behavior by administering naltrexone alongside controlled alcohol consumption. In effect, he argues that naltrexone-induced opioid antagonism sufficiently disrupts reflexive reward mechanisms inherent in the consumption of alcohol and, given enough repetition, will dissociate positive associations formerly made with the consumption of alcohol. The Sinclair Method has a clinically proven success rate of 78%.<a href="#cite_note-Sin2001-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opioid_use_disorder">Opioid use disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opioid use disorder">edit</a>]</div> Long-acting injectable naltrexone (under the brand name Vivitrol) is an <a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">opioid antagonist</a>, blocking the effects of <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>, and decreases heroin use compared to a placebo.<a href="#cite_note-Shar2017-28">[28]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a>, it is not a controlled medication.<a href="#cite_note-Shar2017-28">[28]</a> It may decrease cravings for opioids after a number of weeks, and decreases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a>, at least during the time period that naltrexone is still active, though concern about risk of overdose for those stopping treatment remains.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_2020-30">[30]</a> It is given once per month and has better <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compliance (medicine)">compliance</a> and effect for opioid use than the oral formulation.<a href="#cite_note-ComerSullivan2006-31">[31]</a> A drawback of injectable naltrexone is that it requires patients with opioid use disorder and current physiological dependence to be fully withdrawn before it is initiated to avoid a precipitated <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a> that may be quite severe. In contrast, initiation of buprenorphine only requires delay of the first dose until the patient begins to manifest at least mild opioid withdrawal symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31062259-32">[32]</a> Among patients able to successfully initiate injectable naltrexone, long-term remission rates were similar to those seen in clinical buprenorphine/naloxone administration.<a href="#cite_note-Comparative_effectiveness_of_extend-33">[33]</a> The consequence of relapse when weighing the best course of treatment for opiate use disorder remains a concern. Methadone and buprenorphine administration maintain greater <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">drug tolerance</a> while naltrexone allows tolerance to fade, leading to higher instances of an overdose in people who relapse and thus higher <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> guidelines state that most patients should be advised to use opioid agonists (e.g., methadone or buprenorphine) rather than opioid antagonists like naltrexone, citing evidence of superiority in reducing mortality and retaining patients in care.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A 2011 review found insufficient evidence to determine the effect of naltrexone taken orally on opioid dependence.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> While some do well with this formulation, it must be taken daily, and a person whose cravings become overwhelming can obtain opioid intoxication simply by skipping a dose. Due to this issue, the usefulness of oral naltrexone in <a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">opioid use disorder</a> is limited by the low retention in treatment. Naltrexone taken orally remains an ideal treatment for a small number of people with opioid use, usually those with a stable social situation and motivation. With additional <a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">contingency management</a> support, naltrexone may be effective in a broader population.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">varenicline</a> (brand name Chantix), naltrexone is not useful for <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">quitting smoking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Naltrexone has also been under investigation for reducing <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">behavioral addictions</a> such as gambling, <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">NSSID</a> (non-suicidal self-injury disorder), and <a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">kleptomania</a>, as well as compulsive sexual behaviors in both offenders and non-offenders (e.g. compulsive porn viewing and masturbation). The results were promising. In one study, the majority of sexual offenders reported a strong reduction in sexual urges and fantasies which reverted to baseline once the medication was discontinued. Case reports have also shown cessation of gambling and other compulsive behaviors, for as long as the medication was taken.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> When taken at much smaller doses, a regimen known as <a href="/wiki/Low-dose_naltrexone" title="Low-dose naltrexone">low-dose naltrexone</a> (LDN), naltrexone may reduce pain and help to address neurological symptoms. Some patients report that LDN helps reduce their symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic fatigue syndrome">ME/CFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> (MS), <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>, or autoimmune diseases. Although its mechanism of action is unclear, some have speculated that it may act as an anti-inflammatory.<a href="#cite_note-Low_dose_naltrexone_-_MEpedia-40">[40]</a> LDN is also being considered as a potential treatment for <a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">long COVID</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Safety_and_efficacy_of_low_dose_nal-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Available forms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bupropion/naltrexone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bupropion/naltrexone">Bupropion/naltrexone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine/naltrexone" title="Morphine/naltrexone">Morphine/naltrexone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naltrexone" title="Buprenorphine/naltrexone">Buprenorphine/naltrexone</a></div> Naltrexone is available and most commonly used in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablet</a> (50 mg).<a href="#cite_note-Milhorn2017-42">[42]</a> Vivitrol, a naltrexone formulation for <a href="/wiki/Depot_injection" title="Depot injection">depot injection</a> containing 380 mg of the medication per vial, is also available.<a href="#cite_note-Milhorn2017-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-MedicalNewsToday2006-43">[43]</a> Additionally, naltrexone <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">subcutaneous implants</a> that are surgically implanted are available.<a href="#cite_note-TGA-44">[44]</a> While these are manufactured in Australia, they are not authorized for use within Australia, but only for export.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> By 2009, naltrexone implants showed superior efficacy in the treatment of heroin dependence when compared to the oral form.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone should not be used by persons with acute hepatitis or liver failure, or those with recent opioid use (typically 7–10 days). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> The most common side effects reported with naltrexone are <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> complaints such as <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cramping" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal cramping">abdominal cramping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a> These adverse effects are analogous to the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a> blockade will increase <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_motility" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal motility">gastrointestinal motility</a>. The side effects of naltrexone by incidence are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>Greater than 10%: <a href="/wiki/Difficulty_sleeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Difficulty sleeping">difficulty sleeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nervousness" class="extiw" title="wikt:nervousness">nervousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cramp" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal cramp">cramps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Low energy">low energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint pain">joint</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muscle_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle pain">muscle pain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Less than 10%: <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_appetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of appetite">loss of appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">thirstiness</a>, increased energy, <a href="/wiki/Low_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Low mood">feeling down</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin rash">skin rash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delayed_ejaculation" title="Delayed ejaculation">delayed ejaculation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chills" title="Chills">chills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a></li> <li>A variety of other adverse events have also been reported with less than 1% incidence.<a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opioid_withdrawal">Opioid withdrawal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opioid withdrawal">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone should not be started until several (typically 7–10) days of abstinence from opioids have been achieved. This is due to the risk of acute <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a> if naltrexone is taken, as naltrexone will displace most opioids from their receptors. The time of abstinence may be shorter than 7 days, depending on the half-life of the specific opioid taken. Some physicians use a <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a> challenge to determine whether an individual has any opioids remaining. The challenge involves giving a test dose of naloxone and monitoring for opioid withdrawal. If withdrawal occurs, naltrexone should not be started.<a href="#cite_note-galanter-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> Whether naltrexone causes <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">anhedonia</a>, or other aversive effects has been studied and reviewed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-StrainStitzer2006-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21951371-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27436632-51">[51]</a> In early studies of normal and opioid-abstinent individuals, acute and short-term administration of naltrexone was reported to produce a variety of <a href="/wiki/Aversive" class="mw-redirect" title="Aversive">aversive</a> effects including <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, loss of energy, <a href="/wiki/Sleepiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepiness">sleepiness</a>, mild <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faintness" class="mw-redirect" title="Faintness">faintness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal disturbance">gastrointestinal disturbances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">sweating</a>, and occasional <a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">derealization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21951371-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid219434-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7297411-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2992300-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3593812-55">[55]</a> However, these studies were small, often uncontrolled, and used subjective means of assessing side effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid3593812-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a> Most subsequent longer-term studies of naltrexone for indications like alcohol or opioid dependence have not reported dysphoria or depression with naltrexone in most individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21951371-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17110818-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3593812-55">[55]</a> According to one source:<a href="#cite_note-StrainStitzer2006-49">[49]</a> <dl><dd>Naltrexone itself produces little or no psychoactive effect in normal research volunteers even at high doses, which is remarkable given that the endogenous opioid system is important in normal hedonic functioning. Because endogenous opioids are involved in the brain reward system, it would be reasonable to hypothesize that naltrexone might produce anhedonic or dysphoric effects. Although some evidence from small, early trials suggested that patients with a history of opiate dependence might be susceptible to dysphoric effects in response to naltrexone (Crowley et al. 1985; Hollister et al. 1981), reports of such effects have been inconsistent. Most large clinical studies of recovering opioid-dependent individuals have not found naltrexone to have an adverse effect on mood (Greenstein et al. 1984; Malcolm et al. 1987; Miotto et al. 2002; Shufman et al. 1994). Some studies have actually found improvements in mood during the course of treatment with naltrexone (Miotto et al. 1997; Rawlins and Randall 1976).</dd></dl> Based on available evidence, naltrexone seems to have minimal untoward effects in the aforementioned areas, at least with long-term therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-StrainStitzer2006-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21951371-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27436632-51">[51]</a> It has been suggested that differences in findings between acute and longer-term studies of naltrexone treatment might be related to altered function in the opioid system with chronic administration of naltrexone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21951371-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a> For example, marked <a href="/wiki/Receptor_upregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor upregulation">upregulation</a> of opioid receptors and hyper-sensitivity to opioids have been observed with naltrexone in <a href="/wiki/Preclinical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclinical research">preclinical studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21768981-57">[57]</a> Another possibility is that the central opioid system may have low endogenous functionality in most individuals, becoming active only in the presence of exogenously administered opioid receptor agonists or with stimulation by endogenous opioids induced by <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21768981-57">[57]</a> A third possibility is that normal individuals may experience different side effects with naltrexone than people with addictive disease such as alcohol or opioid dependence, who may have altered opioid tone or responsiveness.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21768981-57">[57]</a> It is notable in this regard that most studies of naltrexone have been in people with substance dependence.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a> Naltrexone may also initially produce <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a>-like symptoms in a small subset of people not dependent on opioids:<a href="#cite_note-pmid8742771-58">[58]</a> <dl><dd>The side-effect profile [of naltrexone], at least on the recommended dose of 50 mg per day, is generally benign, although 5 to 10 percent of detoxified opioid addicts experience immediate, intolerable levels of withdrawal-like effects including agitation, anxiety, insomnia, light-headedness, sweating, dysphoria, and nausea. Most patients on naltrexone experience few or no symptoms after the first 1 to 2 weeks of treatment; for a substantial minority (20 to 30 percent) protracted discomfort is experienced.</dd></dl> Persisting affective distress related to naltrexone may account for individuals taking the drug who <a href="/wiki/Drug_discontinuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug discontinuation">drop out</a> of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30300800-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8742771-58">[58]</a> Naltrexone has been reported to reduce feelings of <a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">social connection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31414860-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30976797-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26796966-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27588701-63">[63]</a> The μ-opioid receptor has been found to play a major role in social reward in animals and the μ-opioid receptor <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">knockout mouse</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">animal model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OddiCrusioD'Amato2013-64">[64]</a> Studies on whether naltrexone can decrease the <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasurable</a> effects of listening to <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> are conflicting.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21314752-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28176798-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33711654-67">[67]</a> Besides humans, naltrexone has been found to produce aversive effects in rodents as assessed by <a href="/wiki/Conditioned_place_aversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditioned place aversion">conditioned place aversion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver_damage">Liver damage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Liver damage">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone has been reported to cause <a href="/wiki/Liver_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver damage">liver damage</a> when given at doses higher than recommended.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20201811-25">[25]</a> It carries an FDA boxed warning for this rare side effect. Due to these reports, some physicians may check liver function tests before starting naltrexone, and periodically thereafter. Concerns for liver toxicity initially arose from a study of nonaddicted obese patients receiving 300 mg of naltrexone.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Subsequent studies have suggested limited or no toxicity in other patient populations and at typical recommended doses such as 50 to 100 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20201811-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27401883-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> No <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> effects have been observed with naltrexone in doses of up to 800 mg/day in clinical studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a> The largest reported <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a> of naltrexone, which was 1,500 mg in a female patient and was equivalent to an entire bottle of medication (30 × 50 mg tablets), was uneventful.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22778191-69">[69]</a> No deaths are known to have occurred with naltrexone overdose.<a href="#cite_note-PettinatiDundonCasares_López2013-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opioid_receptor_blockade">Opioid receptor blockade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Opioid receptor blockade">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Naltrexone at human opioid receptors </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Binding_affinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding affinity">Affinities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor constant"><abbr title="Inhibitor constant">Ki</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Inhibitor constant)</th> <th>Ratios</th> <th rowspan="2">Refs </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Opioid receptor"><abbr title="μ-Opioid receptor">MOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip μ-Opioid receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ-Opioid receptor"><abbr title="κ-Opioid receptor">KOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip κ-Opioid receptor</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ-Opioid receptor"><abbr title="δ-Opioid receptor">DOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip δ-Opioid receptor</th> <th>MOR:KOR:DOR </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.0 nM</td> <td>3.9 nM</td> <td>149 nM</td> <td>1:4:149</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.0825 nM</td> <td>0.509 nM</td> <td>8.02 nM</td> <td>1:6:97</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-72">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.2 nM</td> <td>0.4 nM</td> <td>10.8 nM</td> <td>1:2:54</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid9686407-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31376930-74">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.23 nM</td> <td>0.25 nM</td> <td>38 nM</td> <td>1:1.1:165</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid17407276-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21768981-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.62 nM</td> <td>1.88 nM</td> <td>12.3 nM</td> <td>1:3:20</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid23353688-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31752279-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.11 nM</td> <td>0.19 nM</td> <td>60 nM</td> <td>1:1.7:545</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-pmid15808478-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19282177-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dwoskin2014-80">[80]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Naltrexone and its <a href="/wiki/Active_metabolite" title="Active metabolite">active metabolite</a> <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-naltrexol" class="mw-redirect" title="6β-naltrexol">6β-naltrexol</a> are <a href="/wiki/Competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive antagonist">competitive antagonists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4600601-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17267582-82">[82]</a> Naltrexone is specifically an antagonist preferentially of the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a> (MOR), to a lesser extent of the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptor</a> (KOR), and to a much lesser extent of the <a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid receptor</a> (DOR).<a href="#cite_note-pmid4600601-81">[81]</a> However, naltrexone is not actually a <a href="/wiki/Silent_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Silent antagonist">silent antagonist</a> of these receptors but instead acts as a weak <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">Emax</a> values of 14 to 29% at the MOR, 16 to 39% at the KOR, and 14 to 25% at the DOR in different studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17267582-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19282177-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dwoskin2014-80">[80]</a> In accordance with its partial agonism, although naltrexone is described as a pure opioid receptor antagonist, it has shown some evidence of weak opioid effects in clinical and preclinical studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> By itself, naltrexone acts as an antagonist or weak partial agonist of the opioid receptors.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17267582-82">[82]</a> In combination with agonists of the MOR such as <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> however, naltrexone appears to become an <a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">inverse agonist</a> of the MOR.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17267582-82">[82]</a> Conversely, the naltrexone remains a neutral antagonist (or weak partial agonist) of the KOR and DOR.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17267582-82">[82]</a> In contrast to naltrexone, 6β-naltrexol is purely a neutral antagonist of the opioid receptors.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15680308-83">[83]</a> The MOR inverse agonism of naltrexone, when it is co-present with MOR agonists, may in part underlie its ability to precipitate <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">withdrawal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Opioid_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid dependence">opioid-dependent</a> individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15680308-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17267582-82">[82]</a> This may be due to suppression of basal MOR signaling via inverse agonism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15680308-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17267582-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_occupancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor occupancy">Occupancy</a> of the opioid receptors in the brain by naltrexone has been studied using <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET).<a href="#cite_note-pmid20201811-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32541931-84">[84]</a> Naltrexone at a dose of 50 mg/day has been found to occupy approximately 90 to 95% of brain MORs and 20 to 35% of brain DORs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20201811-25">[25]</a> Naltrexone at a dose of 100 mg/day has been found to achieve 87% and 92% brain occupancy of the KOR in different studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid34363128-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32541931-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-VijayMorrisGoldberg2017-86">[86]</a> Per simulation, a lower dose of naltrexone of 25 mg/day might be expected to achieve around 60% brain occupancy of the KOR but still close to 90% occupancy of the MOR.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32541931-84">[84]</a> In a study of the duration of MOR blockade with naltrexone, the drug with a single 50 mg dose showed 91% blockade of brain <a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">[11C]carfentanil</a> (a selective MOR ligand) binding at 48 hours (2 days), 80% blockade at 72 hours (3 days), 46% blockade at 120 hours (5 days), and 30% blockade at 168 hours (7 days).<a href="#cite_note-ColasantiLingford-HughesNutt2013-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2839637-10">[10]</a> The half-time of brain MOR blockade by naltrexone in this study was 72 to 108 hours (3.0 to 4.5 days).<a href="#cite_note-ColasantiLingford-HughesNutt2013-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2839637-10">[10]</a> Based on these findings, doses of naltrexone of even less than 50 mg/day would be expected to achieve virtually complete brain MOR occupancy.<a href="#cite_note-ColasantiLingford-HughesNutt2013-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2839637-10">[10]</a> Blockade of brain MORs with naltrexone is much longer-lasting than with other <a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">opioid antagonists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a> (half-time of ~1.7 hours <a href="/wiki/Intranasal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal administration">intranasally</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">nalmefene</a> (half-time of ~29 hours).<a href="#cite_note-ColasantiLingford-HughesNutt2013-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-van_WaardeAbsalomVisser2020-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20868291-88">[88]</a> The half-life of occupancy of the brain MOR and duration of clinical effect of naltrexone are much longer than suggested by its <a href="/wiki/Plasma_elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma elimination half-life">plasma elimination half-life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ColasantiLingford-HughesNutt2013-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21731898-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2839637-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10463317-90">[90]</a> A single 50 mg oral dose of naltrexone has been found to block brain MORs and opioid effects for at least 48 to 72 hours.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21731898-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2839637-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-DHHS1981-91">[91]</a> The half-time of brain MOR blockade by naltrexone (72–108 hours) is much longer than the fast plasma clearance component of naltrexone and 6β-naltrexol (~4–12 hours) but was reported to correspond well to the longer terminal phase of plasma naltrexone clearance (96 hours).<a href="#cite_note-ColasantiLingford-HughesNutt2013-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2839637-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12028745-48">[48]</a> As an alternative possibility, the prolonged brain MOR occupancy by opioid antagonists like naltrexone and nalmefene may be due to slow dissociation from MORs consequent to their very high MOR <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> (<1.0 nM).<a href="#cite_note-pmid20868291-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15956985-92">[92]</a> Naltrexone <a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">blocks the effects</a> of MOR agonists like <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a> in humans via its MOR antagonism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-SevarinoKosten2009-11">[11]</a> Following a single 100 mg dose of naltrexone, the subjective and objective effects of heroin were blocked by 90% at 24 hours, with blockade then decreasing up to 72 hours.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> Similarly, 20 to 200 mg naltrexone dose-dependently antagonized the effects of heroin for up to 72 hours.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> Naltrexone also <a href="/wiki/Trip_killer" title="Trip killer">blocks the effects</a> of KOR agonists like <a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">salvinorin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">pentazocine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">butorphanol</a> in humans via its KOR antagonism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26874330-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17909753-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7679737-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31376930-74">[74]</a> In addition to opioids, naltrexone has been found to block or reduce the rewarding and other effects of other <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">euphoriant</a> drugs including <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid21768981-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid12233982-96">[96]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">amphetamines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30451013-97">[97]</a> The opioid receptors are involved in <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroendocrine">neuroendocrine</a> regulation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> MOR agonists produce increases in levels of <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> and decreases in levels of <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) and <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> Doses of naltrexone of 25 to 150 mg/day have been found to produce significant increases in levels of <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-endorphin">β-endorphin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>, and LH, equivocal changes in levels of prolactin and testosterone, and no significant changes in levels of <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotrophic_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenocorticotrophic hormone">adrenocorticotrophic hormone</a> (ACTH) or <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH).<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> Naltrexone influences the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis</a> (HPA axis) probably through interference with opioid receptor signaling by <a href="/wiki/Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorphin">endorphins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> Blockade of MORs is thought to be the <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> of naltrexone in the management of opioid dependence—it reversibly blocks or attenuates the effects of opioids. It is also thought to be involved in the effectiveness of naltrexone in alcohol dependence by reducing the euphoric effects of alcohol. The role of KOR modulation by naltrexone in its effectiveness for alcohol dependence is unclear but this action may also be involved based on theory and animal studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26845589-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27475769-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other activities">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptors</a>, naltrexone binds to and acts as an <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_growth_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid growth factor receptor">opioid growth factor receptor</a> (OGFR) and <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_4" title="Toll-like receptor 4">toll-like receptor 4</a> (TLR4) and interacts with high- and low-<a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> <a href="/wiki/Binding_site" title="Binding site">binding sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/FLNA" title="FLNA">filamin A</a> (FLNA).<a href="#cite_note-pmid30248938-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26022268-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30582992-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11890982-103">[103]</a> It is said that very low doses of naltrexone (<0.001–1 mg/day) interact with FLNA, low doses (1 to 5 mg/day) produce TLR4 antagonism, and standard clinical doses (50 to 100 mg/day) exert opioid receptor and OGFR antagonism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30248938-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30582992-102">[102]</a> The interactions of naltrexone with FLNA and TLR4 are claimed to be involved in the therapeutic effects of <a href="/wiki/Low-dose_naltrexone" title="Low-dose naltrexone">low-dose naltrexone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30248938-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naltrexone_levels_with_a_50_mg_oral_dose_of_naltrexone_at_steady_state.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Naltrexone_levels_with_a_50_mg_oral_dose_of_naltrexone_at_steady_state.png/400px-Naltrexone_levels_with_a_50_mg_oral_dose_of_naltrexone_at_steady_state.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Naltrexone_levels_with_a_50_mg_oral_dose_of_naltrexone_at_steady_state.png/600px-Naltrexone_levels_with_a_50_mg_oral_dose_of_naltrexone_at_steady_state.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Naltrexone_levels_with_a_50_mg_oral_dose_of_naltrexone_at_steady_state.png/800px-Naltrexone_levels_with_a_50_mg_oral_dose_of_naltrexone_at_steady_state.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Naltrexone levels following a 50 mg oral dose of naltrexone at <a href="/wiki/Steady_state_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steady state (pharmacokinetics)">steady state</a> during treatment with 50 mg/day naltrexone<a href="#cite_note-pmid15569605-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24704710-105">[105]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naltrexone_levels_following_an_intramuscular_injection_of_380_mg_naltrexone_in_microspheres.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Naltrexone_levels_following_an_intramuscular_injection_of_380_mg_naltrexone_in_microspheres.png/400px-Naltrexone_levels_following_an_intramuscular_injection_of_380_mg_naltrexone_in_microspheres.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Naltrexone_levels_following_an_intramuscular_injection_of_380_mg_naltrexone_in_microspheres.png/600px-Naltrexone_levels_following_an_intramuscular_injection_of_380_mg_naltrexone_in_microspheres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Naltrexone_levels_following_an_intramuscular_injection_of_380_mg_naltrexone_in_microspheres.png/800px-Naltrexone_levels_following_an_intramuscular_injection_of_380_mg_naltrexone_in_microspheres.png 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Naltrexone levels following a 380 mg dose of naltrexone in microspheres (Vivitrol) by intramuscular injection at steady state during monthly treatment with 380 mg naltrexone in microspheres<a href="#cite_note-pmid16499489-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16978037-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17939765-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vivitrol2018-109">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absorption">Absorption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Absorption">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption (pharmacokinetics)">absorption</a> of naltrexone with <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral administration</a> is rapid and nearly complete (96%).<a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of naltrexone with oral administration is 5 to 60% due to extensive <a href="/wiki/First-pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First-pass metabolism">first-pass metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19537999-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">Peak concentrations</a> of naltrexone are 19 to 44 μg/L after a single 100 mg oral dose and <a href="/wiki/Tmax_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tmax (pharmacology)">time to peak concentrations</a> of naltrexone and <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-naltrexol" class="mw-redirect" title="6β-naltrexol">6β-naltrexol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a>) is within 1 hour.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19537999-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a> Linear increases in circulating naltrexone and 6β-naltrexol concentrations occur over an oral dose range of 50 to 200 mg.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> Naltrexone does not appear to be accumulated with repeated once-daily oral administration and there is no change in time to peak concentrations with repeated administration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution">Distribution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">plasma protein binding</a> of naltrexone is about 20% over a naltrexone concentration range of 0.1 to 500 μg/L.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a> Its apparent <a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">volume of distribution</a> at 100 mg orally is 16.1 L/kg after a single dose and 14.2 L/kg with repeated doses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Metabolism">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone is <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> in the liver mainly by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrodiol_dehydrogenase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (page does not exist)">dihydrodiol dehydrogenases</a> into <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-naltrexol" class="mw-redirect" title="6β-naltrexol">6β-naltrexol</a> (6β-hydroxynaltrexone).<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19537999-7">[7]</a> Levels of 6β-naltrexol are 10- to 30-fold higher than those of naltrexone with oral administration due to extensive <a href="/wiki/First-pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First-pass metabolism">first-pass metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DavisGlare2009-110">[110]</a> Conversely, 6β-naltrexol exposure is only about 2-fold higher than that of naltrexone with <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> of naltrexone in <a href="/wiki/Microsphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsphere">microspheres</a> (brand name Vivitrol).<a href="#cite_note-pmid16499489-106">[106]</a> 6β-Naltrexol is an opioid receptor antagonist similarly to naltrexone and shows a comparable binding profile to the opioid receptors.<a href="#cite_note-HipkinDolle2010-111">[111]</a> However, 6β-naltrexol is <a href="/wiki/Peripherally_selective_drug" title="Peripherally selective drug">peripherally selective</a> and crosses into the brain much less readily than does naltrexone.<a href="#cite_note-HipkinDolle2010-111">[111]</a> In any case, 6β-naltrexol does still show some central activity and may contribute significantly to the central actions of oral naltrexone.<a href="#cite_note-HipkinDolle2010-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> of naltrexone include 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6β-naltrexol and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxynaltrexone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> Following their formation, the metabolites of naltrexone are further metabolized by <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (biochemistry)">conjugation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Glucuronic_acid" title="Glucuronic acid">glucuronic acid</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Glucuronide" title="Glucuronide">glucuronides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> Naltrexone is not metabolized by the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> system and has low potential for <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">drug interactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SevarinoKosten2009-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elimination">Elimination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Elimination">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Elimination_(pharmacology)" title="Elimination (pharmacology)">elimination</a> of naltrexone is <a href="/wiki/Exponential_decay" title="Exponential decay">biexponential</a> and rapid over the first 24 hours followed by a third extremely slow decline after 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2836152-6">[6]</a> The fast <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-lives</a> of naltrexone and its metabolite 6β-naltrexol are about 4 hours and 13 hours, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a> In Contrave oral tablets, which also contain <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a> and are described as <a href="/wiki/Extended-release" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended-release">extended-release</a>, the half-life of naltrexone is 5 hours.<a href="#cite_note-ContraveLabel-4">[4]</a> The slow terminal-phase elimination half-life of naltrexone is approximately 96 hours.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2839637-10">[10]</a> As microspheres of naltrexone by intramuscular injection (Vivitrol), the elimination half-lives of naltrexone and 6β-naltrexol are both 5 to 10 days.<a href="#cite_note-VivitrolLabel-5">[5]</a> Whereas oral naltrexone is administered daily, naltrexone in microspheres by intramuscular injection is suitable for administration once every 4 weeks or once per month.<a href="#cite_note-VivitrolLabel-5">[5]</a> Naltrexone and its metabolites are <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreted</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReviaLabel-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacogenetics">Pharmacogenetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pharmacogenetics">edit</a>]</div> Tentative evidence suggests that family history and presence of the Asn40Asp polymorphism predict naltrexone being effective.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clinical_and_biological_moderators-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone, also known as N-cyclopropylmethylnoroxymorphone, is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivative</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">oxymorphone</a> (14-hydroxydihydromorphinone). It is specifically the derivative of oxymorphone in which the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_amine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary amine">tertiary amine</a> <a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">methyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituent</a> is replaced with <a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopropane" title="Methylcyclopropane">methylcyclopropane</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analogues">Analogues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Analogues">edit</a>]</div> The closely related medication, <a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">methylnaltrexone</a> (N-methylnaltrexone), is used to treat opioid-induced constipation but does not treat addiction as it does not cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a> (6-desoxy-6-methylenenaltrexone) is similar to naltrexone and is used for the same purposes as naltrexone. Naltrexone should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a> (N-allylnoroxymorphone), which is used in emergency cases of opioid <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a>. Other opioid antagonists related to naltrexone include <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-naltrexol" class="mw-redirect" title="6β-naltrexol">6β-naltrexol</a> (6β-hydroxynaltrexone), <a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">samidorphan</a> (3-carboxamido-4-hydroxynaltrexone), <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-funaltrexamine">β-funaltrexamine</a> (naltrexone fumarate methyl ester), <a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">nalodeine</a> (N-allylnorcodeine), <a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">nalorphine</a> (N-allylnormorphine), and <a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">nalbuphine</a> (N-cyclobutylmethyl-14-hydroxydihydronormorphine). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone was first <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesized</a> in 1963 by Metossian at Endo Laboratories, a small <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">pharmaceutical company</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dependence1974-113">[113]</a> It was characterized by Blumberg, Dayton, and Wolf in 1965 and was found to be an <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally active</a>, long-acting, and very <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> opioid antagonist.<a href="#cite_note-Dependence1974-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-PadwaCunningham2010-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennett2004-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sad2012-14">[14]</a> The drug showed advantages over earlier opioid antagonists such as <a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">cyclazocine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">nalorphine</a>, and naloxone, including its oral activity, a long <a href="/wiki/Duration_of_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Duration of action">duration of action</a> allowing for once-daily administration, and a lack of <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, and was selected for further development.<a href="#cite_note-Sad2012-14">[14]</a> It was <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> by Endo Laboratories in 1967 under the developmental code name EN-1639A and Endo Laboratories was acquired by <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Wouk2009-116">[116]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a> for opioid dependence began in 1973, and a developmental collaboration of DuPont with the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> for this indication started the next year in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Wouk2009-116">[116]</a> The drug was approved by the FDA for the oral treatment of opioid dependence in 1984, with the brand name Trexan, and for the oral treatment of alcohol dependence in 1995, when the brand name was changed by DuPont to Revia.<a href="#cite_note-Wouk2009-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milhorn2017-42">[42]</a> A depot formulation for intramuscular injection was approved by the FDA under the brand name Vivitrol for alcohol dependence in 2006 and opioid dependence in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-MedicalNewsToday2006-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milhorn2017-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic_names">Generic names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Generic names">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone is the <a href="/wiki/Generic_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic term">generic name</a> of the drug and its <a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name"><abbr title="International Nonproprietary Name">INN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name" title="United States Adopted Name"><abbr title="United States Adopted Name">USAN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip United States Adopted Name, <a href="/wiki/British_Approved_Name" title="British Approved Name"><abbr title="British Approved Name">BAN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip British Approved Name, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nomination_Commune_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Dénomination Commune Française"><abbr title="Dénomination Commune Française">DCF</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dénomination Commune Française, and <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_Comune_Italiana" title="Denominazione Comune Italiana"><abbr title="Denominazione Comune Italiana">DCIT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana, while naltrexone hydrochloride is its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia"><abbr title="United States Pharmacopeia">USP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip United States Pharmacopeia and <a href="/wiki/British_Approved_Name" title="British Approved Name"><abbr title="British Approved Name">BANM</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip British Approved Name.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-MortonHall2012-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Brand names">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone is or has been sold under a variety of brand names, including Adepend, Antaxone, Celupan, Depade, Destoxican, Nalorex, Narcoral, Nemexin, Nodict, Revia, Trexan, Vivitrex, and Vivitrol.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-MortonHall2012-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-120">[120]</a> It is also marketed in combination with <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naltrexone/bupropion" title="Naltrexone/bupropion">naltrexone/bupropion</a>) as Contrave,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and was marketed with <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morphine/naltrexone" title="Morphine/naltrexone">morphine/naltrexone</a>) as Embeda.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> A combination of naltrexone with <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naltrexone" title="Buprenorphine/naltrexone">buprenorphine/naltrexone</a>) has been developed, but has not been marketed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18212797-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> The FDA authorized use of injectable naltrexone (Vivitrol) for opioid addiction using a single study<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> that was led by Evgeny Krupitsky at Bekhterev Research Psychoneurological Institute, St Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia,<a href="#cite_note-Lancet_Krupitsky_2011_naltrexone-125">[125]</a> a country where opioid agonists such as methadone and buprenorphine are not available. The study was a "double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized", 24-week trial running "from July 3, 2008, through October 5, 2009" with "250 patients with opioid dependence disorder" at "13 clinical sites in Russia" on the use of injectable naltrexone (XR-NTX) for opioid dependence. The study was funded by the Boston-based biotech <a href="/wiki/Alkermes_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkermes (company)">Alkermes</a> firm which produces and markets naltrexone in the United States. Critics charged that the study violated ethical guidelines since it compared the formulation of naltrexone not to the best available, evidence-based treatment (methadone or buprenorphine), but to a placebo. Further, the trial did not follow patients who dropped out of the trial to evaluate subsequent risk of fatal overdose, a major health concern .<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Subsequent trials in Norway and the US did compare injectable naltrexone to buprenorphine and found them to be similar in outcomes for patients willing to undergo the withdrawal symptoms required before naltrexone administration.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Nearly 30% of patients in the US trial did not complete induction.<a href="#cite_note-Comparative_effectiveness_of_extend-33">[33]</a> In real-world settings, a review of more than 40,000 patient records found that while <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a> reduced risk of fatal overdose, naltrexone administration showed no greater effect on overdose or subsequent emergency care than counseling alone.<a href="#cite_note-Wakeman_2020-30">[30]</a> Despite these findings, naltrexone's manufacturer and some health authorities have promoted the medicine as superior to methadone and buprenorphine since it is not an opioid and does not induce dependence. The manufacturer has also marketed directly to law enforcement and criminal justice officials, spending millions of dollars on lobbying and providing thousands of free doses to jails and prisons.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2017_Vivitrol-128">[128]</a> The technique has been successful, with the criminal justice system in 43 states now incorporating long-acting naltrexone. Many do this through Vivitrol courts that offer only this option, leading some to characterize this as "an offer that cannot be refused."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The company's marketing techniques have led to a Congressional investigation,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and warning from the FDA about failure to adequately state risks of fatal overdose to patients receiving the medicine.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In May 2017, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">United States Secretary of Health and Human Services</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">Tom Price</a> praised [Vivitrol] as the future of opioid addiction treatment after visiting the company's plant in Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2017_Vivitrol-128">[128]</a> His remarks set off sharp criticism with almost 700 experts in the field of substance use submitting a letter to Price cautioning him about Vivitrol's "marketing tactics" and warning him that his comments "ignore widely accepted science".<a href="#cite_note-Tom-Price-Letter-Re-MAT_2017-133">[133]</a> The experts pointed out that Vivitrol's competitors, buprenorphine and methadone, are "less expensive", "more widely used", and have been "rigorously studied". Price had claimed that buprenorphine and methadone were "simply substitute[s]" for "illicit drugs"<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2017_Vivitrol-128">[128]</a> whereas according to the letter, "the substantial body of research evidence supporting these treatments is summarized in guidance from within your own agency, including the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the US Surgeon General, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Buprenorphine and methadone have been demonstrated to be highly effective in managing the core symptoms of opioid use disorder, reducing the risk of relapse and fatal overdose, and encouraging long-term recovery."<a href="#cite_note-Tom-Price-Letter-Re-MAT_2017-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/One_Little_Pill_(2014_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="One Little Pill (2014 film)">One Little Pill</a> was a 2014 documentary film about the use of naltrexone to treat alcohol use disorder.<a href="#cite_note-IMDB-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Four_Good_Days" title="Four Good Days">Four Good Days</a> is a 2020 film about the four days a drug addict woman has to stay sober to get a shot of naltrexone in a detox facility. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depersonalization">Depersonalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Depersonalization">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone is sometimes used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociative</a> symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">derealization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SimeonAbugel2008-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-PhDPhD2014-136">[136]</a> Some studies suggest it might help.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Other small, preliminary studies have also shown benefit.<a href="#cite_note-SimeonAbugel2008-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-PhDPhD2014-136">[136]</a> Blockade of the KOR by naltrexone and naloxone is thought to be responsible for their effectiveness in ameliorating depersonalization and derealization.<a href="#cite_note-SimeonAbugel2008-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-PhDPhD2014-136">[136]</a> Since these drugs are less efficacious in blocking the KOR relative to the MOR, higher doses than typically used seem to be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-SimeonAbugel2008-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-PhDPhD2014-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-dose_naltrexone">Low-dose naltrexone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Low-dose naltrexone">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone has been used <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label</a> at low doses for diseases not related to chemical dependency or intoxication, such as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Novella-138">[138]</a> Evidence for recommending <a href="/wiki/Low-dose_naltrexone" title="Low-dose naltrexone">low-dose naltrexone</a> is lacking.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novella2010-140">[140]</a> This treatment has received attention on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NMSS-141">[141]</a> In 2022, four studies (in a few hundred patients) were conducted on naltrexone for <a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">long COVID</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-injury">Self-injury</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Self-injury">edit</a>]</div> One study suggests that <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-injurious behaviors</a> present in persons with developmental disabilities (including autism) can sometimes be remedied with naltrexone.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In these cases, the self-injury is believed to be done to release <a href="/wiki/Beta-endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-endorphin">beta-endorphin</a>, which binds to the same receptors as heroin and morphine.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> If the "rush" generated by self-injury is removed, the behavior may stop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioral_disorders">Behavioral disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Behavioral disorders">edit</a>]</div> Some indications exist that naltrexone might be beneficial in the treatment of impulse-control disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">kleptomania</a>, compulsive gambling, or <a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">trichotillomania</a> (compulsive hair pulling), but evidence of its effectiveness for gambling is conflicting.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-gambling-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A 2008 case study reported successful use of naltrexone in suppressing and treating an internet <a href="/wiki/Pornography_addiction" title="Pornography addiction">pornography addiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interferon_alpha">Interferon alpha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Interferon alpha">edit</a>]</div> Naltrexone is effective in suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a>-mediated adverse neuropsychiatric effects of <a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha">interferon alpha</a> therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16142050-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17068950-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_addiction_studies">Critical addiction studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Critical addiction studies">edit</a>]</div> Some historians and sociologists have suggested that the meanings and uses attributed to anti-craving medicine, such as naltrexone, are context-dependent.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Studies have suggested the use of naltrexone in drug courts or healthcare rehabs is a form of "post-social control,"<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> or "post-disciplinary control,"<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> whereby control strategies for managing offenders and addicts shift from imprisonment and supervision toward more direct control over biological processes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_addiction">Sexual addiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sexual addiction">edit</a>]</div> Small studies have shown a reduction of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">sexual addiction</a> and problematic sexual behaviours from naltrexone.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexone&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dependence treatment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treatment_of_drug_dependence_(N07B)177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treatment of <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">drug dependence</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N07#N07B" title="ATC code N07">N07B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist (<a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">Alcohol dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde_dehydrogenase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor"><abbr title="Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase">AD</abbr> inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen cyanamide">Hydrogen cyanamide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_anesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="General anesthetic">General anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)" title="Nitrous oxide (medication)">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid antagonists</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist (<a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid dependence">Opioid dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist (<a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naloxone" title="Buprenorphine/naloxone">+naloxone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone (extended-release)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine (extended-release)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid antagonists</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist (<a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antidotes_(V03AB)467" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antidotes" title="Template:Antidotes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antidotes" title="Template talk:Antidotes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antidotes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antidotes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antidotes_(V03AB)467" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V03#V03AB" title="ATC code V03">V03AB</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metadoxine" title="Metadoxine">Metadoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturate overdose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamivan" title="Etamivan">Ethamivan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine overdose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GHB_overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="GHB overdose">GHB overdose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-50911" title="SCH-50911">SCH-50911</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">Nerve agent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning" title="Organophosphate poisoning">Organophosphate poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biperiden" title="Biperiden">Biperiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxime" title="Oxime">Oximes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obidoxime" title="Obidoxime">Obidoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralidoxime" title="Pralidoxime">Pralidoxime</a></li></ul></li> <li>see also: <a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase" title="Cholinesterase">Cholinesterase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxapram" title="Doxapram">Doxapram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a>#</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naltrexone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reversal of <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug" title="Neuromuscular-blocking drug">neuromuscular blockade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugammadex" title="Sugammadex">Sugammadex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker#Adverse_effects" title="Beta blocker">Beta blocker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digoxin_toxicity" title="Digoxin toxicity">Digoxin toxicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digoxin_immune_fab" title="Digoxin immune fab">Digoxin immune fab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>against <a href="/wiki/Direct_Xa_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Xa inhibitor">direct Xa inhibitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andexanet_alfa" title="Andexanet alfa">Andexanet alfa</a>)</li> <li>against <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protamine_sulfate" title="Protamine sulfate">Protamine</a>#)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">Dimercaprol</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaptosuccinic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimercaptosuccinic acid">Succimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">Cyanide poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Dimethylaminophenol" title="4-Dimethylaminophenol">4-Dimethylaminophenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin" title="Hydroxocobalamin">Hydroxocobalamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">Amyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">Sodium nitrite</a>#</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate_(medical_use)" title="Sodium thiosulfate (medical use)">Sodium thiosulfate</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">Hydrofluoric acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_gluconate" title="Calcium gluconate">Calcium gluconate</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol_poisoning" title="Ethylene glycol poisoning">Ethylene glycol poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Primary alcohols: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol (medicine)">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomepizole" title="Fomepizole">Fomepizole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol_poisoning" title="Paracetamol poisoning">Paracetamol toxicity</a> (Acetaminophen)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcysteine" title="Acetylcysteine">Acetylcysteine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">Glutathione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">Toxic metals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">cadmium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium_poisoning" title="Thallium poisoning">thallium</a>)</li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">Dimercaprol</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Edetates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>#</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">Potassium iodide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">Methylthioninium chloride</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone/promethazine" title="Prednisolone/promethazine">Prednisolone/promethazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">Emetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">Copper sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotria_ipecacuanha" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotria ipecacuanha">Ipecacuanha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecac" title="Syrup of ipecac">Syrup of ipecac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opioid_receptor_modulators225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opioid_receptor_modulators225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid</a> (MOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Agonists(abridged;full_list)67" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists (abridged; <a href="/wiki/List_of_opioids" title="List of opioids">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Acetoxymitragynine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Acetoxymitragynine (page does not exist)">7-Acetoxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" title="7-Hydroxymitragynine">7-Hydroxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A8-Akuammigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ψ-Akuammigine (page does not exist)">ψ-Akuammigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">α-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Narcotine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Narcotine (page does not exist)">α-Narcotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylfentanyl" title="Acetylfentanyl">Acetylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylfentanyl" title="Acrylfentanyl">Acrylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH-7921" title="AH-7921">AH-7921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuammidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akuammidine (page does not exist)">Akuammidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparicine" title="Apparicine">Apparicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhydrocodone" title="Benzhydrocodone">Benzhydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrfentanyl" title="Butyrfentanyl">Butyrfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxymorphamine" title="Chloroxymorphamine">Chloroxymorphamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMGO" title="DAMGO">DAMGO (DAGO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermorphin" title="Dermorphin">Dermorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol</a> (desmethyltramadol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deumitragynine" class="mw-redirect" title="Deumitragynine">Deumitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> (propoxyphene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylaminopivalophenone" title="Dimethylaminopivalophenone">Dimethylaminopivalophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> (heroin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenoxylate" title="Diphenoxylate">Diphenoxylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embutramide" title="Embutramide">Embutramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-1" title="Endomorphin-1">Endomorphin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-2" title="Endomorphin-2">Endomorphin-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eseroline" title="Eseroline">Eseroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frakefamide" title="Frakefamide">Frakefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanylfentanyl" title="Furanylfentanyl">Furanylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBNtxA" title="IBNtxA">IBNtxA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxicodegol" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxicodegol">Loxicodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-115509" title="LS-115509">LS-115509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a> (metenkefalin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphiceptin" title="Morphiceptin">Morphiceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">Naloxone benzoylhydrazone</a> (NalBzOH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmexone" title="Nalmexone">Nalmexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltalimide" title="Naltalimide">Naltalimide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopine (page does not exist)">Neopine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nufenoxole" title="Nufenoxole">Nufenoxole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">Octreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodegol" title="Oxycodegol">Oxycodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine" title="Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine">Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine</a> (OM-3-MNZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphazone" title="Oxymorphazone">Oxymorphazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphonazine (page does not exist)">Oxymorphonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_phenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_p-nitrophenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone p-nitrophenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">OxyPNPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver somniferum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericine" title="Pericine">Pericine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PL-017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PL-017 (page does not exist)">PL-017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Prodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZM21" title="PZM21">PZM21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsolinol" title="Salsolinol">Salsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-17599" title="SC-17599">SC-17599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropapaveroline" title="Tetrahydropapaveroline">Tetrahydropapaveroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIMU_5" title="TRIMU 5">TRIMU 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRV734" title="TRV734">TRV734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubotaiwine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubotaiwine (page does not exist)">Tubotaiwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-47700" title="U-47700">U-47700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorphin" title="Valorphin">Valorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picenadol" title="Picenadol">(3S,4S)-Picenadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide" title="4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide">4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Gliadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Gliadin">α-Gliadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammine" title="Akuammine">Akuammine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvimopan" title="Alvimopan">Alvimopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-251_(drug)" title="AM-251 (drug)">AM-251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li>CTAP</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTOP (page does not exist)">CTOP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodime" title="Cyprodime">Cyprodime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginsenoside_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginsenoside R (page does not exist)">Ginsenoside R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocinnamox" title="Methocinnamox">Methocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylsamidorphan_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylsamidorphan chloride (page does not exist)">Methylsamidorphan chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naldemedine" title="Naldemedine">Naldemedine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine_dinicotinate" title="Nalorphine dinicotinate">Nalorphine dinicotinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxazone" title="Naloxazone">Naloxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxegol" title="Naloxegol">Naloxegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxol" title="Naloxol">Naloxol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxonazine" title="Naloxonazine">Naloxonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexazone (page does not exist)">Naltrexazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexonazine (page does not exist)">Naltrexonazine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimonabant" title="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid</a> (DOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone" title="7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone">7-SIOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5747" title="ADL-5747">ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5859" title="ADL-5859">ADL-5859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM390" title="ARM390">AR-M100390 (ARM390)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD2327" class="mw-redirect" title="AZD2327">AZD2327</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU-48" title="BU-48">BU-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin" title="Deltorphin">Deltorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin_I" title="Deltorphin I">Deltorphin I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltorphin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltorphin II (page does not exist)">Deltorphin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">Desmethylclozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPDPE" title="DPDPE">DPDPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-221" title="DPI-221">DPI-221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-3290" title="DPI-3290">DPI-3290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(D-Ser2,_Leu5,_Thr6)-Enkephalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(D-Ser2, Leu5, Thr6)-Enkephalin (page does not exist)">DSLET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl_isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fentanyl isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">FIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomethadone" title="Isomethadone">Isomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-20788560" title="JNJ-20788560">JNJ-20788560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNT-127" title="KNT-127">KNT-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon" title="N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon">N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-394674" title="RWJ-394674">RWJ-394674</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-235863&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-235863 (page does not exist)">SB-235863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNC-80" title="SNC-80">SNC-80</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNC-162&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNC-162 (page does not exist)">SNC-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAN-67" title="TAN-67">TAN-67 (SB-205,607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-8813" title="C-8813">Thiobromadol (C-8813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonazocine" title="Tonazocine">Tonazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRV250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRV250 (page does not exist)">TRV250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenazocine" title="Zenazocine">Zenazocine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrindole-5%27-isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrindole-5'-isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">5'-NTII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Santolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Santolol (page does not exist)">α-Santolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Benzylidenenaltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (page does not exist)">BNTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-154129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-154129 (page does not exist)">ICI-154129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-174864&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-174864 (page does not exist)">ICI-174864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">Methylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Benzylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Benzylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">N-Benzylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDM25N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDM25N (page does not exist)">SDM25N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoRI-9409" title="SoRI-9409">SoRI-9409</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid</a> (KOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine" title="8-Carboxamidocyclazocine">8-CAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14-Methoxymetopon" title="14-Methoxymetopon">14-Methoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allomatrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allomatrine">Allomatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apadoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apadoline (page does not exist)">Apadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asimadoline" title="Asimadoline">Asimadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">Big dynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">Bremazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-52537" title="BRL-52537">BRL-52537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciprefadol" title="Ciprefadol">Ciprefadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR665" title="CR665">CR665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorphan" title="Cyclorphan">Cyclorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprenorphine" title="Cyprenorphine">Cyprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difelikefalin" title="Difelikefalin">Difelikefalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">Dynorphin B (rimorphin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enadoline" title="Enadoline">Enadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erinacine_E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erinacine E (page does not exist)">Erinacine E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedotozine" title="Fedotozine">Fedotozine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR-89696" title="GR-89696">GR-89696</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-103545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-103545 (page does not exist)">GR-103545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HS665" title="HS665">HS665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ-2" title="HZ-2">HZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-199,441" title="ICI-199,441">ICI-199,441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-204,448" title="ICI-204,448">ICI-204,448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">Ketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leumorphin" title="Leumorphin">Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPK-26" title="LPK-26">LPK-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufuradom" title="Lufuradom">Lufuradom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MB-1C-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MB-1C-OH (page does not exist)">MB-1C-OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxazocine" title="Moxazocine">Moxazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2034 (page does not exist)">MR-2034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-MPPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-MPPP (page does not exist)">N-MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niravoline" title="Niravoline">Niravoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide" title="Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide">Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxorphan" title="Proxorphan">Proxorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">salvia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_ethoxymethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_methoxymethyl_ether" title="Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiradoline" title="Spiradoline">Spiradoline</a> (U-62066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-50488" title="U-50488">U-50488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-54494A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-54494A (page does not exist)">U-54494A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-69593" class="mw-redirect" title="U-69593">U-69593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="5'-Guanidinonaltrindole">5'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/samidorphan" title="Buprenorphine/samidorphan">Buprenorphine/samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">Amentoflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5'-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">ANTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arodyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arodyne (page does not exist)">Arodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aticaprant" title="Aticaprant">Aticaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-MTAB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-MTAB (page does not exist)">AZ-MTAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaltorphimine" title="Binaltorphimine">Binaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU09059" title="BU09059">BU09059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERC-501" class="mw-redirect" title="CERC-501">CERC-501 (LY-2456302)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icalcaprant" title="Icalcaprant">CVL-354</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIPPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIPPA (page does not exist)">DIPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2444296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2444296 (page does not exist)">LY-2444296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2459989" title="LY-2459989">LY-2459989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2795050&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2795050 (page does not exist)">LY-2795050</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeJDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeJDTic (page does not exist)">MeJDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML190&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML190 (page does not exist)">ML190</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML350 (page does not exist)">ML350</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2266 (page does not exist)">MR-2266</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic (page does not exist)">N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navacaprant" title="Navacaprant">Navacaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbinaltorphimine" title="Norbinaltorphimine">Norbinaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4455242" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-4455242">PF-4455242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UPHIT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UPHIT (page does not exist)">UPHIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklophin" title="Zyklophin">Zyklophin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> (NOP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin (page does not exist)">(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Phe1%CE%A8(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRWK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRWK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRWK-NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRIK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRIK-NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-19385899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-19385899 (page does not exist)">JNJ-19385899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOPPB" title="MCOPPB">MCOPPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-7716" title="MT-7716">MT-7716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_63-0532" title="NNC 63-0532">NNC 63-0532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-11)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-11) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-11)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro64-6198" title="Ro64-6198">Ro64-6198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro65-6570" title="Ro65-6570">Ro65-6570</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-221510" title="SCH-221510">SCH-221510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-486757&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-486757 (page does not exist)">SCH-486757</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-8993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-8993 (page does not exist)">SR-8993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-16435" title="SR-16435">SR-16435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunobinop" title="Sunobinop">Sunobinop (S-117957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAN-ORL-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAN-ORL-24 (page does not exist)">BAN-ORL-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTRX-246040" title="BTRX-246040">BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-113397" class="mw-redirect" title="J-113397">J-113397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTC-801" title="JTC-801">JTC-801</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-7) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocistatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocistatin (page does not exist)">Nocistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-612111" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-612111">SB-612111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-16430&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-16430 (page does not exist)">SR-16430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trap-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trap-101 (page does not exist)">Trap-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFP-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UFP-101 (page does not exist)">UFP-101</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase inhibitors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amastatin" title="Amastatin">Amastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BL-2401&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BL-2401 (page does not exist)">BL-2401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoxatril" title="Candoxatril">Candoxatril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine#D-,_L-_and_DL-phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">D-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexecadotril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexecadotril (page does not exist)">Dexecadotril (retorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecadotril" title="Ecadotril">Ecadotril (sinorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelatorphan" title="Kelatorphan">Kelatorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racecadotril" title="Racecadotril">Racecadotril (acetorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-101" title="RB-101">RB-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-120" title="RB-120">RB-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-3007" title="RB-3007">RB-3007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opiorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opiorphan (page does not exist)">Opiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinorphin" title="Spinorphin">Spinorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiorphan" title="Thiorphan">Thiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynorphin" title="Tynorphin">Tynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubenimex" title="Ubenimex">Ubenimex (bestatin)</a></li></ul> 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