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class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> The founding of Rome was a prehistoric event or process later greatly embellished by Roman historians and poets. Archaeological evidence indicates that Rome developed from the gradual union of several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hillfort?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hillfort">hilltop villages</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bronze_Age" title="Prehistoric Italy">Final Bronze Age</a> or early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Italy" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric habitation</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> occurred by 48,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Before_Present?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Before Present">years ago</a>, with the area of Rome being settled by around 1600 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953-2">[2]</a> Some evidence on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitoline_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> possibly dates as early as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201838-3">[3]</a> and the nearby valley that later housed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Forum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> had a developed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Necropolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> by at least 1000 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199548-4">[4]</a> The combination of the hilltop settlements into a single polity by the later 8th century BC was probably influenced by the trend for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City-state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City-state">city-state</a> formation emerging from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg/220px-Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kapitolinische_W%25C3%25B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg/330px-Kapitolinische_W%25C3%25B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kapitolinische_W%25C3%25B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg/440px-Kapitolinische_W%25C3%25B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5736" data-file-height="3935"></a> <figcaption><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a>, sculpture of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a> feeding the twins <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, the most famous image associated with the founding of Rome. According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livy">Livy</a>, it was erected in 296 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_de_la_Louve_-_05.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_de_la_Louve_-_05.jpg/220px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_de_la_Louve_-_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_de_la_Louve_-_05.jpg/330px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_de_la_Louve_-_05.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_de_la_Louve_-_05.jpg/440px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Maison_de_la_Louve_-_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="1459"></a> <figcaption> Romulus and Remus on the House of the She-wolf at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Place?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Place">Grand Place</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brussels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman mythology">Roman myth</a> held that their city was founded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, son of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_god?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="War god">war god</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vestal_virgin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal virgin">Vestal virgin</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhea_Silvia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a>, fallen princess of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alba_Longa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a> and descendant of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aeneas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aeneas">Aeneas of Troy</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infant_exposure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infant exposure">Exposed</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiber_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber River">Tiber</a> river, Romulus and his twin <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Remus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Remus">Remus</a> were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_breastfeeding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human–animal breastfeeding">suckled</a> by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lupercal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a> before being raised by the shepherd <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faustulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faustulus">Faustulus</a>, taking revenge on their usurping great-uncle <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amulius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amulius">Amulius</a>, and restoring Alba Longa to their grandfather <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Numitor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numitor">Numitor</a>. The brothers then decided to establish a new town but quarrelled over some details, ending with Remus's murder and the establishment of Rome on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palatine_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>. Most modern historians doubt the existence of a single founder or founding event for the city, and no material evidence has been found connecting early Rome to Alba or Troy. Most modern historians also dismiss the putative Aeneid dynasty at Alba Longa as fiction. The legendary account was still much discussed and celebrated in Roman times. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parilia_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parilia Festival">Parilia Festival</a> on 21 April was considered to commemorate the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natale_di_Roma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natale di Roma">anniversary of the city's founding</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Republic">late Republic</a> and that aspect of the holiday grew in importance under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> until it was fully transformed into the Romaea in AD 121. The year of the supposed founding was variously computed by ancient historians, but the two dates seeming to be officially sanctioned were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varronian_chronology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varronian chronology">Varronian chronology</a>'s 753 BC (used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secular_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secular Games">Secular Games</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaea">Romaea</a>) and the adjacent year of 752 BC (used by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fasti_Capitolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fasti Capitolini">Fasti</a> and the Secular Games of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoninus_Pius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_the_Arab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a>). Despite known errors in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>'s calculations, it is the 753 BC date that continues to form the basis for most modern calculations of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ab urbe condita">AUC</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendar_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultural_context">1 Cultural context</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Archaeological_evidence">2 Archaeological evidence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bronze_Age">2.1 Bronze Age</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eighth_and_seventh_centuries_BC">2.2 Eighth and seventh centuries BC</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancient_tradition_and_founding_myths">3 Ancient tradition and founding myths</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronological_disagreements">3.1 Chronological disagreements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Romulus_and_Remus">3.2 Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aeneas">3.3 Aeneas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_myths">3.4 Other myths</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">4 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">4.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_sources">4.2 Modern sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancient_sources">4.3 Ancient sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">5 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Cultural_context">Cultural context</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cultural context" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latial_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latial culture">Latial culture</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Europe_middle_bronze_age.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Europe_middle_bronze_age.png/220px-Europe_middle_bronze_age.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="424"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 263px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Europe_middle_bronze_age.png/220px-Europe_middle_bronze_age.png" data-width="220" data-height="263" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Europe_middle_bronze_age.png/330px-Europe_middle_bronze_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Europe_middle_bronze_age.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Western Europe during its Middle Bronze Age, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apennine_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennine Culture">Apennine Culture</a> in blue </figcaption> </figure> The conventional division of pre-Roman cultures in Italy deals with cultures which spoke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-European_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> and non-Indo-European languages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199541%E2%80%9342-5">[5]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a>, which include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a>, are Indo-European and were spoken, according to inscriptions, in the lower <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiber_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiber Valley">Tiber Valley</a>. It was once thought that Faliscan – spoken north of Veii on the right bank of the Tiber – was a separate language, but inscriptions discovered in the 1980s indicate that Latin was spoken more generally in the area. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> speakers were concentrated in modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> with a similar language called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhaetic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhaetic">Raetic</a> spoken on the upper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adige">Adige</a> (the foothills of the eastern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alps">Italian Alps</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199543-6">[6]</a> When drawing a connection between peoples and their languages, a reconstruction emerges with Indo-European peoples arriving in various waves of migrations during the first and second millennia BC: first a western Italic group (including Latin), followed by a central Italic group of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a> dialects, with a late arrival of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> on the Italian peninsula, from across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adriatic_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> and Alps, respectively. These migrations are generally believed to have displaced speakers of Etruscan and other pre-Indo-European languages; although it is possible that Etruscan arrived also by migration, almost certainly before 2000 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199544-7">[7]</a> The start of the Iron age saw a gradual increase in social complexity and population that led to the emergence of proto-urban settlements in central and northern Italy writ large. These proto-urban agglomerations were normally clusters of smaller settlements that were insufficiently distant to be separated communities; over time, they would unify.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201817-8">[8]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Archaeological_evidence">Archaeological evidence</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Archaeological evidence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312_-_Three_Quarter.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/220px-Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312_-_Three_Quarter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1729"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/220px-Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312_-_Three_Quarter.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/330px-Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312_-_Three_Quarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/440px-Villanovan_-_Urn_in_the_Shape_of_a_Hut_and_a_Door_-_Walters_482312_-_Three_Quarter.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Funerary urn of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan culture</a>, precursor to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> </figcaption> </figure> There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of the area of modern Rome from at least 5,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Before_Present?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Before Present">years ago</a>, but the dense layer of much younger debris obscures any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleolithic_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic Italy">Palaeolithic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolithic_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic sites</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiken_et_al.2005-9">[9]</a> Traces of occupation have been found in the general region – including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lavinium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a> and the coast near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ardea,_Lazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ardea, Lazio">Ardea</a> – going back to the 15th century BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953-2">[2]</a> The area was home to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apennine_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan cultures</a> before the advent of the more regional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latial_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latial culture">Latial culture</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bronze Age" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Archaeological evidence suggests that Rome developed over a long period, but it was definitely occupied by the middle of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. Core samples have shown that the terrain of Bronze-Age Rome differed greatly from what is present now.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021-10">[10]</a> The area of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forum_Boarium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a> north of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aventine_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hill</a> was a seasonally dry plain that simultaneously provided a safe inland port for the era's seafaring ships, a wide area for watering horses and cattle,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021-10">[10]</a> and a safe <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_ford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="River ford">ford</a> of the Tiber<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201837-11">[11]</a> with shallow and slow-flowing water even if <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiber_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a> had not yet formed,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021-10">[10]</a> one of the river's major fords between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campania">Campania</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953-2">[2]</a> This advantageous but exposed location was closely flanked by the Capitoline, which at that time rose sharply from the more easterly bank of the Tiber<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021-10">[10]</a> and provided a ready citadel for defense and for control of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_salt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of salt">salt production</a> along the river and at its mouth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953-2">[2]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seven hills of Rome">other hills</a> and the marshes between them provided similarly defensible points for settlement. Accordingly, thick deposits of manure<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021-10">[10]</a> and ancient pottery shards have been discovered in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forum_Boarium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a> from the middle of the Bronze Age.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199548-4">[4]</a> Current evidence suggests that there were three separate bronze-using settlements on the Capitoline during the period 1700–1350 BC and in the neighboring valley that later became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Forum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> from 1350–1120 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201838-3">[3]</a> Some 13th century BC structures indicate that the Capitoline was already being terraced to manage its slope. Evidence in the Final Bronze Age around 1200–975 BC is clearer, showing occupation of the Capitoline, Forum, and adjacent Palatine. Excavations near the modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitoline_Museums?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a> suggest the construction of fortifications and some scholars have speculated that settlements also existed on the other hills, especially the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Janiculum">Janiculum</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quirinal_hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirinal hill">Quirinal</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aventine_hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aventine hill">Aventine</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201838-3">[3]</a> The Capitoline currently seems to have been the earliest settled<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettelli2012para_%22The_Capitoline_hill_and_the_earliest_settlement_in_Rome_in_the_Bronze_Age%22-12">[12]</a> but it is debated whether the settlements on the other hills were independent, colonies of the Capitoline settlement, or formerly separate villages already consolidated into a single polity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettelli2012para_%22The_early_Iron_Age_and_the_occupation_of_the_Palatine_hill%22-13">[13]</a> By 1000 BC, a necropolis existed in the Forum for cremation graves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199548-4">[4]</a> By the early Iron Age <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 900 BC, graves started to be placed into the ground. Other cemeteries appear on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esquiline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquiline">Esquiline</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quirinal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirinal">Quirinal</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viminal_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal Hills</a> by the 9th century, containing pottery, imported Greek wares, fibulae, and bronze objects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201839-14">[14]</a> Remains from huts on the Palatine have been found that date to the 9th or 8th centuries BC, with accelerating development by the early to middle 8th century BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201840Cornell199557-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Eighth_and_seventh_centuries_BC">Eighth and seventh centuries BC</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Eighth and seventh centuries BC" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_(mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine,_Rome)_(5917668745).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg/220px-Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg/220px-Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg/330px-Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg/440px-Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Model of archaic Rome, 6th century BC </figcaption> </figure> By this time, four major settlements emerged in Rome. The nuclei appeared on the Palatine, the Capitoline, the Quirinal and Viminal, and the Caelian, Oppian, and Velia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201841-16">[16]</a> There is, however, no evidence linking any settlement on the Quirinal hill with the Sabines, as is alleged by some ancient accounts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The area of the Forum also was converted at this time into a public space. Burials there discontinued and portions of it were paved over. Votive offerings appear in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comitium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comitium">comitium</a> in the eighth century, indicating a more central religious cult, and other public buildings appear to have been erected around that time. One of those buildings was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domus_Publica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Domus Publica">domus publica</a> (the official residence of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontifex_maximus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>), which is now believed to have been constructed between 750 and 700 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201841%E2%80%9342-18">[18]</a> Religious activity started also in this period on the Capitoline hill, suggesting a connection to the ancient cult of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter_Feretrius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Feretrius">Jupiter Feretrius</a>. Other offerings discovered indicate Rome's connections outside Latium, with imported Greek pottery from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euboea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corinth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201842-19">[19]</a> The first evidence of a wall appears in the middle or late eighth century on the Palatine, dated between 730 and 720 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201842-19">[19]</a> It is possible that the circuit of the wall marked out what later Romans believed to be the original <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a> (sacred boundary) of the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201843-20">[20]</a> The discovery of gates and streets connected to the wall, with the remains of various huts, suggest that Rome had by this time: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> acquired a defined boundary ... [and] a more sophisticated level of social and political organisation ... the use of the Forum as a public space point[s] to the development of [a] shared civil and ritual space[] for the inhabitants of all communities, demonstrating an increasing level of centralisation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201844-21">[21]</a> </blockquote> Like other Villanovan proto-urban centres, this archaic Rome was likely organised around clans that guarded their own areas, but by the later eighth century had confederated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201844-21">[21]</a> The development of city-states was likely a Greek innovation that spread through the Mediterranean from 850 to 750 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953Forsythe200592%E2%80%9393-22">[22]</a> The earliest votive deposits are found in the early seventh century on the Capitoline and Quirinal hills, suggesting that by that time a city had formed with monumental architecture and public religious sanctuaries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200588-23">[23]</a> Certainly, by 600 BC, a process of synoikismos was complete and there had been formed a unified Rome – reflected in the production of a central forum area, public monumental architecture, and civic structures – can be spoken of.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200592Cornell1995102%E2%80%93103-24">[24]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Ancient_tradition_and_founding_myths">Ancient tradition and founding myths</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ancient tradition and founding myths" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rome-Palatin-fonds_de_cabanes.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rome-Palatin-fonds_de_cabanes.JPG/250px-Rome-Palatin-fonds_de_cabanes.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rome-Palatin-fonds_de_cabanes.JPG/250px-Rome-Palatin-fonds_de_cabanes.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rome-Palatin-fonds_de_cabanes.JPG/375px-Rome-Palatin-fonds_de_cabanes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rome-Palatin-fonds_de_cabanes.JPG/500px-Rome-Palatin-fonds_de_cabanes.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Excavation on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palatine_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> has found the foundations of a hut believed to correspond to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hut_of_Romulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hut of Romulus">Hut</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, which the Romans themselves preserved into late antiquity </figcaption> </figure> By the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Republic">late Republic</a>, the usual Roman origin myth held that their city was founded by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latin</a> named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> on the day of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parilia_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parilia Festival">Parilia Festival</a> (21 April) in some year around 750 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201835-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Important aspects of the myth concerned Romulus's murder of his twin <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Remus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Remus">Remus</a>, the brothers' descent from the god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(god)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (god)">Mars</a> and the royal family of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alba_Longa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>, and that dynasty's supposed descent from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aeneas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, himself supposedly descended from the goddess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aphrodite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and the royal family of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Troy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Troy">Troy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201844-21">[21]</a> The accounts in the first book of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Rome_(Livy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Rome (Livy)">History of Rome</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivy1-27">[27]</a> and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vergil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aeneid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> were particularly influential. Some accounts further asserted that there had been a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greek</a> settlement on the Palatine even earlier than Romulus and Remus, at some time during the 12th century BC. Modern scholars disregard most of the traditional accounts as myths.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199570-28">[28]</a> There is no persuasive archaeological evidence for either the Romulan foundation or for the idea of an early Greek settlement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198954-29">[29]</a> Even the name Romulus is now generally believed to have been retrojected from the city's name – glossed as "Mr Rome" by the classicist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a> – rather than reflecting a historical or actual figure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201571,_95_(%22unlike_the_fictional_'Romulus',_or_'Mr_Rome'%22)-30">[30]</a> Some scholars, particularly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrea_Carandini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrea Carandini">Andrea Carandini</a>, have argued that it remains possible that these foundation myths reflect actual historical events in some form and that the city and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> were in fact founded by a single actor in some way. This remains a minority viewpoint in present scholarship<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199570%E2%80%9371-31">[31]</a> and highly controversial in the absence of further evidence, with the arguments made by Carandini and others appearing to rest on highly tendentious interpretations of what is currently known with certainty from scientific excavations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201836-32">[32]</a> The Romans' <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origin_myth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origin myth">origin myths</a>, however, provide evidence of how the Romans conceived of themselves as a mixture of different ethnic groups and foreign influences,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199560-33">[33]</a> reflecting the reality of Latium being a mixing ground between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prehistoric Italy">Apennine</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greeks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greek civilizations</a>. It also served as a measure of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social class in ancient Rome">societal control</a>, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patricians_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricians (Rome)">patricians</a> partially justifying their long dominance of Roman institutions by their supposed descent from Alba Longan nobility and other legendary figures.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Romans took the foundation of their own new cities seriously, undertaking many rituals and attributing many of them to remote antiquity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198983-34">[34]</a> They long maintained the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hut_of_Romulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hut of Romulus">Hut of Romulus</a>, a primitive dwelling on the Palatine attributed to their founder, although they had no firm basis for associating it with him specifically.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198967-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Chronological_disagreements">Chronological disagreements</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Chronological disagreements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"> <caption> Rome's foundation dates in ancient sources </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Ancient historian</th> <th>Founding year</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnaeus_Naevius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnaeus Naevius">Gnaeus Naevius</a></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201020-36">[36]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ennius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> or <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 884 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timaeus_(historian)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timaeus (historian)">Timaeus</a></td> <td>814–13 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi_(consul_133_BC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 BC)">Calpurnius Piso</a></td> <td>757, 753, or 751 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plutarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></td> <td>754–53 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199572Forsythe200594-42">[42]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fasti_Capitolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fasti Capitolini">Fasti Capitolini</a></td> <td>753–52 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></td> <td>752–51 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995401-46">[46]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polybius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></td> <td>751–50 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017Momigliano198982-47">[47]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond1989626-48">[48]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cato_the_Elder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a></td> <td>751 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017-49">[49]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199572-50">[50]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fabius_Pictor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></td> <td>748–47 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201850-51">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Cincius_Alimentus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucius Cincius Alimentus">Cincius Alimentus</a></td> <td>729–28 BC<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594Lomas201850Dion._Hal._''Ant._Rom.''1.74.1-53">[53]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> While the Romans believed that their city had been founded by an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eponym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eponym">eponymous founder</a> at a specific time,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201836%E2%80%9337-54">[54]</a> when that occurred was disputed by the ancient historians. The earliest dates placed it <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 BC out of a belief that Romulus had been Aeneas's grandson. This moved Rome's foundation much closer to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_Troy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Troy">fall</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Troy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Troy">Troy</a>, dated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eratosthenes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> to 1184–83 BC;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201020-36">[36]</a> these dates are attested as early as the 4th century BC. Romulus was later chronologically connected to Aeneas and the time of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trojan_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> by introducing a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kings of Alba Longa">line of Alban kings</a>, which scholars consider to be entirely spurious.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201850-51">[51]</a> Ancient attempts to date the foundation of the city were based on the length of the republic, counted by the number of consuls, followed by subtracting of an estimated regal period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199572._%22It_seems_clear_that_the_various_dates_given_by_historians_for_the_foundation..._were_linked_to_estimates_of_the_length_of_the_regal_period%22-55">[55]</a> Modern scholars, however, largely reject the estimates of the length of the regal period as synthetic calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199573._"Most_probably_the_date_was_fixed_simply_by_counting_back_seven_generations_of_thirty-five_years..._it_seems_likely_that_the_foundation_date_was_fixed_by_some_kind_of_mechanical_calculation"_56-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199573._%22Most_probably_the_date_was_fixed_simply_by_counting_back_seven_generations_of_thirty-five_years..._it_seems_likely_that_the_foundation_date_was_fixed_by_some_kind_of_mechanical_calculation%22-56">[56]</a> From <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secular_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secular Games">Secular Games</a> in AD 47 to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadrian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaea">Romaea</a> in AD 121, the official date seems to have used the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varronian_chronology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varronian chronology">chronology</a> established by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> in the late 1st century BC, placing Rome's founding in 753 BC. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fasti_Capitolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fasti Capitolini">Fasti</a> running to AD 13 and the Secular Games celebrated at Rome's 900th and 1000th anniversaries under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoninus_Pius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_the_Arab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a>, meanwhile, used dates computed from a foundation a year later in 752 BC. Despite known errors in Varro's work,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a> it is the former date that has become the most repeated in modernity and is still used for computing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ab urbe condita">AUC</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendar_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594Lomas201850-58">[58]</a> By the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Republic">late Republic</a>, the founding had also become closely associated with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parilian_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parilian Festival">Parilian Festival</a> celebrated annually on April 21. This festival was originally concerned with the purification of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shepherd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheep_farming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sheep farming">herds</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheep?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sheep">sheep</a> in the countryside around Rome, but eventually became so associated with Rome's foundation myth that it was restructured as the urban Romaea in AD 121. The association with Romulus may have arisen from the twins' supposed foster parents <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faustulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faustulus">Faustulus</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acca_Larentia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acca Larentia">Acca Larentia</a>, who initially raised them as shepherds.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Romulus_and_Remus">Romulus and Remus</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Romulus and Remus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Origini_di_roma_in_narrazione_continua,_da_pompei_V_4,_13,_s.n..JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Origini_di_roma_in_narrazione_continua%2C_da_pompei_V_4%2C_13%2C_s.n..JPG/220px-Origini_di_roma_in_narrazione_continua%2C_da_pompei_V_4%2C_13%2C_s.n..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2688"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 268px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Origini_di_roma_in_narrazione_continua%2C_da_pompei_V_4%2C_13%2C_s.n..JPG/220px-Origini_di_roma_in_narrazione_continua%2C_da_pompei_V_4%2C_13%2C_s.n..JPG" data-width="220" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Origini_di_roma_in_narrazione_continua%2C_da_pompei_V_4%2C_13%2C_s.n..JPG/330px-Origini_di_roma_in_narrazione_continua%2C_da_pompei_V_4%2C_13%2C_s.n..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Origini_di_roma_in_narrazione_continua%2C_da_pompei_V_4%2C_13%2C_s.n..JPG/440px-Origini_di_roma_in_narrazione_continua%2C_da_pompei_V_4%2C_13%2C_s.n..JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A fresco from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pompeii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> depicting the foundation of Rome. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a> riding in his chariot; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> descending from the sky to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhea_Silvia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a> lying in the grass; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a> shows to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> the she-wolf suckling the twins; in the lower corners of the picture: river-god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiberinus_(god)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiberinus (god)">Tiberinus</a> and water-goddess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juturna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juturna">Juturna</a>. 35–45 AD. </figcaption> </figure> In the best known form of the legend, Romulus and Remus are the grandsons of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Numitor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numitor">Numitor</a>, the king of Alba Longa. After Numitor is deposed by his brother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amulius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amulius">Amulius</a> and his daughter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhea_Silvia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a> is forced to become a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vestal_virgin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal virgin">Vestal virgin</a>, she becomes pregnant – allegedly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rape_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape in ancient Rome">raped</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_god?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="War god">war god</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> – and delivers the two illegitimate brothers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Amulius orders that the children <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infant_exposure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infant exposure">be left to die</a> on the slopes of the Palatine or in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiber_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber River">Tiber River</a>, but they are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human-animal_breastfeeding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-animal breastfeeding">suckled</a> by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/She-wolf_(ancient_Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="She-wolf (ancient Rome)">she-wolf</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lupercal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a> and then discovered by the shepherd <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faustulus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faustulus">Faustulus</a> and taken in by him and his wife <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acca_Larentia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acca Larentia">Acca Larentia</a>. (Livy combines Larentia and the she-wolf, considering them most likely to have referred to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prostitution in ancient Rome">prostitute</a>, also known in Latin slang as a lupa or she-wolf.)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1995142-60">[60]</a> Faustulus eventually reveals the brothers' true origins, and they depose or murder Amulius and restore Numitor to his throne. They then leave or are sent to establish a new city at the location where they had been rescued.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201845-61">[61]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The twins then come into conflict during the foundation of the city, leading to the murder of Remus. The dispute is variously said to have been over the naming of the new city, over the interpretation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augury">auguries</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> whether to place it on the Palatine or Aventine Hill, or concerned with Remus's disrespect of the new town's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulcus_primigenius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulcus primigenius">ritual furrow</a> or wall. Some accounts say Romulus slays his brother with his own hand, others that Remus and sometimes Faustulus are killed in a general melee.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T._P._Wiseman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="T. P. Wiseman">Wiseman</a> and some others attribute the aspects of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fratricide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fratricide">fratricide</a> to the 4th-century BC <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a>, when Rome's lower-class <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebeians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a> began to resist excesses by the upper-class <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrician_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrician (Rome)">patricians</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Romulus, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulcus_primigenius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulcus primigenius">ritualistically ploughing</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roma_Quadrata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma Quadrata">generally square course</a> of the city's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomerium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pomerium">future boundary</a>, erects <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murus_Romuli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Murus Romuli">its first walls</a> and declares the settlement an asylum for exiles, criminals, and runaway slaves. The city becomes larger but also acquires a mostly male population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> When Romulus' attempts to secure the women of neighbouring settlements by diplomacy fail, he uses the religious celebration of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consualia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consualia">Consualia</a> to abduct the women of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>. According to Livy, when the Sabines rally an army to take their women back, the women force the two groups to make peace and install the Sabine king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titus_Tatius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titus Tatius">Titus Tatius</a> as comonarch with Romulus.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201845-61">[61]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The story has been theorised by some modern scholars to reflect anti-Roman propaganda from the late fourth century BC, but more likely reflects an indigenous Roman tradition, given the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a> which likely dates to the sixth century BC. Regardless, by the third century, it was widely accepted by Romans and put onto some of Rome's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denarius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denarius">first silver coins</a> in 269 BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199560%E2%80%9361-68">[68]</a> In his 1995 Beginnings of Rome, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tim_Cornell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tim Cornell">Tim Cornell</a> argues that the myths of Romulus and Remus are "popular expressions of some universal human need or experience" rather than borrowings from the Greek east or Mesopotamia, inasmuch as the story of virgin birth, intercession by animals and humble stepparents, with triumphant return expelling an evil leader are common mythological elements across Eurasia and even into the Americas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199562%E2%80%9363-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Aeneas">Aeneas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Aeneas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Batoni,_Pompeo_%E2%80%94_Aeneas_fleeing_from_Troy_%E2%80%94_1750.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Batoni%2C_Pompeo_%E2%80%94_Aeneas_fleeing_from_Troy_%E2%80%94_1750.jpg/220px-Batoni%2C_Pompeo_%E2%80%94_Aeneas_fleeing_from_Troy_%E2%80%94_1750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="610"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Batoni%2C_Pompeo_%E2%80%94_Aeneas_fleeing_from_Troy_%E2%80%94_1750.jpg/220px-Batoni%2C_Pompeo_%E2%80%94_Aeneas_fleeing_from_Troy_%E2%80%94_1750.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Batoni%2C_Pompeo_%E2%80%94_Aeneas_fleeing_from_Troy_%E2%80%94_1750.jpg/330px-Batoni%2C_Pompeo_%E2%80%94_Aeneas_fleeing_from_Troy_%E2%80%94_1750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Batoni%2C_Pompeo_%E2%80%94_Aeneas_fleeing_from_Troy_%E2%80%94_1750.jpg/440px-Batoni%2C_Pompeo_%E2%80%94_Aeneas_fleeing_from_Troy_%E2%80%94_1750.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Eighteenth century painting by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pompeo Batoni">Pompeo Batoni</a> depicting Aeneas fleeing from Troy. Aeneas carries his father. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Aeneae_exsilia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aeneae_exsilia.svg/220px-Aeneae_exsilia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="656"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aeneae_exsilia.svg/220px-Aeneae_exsilia.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aeneae_exsilia.svg/330px-Aeneae_exsilia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Aeneae_exsilia.svg/440px-Aeneae_exsilia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Aeneas's route in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aeneid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>. The epic poem was written in the early first century BC. </figcaption> </figure> The indigenous tradition of Romulus was also combined with a legend telling of Aeneas coming from Troy and travelling to Italy. This tradition emerges from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iliad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>'s prophecy that Aeneas's descendants would one day return and rule Troy once more.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Greeks by 550 BC had begun to speculate, given the lack of any clear descendants of Aeneas, that the figure had established a dynasty outside the proper Greek world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199563%E2%80%9364-71">[71]</a> The first attempts to tie this story to Rome were in the works of two Greek historians at the end of the fifth century BC, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damastes_of_Sigeum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damastes of Sigeum">Damastes of Sigeum</a>, likely only mentioning off hand the possibility of a Roman connection; a more assured connection only emerged at the end of the fourth century BC when Rome started having formal dealings with the Greek world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199564%E2%80%9365-72">[72]</a> The ancient Roman annalists, historians, and antiquarians faced an issue tying Aeneas to Romulus, as they believed that Romulus lived centuries after the Trojan War, which was dated at the time <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 BC. For this, they fabricated a story of Aeneas's son founding the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alba_Longa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a> and establishing a dynasty there, which eventually produced Romulus.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In Livy's first book he recounts how Aeneas, a demigod of the Trojan royal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anchises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anchises">Anchises</a> and the goddess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, leaves Troy after its destruction during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trojan_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> and sailed to the western Mediterranean. He brings his son – Ascanius – and a group of companions. Landing in Italy, he forms an alliance with a local magnate called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latinus">Latinus</a> and marries his daughter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lavinia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a>, joining the two into a new group called the Latini; they then found a new city, called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lavinium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lavinium">Lavinium</a>. After a series of wars against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutuli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutuli">Rutuli</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caere">Caere</a>, the Latins conquer the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alban_Hills?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alban Hills">Alban Hills</a> and its environs. His son Ascanius then founds the legendary city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alba_Longa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>, which became the dominant city in the region.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The later descendants of the royal lineage of Alba Longa eventually produce Romulus and Remus, setting up the events of their mythological story.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201847-77">[77]</a> Dionysius of Halicarnassus similarly attempted to show a Greek connection, giving a similar story for Aeneas, but also a previous series of migrations. He describes migrations of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arcadia_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arcadia (region)">Arcadians</a> into southern Italy some time in the 18th century BC,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199537%E2%80%9338-78">[78]</a> migrations into Umbria by Greeks from Thessaly, and the foundation of a settlement on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palatine_hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine hill">Palatine hill</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evander_of_Pallantium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evander of Pallantium">Evander</a> (originally hailing also from Arcadia) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hercules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199538Lomas201847-79">[79]</a> whose <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labors_of_Hercules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Labors of Hercules">labour</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tenth:_Cattle_of_Geryon" title="Labours of Hercules">cattle</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geryon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geryon">Geryon</a> was placed in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forum_Boarium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a> by the Romans.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The introduction of Aeneas follows a trend across Italy towards <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenization">Hellenising</a> their own early mythologies by rationalising myths and legends of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Heroic Age">Greek Heroic Age</a> into a pseudo-historical tradition of prehistoric times;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> this was in part due to Greek historians' eagerness to construct narratives purporting that the Italians were actually descended from Greeks and their heroes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201847-77">[77]</a> These narratives were accepted by non-Greek peoples due Greek historiography's prestige and claims to systematic validity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199539-82">[82]</a> Archaeological evidence shows that worship of Aeneas had been established at Lavinium by the sixth century BC.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201847-77">[77]</a> Similarly, a cult to Hercules had been established at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ara_Maxima?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ara Maxima">Ara Maxima</a> in Rome during the archaic period.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199540-83">[83]</a> By the early fifth century BC, these stories had become entrenched in Roman historical beliefs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200593-84">[84]</a> These cults, along with the early – in literary terms – account of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cato_the_Elder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>, show how Italians and Romans took these Greek histories seriously and as reliable evidence by later annalists, even though they were speculations of little value.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199537-85">[85]</a> Much of the syncretism, however, may simply reflect Roman desires to give themselves a prestigious backstory: claim of Trojan descent proved politically advantageous with the Greeks by justifying both claims of common heritage and ancestral enmity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199565-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_myths">Other myths</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other myths" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the time of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyrrhic_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a> (280–275 BC), there were some sixty different myths for Rome's foundation that circulated in the Greek world. Most of them attributed the city to an eponymous founder, usually "Rhomos" or "Rhome" rather than Romulus.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200593%E2%80%9394-87">[87]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> One story told how <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhomos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhomos">Romos</a>, a son of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odysseus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circe">Circe</a>, was the one who founded Rome.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg199550%E2%80%9351-89">[89]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_P._Nilsson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin P. Nilsson">Martin P. Nilsson</a> speculates that this older story was becoming a bit embarrassing as Rome became more powerful and tensions with the Greeks grew. Being descendants of the Greeks was no longer preferable, so the Romans settled on the Trojan foundation myth instead. Nilsson further speculates that the name of Romos was changed by some Romans to the native name Romulus, but the same name Romos (later changed to the native Remus) was never forgotten by many of the people, so both these names were used to represent the founders of the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1964264%E2%80%93265,_272-90">[90]</a> Another story, attributed to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, says that Rome was founded by a woman named Rhome, one of the followers of Aeneas, after landing in Italy and burning their ships.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594-91">[91]</a> That by the middle of the fifth century Aeneas was also allegedly the founder of two or three other cities across Italy was no object.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman195266%E2%80%9367-92">[92]</a> These myths also differed as to whether their eponymous matriarch Roma was born in Troy or Italy – i.e. before or after Aeneas's journey – or otherwise if their Romus was a direct or collateral descendant of Aeneas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman195267-93">[93]</a> Myths of the early third century also differed greatly in the claimed genealogy of Romulus or the founder, if an intermediate actor was posited. One tale posited that a Romus, son of Zeus, founded the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman195269-94">[94]</a> Callias posited that Romulus was descended from Latinus and a woman called Roma who was the daughter of Aeneas and a homonymous mother. Other authors depicted Romulus and Romus, as a son of Aeneas, founding not only Rome but also Capua. Authors also wrote their home regions into the story. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polybius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, who hailed from Arcadia, for example, gave Rome not a Trojan colonial origin but rather an Arcadian one.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman195267-93">[93]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, p. 57, citing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLivy">Livy</a>, 10.23.1.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953_2-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953_2-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953_2-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, p. 53.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201838-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201838_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201838_3-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201838_3-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 38.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199548-4">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199548_4-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199548_4-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199548_4-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 48.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199541–42-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199541%E2%80%9342_5-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 41–42.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199543-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199543_6-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 43.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199544-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199544_7-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 44.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201817-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201817_8-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 17.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiken_et_al.2005-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiken_et_al.2005_9-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHeiken_et_al.2005">Heiken et al. 2005</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021-10">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021_10-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021_10-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021_10-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021_10-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock_et_al.2021_10-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBrock_et_al.2021">Brock et al. 2021</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201837-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201837_11-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 37.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettelli2012para_"The_Capitoline_hill_and_the_earliest_settlement_in_Rome_in_the_Bronze_Age"-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBettelli2012para_%22The_Capitoline_hill_and_the_earliest_settlement_in_Rome_in_the_Bronze_Age%22_12-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBettelli2012">Bettelli 2012</a>, para "The Capitoline hill and the earliest settlement in Rome in the Bronze Age".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBettelli2012para_"The_early_Iron_Age_and_the_occupation_of_the_Palatine_hill"-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBettelli2012para_%22The_early_Iron_Age_and_the_occupation_of_the_Palatine_hill%22_13-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBettelli2012">Bettelli 2012</a>, para "The early Iron Age and the occupation of the Palatine hill".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201839-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201839_14-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 39.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201840Cornell199557-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201840Cornell199557_15-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 40; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 57.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201841-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201841_16-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 41.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, pp. 86–87. "So far no archaeological support has been found for the self-assured Roman tradition that the Latins of Romulus soon combined with the Sabines... [or] that the Sabine settlement was on the Quirinal". Momigliano also notes a linguistic contradiction: Quirinal should in Oscan be Pirinal.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201841–42-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201841%E2%80%9342_18-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, pp. 41–42.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201842-19">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201842_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201842_19-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 42.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201843-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201843_20-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 43.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201844-21">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201844_21-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201844_21-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201844_21-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 44.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953Forsythe200592–93-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198953Forsythe200592%E2%80%9393_22-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, p. 53; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 92–93.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200588-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200588_23-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 88.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200592Cornell1995102–103-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200592Cornell1995102%E2%80%93103_24-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 92; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 102–103.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201835-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201835_25-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 35.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 72. Different ancient historians placed it in different years: "Fabius placed it in 748 BC, Cincius in 728, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cato_the_Elder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cato the Elder">Cato</a> in 751 and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> in 754" [sic].</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivy1-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivy1_27-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLivy">Livy</a>, 1.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199570-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199570_28-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 70.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198954-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198954_29-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, p. 54.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeard201571,_95_("unlike_the_fictional_'Romulus',_or_'Mr_Rome'")-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeard201571,_95_(%22unlike_the_fictional_'Romulus',_or_'Mr_Rome'%22)_30-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBeard2015">Beard 2015</a>, pp. 71, 95 ("unlike the fictional 'Romulus', or 'Mr Rome'").</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199570–71-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199570%E2%80%9371_31-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 70–71.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201836-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201836_32-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 36.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199560-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199560_33-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 60.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198983-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198983_34-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, p. 83.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198967-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomigliano198967_35-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, p. 67.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201020-36">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201020_36-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201020_36-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, p. 20.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, p. 82. "Ennius... considered Ilia, Romulus' mother, to be the daughter of Aeneas... If, as seems probably, he attributed these words [that Rome was founded 700 years previously] to Camillus, he placed the origins of Rome in the early eleventh century BC".</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrinkman1958" class="citation journal cs1">Brinkman, John A (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3295326">"The foundation legends in Vergil"</a>. Classical Journal. 54 (1): 25–33. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8353">0009-8353</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3295326">3295326</a>. <q>Quintus Ennius... according to his account, the founding of the city was dated about the year 900</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+foundation+legends+in+Vergil&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-33&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3295326%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8353&rft.aulast=Brinkman&rft.aufirst=John+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3295326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988">.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, pp. 19–20, noting also the interpretation that Ennius' claim of "seven hundred years" having elapsed may be from the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a>, which imply <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 BC.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, pp. 15–16, noting that this was the first estimate of Rome's foundation; Koptev also notes Dionysius' later commentary expressing bafflement as to the choice of this year.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, p. 43. "600 years before the consulate of M. Aemilius Lepidus and C. Popilius, which took place in 158 BC".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199572Forsythe200594-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199572Forsythe200594_42-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 72; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 94.</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> Plut. Rom., 12, claims 21 April 753 BC synchronised with an eclipse; no such eclipse could have been observed in the Mediterranean for several years on either side of that date. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGraftonSwerdlow1985">Grafton & Swerdlow 1985</a>, pp. 456–458.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel1972" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Alan Edouard (1972). Greek and Roman chronology: calendars and years in classical antiquity. München: Beck. p. 252. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-03348-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-03348-2"><bdi>3-406-03348-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/415753">415753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+chronology%3A+calendars+and+years+in+classical+antiquity&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F415753&rft.isbn=3-406-03348-2&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Alan+Edouard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"> See Olympiad 6.4.</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, p. 20. "first year of the seventh Olympiad, 751 BC".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1995401-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1995401_46-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 401.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017Momigliano198982-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017Momigliano198982_47-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, p. 17; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, p. 82.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrummond1989626-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrummond1989626_48-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDrummond1989">Drummond 1989</a>, p. 626.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoptev201017_49-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKoptev2010">Koptev 2010</a>, p. 17.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199572-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199572_50-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 72.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201850-51">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201850_51-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201850_51-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 50.</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 94, 369–70, noting that Fabius Pictor's work did not include five fictitious years of anarchy, which extended the chronology to Varro's date. See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDion._Hal._Ant._Rom.">Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom.</a>, 1.74.1.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594Lomas201850Dion._Hal._''Ant._Rom.''1.74.1-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594Lomas201850Dion._Hal._''Ant._Rom.''1.74.1_53-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 94; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 50; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDion._Hal._Ant._Rom.">Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom.</a>, 1.74.1.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201836–37-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201836%E2%80%9337_54-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, pp. 36–37.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199572._"It_seems_clear_that_the_various_dates_given_by_historians_for_the_foundation..._were_linked_to_estimates_of_the_length_of_the_regal_period"-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199572._%22It_seems_clear_that_the_various_dates_given_by_historians_for_the_foundation..._were_linked_to_estimates_of_the_length_of_the_regal_period%22_55-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 72. "It seems clear that the various dates given by historians for the foundation... were linked to estimates of the length of the regal period".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199573._"Most_probably_the_date_was_fixed_simply_by_counting_back_seven_generations_of_thirty-five_years..._it_seems_likely_that_the_foundation_date_was_fixed_by_some_kind_of_mechanical_calculation"-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199573._%22Most_probably_the_date_was_fixed_simply_by_counting_back_seven_generations_of_thirty-five_years..._it_seems_likely_that_the_foundation_date_was_fixed_by_some_kind_of_mechanical_calculation%22_56-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 73. "Most probably the date was fixed simply by counting back seven generations of thirty-five years... it seems likely that the foundation date was fixed by some kind of mechanical calculation".</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 279; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 402; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGraftonSwerdlow1985">Grafton & Swerdlow 1985</a>, passim</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594Lomas201850-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594Lomas201850_58-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 94; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 50.</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMiles1995">Miles 1995</a>, pp. 138–139, on Livy, notes how he distinguishes between literal truth and a Roman "right to claim descent from Mars... because it appropriate symbolises the martial accomplishments of [later] Romans, who... have the ability to compel others to accede to that claim". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMiles1995">Miles 1995</a>, p. 142.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles1995142-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiles1995142_60-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMiles1995">Miles 1995</a>, p. 142.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201845-61">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201845_61-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201845_61-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 45.</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMiles1995">Miles 1995</a>, p. 147 n. 15: in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDion._Hal._Ant._Rom.">Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom.</a>, 1.85.1–3, Numitor sends the twins to found a city and gives them assistance; in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLivy">Livy</a>, 1.6–7 the twins do so on their own initiative.</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMiles1995">Miles 1995</a>, p. 147. Remus sees birds first; Romulus sees more. The correct interpretation of the omens "is ambiguous" and "is settled only by the murder of Remus and by the success of Romulus and his city".</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMiles1995">Miles 1995</a>, p. 148 n. 17, noting that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDion._Hal._Ant._Rom.">Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom.</a>, 1.87.2–3 "suppresses altogether" the fratricide and instead has Remus killed by an unknown assailant with Romulus mourning his death.</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 96. Forsythe notes also that some scholars, like T P Wiseman, believe the tale was an invention of the fourth century BC and reflected self-image of the then-emerging patrician and plebeian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobiles">nobiles</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMiles1995">Miles 1995</a>, p. 147 n. 16: in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLivy">Livy</a>, 1.8.1, 1.8.6, 2.1.4 the city is made of only refugees; in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDion._Hal._Ant._Rom.">Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom.</a>, 1.85.3 it is instead made up of both refugees as well as prominent men from Alba Longa and descendants of Trojan exiles.</li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 97, adding that "Titus Tatius" may be a name for an early Roman monarch who was removed from the narrative of seven kings.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199560–61-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199560%E2%80%9361_68-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 60–61.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199562–63-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199562%E2%80%9363_69-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 62–63.</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 63, 413 n. 45, citing Iliad 20.307f.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199563–64-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199563%E2%80%9364_71-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 63–64.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199564–65-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199564%E2%80%9365_72-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 64–65.</li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 94. "Troy's unhistorical connection with Rome was maintained by inventing the Alban kings, whose reigns were made to span the chronological gap between Troy's destruction (1184/3 BC according to Eratosthenes) and Rome's foundation".</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 141. "In the developed legend of the origins of Rome, the son of Aeneas founded a hereditary dynasty at Alba Longa. But this Alban dynasty was an antiquarian fiction devised for chronographic reasons".</li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMomigliano1989">Momigliano 1989</a>, p. 58. "Hence [from chronological difficulties] the creation of a series of intermediate Alban kings, which the poet Naevius had not yet considered necessary, but which his contemporary Fabius Pictor admitted".</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 47, citing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLivy">Livy</a>, 1.1.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELomas201847-77">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201847_77-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201847_77-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELomas201847_77-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 47.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199537–38-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199537%E2%80%9338_78-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 37–38.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199538Lomas201847-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199538Lomas201847_79-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 38; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLomas2018">Lomas 2018</a>, p. 47.</li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, pp. 37, 39. "The legendary material [Greek myths] became a coherent body of pseudo-historical tradition and was the object of intense research".</li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 39, referencing also Greek claims that Persians, Indians, and Celts also were all descended from Greek gods or heroes.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199539-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199539_82-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 39.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199540-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199540_83-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 40.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200593-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200593_84-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 93.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199537-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199537_85-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 37.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell199565-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell199565_86-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCornell1995">Cornell 1995</a>, p. 65.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200593–94-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200593%E2%80%9394_87-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, pp. 93–94.</li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMiles1995">Miles 1995</a>, p. 137 instead has "at least twenty-five".</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldberg199550–51-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldberg199550%E2%80%9351_89-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFGoldberg1995">Goldberg 1995</a>, pp. 50–51.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilsson1964264–265,_272-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilsson1964264%E2%80%93265,_272_90-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNilsson1964">Nilsson 1964</a>, pp. 264–265, 272.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe200594_91-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFForsythe2005">Forsythe 2005</a>, p. 94.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman195266–67-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerman195266%E2%80%9367_92-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBickerman1952">Bickerman 1952</a>, pp. 66–67.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman195267-93">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerman195267_93-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerman195267_93-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBickerman1952">Bickerman 1952</a>, p. 67.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickerman195269-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickerman195269_94-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBickerman1952">Bickerman 1952</a>, p. 69.</li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Modern sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2015" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2015). SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome (1st ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7"><bdi>978-0-87140-423-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902661394">902661394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPQR%3A+A+History+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902661394&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-423-7&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettelli2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bettelli, Marco (26 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah16123">"Rome, City of: 1. Prehistoric (Earliest remains)"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F9781444338386.wbeah16123">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah16123</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405179355?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781405179355"><bdi>9781405179355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rome%2C+City+of%3A+1.+Prehistoric+%28Earliest+remains%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah16123&rft.isbn=9781405179355&rft.aulast=Bettelli&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah16123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerman1952" class="citation journal cs1">Bickerman, Elias J (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/267375">"Origines Gentium"</a>. Classical Philology. 47 (2): 65–81. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1086%252F363470">10.1086/363470</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/267375">267375</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220418780">220418780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Origines+Gentium&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-81&rft.date=1952&rft.issn=0009-837X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220418780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F267375%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F363470&rft.aulast=Bickerman&rft.aufirst=Elias+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F267375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock_et_al.2021" class="citation book cs1">Brock, Andrea L; et al. (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/on-the-banks-of-the-tiber-opportunity-and-transformation-in-early-rome/2102BC2695CC0D6CA991BCCEC3E1C097">"On the Banks of the Tiber: Opportunity and Transformation in Early Rome"</a>. Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. 111. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge,_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–30. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0075435821000344">10.1017/S0075435821000344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Banks+of+the+Tiber%3A+Opportunity+and+Transformation+in+Early+Rome&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0075435821000344&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L&rft.au=Laura+Motta&rft.au=Nicola+Terrenato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-roman-studies%2Farticle%2Fon-the-banks-of-the-tiber-opportunity-and-transformation-in-early-rome%2F2102BC2695CC0D6CA991BCCEC3E1C097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1995" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Tim (1995). The Beginnings of Rome. London: Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01596-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01596-0"><bdi>0-415-01596-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31515793">31515793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31515793&rft.isbn=0-415-01596-0&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2005" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2005). A Critical History of Early Rome: from Prehistory to the First Punic War. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94029-1"><bdi>978-0-520-94029-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70728478">70728478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+Early+Rome%3A+from+Prehistory+to+the+First+Punic+War&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70728478&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94029-1&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Sander M (1995). Epic in Republican Rome. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509372-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509372-8"><bdi>978-0-19-509372-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+in+Republican+Rome&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509372-8&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Sander+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraftonSwerdlow1985" class="citation journal cs1">Grafton, A T; Swerdlow, N M (1985). "Technical chronology and astrological history in Varro, Censorinus and others". Classical Quarterly. 35 (2): 454–465. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0009838800040295">10.1017/S0009838800040295</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/639075">639075</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171000509">171000509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Technical+chronology+and+astrological+history+in+Varro%2C+Censorinus+and+others&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=454-465&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0009-8388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171000509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F639075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800040295&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=A+T&rft.au=Swerdlow%2C+N+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraftonSwerdlow1986" class="citation journal cs1">Grafton, A T; Swerdlow, N M (1986). "The Horoscope of the foundation of Rome". Classical Philology. 81 (2): 148–153. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1086%252F366976">10.1086/366976</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/269789">269789</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161905620">161905620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Horoscope+of+the+foundation+of+Rome&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=148-153&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0009-837X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161905620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F269789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F366976&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=A+T&rft.au=Swerdlow%2C+N+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiken_et_al.2005" class="citation book cs1">Heiken, G; et al. (2005). The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005shrg.book.....H">2005shrg.book.....H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Hills+of+Rome%3A+A+Geological+Tour+of+the+Eternal+City&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005shrg.book.....H&rft.aulast=Heiken&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Funiciello%2C+R&rft.au=de+Rita%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoptev2010" class="citation book cs1">Koptev, Aleksandr (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/1072515">"Timaeus of Tauromenium and Early Roman Chronology"</a>. In Deroux, Carl (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGlhCAQAAIAAJ">Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History</a>. Collection Latomus volume 323. Vol. 15. Brussels: Éditions Latomus. pp. 5–48. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87031-264-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87031-264-3"><bdi>978-2-87031-264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timaeus+of+Tauromenium+and+Early+Roman+Chronology&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Latin+Literature+and+Roman+History&rft.place=Brussels&rft.series=Collection+Latomus+volume+323&rft.pages=5-48&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Latomus&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-87031-264-3&rft.aulast=Koptev&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1072515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomas2018" class="citation book cs1">Lomas, Kathryn (2018). The Rise of Rome: from the Iron Age to the Punic Wars (1st Harvard ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-65965-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-65965-0"><bdi>978-0-674-65965-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1015274849">1015274849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Rome%3A+from+the+Iron+Age+to+the+Punic+Wars&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1st+Harvard&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1015274849&rft.isbn=978-0-674-65965-0&rft.aulast=Lomas&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1995" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Gary B (1995). Livy: Reconstructing Early Rome. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3060-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3060-7"><bdi>0-8014-3060-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31658236">31658236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy%3A+Reconstructing+Early+Rome&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31658236&rft.isbn=0-8014-3060-7&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Gary+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsson1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nilsson, Martin P (1964). Olympen (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Bokförlaget Prisma. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7297-627-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/91-7297-627-6"><bdi>91-7297-627-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olympen&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bokf%C3%B6rlaget+Prisma&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=91-7297-627-6&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Martin+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAH2_7.21989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Walbank, FW; et al., eds. (1989). The Rise of Rome to 220 BC. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 7 Pt. 2 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23446-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23446-8"><bdi>0-521-23446-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Rome+to+220+BC&rft.series=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-23446-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Momigliano, A. "The Origins of Rome". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCAH2_7.21989">CAH2 7.2 (1989)</a>, pp. 52–112.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Drummond, A. "Appendix". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founding_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCAH2_7.21989">CAH2 7.2 (1989)</a>, pp. 625–44.</li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ancient sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDion._Hal._Ant._Rom." class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> (1937–50) [1st century BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/dionysius_of_halicarnassus/home.html">Roman Antiquities</a>. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Cary, Ernest. Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Antiquities&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1937%2F1950&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2Fe%2Froman%2Ftexts%2Fdionysius_of_halicarnassus%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivy" class="citation cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livy">Livy</a> (1905) [1st century BC]. <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:From_the_Founding_of_the_City">From the Founding of the City </a>. Translated by Roberts, Canon – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Founding+of+the+City&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Lendering, Jona (1 September 2020) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/varronian-chronology/">"Varronian Chronology"</a>. Livius.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius.org&rft.atitle=Varronian+Chronology&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fconcept%2Fvarronian-chronology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFounding+of+Rome" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Founding_of_Rome&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 October 2024, at 08:14 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigting_van_Rome" title="Stigting van Rome – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stigting van Rome" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7" title="تأسيس روما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأسيس روما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundaci%25C3%25B3n_de_Roma" title="Fundación de Roma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fundación de Roma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundaci%25C3%25B3_de_Roma" title="Fundació de Roma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fundació de Roma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roms_grundl%25C3%25A6ggelse" title="Roms grundlæggelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Roms grundlæggelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%25C3%25BCndung_Roms" title="Gründung Roms – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gründung Roms" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundaci%25C3%25B3n_de_Roma" title="Fundación de Roma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fundación de Roma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondo_de_Romo" title="Fondo de Romo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fondo de Romo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromaren_Sorrera" title="Erromaren Sorrera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromaren Sorrera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585" title="پیدایش رم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیدایش رم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondation_de_Rome" title="Fondation de Rome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fondation de Rome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundaci%25C3%25B3n_de_Roma" title="Fundación de Roma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fundación de Roma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25BC%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B4%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25B0%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B4%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A4%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B4" title="Հռոմի հիմնադրում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմի հիմնադրում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnutak_Rima_(mitologija)" title="Osnutak Rima (mitologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osnutak Rima (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundation_de_Roma" title="Fundation de Roma – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fundation de Roma" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stofnun_R%25C3%25B3mar" title="Stofnun Rómar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stofnun Rómar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_di_Roma" title="Fondazione di Roma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fondazione di Roma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A1%25D7%2595%25D7%2593_%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2590" title="ייסוד רומא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ייסוד רומא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590" title="რომის დაარსება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის დაარსება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_condita" title="Roma condita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Roma condita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2581%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%259A%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC" title="Основање на Рим – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Основање на Рим" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontstaan_van_Rome" title="Ontstaan van Rome – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontstaan van Rome" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2581%25AE%25E5%25BB%25BA%25E5%259B%25BD%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%25A9%25B1" title="ローマの建国神話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマの建国神話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondacion_de_Roma" title="Fondacion de Roma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fondacion de Roma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundin_a_Ruom" title="Foundin a Ruom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Foundin a Ruom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_o_powstaniu_Rzymu" title="Mit o powstaniu Rzymu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mit o powstaniu Rzymu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funda%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_de_Roma" title="Fundação de Roma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fundação de Roma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondarea_Romei" title="Fondarea Romei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fondarea Romei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2581%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0" title="Основание Рима – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Основание Рима" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalo%25C5%25BEenie_R%25C3%25ADma" title="Založenie Ríma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Založenie Ríma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustanovitev_Rima" title="Ustanovitev Rima – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ustanovitev Rima" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2581%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%259A%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0" title="Оснивање Рима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оснивање Рима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnivanje_Rima" title="Osnivanje Rima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osnivanje Rima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_perustamistarina" title="Rooman perustamistarina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman perustamistarina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma%2527n%25C4%25B1n_kurulu%25C5%259Fu" title="Roma'nın 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