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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Janiculum</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p>The <b>Janiculum</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Gianicolo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dʒaˈniːkolo]</a></span>), occasionally known as the <b>Janiculan Hill</b>, is a hill in western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy. Although it is the second-tallest hill (the tallest being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monte_Mario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monte Mario">Monte Mario</a>) in the contemporary city of Rome, the Janiculum does not figure among the proverbial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seven_Hills_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Hills of Rome">Seven Hills of Rome</a>, being west of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> and outside the boundaries of the ancient city.</p> <table class="infobox vevent" style="float: right; width: 250px;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; vertical-align: middle; background:#ddddff;">Janiculum</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Hills_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Hills of Rome">Hill</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> name</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ianiculum</i></span></i></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian</a> name</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Gianicolo</i></span></i></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rioni_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rioni of Rome">Rione</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trastevere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trastevere">Trastevere</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Buildings</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Academia de España in Rome, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Academy in Rome">American Academy in Rome</a>, <br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acqua_Paola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Acqua Paola">Acqua Paola</a>, Water Mill (site)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Churches_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Churches of Rome">Churches</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Pancrazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Pancrazio">San Pancrazio</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Events</th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1849 battle</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Roman religion</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augur">augurs</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman mythology">Mythological figures</a></th> <td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janus_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Janus (mythology)">Janus</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Janiculum.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Janiculum.jpg/220px-Janiculum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Janiculum.jpg/330px-Janiculum.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Janiculum.jpg/440px-Janiculum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></a> <figcaption> The Janiculum Hill seen from NE. At lower left, the church of San Pietro in Montorio. At lower center, the Academia de España in Rome. At middle right, the Acqua Paola. At top center, the roof of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Academy in Rome">American Academy in Rome</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sights"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Sights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancient_history_and_mythology"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient history and mythology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_water_mills"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">The water mills</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#19th_century_to_present"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">19th century to present</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Monuments"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Monuments</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sights">Sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The Janiculum is one of the best locations in Rome for a scenic view of central Rome with its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Domes">domes</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bell_tower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bell tower">bell towers</a>. Other sights on the Janiculum include the church of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a>, on what was formerly thought to be the site of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Peter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Peter">St Peter</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crucifixion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>; a small shrine known as the Tempietto, designed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donato_Bramante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a>, marks the supposed site of Peter's death. The Janiculum also houses a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baroque_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> fountain built by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Paul_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> in the late 17th century, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Paola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Paola">Fontana dell'Acqua Paola</a>, and several foreign research institutions, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Academy in Rome">American</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanish_Academy_in_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanish Academy in Rome">Spanish Academies in Rome</a>. The Hill is also the location of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_American_University_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The American University of Rome">The American University of Rome</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontifical_Urban_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontifical Urban University">Pontifical Urban University</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a>, as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orto_Botanico_dell%27Universit%C3%A0_di_Roma_%22La_Sapienza%22?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza"">Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza"</a> and the Palazzo Montorio, residence of the Ambassadors of Spain.</p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_Lante_al_Gianicolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa Lante al Gianicolo">Villa Lante al Gianicolo</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giulio_Romano_(painter)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio Romano (painter)">Giulio Romano</a> (1520–21) is an important early building by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mannerist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a> master, also with magnificent views.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ancient_history_and_mythology">Ancient history and mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ancient history and mythology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Janiculum was a center for the cult of the god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janus_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Janus (mythology)">Janus</a>: its position overlooking the city made it a good place for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augur">augurs</a> to observe the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auspice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Auspice">auspices</a>.</p> <p>In Roman mythology, <i>Janiculum</i> is the name of an ancient town founded by the god Janus (the two-faced god of beginnings). In Book VIII of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aeneid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> (Publius Vergilius Maro), King Evander shows <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aeneas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> (the Trojan hero of this epic poem) the ruins of Saturnia and Janiculum on the Capitoline Hill near the Arcadian city of Pallanteum (the future site of Rome) (see line 54, Bk. 8). Virgil uses these ruins to stress the significance of the Capitoline Hill as the religious center of Rome.</p> <p>According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livy">Livy</a>, the Janiculum was incorporated into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> during the time of king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancus_Marcius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a> to prevent an enemy from occupying it. It was fortified by a wall, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pons_Sublicius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pons Sublicius">bridge</a> was built across the Tiber to join it to the rest of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman-Etruscan_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#War_with_Clusium_in_508_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Etruscan Wars">war between Rome and Clusium</a> in 508 BC, it is said that the forces of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lars_Porsena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lars Porsena">Lars Porsena</a> occupied the Janiculum and laid siege to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_water_mills">The water mills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The water mills" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Roman_watermills?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman watermills">List of Roman watermills</a> </div> <p>During the third century AD, a complex of water-mills was built here to grind grain to provide bread flour for the city. As revealed by excavations in the 1990s under the present American Academy in Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they sat astride the aqueduct <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aqua_Traiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aqua Traiana">Aqua Traiana</a> and were in brick-faced concrete with a cocciopesto floor. In the limited excavated area, two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mill_race?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mill race">mill races</a> branched obliquely off the Aqua Traiana, turned to run parallel to the aqueduct for some distance, and then turned back to feed into the aqueduct again. It appeared that the northern mill race had 3 or 4 millwheels of 2.30 m diameter and width about 1.65 m to provide a sufficiently large working area, but only 2.6 m between their axle centres, which must have reduced efficiency due to turbulence between them. The southern race had one larger wheel.</p> <p>The site resembles <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbegal_aqueduct_and_mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbegal aqueduct and mill">Barbegal</a>, although the excavations show that they were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_wheel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Undershot_wheel" title="Water wheel">undershot</a> rather than <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_wheel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Overshot_wheel" title="Water wheel">overshot</a> in design (i. e. with the stream entering at the bottom of the wheel, not the top). The mills were still in use in 537, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goths">Goths</a> besieging the city cut off their water supply, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aqua_Traiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aqua Traiana">Aqua Traiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were later restored and may have remained in operation until at least the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Gregory IV">Pope Gregory IV</a> (827–844).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurelian_Walls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> were continued up the hill by the emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurelian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> (reigned AD 270–275) to include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mill">water mills</a>.</p> <p>The mills were already known from observations by R. Lanciani in the 1880s.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="19th_century_to_present">19th century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 19th century to present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Janiculum is the site of a battle in 1849 between the forces of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a>, defending the revolutionary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a> against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">French</a> forces, who were fighting to restore the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temporal_power_(Papal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (Papal)">temporal power</a> of the Pope over Rome. Several monuments to Garibaldi and to the fallen in the wars of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italian</a> independence are on the Janiculum.</p> <p>Daily at noon, a cannon fires once from the Janiculum in the direction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> as a time signal. This tradition goes back to December 1847, when the cannon of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a> gave the sign to the surrounding belltowers to start ringing at midday. In 1904, the ritual was transferred to the Janiculum and continued until 1939. On 21 April 1959, popular appeal convinced the Commune of Rome to resume the tradition after a twenty-year interruption.</p> <p>The hill is featured in the third section of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottorino Respighi">Ottorino Respighi</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tone_poem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poem</a> <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pines_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pines of Rome">Pines of Rome</a></i>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Monuments">Monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Monuments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The crest of the Janiculum is dominated by the 1895 equestrian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monument_to_Garibaldi_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monument to Garibaldi (Rome)">Monument to Garibaldi</a>, designed by Italian sculptor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emilio_Gallori?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emilio Gallori">Emilio Gallori</a>. This site was chosen for its proximity to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a>, where Garibaldi mounted a military defense of the short-lived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">Roman Republic</a> in late April 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The hill also features a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statues_and_monuments_of_patriots_on_the_Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statues and monuments of patriots on the Janiculum">statues and monuments of prominent Italians</a>. A 2011 guide published by the local Associazione Amilcare Cipriani group, after an extensive restoration of these monuments, lists a total of 84 busts on the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven hills of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aventine_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hill (Aventino)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caelian_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian Hill (Celio)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitoline_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill (Capitolino)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cispius_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Cispius (disambiguation)">Cispian Hill (Cispio)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esquiline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquiline">Esquiline Hill (Esquilino)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monte_Mario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monte Mario">Monte Mario</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mons_Sacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mons Sacer">Mons Sacer</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oppian_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oppian Hill">Oppian Hill (Oppio)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palatine_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill (Palatino)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzolo_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzolo (Rome)">Palazzolo</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pincian_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pincian Hill">Pincian Hill (Pincio)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quirinal_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal Hill (Quirinale)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanian_Pontifical_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanian Pontifical College">Romanian Pontifical College</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vatican_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill (Vaticano)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velian_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velian Hill">Velian Hill (Velia)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viminal_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal Hill (Viminale)</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, 1:33</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(book)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, 2.9–15</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janiculum Mills Excavations, Roman water-mills on the Janiculum Hill, Rome <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0057/JaniculumMills.html">https://users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0057/JaniculumMills.html</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, <i>De Bello Gothico</i> I.XIX</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%96rjan_Wikander?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Örjan Wikander">Örjan Wikander</a>, 'Water-mills in Ancient Rome' <i>Opuscula Romana</i> XII (1979), 13–36.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Architecture of Modern Italy: Vol. 1: The Challenge of Tradition, 1750-1900, by Terry Kirk, 2005, page 239</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janiculum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.appasseggio.it/getFile.php?id%3D306">http://www.appasseggio.it/getFile.php?id=306</a> (Italian-language; pdf file)</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gianicolo" class="extiw" title="commons:Gianicolo"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gianicolo</span></a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" 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Janiculum</i></a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html">Lacus Curtius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://romanbookshelf.com/prints/Pauline%2520Fountain/Pauline.html">Roman Bookshelf – The Pauline Fountain (Janiculum) – views from the 18th and 19th century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~corp0057/JaniculumMills.html">Recent excavations of the mills</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sovraintendenzaroma.it/i_luoghi/ville_e_parchi_storici/passeggiate_parchi_e_giardini/passeggiata_del_gianicolo">Passegiata del Gianicolo (in Italian)</a></li> </ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DJaniculum%26params%3D41_53_30_N_12_27_40_E_region:IT-RO_type:mountain"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°27′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this 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Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DJaniculum%26oldid%3D1253520031">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&oldid=1253520031</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janiculum&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Monkbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729946035"> <span>Last edited on 26 October 2024, at 12:33</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2583%25E1%258A%2592%25E1%258A%25AE%25E1%2588%258E" title="ጃኒኮሎ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጃኒኮሎ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AF%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB" title="Яникул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Яникул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%25C3%25ADcul" title="Janícul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Janícul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janiculus" title="Janiculus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Janiculus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianicolo" title="Gianicolo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gianicolo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2599%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582_%25CE%25BB%25CF%258C%25CF%2586%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Ιανίκουλος λόφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιανίκουλος λόφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%25C3%25ADculo" title="Janículo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Janículo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="یانیکولوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یانیکولوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janicule" title="Janicule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Janicule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259E%2590%25EB%258B%2588%25EC%25BD%259C%25EB%25A1%259C" title="자니콜로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자니콜로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258B%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25AC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B4" title="Ջանիկուլում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջանիկուլում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianicolo" title="Gianicolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gianicolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%2527%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2595" title="ג'אניקולו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'אניקולו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ianiculum" title="Ianiculum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ianiculum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianicolo" title="Gianicolo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gianicolo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janiculum" title="Janiculum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Janiculum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25B8%25E3%2583%25A3%25E3%2583%258B%25E3%2582%25B3%25E3%2583%25AD" title="ジャニコロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャニコロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janiculum" title="Janiculum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Janiculum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janikulum" title="Janikulum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Janikulum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%25C3%25ADculo" title="Janículo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Janículo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AF%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB" title="Яникул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яникул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janiculum" title="Janiculum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Janiculum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianicolo" title="Gianicolo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gianicolo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janiculum" title="Janiculum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Janiculum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AF%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB" title="Янікул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Янікул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585" title="جینیکولم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جینیکولم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25B4%25BE%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E7%25A7%2591%25E6%25B4%259B%25E5%25B1%25B1" title="贾尼科洛山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贾尼科洛山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 12:33<span 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