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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_death_marches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_death_marches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Notable death marches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_death_marches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable death marches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_death_marches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jingkang_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jingkang_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Jingkang incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jingkang_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>African slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_displacement_of_Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_displacement_of_Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Forced displacement of Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_displacement_of_Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congo_Free_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_Free_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Congo Free State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo_Free_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dungan_Revolt_(1862–1877)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dungan_Revolt_(1862–1877)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dungan_Revolt_(1862–1877)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_Genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Armenian Genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Population transfer in the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phnom_Penh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phnom_Penh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Phnom Penh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phnom_Penh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Death march</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="مسيرة موت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيرة موت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCm_y%C3%BCr%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Ölüm yürüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ölüm yürüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxa_de_la_mort" title="Marxa de la mort – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marxa de la mort" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochod_smrti" title="Pochod smrti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pochod smrti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todesmarsch" title="Todesmarsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Todesmarsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_de_la_muerte" title="Marcha de la muerte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marcha de la muerte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%9Do_de_morto" title="Marŝo de morto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marŝo de morto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriotzaren_martxa" title="Heriotzaren martxa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heriotzaren martxa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="راه‌پیمایی مرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راه‌پیمایی مرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marches_de_la_mort" title="Marches de la mort – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marches de la mort" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%8C%EC%9D%98_%ED%96%89%EC%A7%84" title="죽음의 행진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="죽음의 행진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9" title="Մահվան երթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահվան երթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1evi_smrti" title="Marševi smrti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marševi smrti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawai_kematian" title="Pawai kematian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pawai kematian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_della_morte" title="Marcia della morte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marcia della morte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA" title="צעדת מוות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צעדת מוות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%8C%E9%80%B2" title="死の行進 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="死の行進" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBlim_marshi" title="Oʻlim marshi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻlim marshi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_da_morte" title="Marcha da morte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marcha da morte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Марши смерти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марши смерти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Death march" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1_smrti" title="Marš smrti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marš smrti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuolemanmarssi" title="Kuolemanmarssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuolemanmarssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martsa_ng_kamatayan" title="Martsa ng kamatayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Martsa ng kamatayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l%C3%BCm_y%C3%BCr%C3%BCy%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Ölüm yürüyüşü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ölüm yürüyüşü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96" title="Марш смерті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марш смерті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E8%A1%8C%E8%BB%8D" title="死亡行軍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="死亡行軍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Forced relocation under the threat of death</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Death_march_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Death march (disambiguation)">Death march (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcharmenians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Marcharmenians.jpg/287px-Marcharmenians.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Marcharmenians.jpg/431px-Marcharmenians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Marcharmenians.jpg/574px-Marcharmenians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2193" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>Armenians being led away by armed guards from <a href="/wiki/Harpoot" title="Harpoot">Harpoot</a>, where the educated and the influential of the city were selected to be massacred at the nearest suitable site, May 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>death march</b> is a forced <a href="/wiki/Marching" title="Marching">march</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> or other captives or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinguished from simple prisoner transport via foot march. Article 19 of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> requires that prisoners must be moved away from a danger zone such as an advancing front line, to a place that may be considered more secure. It is not required to evacuate prisoners who are too unwell or injured to move. In times of war, such evacuations can be difficult to carry out. </p><p>Death marches usually feature harsh physical labor and abuse, neglect of prisoner injury and illness, <a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">deliberate starvation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and execution of those unable to keep up the marching pace. The march may end at a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camp</a>, or it may continue until all those who are forced to march are dead. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_death_marches">Notable death marches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notable death marches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jingkang_incident">Jingkang incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jingkang incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jingkang_incident" title="Jingkang incident">Jingkang incident</a></div> <p>In 1127, during the <a href="/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin–Song Wars">Jin–Song Wars</a>, the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> besieged and sacked the Imperial palaces in Bianjing (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>), the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. The Jin forces captured the Song ruler, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Qinzong" title="Emperor Qinzong">Emperor Qinzong</a>, along with his father, the <a href="/wiki/Retired_Emperor" title="Retired Emperor">retired</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Huizong</a>, as well as many members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Zhao" title="House of Zhao">imperial family</a> and officials of the Song imperial court. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Accounts_of_Jingkang" title="The Accounts of Jingkang">The Accounts of Jingkang</a></i>, Jin troops looted the imperial library and palace. Jin troops also abducted all the female servants and imperial musicians. The imperial family was abducted and their residences were looted. Facing the prospect of captivity and enslavement by the Jurchens, numerous palace women chose to take their own lives. The remaining captives, over 14,000 people, were forced to march alongside the seized assets towards the Jin capital. Their entourage – almost all the ministers and generals of the Northern Song dynasty – suffered from illness, dehydration, and exhaustion, and many never made it. Upon arrival, each person had to go through a ritual where the person had to be naked and wearing only sheep skins.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_slave_trade">African slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: African slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></div><p> Forced marches were utilized against slaves who were bought or captured by slave traders in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. They were shipped to other lands as part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">East African slave trade</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. Sometimes, the merchants shackled the slaves and provided insufficient food. Slaves who became too weak to walk were frequently killed or left to die.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_ruvuma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Slaves_ruvuma.jpg/220px-Slaves_ruvuma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Slaves_ruvuma.jpg/330px-Slaves_ruvuma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Slaves_ruvuma.jpg/440px-Slaves_ruvuma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Arab-Swahili slave traders</a> and their captives on the <a href="/wiki/Ruvuma_River" title="Ruvuma River">Ruvuma River</a></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> wrote of the East African slave trade: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path. [Onlookers] said an Arab who passed early that morning had done it in anger at losing the price he had given for her, because she was unable to walk any longer.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_displacement_of_Native_Americans">Forced displacement of Native Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forced displacement of Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif/220px-Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif/330px-Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Navajo_on_Long_Walk.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk of the Navajo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As part of Native American removal in the United States, approximately 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> were forced to leave <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and move to the newly forming <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (modern-day Oklahoma) in 1831. Only about 4,000 Choctaw arrived in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836, after the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War_of_1836" title="Creek War of 1836">Creek War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> deported 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muskogee</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> in chains as prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the tribe (12,000) followed, deported by the Army. Upon arrival to Indian Territory, 3,500 died of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee nation">Cherokee nation</a> was forced by order of President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> to march westward towards Indian Territory. This march became known as the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>. An estimated 4,000 men, women, and children died during relocation.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshallp29_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshallp29-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Round_Valley_Indian_Tribes_of_the_Round_Valley_Reservation" title="Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation">Round Valley Indian Reservation</a> was established, the <a href="/wiki/Yuki_people" title="Yuki people">Yuki people</a> (as they came to be called) of Round Valley were forced into a difficult and unusual situation. Their traditional homeland was not completely taken over by settlers as in other parts of California. Instead, a small part of it was reserved especially for their use as well as the use of other Indians, many of whom were enemies of the Yuki. The Yuki had to share their home with strangers who spoke other languages, lived with other beliefs, and used the land and its products differently. Indians came to Round Valley as they did to other reservations– by force. The word "drive", widely used at the time, is descriptive of the practice of "rounding up" Indians and "driving" them like cattle to the reservation where they were "corralled" by high picket fences. Such drives took place in all weathers and seasons, and the elderly and sick often did not survive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk of the Navajo</a> in August 1863, all <a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Konkow Maidu</a> were to be sent to the Bidwell Ranch in Chico and then be taken to the <a href="/wiki/Round_Valley_Indian_Tribes_of_the_Round_Valley_Reservation" title="Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation">Round Valley Reservation</a> at Covelo in Mendocino County. Any Indians remaining in the area were to be shot. Maidu were rounded up and marched under guard west out of the Sacramento Valley and through to the Coastal Range. 461 Native Americans started the trek, 277 finished.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reached Round Valley on 18 September 1863. After the <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_Wars" title="Yavapai Wars">Yavapai Wars</a>, 375 <a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a> perished during deportations out of 1,400 remaining Yavapai.<sup id="cite_ref-Yareloc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yareloc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo_Free_State">Congo Free State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Congo Free State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">King Leopold II</a> sanctioned the creation of "child colonies" in his <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> which had orphaned Congolese kidnapped and sent to schools operated by Catholic missionaries in which they would learn to work or be soldiers; these were the only schools funded by the state. More than 50% of the children sent to the schools died of disease, and thousands more died in the forced marches into the colonies. In one such march, 108 boys were sent over to a mission school and only 62 survived, eight of whom died a week later.<sup id="cite_ref-chilcolonies_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chilcolonies-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dungan_Revolt_(1862–1877)"><span id="Dungan_Revolt_.281862.E2.80.931877.29"></span>Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a>, 700,000 to 800,000 Hui Muslims from Shaanxi were deported to Gansu, in a process in which most were killed along the way from thirst, starvation, and massacres by the militia escorting them, with only a few thousand surviving.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_Genocide">Armenian Genocide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Armenian Genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> resulted in the death of up to 1,500,000 people from 1915 to 1918. Under the cover of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> sought to cleanse <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkey</a> of its Armenian population. As a result, much of the Armenian population was exiled from large parts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> and forced to march to the Syrian Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a>, tortured, and killed on their way to the 25 concentration camps set up in the Syrian Desert. The most infamous camp was that of <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor Camps">Der Zor</a>, where an estimated 150,000 Armenians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grand Duke Nicolas (who was still commander-in-chief of the Western forces), after suffering serious defeats at the hands of the German army, decided to implement the decrees for the German Russians living under his army's control, principally in the <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> province. The lands were to be expropriated, and the owners deported to Siberia. The land was to be given to Russian war veterans once the war was over. In July 1915, without prior warning, 150,000 German settlers from Volhynia were arrested and shipped to internal exile in Siberia and Central Asia. (Some sources indicate that the number of deportees reached 200,000). Ukrainian peasants took over their lands. While precise figures remain elusive, estimates suggest that the mortality rate associated with these deportations ranged from 30% to 50%, translating to a death toll between 63,000 and 100,000 individuals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the eastern part of Russian Turkestan, after the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Urkun" class="mw-redirect" title="Urkun">Urkun</a> uprising against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> tens of thousands of surviving Kyrgyz and Kazakhs fled toward China. In the Tien-Shan mountains, thousands died in mountain passes over 3,000 meters high.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades,_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption>American and Filipino POWs during the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolona_Usta%C5%A1ev_in_hrva%C5%A1kih_beguncev_blizu_Pliberka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kolona_Usta%C5%A1ev_in_hrva%C5%A1kih_beguncev_blizu_Pliberka.jpg/220px-Kolona_Usta%C5%A1ev_in_hrva%C5%A1kih_beguncev_blizu_Pliberka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kolona_Usta%C5%A1ev_in_hrva%C5%A1kih_beguncev_blizu_Pliberka.jpg/330px-Kolona_Usta%C5%A1ev_in_hrva%C5%A1kih_beguncev_blizu_Pliberka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kolona_Usta%C5%A1ev_in_hrva%C5%A1kih_beguncev_blizu_Pliberka.jpg/440px-Kolona_Usta%C5%A1ev_in_hrva%C5%A1kih_beguncev_blizu_Pliberka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>A group of Croatians during the <a href="/wiki/Bleiburg_repatriations" title="Bleiburg repatriations">Bleiburg repatriations</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, death marches of POWs occurred in both <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese colonial empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches of those held</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> were common in the later stages of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> as <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces closed in on the camps. One infamous death march occurred in January 1945, as the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> advanced on German-occupied Poland. Nine days before the Red Army arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> marched nearly 60,000 prisoners out of the camp towards <a href="/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Wodzisław Śląski">Wodzisław Śląski</a>, where they were put on freight trains to other camps. Approximately 15,000 prisoners died on the way.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death marches were judged during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crime against humanity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, death marches were amongst the forms of <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">NKVD prisoner massacres</a> in 1941, <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> personnel led prisoners on death marches to various locations in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>; upon arriving to pre-designated execution sites, the survivors were <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summarily executed</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in February 1943, numerous <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</a> were subject to death marches; after enduring a period of captivity near Stalingrad, they were sent by the Soviet authorities on a "death march across the frozen steppe" to <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a> elsewhere in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brno_death_march" title="Brno death march">Brno death march</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia</a> occurred in May 1945. The <a href="/wiki/Bleiburg_repatriations" title="Bleiburg repatriations">Bleiburg repatriations</a> also occurred in May 1945 (during the last days of World War II and after), a total of 280,000 <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia_evacuation_to_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent State of Croatia evacuation to Austria">Independent State of Croatia evacuation to Austria</a>. Mostly <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Home_Guard_(World_War_II)" title="Croatian Home Guard (World War II)">Croatian Home Guard</a>, but also civilians and refugees, tried to flee the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, and marched northwards through <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied-occupied Austria</a>. However, the British refused to accept their surrender and directed them to surrender to Yugoslav forces, who subjected them to death marches back to Yugoslavia, resulting in the death of 70–80,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Imperial Japanese Armed Forces</a> conducted death marches of Allied POWs, including the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a> and the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a>. The former forcibly transferred 60–80,000 POWs to Balanga, resulting in the deaths of 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650 American POWs, while the latter caused the deaths of 2,345 Australian and British POWs, of which only 6 survived. Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Homma" title="Masaharu Homma">Masaharu Homma</a> was charged with <a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">failure to control his troops</a> in 1945 in connection with the Bataan Death March.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Bataan and Sandakan death marches were judged by the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> to be <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Population transfer in the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</a> refers to the forced transfer of various groups from the 1930s up to the 1950s ordered by Joseph Stalin and may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of "anti-Soviet" categories of population (often classified as "enemies of workers"), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill the ethnically cleansed territories. Soviet archives documented 390,000<sup id="cite_ref-The_Stalinist_Penal_System_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Stalinist_Penal_System-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deaths during <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulak</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">forced resettlement</a> and up to 400,000 deaths of persons deported to <a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">forced settlements in the Soviet Union</a> during the 1940s;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however Steven Rosefield and Norman Naimark put overall deaths closer to some 1 to 1.5 million perishing as a result of the deportations — of those deaths, the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">deportation of Crimean Tatars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aardakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Aardakh">deportation of Chechens</a> were recognized as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosefielde84_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosefielde84-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18VRrd_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18VRrd-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle">1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" title="Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg/287px-Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg/431px-Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg/574px-Dien_Bien_Phu_1954_French_prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>French soldiers who were captured at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Điện Biên Phủ</a> were force-marched over 600 km (370 mi). Of 10,863 prisoners, only 3,290 of them were repatriated four months later.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, 50,000-70,000 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian Arabs</a> from the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramle">Ramle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a> (also spelled Lydda) were forcibly expelled by Israeli forces. Lydda's residents had to walk 10-15 miles to meet up with the lines of the Arab Legion,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while most Ramla residents were moved by bus.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event has come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Lydda death march</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmesp64_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmesp64-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24-01-121-tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/24-01-121-tiger.jpg/220px-24-01-121-tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/24-01-121-tiger.jpg/330px-24-01-121-tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/24-01-121-tiger.jpg/440px-24-01-121-tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2708" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Tiger Death March memorial at <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersonville National Historic Site">Andersonville National Historic Site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, in the winter of 1951, 200,000 <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Corps_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defense Corps Incident">National Defense Corps</a> soldiers were forcibly marched by their commanders, and 50,000 to 90,000 soldiers starved to death or died of disease during the march or in the training camps.<sup id="cite_ref-roehrig_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roehrig-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident is known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Corps_incident" title="National Defense Corps incident">National Defense Corps incident</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, prisoners who were held by the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Koreans</a> underwent what became known as the "Tiger Death March". The march occurred while <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> was being overrun by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> forces. As North Korean forces retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> on the border with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, they evacuated their prisoners with them. On 31 October 1950, some 845 prisoners, including about eighty non-combatants, left <a href="/wiki/Manpo" title="Manpo">Manpo</a> and went upriver, arriving in <a href="/wiki/Chunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chunggang">Chunggang</a> on 8 November 1950. A year later, fewer than 300 of the prisoners were still alive. The march was named after the brutal North Korean colonel who presided over it, his nickname was "The Tiger". Among the prisoners was <a href="/wiki/George_Blake" title="George Blake">George Blake</a>, an <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> officer who had been stationed in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>. While he was being held as a prisoner, he became a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> double agent.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phnom_Penh">Phnom Penh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phnom Penh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Khmer Rouge marked the beginning of their rule with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea#Evacuation_of_cities" title="Democratic Kampuchea">forced evacuation of various cities</a> including <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolean_Death_March" title="Carolean Death March">Carolean Death March</a> (1718–1719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_deportations" title="Samsun deportations">Samsun deportations</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_cleansing_campaigns" title="List of ethnic cleansing campaigns">List of ethnic cleansing campaigns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/death+march">"Definition of DEATH MARCH"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+DEATH+MARCH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdeath%2Bmarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Accounts of Jingkang" (靖康稗史箋證) 「临行前俘虏的总数为14000名，分七批押至北方，其中第一批宗室贵戚男丁二千二百余人，妇女三千四百余人」，靖康二年三月二十七日，「自青城国相寨起程，四月二十七日抵燕山，存妇女一千九百余人。」<i>("There were 14,000 captives divided into seven groups when the march commenced. The first group, composed of imperial family members and nobles, contained 2,200 males and 3,400 females and departed on the 27th day of the third month from the Qingcheng stockade. When it arrived in Yanshan on the 27th day of the following month, just over 1,900 females remained.")</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalolaWarnock2007" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin; Warnock, Amanda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjRYKePKrB8C&pg=PA97"><i>Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313334801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313334801"><bdi>978-0313334801</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/230753290">230753290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+Passage&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230753290&rft.isbn=978-0313334801&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Warnock%2C+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjRYKePKrB8C%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2000" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Saul S (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I0ExEzLaX6YC&pg=PA232"><i>Jews and the American Slave Trade</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412826938" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412826938"><bdi>978-1412826938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+the+American+Slave+Trade&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1412826938&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Saul+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI0ExEzLaX6YC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone,_David2006" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AA75Tx77sHwC&pg=PA46"><i>The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death</i></a>. Echo Library. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/184637555X" title="Special:BookSources/184637555X"><bdi>184637555X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Journals+of+David+Livingstone%2C+in+Central+Africa%2C+from+1865+to+His+Death&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Echo+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=184637555X&rft.au=Livingstone%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAA75Tx77sHwC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072537/http://choctawnation.com/history/choctaw-nation-history/trail-of-tears">"Trail of Tears"</a>. <i>Choctaw Nation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choctawnation.com/history/choctaw-nation-history/trail-of-tears/">the original</a> on 2016-03-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Choctaw+Nation&rft.atitle=Trail+of+Tears&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choctawnation.com%2Fhistory%2Fchoctaw-nation-history%2Ftrail-of-tears%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeman1974" class="citation book cs1">Foreman, Grant (1974) [1932]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413104654/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=638"><i>Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=638">the original</a> on April 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Removal%3A+The+Emigration+of+the+Five+Civilized+Tribes+of+Indians&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fdatabase%2Farticle_display.cfm%3FHHID%3D638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Creeks.html#b">"Creeks"</a>. <i>Everyculture.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everyculture.com&rft.atitle=Creeks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyculture.com%2Fmulti%2FBu-Dr%2FCreeks.html%23b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshallp29-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshallp29_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1998" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vCrrGyKw_UC&pg=PA29"><i>Story line: exploring the literature of the Appalachian Trail</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813917986" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813917986"><bdi>978-0813917986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+line%3A+exploring+the+literature+of+the+Appalachian+Trail&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0813917986&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vCrrGyKw_UC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dizard, Jesse A. (2016). "Nome Cult Trail". ARC-GIS storymap. technical assistance from Dexter Nelson and Cathie Benjamin. Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico – via Geography and Planning Department at CSU Chico.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yareloc-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yareloc_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmanuel2017" class="citation web cs1">Immanuel, Marc (21 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marcimmanuel110615.wordpress.com/yavapai/">"The Forced Relocation of the Yavapai"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Forced+Relocation+of+the+Yavapai&rft.date=2017-04-21&rft.aulast=Immanuel&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarcimmanuel110615.wordpress.com%2Fyavapai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2005" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Nicholas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZkbfroP9P8C&pg=PT20"><i>Sedona, Sacred Earth: A Guide to the Red Rock County</i></a>. Light Technology Publishing. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1622336524" title="Special:BookSources/978-1622336524"><bdi>978-1622336524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedona%2C+Sacred+Earth%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Red+Rock+County&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Light+Technology+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1622336524&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZkbfroP9P8C%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chilcolonies-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chilcolonies_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="chilcolonies" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Adam. <i>King Leopold's Ghost A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa</i>. Mariner Books. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Leopold%27s+Ghost+A+Story+of+Greed%2C+Terror%2C+and+Heroism+in+Colonial+Africa&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122170218/http://www.gxmzb.net/content/2019-05/16/content_1223.htm">"回族 – 广西民族报网"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gxmzb.net/content/2019-05/16/content_1223.htm">the original</a> on 2021-01-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F+%E2%80%93+%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%8A%A5%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gxmzb.net%2Fcontent%2F2019-05%2F16%2Fcontent_1223.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1916/08/08/archives/exiled-armenians-starve-in-the-desert-turks-drive-them-like-slaves.html">"Exiled Armenians Starve in the Desert"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Boston. August 8, 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Exiled+Armenians+Starve+in+the+Desert&rft.date=1916-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1916%2F08%2F08%2Farchives%2Fexiled-armenians-starve-in-the-desert-turks-drive-them-like-slaves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2004" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Jay, ed. (2004). <i>America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511497605">10.1017/cbo9780511497605</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521829588" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521829588"><bdi>978-0521829588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+and+the+Armenian+Genocide+of+1915&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511497605&rft.isbn=978-0521829588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Pannier (2 August 2006). "Kyrgyzstan: Victims Of 1916 'Urkun' Tragedy Commemorated". RFE/RL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825104559/http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/dmarch.htm">"Death marches"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/dmarch.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Death+marches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Foutreach%2Fdmarch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofholocaust00mart"><i>Atlas of the Holocaust</i></a> (Revised and Updated ed.). William Morrow & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688123643" title="Special:BookSources/0688123643"><bdi>0688123643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Holocaust&rft.edition=Revised+and+Updated&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1993-05&rft.isbn=0688123643&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofholocaust00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span> (map of forced marches)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor1998" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (1998). "25 'The Sword of Stalingrad'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_(Beevor_book)" title="Stalingrad (Beevor book)">Stalingrad</a></i>. London: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141032405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141032405"><bdi>978-0141032405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=25+%27The+Sword+of+Stalingrad%27&rft.btitle=Stalingrad&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0141032405&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriess2002" class="citation book cs1">Griess, Thomas E. (2002). <i>The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean (The West Point Military History Series)</i>. West Point Military Series; First Printing edition. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0757001604" title="Special:BookSources/978-0757001604"><bdi>978-0757001604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+%28The+West+Point+Military+History+Series%29&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=West+Point+Military+Series%3B+First+Printing+edition&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0757001604&rft.aulast=Griess&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corsellis, John, & Marcus Ferrar. 2005. <i>Slovenia 1945: Memories of Death and Survival After World War II.</i> London: I.B. Tauris, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vuletić-2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vuletić, Dominik (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=53823&lang=en">"Kaznenopravni i povijesni aspekti bleiburškog zločina"</a>. <i>Lawyer</i> (in Croatian). <b>41</b> (85). Zagreb, Croatia: Pravnik: 125–150. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0352-342X">0352-342X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lawyer&rft.atitle=Kaznenopravni+i+povijesni+aspekti+bleibur%C5%A1kog+zlo%C4%8Dina&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=85&rft.pages=125-150&rft.date=2007-12&rft.issn=0352-342X&rft.aulast=Vuleti%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D53823%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, K., Lael, R. R., & Taylor, L. (1985). <i>War Crimes and Command Responsibility: From the Bataan Death March to the MyLai Massacre</i>. Pacific Affairs, 58(2), 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maguire, Peter. <i>Law and War: International Law and American History</i>. Columbia University Press (2010), 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Stalinist_Penal_System-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Stalinist_Penal_System_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1997" class="citation book cs1">Pohl, J. Otto (1997). <i>The Stalinist Penal System</i>. McFarland. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786403365" title="Special:BookSources/0786403365"><bdi>0786403365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalinist+Penal+System&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0786403365&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=J.+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1997" class="citation book cs1">Pohl, J. Otto (1997). <i>The Stalinist Penal System</i>. McFarland. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786403365" title="Special:BookSources/0786403365"><bdi>0786403365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalinist+Penal+System&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0786403365&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=J.+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span> Pohl cites Russian archival sources for the death toll in the special settlements from 1941-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/article/438">"UNPO: Chechnya: European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944"</a>. <i>unpo.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+Chechnya%3A+European+Parliament+recognises+the+genocide+of+the+Chechen+People+in+1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2011" class="citation book cs1">Naimark, Norman M (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFooT8zZ2hIC&pg=PA131"><i>Stalin's Genocides</i></a>. Human Rights and Crimes Against Humanity. Princeton University Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691147840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691147840"><bdi>978-0691147840</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/587249108">587249108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Genocides&rft.series=Human+Rights+and+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F587249108&rft.isbn=978-0691147840&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDFooT8zZ2hIC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosefielde84-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosefielde84_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosefielde2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Rosefielde, Steven</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Red_Holocaust_(2009_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Holocaust (2009 book)"><i>Red Holocaust</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redholocaust00rose/page/n102">84</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415777575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415777575"><bdi>978-0415777575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Holocaust&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415777575&rft.aulast=Rosefielde&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18VRrd-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18VRrd_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-tatar-deportation-parliament-genocide/27360343.html">"Ukraine's Parliament Recognizes 1944 'Genocide' Of Crimean Tatars"</a>. <i>RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</i>. 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+Parliament+Recognizes+1944+%27Genocide%27+Of+Crimean+Tatars&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Fukraine-tatar-deportation-parliament-genocide%2F27360343.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisBenny2004" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny; Benny, Morris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA429"><i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521009676" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521009676"><bdi>978-0521009676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521009676&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Benny%2C+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuM_kFX6edX8C%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/23/archives/israel-bars-rabin-from-relating-48-eviction-of-arabs-sympathy-for.html?scp=5&st=p">"Israel Bars Rabin from Relating '48 Eviction of Arabs"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 23 October 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+Bars+Rabin+from+Relating+%2748+Eviction+of+Arabs&rft.date=1979-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F10%2F23%2Farchives%2Fisrael-bars-rabin-from-relating-48-eviction-of-arabs-sympathy-for.html%3Fscp%3D5%26st%3Dp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmesp64-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmesp64_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesStrachanBellamyBicheno2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Holmes, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, Hew</a>; Bellamy, Chris; Bicheno, Hugh (2001). <i>The Oxford companion to military history</i> (Illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198662099" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198662099"><bdi>978-0198662099</bdi></a>. <q>On 12 July, the Arab inhabitants of the Lydda-Ramle area, amounting to some 70,000, were expelled in what became known as the 'Lydda Death March'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+military+history&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0198662099&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Strachan%2C+Hew&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Chris&rft.au=Bicheno%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roehrig-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roehrig_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerence_Roehrig2001" class="citation book cs1">Terence Roehrig (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfQggLWwyi4C&pg=PA139"><i>Prosecution of Former Military Leaders in Newly Democratic Nations: The Cases of Argentina, Greece, and South Korea</i></a>. McFarland & Company. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786410910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786410910"><bdi>978-0786410910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosecution+of+Former+Military+Leaders+in+Newly+Democratic+Nations%3A+The+Cases+of+Argentina%2C+Greece%2C+and+South+Korea&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0786410910&rft.au=Terence+Roehrig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzfQggLWwyi4C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis_H._Carlson2002" class="citation book cs1">Lewis H. Carlson (2002). <a href="/wiki/Remembered_Prisoners_of_a_Forgotten_War" title="Remembered Prisoners of a Forgotten War"><i>Remembered Prisoners of a Forgotten War: An Oral History of Korean War POWs</i></a>. St Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rememberedprison00lewi/page/49">49–50</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rememberedprison00lewi/page/60/mode/2up">60–62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312286848" title="Special:BookSources/0312286848"><bdi>0312286848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembered+Prisoners+of+a+Forgotten+War%3A+An+Oral+History+of+Korean+War+POWs&rft.pages=49-50%2C+60-62&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0312286848&rft.au=Lewis+H.+Carlson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeath+march" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_march&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Genocide_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Genocide studies">Bibliography of Genocide studies</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_crimes" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_crimes" title="Template:War crimes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_crimes" title="Template talk:War crimes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_crimes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War crimes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_crimes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">List of war crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International<br />humanitarian law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868" title="Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868">Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 Geneva Convention">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Convention" title="Second Geneva Convention">Second (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_I" title="Protocol I">Protocol I (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_II" title="Protocol II">Protocol II (1977)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">Responsibility to protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">Civilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualty" title="Civilian casualty">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a> / <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distinction_(law)" title="Distinction (law)">Distinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">Hors de combat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_(criminal_law)" title="Intention (criminal law)">Intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_neutrality" title="Medical neutrality">Medical neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">Military necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_persons" title="Protected persons">Protected persons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">Safe conduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Attacks on <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">humanitarian workers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists" title="Attacks on parachutists">parachutists</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_order_(international_law)" title="Criminal order (international law)">Criminal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_flights" title="Death flights">Death flights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_healthcare_system" title="Destruction of the healthcare system">Destruction of the healthcare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trophy_collecting" title="Human trophy collecting">Human trophy collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiscriminate_attack" title="Indiscriminate attack">Indiscriminate attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">No quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_shield_(law)" title="Human shield (law)">Use of human shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes<br />committed by...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_war_crimes" title="Croatian war crimes">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">Germany</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian political violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes" title="Serbian war crimes">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_war_crimes" title="Turkish war crimes">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_war_crimes" title="United Arab Emirates war crimes">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes" title="British war crimes">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">War crimes by war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">Afghanistan wars</a></li> <li>2nd <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Korean_War" title="War crimes in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_2006_Lebanon_War" title="War crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Libyan civil war</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="War crimes in the Gaza War (2008–2009)">2008–2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">2023–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gaza_Strip_healthcare_collapse" title="Timeline of the Gaza Strip healthcare collapse">Destruction of the healthcare system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_during_the_Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Israeli_figures" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli figures">ICC arrest warrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_health_facilities_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Attacks on health facilities during the Israel–Hamas war">health facilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">in the occupied Palestinian territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_war_in_Donbas" title="Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">2nd Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="War crimes in the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Tigray_war" title="War crimes in the Tigray war">Tigray war‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">World War II</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis war crimes">Axis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes in the Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trial" title="War crimes trial">War crimes trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime_apologia" title="War crime apologia">War crime apologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-conflict_reception_of_war_criminals" title="Post-conflict reception of war criminals">Post-conflict reception of war criminals</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_international_crimes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crimes of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>‡ Does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> 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