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<span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules,_customs,_theology,_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules,_customs,_theology,_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rules, customs, theology, and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules,_customs,_theology,_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_the_First_Jewish–Roman_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_the_First_Jewish–Roman_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Involvement in the First Jewish–Roman War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_the_First_Jewish–Roman_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scholarly discussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_to_other_religious_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_other_religious_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Connection to other religious traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connection_to_other_religious_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Connection to other religious traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_other_religious_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magarites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magarites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Magarites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magarites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Essenes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essene" title="Essene – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Essene" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="إسينيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسينيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenil%C9%99r" title="Essenilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Essenilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Есеи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Есеи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esened" title="Esened – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Esened" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenis" title="Essenis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Essenis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esejci" title="Esejci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Esejci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ess%C3%A6er" title="Essæer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Essæer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essener" title="Essener – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Essener" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esseenid" title="Esseenid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esseenid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Εσσαίοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εσσαίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenios" title="Esenios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esenios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenoj" title="Esenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Esenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseniar" title="Eseniar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eseniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اسنی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسنی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ess%C3%A9niens" title="Esséniens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esséniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenen" title="Essenen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Essenen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eis%C3%A9anaigh" title="Eiséanaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eiséanaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%84%B8%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%8C" title="에세네파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에세네파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Եսայիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եսայիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseni" title="Eseni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eseni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenos" title="Essenos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Essenos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esseni" title="Esseni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esseni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="איסיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waeseni" title="Waeseni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waeseni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C4%97jai" title="Esėjai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Esėjai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essz%C3%A9nusok" title="Esszénusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Esszénusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseniana" title="Eseniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eseniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="എസ്സീനുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്സീനുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اسينيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسينيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseni" title="Eseni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eseni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenen" title="Essenen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Essenen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%8D%E6%B4%BE" title="エッセネ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エッセネ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esseerne" title="Esseerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Esseerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenarane" title="Essenarane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Essenarane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesseylar" title="Yesseylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yesseylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esse%C5%84czycy" title="Esseńczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Esseńczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ess%C3%AAnios" title="Essênios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Essênios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenieni" title="Esenieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Esenieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Ессеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ессеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Essenes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ايسين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايسين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esejci" title="Esejci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Esejci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseni" title="Eseni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eseni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseni" title="Eseni – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Eseni" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eseni" title="Eseni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eseni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essealaiset" title="Essealaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Essealaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ess%C3%A9er" title="Esséer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Esséer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Essene" title="Mga Essene – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Essene" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esseniler" title="Esseniler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Esseniler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Essene" redirects here. For the bread sometimes attributed to the Essenes, see <a href="/wiki/Sprouted_bread" title="Sprouted bread">sprouted bread</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #22A0DD; border-bottom:2px solid #22A0DD; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Essenes, Essenians</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אִסִּיִים</span>‎</div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Historical leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2nd century BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1st century CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> (proposed)<sup id="cite_ref-HE-he_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HE-he-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communality" class="mw-redirect" title="Communality">Communality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">Daily Ritual Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a 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</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Essenes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אִסִּיִים</span>‎, <i>ʾĪssīyīm</i>; <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a>: Ἐσσηνοί, Ἐσσαῖοι, or Ὀσσαῖοι, <i>Essenoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi</i>) or <b>Essenians</b> were a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements#Sects_in_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Jewish religious movements">sect</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Essene movement likely originated as a distinct group among Jews during <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a>' time, driven by disputes over Jewish law and the belief that Jonathan's <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">high priesthood</a> was illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars think the Essenes seceded from the <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadokite</a> priests.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attributed their interpretation of the Torah to their early leader, the <a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a>, possibly a legitimate high priest. Embracing a conservative approach to Jewish law, they observed a strict hierarchy favoring priests (the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Zadok" title="Sons of Zadok">Sons of Zadok</a>) over laypeople, emphasized ritual purity, and held a <a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Theistic_dualism" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualistic worldview</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Jewish writers <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, the Essenes numbered around four thousand, and resided in various settlements throughout <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>. Conversely, Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> positioned them somewhere above <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>, on the west side of the Dead Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny relates in a few lines that the Essenes possess no money, had existed for thousands of generations, and that their priestly class ("contemplatives") <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">did not marry</a>. Josephus gave a detailed account of the Essenes in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75 CE</span>), with a shorter description in <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 94 CE</span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Flavius_Josephus" title="The Life of Flavius Josephus">The Life of Flavius Josephus</a></i> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 97 CE</span>). Claiming firsthand knowledge, he lists the <i>Essenoi</i> as one of the three sects of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>. He relates the same information concerning <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a>, celibacy; the absence of personal property and of money; the belief in <a href="/wiki/Communality" class="mw-redirect" title="Communality">communality</a>; and commitment to a strict observance of <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>. He further adds that the Essenes <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritually immersed</a> in water every morning (a practice similar to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> for daily immersion found among some contemporary <a href="/wiki/Hasid" title="Hasid">Hasidim</a>), ate together after prayer, devoted themselves to <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a> and benevolence, forbade the expression of anger, studied the books of the elders, preserved secrets, and were very mindful of the names of the <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">angels</a> kept in their sacred writings. </p><p>The Essenes have gained fame in modern times as a result of the discovery of an extensive group of religious documents known as the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, which are commonly believed to be the Essenes' library. The scrolls were found at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>, an archaeological site situated along the northwestern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, believed to have been the dwelling place of an Essene community. These documents preserve multiple copies of parts of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical</a> and sectarian manuscripts, including writings such as the <a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War Scroll</a>, which provide valuable insights into the communal life, ideology and theology of the Essenes. </p><p>According to the conventional view, the Essenes disappeared after the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, which also witnessed the destruction of the settlement at Qumran.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have noted the absence of direct sources supporting this claim, raising the possibility of their endurance or the survival of related groups in the following centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers suggest that Essene teachings could have influenced other religious traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Josephus uses the name <i>Essenes</i> in his two main accounts, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> 2.119, 158, 160 and <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, 13.171–2, but some manuscripts read here <i>Essaion</i> ("holding the Essenes in honour";<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "a certain Essene named Manaemus";<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to hold all Essenes in honor";<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the Essenes").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several places, however, Josephus has <i>Essaios</i>, which is usually assumed to mean <i>Essene</i> ("Judas of the <i>Essaios</i> race";<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Simon of the <i>Essaios</i> race";<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "John the <i>Essaios</i>";<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "those who are called by us <i>Essaioi</i>";<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Simon a man of the <i>Essaios</i> race").<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus identified the Essenes as one of the three major Jewish sects of that period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philo's usage is <i>Essaioi</i>, although he admits this <a href="/wiki/Grecized" class="mw-redirect" title="Grecized">Greek form of the original name</a>, that according to his <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> signifies "holiness", to be inexact.<sup id="cite_ref-Philo1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philo1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny's Latin text has <i>Esseni</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pliny_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabriele Boccaccini implies that a convincing etymology for the name Essene has not been found, but that the term applies to a larger group within <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> that also included the <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was proposed before the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> were discovered that the name came into several <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> spellings from a Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Self-designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-designation">self-designation</a> later found in some Dead Sea Scrolls, <i>ʻosey haTorah</i>, "'doers' or 'makers' of <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although dozens of etymology suggestions have been published, this is the only etymology published before 1947 that was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> text self-designation references, and it is gaining acceptance among scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recognized as the etymology of the form <i>Ossaioi</i> (and note that Philo also offered an O spelling) and <i>Essaioi</i> and <i>Esseni</i> spelling variations have been discussed by VanderKam, Goranson, and others. In medieval Hebrew (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Sefer Yosippon</a></i>) <i>Hassidim</i> "the Pious" replaces "Essenes". While this Hebrew name is not the etymology of <i>Essaioi</i>/<i>Esseni</i>, the Aramaic equivalent <i>Hesi'im</i> known from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a> texts has been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-lightfoot1875_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lightfoot1875-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suggest that Essene is a transliteration of the Hebrew word <i>ḥiṣonim</i> (<i>ḥiṣon</i> "outside"), which the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a> 4:8<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) uses to describe various sectarian groups. Another theory is that the name was borrowed from a cult of devotees to <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, whose demeanor and dress somewhat resembled those of the group in <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> in Chapter 8 of "<a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a>" states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>2.(119)For there are three philosophical sects among the Jews. The followers of the first of which are the Pharisees; of the second, the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>; and the third sect, which pretends to a severer <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a>, are called Essenes. These last are Jews by birth, and seem to have a greater affection for each other than other sects have.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QumranLivingQuarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/QumranLivingQuarters.jpg/220px-QumranLivingQuarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/QumranLivingQuarters.jpg/330px-QumranLivingQuarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/QumranLivingQuarters.jpg/440px-QumranLivingQuarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Remains of part of the main building at Qumran.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, the Essenes had settled "not in one city" but "in large numbers in every town".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philo speaks of "more than four thousand" <i>Essaioi</i> living in "Palestine and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-quodxii75_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quodxii75-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more precisely, "in many cities of Judaea and in many villages and grouped in great societies of many members".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pliny locates them "on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast... [above] the town of <a href="/wiki/En_Gedi" class="mw-redirect" title="En Gedi">Engeda</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Pliny_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pliny-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern scholars and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeologists</a> have argued that Essenes inhabited the settlement at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Judean_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean Desert">Judean Desert</a> along the Dead Sea, citing Pliny the Elder in support and giving credence that the Dead Sea Scrolls are the product of the Essenes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory, though not yet conclusively proven, has come to dominate the scholarly discussion and public perception of the Essenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellegard_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellegard-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules,_customs,_theology,_and_beliefs"><span id="Rules.2C_customs.2C_theology.2C_and_beliefs"></span>Rules, customs, theology, and beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rules, customs, theology, and beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accounts by Josephus and <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> show that the Essenes led a strictly communal life—often compared to later <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Essene groups appear to have been <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibate</a>, but Josephus speaks also of another "<i>order</i> of Essenes" that observed the practice of being engaged for three years and then becoming married.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Josephus, they had customs and observances such as collective ownership,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> electing a leader to attend to the interests of the group, and obedience to the orders from their leader.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, they were forbidden from <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">swearing oaths</a><sup id="cite_ref-josephus-war-2.135_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-war-2.135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificing animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They controlled their tempers and served as channels of peace,<sup id="cite_ref-josephus-war-2.135_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephus-war-2.135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carrying <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> only for protection against robbers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Essenes chose not to possess <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> but served each other<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, as a result of communal ownership, did not engage in <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus and Philo provide lengthy accounts of their communal meetings, meals, and religious celebrations. This <a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">communal living</a> has led some scholars to view the Essenes as a group practicing social and material egalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their prohibition on swearing oaths, after a three-year <a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">probationary</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new members would take an oath that included a commitment to practice piety to God and righteousness toward humanity; maintain a pure lifestyle; abstain from criminal and immoral activities; transmit their rules uncorrupted; and preserve the books of the Essenes and the names of the angels.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their theology included belief in the immortality of the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> and that they would receive their souls back after death.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of their activities included purification by <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">water rituals</a> which was supported by rainwater catchment and storage. According to the <a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a> was a prerequisite to water purification.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritual purification was a common practice among the peoples of Judea during this period and was thus not specific to the Essenes. A ritual bath or <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> was found near many synagogues of the period continuing into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purity and cleanliness was considered so important to the Essenes that they would refrain from <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a> on the Sabbath.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lightfoot">Joseph Lightfoot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> (writing in the 4th century CE) seems to make a distinction between two main groups within the Essenes:<sup id="cite_ref-lightfoot1875_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lightfoot1875-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Of those that came before his [Elxai, an Ossaean prophet] time and during it, the Ossaeans and the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasaraeans</a>." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041916/http://www.masseiana.org/panarion_bk1.htm#18">Part 18</a><sup id="cite_ref-panarion1-19_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panarion1-19-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epiphanius describes each group as following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Nasaraean—they were Jews by nationality—originally from Gileaditis, Bashanitis and the Transjordan... They acknowledged Moses and believed that he had received laws—not this law, however, but some other. And so, they were Jews who kept all the Jewish observances, but they would not offer sacrifice or eat meat. They considered it unlawful to eat meat or make sacrifices with it. They claim that these Books are fictions, and that none of these customs were instituted by the fathers. This was the difference between the Nasaraean and the others...<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After this Nasaraean sect in turn comes another closely connected with them, called the Ossaeans. These are Jews like the former... originally came from Nabataea, Ituraea, Moabitis, and Arielis, the lands beyond the basin of what sacred scripture called the Salt Sea... Though it is different from the other six of these seven sects, it causes schism only by forbidding the books of Moses like the Nasaraean.<sup id="cite_ref-panarion1-19_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panarion1-19-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>We do not know much about the canon of the Essenes, and what their attitude was towards the apocryphal writings, however the Essenes perhaps did not esteem the book of Esther highly as manuscripts of Esther are completely absent in Qumran, likely because of their opposition to mixed marriages and the use of different calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Essenes were unique for their time for being against the practice of slave-ownership, and slavery, which they regarded as unjust and ungodly, regarding all men as having been born equal.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_in_the_First_Jewish–Roman_War"><span id="Involvement_in_the_First_Jewish.E2.80.93Roman_War"></span>Involvement in the First Jewish–Roman War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Involvement in the First Jewish–Roman War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the outset of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 66 CE, as Roman advances were anticipated, command over parts of western Judea was assigned to John the Essene (or Essaean), who was placed in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Toparches" title="Toparches">toparchy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Tibnah" title="Khirbet Tibnah">Thamna</a>. This region encompassed <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Joppa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_discussion">Scholarly discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scholarly discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> discuss the Essenes in detail. Most scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that the community at Qumran that most likely produced the Dead Sea Scrolls was an offshoot of the Essenes. However, this theory has been disputed by some; for example, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a> argues that the primary research on the <a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran</a> documents and ruins (by Father <a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a>, from the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique et Archéologique de Jérusalem</a></i>) lacked scientific method, and drew wrong conclusions that comfortably entered the academic canon. For Golb, the number of documents is too extensive and includes many different writing styles and calligraphies; the ruins seem to have been a fortress, used as a military base for a very long period of time—including the 1st century—so they therefore could not have been inhabited by the Essenes; and the large graveyard excavated in 1870, just 50 metres (160 ft) east of the Qumran ruins, was made of over 1200 tombs that included many women and children; Pliny clearly wrote that the Essenes who lived near the Dead Sea "had not one woman, had renounced all pleasure... and no one was born in their race". Golb's book presents observations about de Vaux's premature conclusions and their uncontroverted acceptance by the general academic community. He states that the documents probably stemmed from various libraries in Jerusalem, kept safe in the desert from the Roman invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars refute these arguments—particularly since Josephus describes some Essenes as allowing marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another issue is the relationship between the <i>Essaioi</i> and Philo's <i><a href="/wiki/Therapeutae" title="Therapeutae">Therapeutae</a></i> and <i>Therapeutrides</i>. He regarded the <i>Therapeutae</i> as a contemplative branch of the <i>Essaioi</i> who, he said, pursued an active life.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One theory on the formation of the Essenes suggests that the movement was founded by a Jewish high priest, dubbed by the Essenes the <a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a>, whose office had been usurped by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maccabaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Maccabaeus">Jonathan</a> (of priestly but not of <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadokite</a> lineage), labeled the "man of lies" or "false priest".<sup id="cite_ref-time20090316_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time20090316-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elior-responds_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elior-responds-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2009)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Others follow this line and a few argue that the Teacher of Righteousness was not only the leader of the Essenes at Qumran, but was also identical to the original Messianic figure about 150 years before the time of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellegard_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellegard-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fred Gladstone Bratton notes that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Teacher of Righteousness of the Scrolls would seem to be a prototype of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, for both spoke of the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a>; they preached a similar gospel; each was regarded as a Savior or Redeemer; and each was condemned and put to death by reactionary factions... We do not know whether Jesus was an Essene, but some scholars feel that he was at least influenced by them.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Lawrence Schiffman</a> has argued that the Qumran community may be called <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducean</a>, and not Essene, since their legal positions retain a link with Sadducean tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_to_other_religious_traditions">Connection to other religious traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Connection to other religious traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_John_the_Baptist_Preaching_in_the_Wilderness_by_Anton_Raphael.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Saint_John_the_Baptist_Preaching_in_the_Wilderness_by_Anton_Raphael.png/130px-Saint_John_the_Baptist_Preaching_in_the_Wilderness_by_Anton_Raphael.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Saint_John_the_Baptist_Preaching_in_the_Wilderness_by_Anton_Raphael.png/195px-Saint_John_the_Baptist_Preaching_in_the_Wilderness_by_Anton_Raphael.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Saint_John_the_Baptist_Preaching_in_the_Wilderness_by_Anton_Raphael.png/260px-Saint_John_the_Baptist_Preaching_in_the_Wilderness_by_Anton_Raphael.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>John the Baptist was possibly an Essene.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Rituals of the Essenes and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> have much in common; the Dead Sea Scrolls describe a meal of bread and wine that will be instituted by the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>, both the Essenes and Christians were eschatological communities, where judgement on the world would come at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Testament also possibly quotes writings used by the Qumran community. Luke 1:31-35 states <i>" And now you will conceive in your womb and bear a son and you will name him Jesus. He will be great and will be called the son of the Most High...the son of God"</i> which seems to echo <a href="/wiki/4Q246" title="4Q246">4Q 246</a>, stating: <i>"He will be called great and he will be called Son of God, and they will call him Son of the Most High...He will judge the earth in righteousness...and every nation will bow down to him".</i><sup id="cite_ref-jpost.com_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other similarities include high devotion to the faith even to the point of martyrdom, communal prayer, self denial and a belief in a captivity in a sinful world.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> has also been argued to have been an Essene, as there are numerous parallels between John's mission and the Essenes, which suggests he perhaps was trained by the Essene community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early church a book called the <a href="/wiki/Odes_of_Solomon" title="Odes of Solomon">Odes of Solomon</a> was written. The writer was likely a very early convert from the Essene community into Christianity. The book reflects a mixture of mystical ideas of the Essene community with Christian concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Essenes and Christians practiced voluntary celibacy and prohibited divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both also used concepts of "light" and "darkness" for good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few have argued that the Essenes had an idea of a pierced Messiah based on <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Messiah" title="The War of the Messiah">4Q285</a>; however, the interpretation of the text is ambiguous. Some scholars interpreted it as the Messiah being killed himself, while modern scholars mostly interpret it as the Messiah executing the enemies of Israel in an eschatological war.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Essenes and Christians practiced a ritual of immersion by water, however the Essenes had it as a regular practice instead of a one time event.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans#Origin" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans § Origin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genesis_apocryphon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genesis_apocryphon.jpg/220px-Genesis_apocryphon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genesis_apocryphon.jpg/330px-Genesis_apocryphon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genesis_apocryphon.jpg/440px-Genesis_apocryphon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a> uses the name <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> arriving from Jerusalem, meaning guardians or possessors of secret rites and knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-RudolphEI_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RudolphEI-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Kurt Rudolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mac%C3%BAch" title="Rudolf Macúch">Rudolf Macúch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lidzbarski" title="Mark Lidzbarski">Mark Lidzbarski</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Ethel S. Drower</a> connect the Mandaeans with the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rules,_customs,_theology,_and_beliefs">Nasaraeans</a> described by <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>, a group within the Essenes according to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lightfoot">Joseph Lightfoot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drower1960_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drower1960-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiv">: xiv </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudolph19774_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph19774-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lightfoot1875_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lightfoot1875-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epiphanius (29:6) says that they existed before Jesus. That is questioned by some, but others accept the pre-Christian origin of the Nasaraeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Drower1960_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drower1960-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiv">: xiv </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early religious concepts and terminologies recur in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a></i> <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">(Jordan)</a> has been the name of every baptismal water in <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> <i>Mara ḏ-Rabuta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> for 'Lord of Greatness', which is One of the names for the Mandaean God <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a>) is found in the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a> II, 4.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolph_1964_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph_1964-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 552–553">: 552–553 </span></sup> Another early self-appellation is <i>bhiria zidqa</i>, meaning 'elect of righteousness' or 'the chosen righteous', a term found in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a> II, 4.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolph_1964_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph_1964-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 552–553">: 552–553 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RudolphEI_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RudolphEI-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Nasoraeans, Mandaeans believe that they constitute the true congregation of <i>bnia nhura</i>, meaning 'Sons of Light', a term used by the Essenes.<sup id="cite_ref-BSN_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSN-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50">: 50 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandaean scripture affirms that the Mandaeans descend directly from <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>'s original Nasoraean Mandaean disciples in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-HG_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: vi, ix">: vi, ix </span></sup> Similar to the Essenes, it is forbidden for a Mandaean to reveal the names of the angels to a gentile.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> Essene graves are oriented north–south<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Mandaean's grave must also be in the north–south direction so that if the dead Mandaean were stood upright, they would face north.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 184">: 184 </span></sup> Mandaeans have an oral tradition that some were originally vegetarian<sup id="cite_ref-Drower1960_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drower1960-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> and also similar to the Essenes, they are <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DEUTSCH2_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEUTSCH2-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>bit manda</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beth_manda" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth manda">beth manda</a>) is described as <i>biniana rba ḏ-šrara</i> ("the Great building of Truth") and <i>bit tušlima</i> ("house of Perfection") in <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean texts">Mandaean texts</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></i>. The only known literary parallels are in Essene texts from <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule</a></i>, which has similar phrases such as the "house of Perfection and Truth in Israel" (<i>Community Rule</i> 1QS VIII 9) and "house of Truth in Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magarites">Magarites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Magarites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Magharians or <a href="/wiki/Magarites" title="Magarites">Magarites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i lang="ar" dir="rtl">Al-Maghariyyah</i>, 'people of the caves')<sup id="cite_ref-dss_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dss-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were, according to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Qirqisani" title="Jacob Qirqisani">Jacob Qirqisani</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> sect founded in the <a href="/wiki/1st_century_BC" title="1st century BC">1st century BCE</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Harkavy" title="Abraham Harkavy">Abraham Harkavy</a> and others identify the Magharians with the Essenes, and their author referred to as the "Alexandrinian" with <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> (whose affinity for the Essenes is well-known), based on the following evidence:<sup id="cite_ref-dss_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dss-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The sect's name, which, in his view, does not refer to its books but to its followers who lived in caves or desert areas—an established Essene lifestyle;</li> <li>The sect's founding date coinciding with that of the Essenes;</li> <li>The theory that God interacts with humans through an angel aligning with Essene beliefs, as well as Philo's concept of the <i><a href="/wiki/Philo#Logos" title="Philo">Logos</a></i>;</li> <li>Qirqisani's omission of the Essenes from his list of Jewish sects, which can be explained if he considered the Magharians to be synonymous with the Essenes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Jewish vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Mysteries">Sacred Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Zadok" title="Sons of Zadok">Sons of Zadok</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HE-he-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HE-he_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">אשל, חנן, "תולדות התגליות הארכאולוגיות בקומראן", בתוך: מנחם קיסטר (עורך), מגילות קומראן: מבואות ומחקרים, כרך א', ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. 2009, עמ' 9. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCyprus)2009" class="citation book cs1">Cyprus), Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKyxt9kyys8C&pg=PA32"><i>The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I (sects 1-46)</i></a>. BRILL. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17017-9"><bdi>978-90-04-17017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panarion+of+Epiphanius+of+Salamis%3A+Book+I+%28sects+1-46%29&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17017-9&rft.aulast=Cyprus%29&rft.aufirst=Saint+Epiphanius+%28Bishop+of+Constantia+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKyxt9kyys8C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurtnerStuckenbruck2020" class="citation book cs1">Gurtner, Daniel M.; Stuckenbruck, Loren T., eds. (2020). <i>T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism</i>. Vol. 2. T&T Clark. pp. 250–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66144-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66144-9"><bdi>978-0-567-66144-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%26T+Clark+Encyclopedia+of+Second+Temple+Judaism&rft.pages=250-252&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66144-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.F. Bruce, Second Thoughts on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Paternoster Press, 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pliny the Elder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html"><i>Historia Naturalis</i></a>. Vol. V, 17 or 29, in other editions V, (15).73. <q>Ab occidente litora Esseni fugiunt usque qua nocent, gens sola et in toto orbe praeter ceteras mira, sine ulla femina, omni venere abdicata, sine pecunia, socia palmarum. in diem ex aequo convenarum turba renascitur, large frequentantibus quos vita fessos ad mores eorum fortuna fluctibus agit. ita per saeculorum milia—incredibile dictu—gens aeterna est, in qua nemo nascitur. tam fecunda illis aliorum vitae paenitentia est! infra hos Engada oppidum fuit, secundum ab Hierosolymis fertilitate palmetorumque nemoribus, nunc alterum bustum. inde Masada castellum in rupe, et ipsum haut procul Asphaltite. et hactenus Iudaea est.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Naturalis&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FL%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPliny_the_Elder%2F5%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span> cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/plinysnaturalhis00plinrich#page/n281/mode/2up">English translation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthélemyMilikde_VauxCrowfoot1997" class="citation book cs1">Barthélemy, D.; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Milik, J.T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">de Vaux, Roland</a>; Crowfoot, G.M.; <a href="/wiki/Harold_Plenderleith" title="Harold Plenderleith">Plenderleith, Harold</a>; Harding, G.L. (1997) [1955]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVa8BQGO0PIC&pg=PA5">"Introductory: The Discovery"</a>. <i>Qumran Cave 1</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826301-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826301-5"><bdi>0-19-826301-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introductory%3A+The+Discovery&rft.btitle=Qumran+Cave+1&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-826301-5&rft.aulast=Barth%C3%A9lemy&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Milik%2C+J.T.&rft.au=de+Vaux%2C+Roland&rft.au=Crowfoot%2C+G.M.&rft.au=Plenderleith%2C+Harold&rft.au=Harding%2C+G.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVa8BQGO0PIC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1994" class="citation cs2">Goodman, M. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789047410614/Bej.9789004153097.i-275_014.xml">"Sadducees and Essenes after 70 CE"</a>, <i>Judaism in the Roman World</i>, Brill, pp. 153–162, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004153097.i-275.38">10.1163/ej.9789004153097.i-275.38</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1061-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-1061-4"><bdi>978-90-474-1061-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Judaism+in+the+Roman+World&rft.atitle=Sadducees+and+Essenes+after+70+CE&rft.pages=153-162&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004153097.i-275.38&rft.isbn=978-90-474-1061-4&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789047410614%2FBej.9789004153097.i-275_014.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamidović2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hamidović, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=607cb5ef1eb49">"About the Links between the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mandaean Liturgy"</a>. <i>ARAM Periodical</i>. <b>22</b>: 441–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FARAM.22.0.2131048">10.2143/ARAM.22.0.2131048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARAM+Periodical&rft.atitle=About+the+Links+between+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+Mandaean+Liturgy&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=441-451&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FARAM.22.0.2131048&rft.aulast=Hamidovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fsecure%2FPOJ%2Fdownloadpdf.php%3Fticket_id%3D607cb5ef1eb49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworth2006" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, James H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axIMoFf-D5YC&dq=Baptism+Essenes&pg=PA450"><i>The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls: The scrolls and Christian origins</i></a>. Baylor University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932792-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932792-21-8"><bdi>978-1-932792-21-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+The+scrolls+and+Christian+origins&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-932792-21-8&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaxIMoFf-D5YC%26dq%3DBaptism%2BEssenes%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 94</span>). <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. 15.372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. 15.373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. 15.378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. 18.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. 18.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Flavius_Josephus" title="The Life of Flavius Josephus">The Life of Flavius Josephus</a></i>. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>The Wars of the Jews</i>. I.78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>The Wars of the Jews</i>. 2.113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>The Wars of the Jews</i>. 2.567; 3.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. 15.371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus. <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>. 17.346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>And when I was about sixteen years old, I had a mind to make trial of the several sects that were among us. These sects are three: The first is that of the Pharisees, the second that Sadducees, and the third that of the Essenes, as we have frequently told you</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deusdiapente.net/science/Bible%20Research/LifeOfJosephus.pdf">The Life of Josephus Flavius, 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philo1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philo1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book33.html">Quod Omnis Probus Liber</a></i>. XII.75–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>. 5.73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoccaccini1998" class="citation book cs1">Boccaccini, Gabriele (1998). <i>Beyond the Essene hypothesis: the parting of the ways between Qumran and Enochic Judaism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnAiz6fB2X8C&pg=PA47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4360-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4360-3"><bdi>0-8028-4360-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37837643">37837643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Essene+hypothesis%3A+the+parting+of+the+ways+between+Qumran+and+Enochic+Judaism&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37837643&rft.isbn=0-8028-4360-3&rft.aulast=Boccaccini&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoranson1999" class="citation book cs1">Goranson, Stephen (1999). "Others and Intra-Jewish Polemic as Reflected in Qumran Texts". In Peter W. Flint; James C. VanderKam (eds.). <i>The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 534–551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11061-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11061-5"><bdi>90-04-11061-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/230716707">230716707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Others+and+Intra-Jewish+Polemic+as+Reflected+in+Qumran+Texts&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+after+Fifty+Years%3A+A+Comprehensive+Assessment&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=534-551&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230716707&rft.isbn=90-04-11061-5&rft.aulast=Goranson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, James C. VanderKam, "Identity and History of the Community". In The Dead Sea Scrolls after Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, ed. Peter W. Flint and James C. VanderKam, 2:487–533. Leiden: Brill, 1999. The earliest known proposer of this etymology was P. Melanchthon, in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Carion" title="Johann Carion">Johann Carion</a>, <i>Chronica</i>, 1532, folio 68 verso. Among the other proposers before 1947, e.g., 1839 Isaak Jost, "Die Essaer," Israelitische Annalen 19, 145–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lightfoot1875-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lightfoot1875_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lightfoot1875_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lightfoot1875_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Lightfoot, Joseph Barber</a> (1875). "On Some Points Connected with the Essenes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stpaulsepistles00lighgoog"><i>St. Paul's epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: a revised text with introductions, notes, and dissertations</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6150927">6150927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Some+Points+Connected+with+the+Essenes&rft.btitle=St.+Paul%27s+epistles+to+the+Colossians+and+to+Philemon%3A+a+revised+text+with+introductions%2C+notes%2C+and+dissertations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1875&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6150927&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Barber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstpaulsepistles00lighgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Megillah.4.8?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Mishnah Megillah 4:8"</a>. <i>sefaria.org</i>. Sefaria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Mishnah+Megillah+4%3A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishnah_Megillah.4.8%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman2015" class="citation web cs1">Schiffman, Lawrence H. (27 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/discovery-and-acquisition-1947-1956-lawrence-h-schiffman-reclaiming-the-dead-sea-scrolls-jewish-publication-society-philadelphia-1994/">"Discovery and Acquisition, 1947–1956, Lawrence H. Schiffman, Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls, Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1994"</a>. <i>Center for Online Judaic Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Online+Judaic+Studies&rft.atitle=Discovery+and+Acquisition%2C+1947%E2%80%931956%2C+Lawrence+H.+Schiffman%2C+Reclaiming+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%2C+Jewish+Publication+Society%2C+Philadelphia%2C+1994.&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fdiscovery-and-acquisition-1947-1956-lawrence-h-schiffman-reclaiming-the-dead-sea-scrolls-jewish-publication-society-philadelphia-1994%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whiston and Maier, 1999, "<a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a>", Chapter 8, p. 736</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quodxii75-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quodxii75_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 20–54</span>). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/text/philo/book33.html">Quod Omnis Probus Liber</a></i>. XII.75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book37.html">Hypothetica</a></i>. 11.1. in <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Praeparatio_Evangelica" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeparatio Evangelica">Praeparatio Evangelica</a></i>. VIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiblical_Archeology_Society_Staff2022" class="citation web cs1">Biblical Archeology Society Staff (8 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/who-were-the-essenes/?mqsc=E4143878&dk=ZE2250ZF0">"Who Were the Essenes?"</a>. <i>Biblical Archaeology Society</i>. Biblical Archeology Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.atitle=Who+Were+the+Essenes%3F&rft.date=2022-05-08&rft.au=Biblical+Archeology+Society+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-sites-places%2Fbiblical-archaeology-sites%2Fwho-were-the-essenes%2F%3Fmqsc%3DE4143878%26dk%3DZE2250ZF0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellegard-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellegard_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellegard_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Elleg%C3%A5rd" title="Alvar Ellegård">Ellegård, Alvar</a>; <i>Jesus—One Hundred Years Before Christ: A Study in Creative Mythology</i>, (London 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The suggestion apparently goes back to <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a>'s <i>Personal religion in Egypt before Christianity</i> (1909), 62ff; see William Herbert Mackean, <i>Christian Monasticism in Egypt to the Close of the Fourth Century</i> (1920), p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. book II, chap. 8, para. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 94</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. 18.20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.123, 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephus-war-2.135-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josephus-war-2.135_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josephus-war-2.135_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo, §75: ου ζωα καταθυοντες [= not sacrificing animals]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo of Alexandria, <i>Every Good Man is Free</i>, 75-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2007" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (2007). <i>Comrades: A History of World Communism</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674046993" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674046993"><bdi>978-0674046993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comrades%3A+A+History+of+World+Communism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0674046993&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anarchyinaction.org/index.php?title=Essenes">"Essenes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essenes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanarchyinaction.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DEssenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann_Kohler1906" class="citation web cs1">Kaufmann Kohler (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5867-essenes#anchor10">"Jewish Encyclopedia - Essenes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia+-+Essenes&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Kaufmann+Kohler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5867-essenes%23anchor10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.137–138. Josephus' mention of the three-year duration of the Essene probation may be compared with the phased character of the entrance procedure in the Qumran Rule of the Community [1QS; at least two years plus an indeterminate initial catechetical phase, 1QS VI]. The provisional surrender of property required at the beginning of the last year of the novitiate derives from actual social experience of the difficulties of sharing property in a fully communitarian setting, cf. Brian J. Capper, 'The Interpretation of Acts 5.4', Journal for the Study of the New Testament 19 (1983) pp. 117–131; idem, '"In der Hand des Ananias." Erwägungen zu 1QS VI,20 und der urchristlichen Gütergemeinschaft', <i>Revue de Qumran</i> 12(1986) 223–236; Eyal Regev, "Comparing Sectarian Practice and Organization: The Qumran Sect in Light of the Regulations of the <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>", <i>Numen</i> 51 (2004), pp. 146–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.139–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 75</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Jews">The Wars of the Jews</a></i>. 2.153–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurstenberg2016" class="citation journal cs1">Furstenberg, Yair (8 November 2016). "Initiation and the Ritual Purification from Sin: Between Qumran and the Apostolic Tradition". <i>Dead Sea Discoveries</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 365–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685179-12341409">10.1163/15685179-12341409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dead+Sea+Discoveries&rft.atitle=Initiation+and+the+Ritual+Purification+from+Sin%3A+Between+Qumran+and+the+Apostolic+Tradition&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=365-394&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685179-12341409&rft.aulast=Furstenberg&rft.aufirst=Yair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKittle" class="citation book cs1">Kittle, Gerhardt. <i>Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume 7</i>. p. 814, note 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+New+Testament%2C+Volume+7&rft.pages=814%2C+note+99&rft.aulast=Kittle&rft.aufirst=Gerhardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundes,_A.2002" class="citation book cs1">Dundes, A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_a4hAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Shabbat Elevator and other Sabbath Subterfuges: An Unorthodox Essay on Circumventing Custom and Jewish Character</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461645603" title="Special:BookSources/9781461645603"><bdi>9781461645603</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shabbat+Elevator+and+other+Sabbath+Subterfuges%3A+An+Unorthodox+Essay+on+Circumventing+Custom+and+Jewish+Character&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781461645603&rft.au=Dundes%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_a4hAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-panarion1-19-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-panarion1-19_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-panarion1-19_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 378</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a></i>. 1:19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 378</span>). <i><a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a></i>. 1:18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulder1988" class="citation book cs1">Mulder, Martin-Jan (1 January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eZ5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Essenes+canon&pg=PA70"><i>The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud, Volume 1 Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27510-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27510-2"><bdi>978-90-04-27510-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+the+Jewish+People+in+the+Period+of+the+Second+Temple+and+the+Talmud%2C+Volume+1+Mikra%3A+Text%2C+Translation%2C+Reading+and+Interpretation+of+the+Hebrew+Bible+in+Ancient+Judaism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27510-2&rft.aulast=Mulder&rft.aufirst=Martin-Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6eZ5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DEssenes%2Bcanon%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlwB8K0hiLIC&dq=Essenes+canon&pg=PA54"><i>The Impact of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4615-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-4615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4615-4&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlwB8K0hiLIC%26dq%3DEssenes%2Bcanon%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2021" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Timothy (2021). <i>Essenes in Judaean Society: The sectarians of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i>. Oxford University Press's Academic Insights for the Thinking World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essenes+in+Judaean+Society%3A+The+sectarians+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%27s+Academic+Insights+for+the+Thinking+World&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.oup.com/2021/01/essenes-in-judaean-society-the-sectarians-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls/">"Essenes in Judaean Society: The sectarians of the Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essenes+in+Judaean+Society%3A+The+sectarians+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.date=2021-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2021%2F01%2Fessenes-in-judaean-society-the-sectarians-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). <i>For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24813-5"><bdi>978-0-300-24813-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Freedom+of+Zion%3A+the+Great+Revolt+of+Jews+against+Romans%2C+66-74+CE&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24813-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Guy+MacLean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolb1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Golb, Norman</a> (1996). <i>Who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?: the search for the secret of Qumran</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80692-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80692-4"><bdi>0-684-80692-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35047608">35047608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+wrote+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3F%3A+the+search+for+the+secret+of+Qumran&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35047608&rft.isbn=0-684-80692-4&rft.aulast=Golb&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1">Josephus, Flavius. <i>Jewish War, Book II</i>. Chapter 8, Paragraph 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+War%2C+Book+II&rft.place=Chapter+8%2C+Paragraph+13&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book34.html">De Vita Contemplativa</a></i>. 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"War Der Verfasser Der Oden Salomos Ein "Qumran-Christ"? Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Anfänge der Gnosis". <i>Revue de Qumrân</i>. <b>4</b> (16). Peeters: 523–555.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Qumr%C3%A2n&rft.atitle=War+Der+Verfasser+Der+Oden+Salomos+Ein+%22Qumran-Christ%22%3F+Ein+Beitrag+zur+Diskussion+um+die+Anf%C3%A4nge+der+Gnosis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=523-555&rft.date=1964-04&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldihisi2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/"><i>The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba</i></a> (PhD). University College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+story+of+creation+in+the+Mandaean+holy+book+in+the+Ginza+Rba&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Aldihisi&rft.aufirst=Sabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1444088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughenour1982" class="citation journal cs1">Coughenour, Robert A. (December 1982). "The Wisdom Stance of Enoch's Redactor". <i>Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period</i>. <b>13</b> (1–2). Brill: 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism+in+the+Persian%2C+Hellenistic%2C+and+Roman+Period&rft.atitle=The+Wisdom+Stance+of+Enoch%27s+Redactor&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1982-12&rft.aulast=Coughenour&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSN-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSN_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrikhah_S._Nasoraia2012" class="citation web cs1">Brikhah S. Nasoraia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isamveri.org/pdfdrg/D201813/2012_I/2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf">"Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Text+and+Esoteric+Praxis+in+Sabian+Mandaean+Religion&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Brikhah+S.+Nasoraia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisamveri.org%2Fpdfdrg%2FD201813%2F2012_I%2F2012_I_NASORAIAB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-War-of-the-Sons-of-Light-Against-the-Sons-of-Darkness">"The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+War+of+the+Sons+of+Light+Against+the+Sons+of+Darkness&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-War-of-the-Sons-of-Light-Against-the-Sons-of-Darkness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HG-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HG_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1953" class="citation book cs1">Drower, Ethel Stefana (1953). <i>The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa</i>. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haran+Gawaita+and+the+Baptism+of+Hibil-Ziwa&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Apostolica+Vaticana&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Stefana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1937" class="citation book cs1">Drower, Ethel Stefana (1937). <i>The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran</i>. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans+of+Iraq+and+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Stefana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachlili1988" class="citation book cs1">Hachlili, Rachel (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JswUAAAAIAAJ&dq=essene+burial&pg=PA101"><i>Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Land of Israel</i></a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004081151" title="Special:BookSources/9004081151"><bdi>9004081151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Jewish+Art+and+Archaeology+in+the+Land+of+Israel&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9004081151&rft.aulast=Hachlili&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJswUAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dessene%2Bburial%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2006" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Hillel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhJYEAAAQBAJ&q=Proximity+to+Power+and+Jewish+Sectarian+Groups+of+the+Ancient+Period"><i>Proximity to Power and Jewish Sectarian Groups of the Ancient Period</i></a>. Koninklijke Brill NV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047408352" title="Special:BookSources/9789047408352"><bdi>9789047408352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proximity+to+Power+and+Jewish+Sectarian+Groups+of+the+Ancient+Period&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789047408352&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhJYEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DProximity%2Bto%2BPower%2Band%2BJewish%2BSectarian%2BGroups%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAncient%2BPeriod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEUTSCH2-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEUTSCH2_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch2007" class="citation web cs1">Deutsch, Nathaniel (6 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/opinion/06deutsch.html">"Save the Gnostics"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Save+the+Gnostics&rft.date=2007-10-06&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F06%2Fopinion%2F06deutsch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamidović2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hamidović, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=607cb5ef1eb49">"About the Links between the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mandaean Liturgy"</a>. <i>ARAM Periodical</i>. <b>22</b>: 441–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FARAM.22.0.2131048">10.2143/ARAM.22.0.2131048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARAM+Periodical&rft.atitle=About+the+Links+between+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+Mandaean+Liturgy&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=441-451&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FARAM.22.0.2131048&rft.aulast=Hamidovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fsecure%2FPOJ%2Fdownloadpdf.php%3Fticket_id%3D607cb5ef1eb49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dss-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dss_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dss_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffmanVanderKam2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schiffman, Lawrence H.; VanderKam, James C., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/">"Magharians"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508450-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508450-4"><bdi>978-0-19-508450-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magharians&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508450-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkavy" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harkavy, Abraham. "Le-Ḳorot ha-Kittot be-Yisrael". In <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Grätz, Heinrich</a> (ed.). <i>Geschichte der Juden</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. iii. p. 496.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le-%E1%B8%B2orot+ha-Kittot+be-Yisrael&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Juden&rft.pages=496&rft.aulast=Harkavy&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderAlexander1983" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, David; Alexander, Pat (1983). <i>The Lion handbook to the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tring" title="Tring">Tring</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lion_Hudson" title="Lion Hudson">Lion Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86760-271-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86760-271-6"><bdi>0-86760-271-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion+handbook+to+the+Bible&rft.place=Tring&rft.pub=Lion+Hudson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-86760-271-6&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1995" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, James (1995) [1963]. <i>The fire next time</i>. New York City: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-60151-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-60151-1"><bdi>0-679-60151-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fire+next+time&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-679-60151-1&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerKraft1996" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Walter; Kraft, Robert A. (1996) [1971]. <i>Orthodoxy and heresy in earliest Christianity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mifflintown,_Pennsylvania" title="Mifflintown, Pennsylvania">Mifflintown, Pennsylvania</a>: Sigler Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9623642-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9623642-7-4"><bdi>0-9623642-7-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+heresy+in+earliest+Christianity&rft.place=Mifflintown%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Sigler+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-9623642-7-4&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Kraft%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettOsburnOsburn1995" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Chris; Osburn, Lynn; Osburn, Judy (1995). <i>Green gold the tree of life: marijuana in magic & religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Frazier_Park,_California" title="Frazier Park, California">Frazier Park, California</a>: Access Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9629872-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9629872-2-0"><bdi>0-9629872-2-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+gold+the+tree+of+life%3A+marijuana+in+magic+%26+religion&rft.place=Frazier+Park%2C+California&rft.pub=Access+Unlimited&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-9629872-2-0&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Osburn%2C+Lynn&rft.au=Osburn%2C+Judy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmeier1993" class="citation book cs1">Bergmeier, Roland (1993). <i>Die Essener-Berichte des Flavius Josephus: Quellenstudien zu den Essenertexten im Werk des judischen Historiographen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampen, Germany">Kampen, Germany</a>: Kok Pharos Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-390-0014-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-390-0014-X"><bdi>90-390-0014-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Essener-Berichte+des+Flavius+Josephus%3A+Quellenstudien+zu+den+Essenertexten+im+Werk+des+judischen+Historiographen&rft.place=Kampen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Kok+Pharos+Publishing+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-390-0014-X&rft.aulast=Bergmeier&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBultmann1987" class="citation book cs1">Bultmann, Rudolf (1987). "Significance of the Historical Jesus for the Theology of Paul". <i>Faith and understanding</i>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Augsburg Fortress">Augsburg Fortress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-3202-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-3202-8"><bdi>0-8006-3202-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Significance+of+the+Historical+Jesus+for+the+Theology+of+Paul&rft.btitle=Faith+and+understanding&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8006-3202-8&rft.aulast=Bultmann&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2006" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, Joshua Ezra (2006). "Essene Sectarianism and Social Differentiation in Judaea After 70 C.E". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Theological_Review" title="Harvard Theological Review">Harvard Theological Review</a></i>. <b>99</b> (3): 247–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816006001246">10.1017/S0017816006001246</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162491248">162491248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Essene+Sectarianism+and+Social+Differentiation+in+Judaea+After+70+C.E&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-74&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816006001246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162491248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Joshua+Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a> (1993). <i>Caesar and Christ</i>. MJF Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-552-12435-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-552-12435-9"><bdi>5-552-12435-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar+and+Christ&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=5-552-12435-9&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenman1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Eisenman, Robert H.</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/James_the_Brother_of_Jesus_(book)" title="James the Brother of Jesus (book)"><i>James, the brother of Jesus: the key to unlocking the secrets of early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5"><bdi>0-670-86932-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James%2C+the+brother+of+Jesus%3A+the+key+to+unlocking+the+secrets+of+early+Christianity+and+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-670-86932-5&rft.aulast=Eisenman&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing1994" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Upton Clary (1994) [1963]. <i>The prophet of the Dead Sea Scrolls: the Essenes and the Early Christians, one and the same holy people: their seven devout practices</i>. Tree of Life Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930852-26-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-930852-26-5"><bdi>0-930852-26-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30358890">30358890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+the+Essenes+and+the+Early+Christians%2C+one+and+the+same+holy+people%3A+their+seven+devout+practices&rft.pub=Tree+of+Life+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30358890&rft.isbn=0-930852-26-5&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Upton+Clary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing1961" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Upton Clary (1961). <i>The Essene Christ</i>. New York City: Philosophical Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/384703">384703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essene+Christ&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F384703&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Upton+Clary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegge1964" class="citation book cs1">Legge, Francis (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forerunnersrival00legg"><i>Forerunners and rivals of Christianity, from 330 B.C. to 330 A.D.</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_Hyde_Park,_New_York" title="New Hyde Park, New York">New Hyde Park, New York</a>: University Books. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64024125">64024125</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/381558">381558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forerunners+and+rivals+of+Christianity%2C+from+330+B.C.+to+330+A.D.&rft.place=New+Hyde+Park%2C+New+York&rft.pub=University+Books&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F381558&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64024125&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforerunnersrival00legg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolb1995" class="citation book cs1">Golb, Norman (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whowrotedeadseas00golb"><i>Who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?: the search for the secret of Qumran</i></a>. New York City: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-544395-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-544395-X"><bdi>0-02-544395-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31009916">31009916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+wrote+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3F%3A+the+search+for+the+secret+of+Qumran&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31009916&rft.isbn=0-02-544395-X&rft.aulast=Golb&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhowrotedeadseas00golb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Spencer_Lewis" title="Harvey Spencer Lewis">Lewis, Harvey Spencer</a> (1997) [1929]. <i>Mystical Life of Jesus</i>. <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mystical_Order_Rosae_Crucis" title="Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis">Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912057-46-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-912057-46-7"><bdi>0-912057-46-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43629126">43629126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystical+Life+of+Jesus&rft.place=San+Jose%2C+California&rft.pub=Ancient+Mystical+Order+Rosae+Crucis&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43629126&rft.isbn=0-912057-46-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Harvey+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoester1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Koester, Helmut</a> (1971). "The Theological Aspects of Primitive Christian Heresy". In James McConkey Robinson (ed.). <i>The Future of our religious past: essays in honour of Rudolf Bultmann</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246558">246558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theological+Aspects+of+Primitive+Christian+Heresy&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+our+religious+past%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Rudolf+Bultmann&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246558&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosmala1959" class="citation book cs1">Kosmala, Hans (1959). <i>Hebräer-Essener-Christen: Studien zur Vorgeschichte der frühchristlichen Verkündigung</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02135-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-02135-8"><bdi>978-90-04-02135-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebr%C3%A4er-Essener-Christen%3A+Studien+zur+Vorgeschichte+der+fr%C3%BChchristlichen+Verk%C3%BCndigung.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-90-04-02135-8&rft.aulast=Kosmala&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Larson" title="Martin A. Larson">Larson, Martin Alfred</a> (1977). <i>The story of Christian origins: or, The sources and establishment of Western religion</i>. Washington: J.J. Binns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88331-090-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88331-090-2"><bdi>0-88331-090-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2810217">2810217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+Christian+origins%3A+or%2C+The+sources+and+establishment+of+Western+religion&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=J.J.+Binns&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2810217&rft.isbn=0-88331-090-2&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Martin+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Larson" title="Martin A. Larson">Larson, Martin Alfred</a> (1967). <i>The Essene heritage: or, The teacher of the scrolls and the gospel Christ</i>. New York City: Philosophical Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/712416">712416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essene+heritage%3A+or%2C+The+teacher+of+the+scrolls+and+the+gospel+Christ&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F712416&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Martin+Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillie1887" class="citation book cs1">Lillie, Arthur (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/buddhisminchrist00lilluoft/buddhisminchrist00lilluoft_djvu.txt"><i>Buddhism in Christendom, or, Jesus, the Essene</i></a>. 1 <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_Square" title="Paternoster Square">Paternoster Square</a>, London: Kegan Paul & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Christendom%2C+or%2C+Jesus%2C+the+Essene&rft.place=1+Paternoster+Square%2C+London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+%26+Co.&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Lillie&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbuddhisminchrist00lilluoft%2Fbuddhisminchrist00lilluoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1992). <i>Judaism: practice and belief, 63 BCE–66 CE</i>. London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56338-015-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56338-015-3"><bdi>1-56338-015-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/243725142">243725142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism%3A+practice+and+belief%2C+63+BCE%E2%80%9366+CE&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243725142&rft.isbn=1-56338-015-3&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavoy1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Savoy" title="Gene Savoy">Savoy, Gene</a> (1980) [1978]. <i>The Essaei Document: Secrets of an Eternal Race: Codicil to The Decoded New Testament</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a>: International Community of Christ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936202-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-936202-03-3"><bdi>0-936202-03-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13952564">13952564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essaei+Document%3A+Secrets+of+an+Eternal+Race%3A+Codicil+to+The+Decoded+New+Testament&rft.place=Reno%2C+Nevada&rft.pub=International+Community+of+Christ&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13952564&rft.isbn=0-936202-03-3&rft.aulast=Savoy&rft.aufirst=Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Schiffman, Lawrence H.</a> (1991). <i>From text to tradition: a history of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</i>. New York City: Ktav Pub. House. pp. 113–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-372-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-372-3"><bdi>0-88125-372-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23733614">23733614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+text+to+tradition%3A+a+history+of+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=113-116&rft.pub=Ktav+Pub.+House&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23733614&rft.isbn=0-88125-372-3&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonfield1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Schonfield, Hugh J.</a> (1984). <i>The Essene Odyssey: The Mystery of the True Teacher and the Essene Impact on the Shaping of Human Destiny</i>. Tisbury: Element Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906540-49-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-906540-49-6"><bdi>0-906540-49-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12223220">12223220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essene+Odyssey%3A+The+Mystery+of+the+True+Teacher+and+the+Essene+Impact+on+the+Shaping+of+Human+Destiny&rft.place=Tisbury&rft.pub=Element+Books&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12223220&rft.isbn=0-906540-49-6&rft.aulast=Schonfield&rft.aufirst=Hugh+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonfield1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Schonfield, Hugh J.</a> (1991) [1968]. <i>Those Incredible Christians</i>. Tisbury: Element Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906540-71-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-906540-71-2"><bdi>0-906540-71-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13536522">13536522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Those+Incredible+Christians&rft.place=Tisbury&rft.pub=Element+Books&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13536522&rft.isbn=0-906540-71-2&rft.aulast=Schonfield&rft.aufirst=Hugh+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw, George Bernard</a> (2004) [1912]. <a href="/wiki/Androcles_and_the_Lion_(play)" title="Androcles and the Lion (play)"><i>Androcles and The Lion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Iowa" title="Fairfield, Iowa">Fairfield, Iowa</a>: 1st World Library – Literary Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59540-237-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59540-237-3"><bdi>1-59540-237-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63203922">63203922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Androcles+and+The+Lion&rft.place=Fairfield%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=1st+World+Library+%E2%80%93+Literary+Society&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63203922&rft.isbn=1-59540-237-3&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=George+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1959" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Enid S. (October 1959). "The Essenes Who Changed Churchianity". <i><a href="/wiki/Rays_from_the_Rose_Cross" title="Rays from the Rose Cross">Rays from the Rose Cross</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rays+from+the+Rose+Cross&rft.atitle=The+Essenes+Who+Changed+Churchianity&rft.date=1959-10&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Enid+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaclavik1986" class="citation book cs1">Vaclavik, Charles P. (1986). <i>The vegetarianism of Jesus Christ</i>. <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers,_California" title="Three Rivers, California">Three Rivers, California</a>: Kaweah Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945146-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-945146-00-0"><bdi>0-945146-00-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26054343">26054343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+vegetarianism+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.place=Three+Rivers%2C+California&rft.pub=Kaweah+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26054343&rft.isbn=0-945146-00-0&rft.aulast=Vaclavik&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEssenes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vermes, Geza; Goodman, Martin. The Essenes According to the Classical Sources. JSOT on behalf of the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies: Sheffield, 1989.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essenes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Essenes" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Essenes">Essenes</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Essenes" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Essenes">Essenes</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05546a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Essenes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=478&letter=E&search=Essenes">Jewish Encyclopedia: Essenes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duke.edu/~goranson/Essenes_&_Others.pdf">Essenes and Others</a>: argues that the Hebrew original form of the name later spelled "Essenes" is in some Qumran scrolls as a self-designation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duke.edu/~goranson/jannaeus.pdf">"Jannaeus, His Brother Absalom, and Judah the Essene"</a> Stephen Goranson, identities of Wicked Priest and Teacher of Righteousness, relevant to history of the Essenes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227054921/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Rs/rak/courses/225/texts/ESSENES">Thematically compiled comparison of the parallels in the ancient sources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929134134/http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/community">The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls/ Essenes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F3C301;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Template:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Template talk:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Q106" title="4Q106">4Q106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q107" title="4Q107">4Q107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q108" title="4Q108">4Q108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q119" title="4Q119">4Q119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4Q120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q121" title="4Q121">4Q121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q122" title="4Q122">4Q122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q126" title="4Q126">4Q126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q127" title="4Q127">4Q127</a></li> <li>4Q166</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q175" title="4Q175">4Q175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q240" title="4Q240">4Q240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q246" title="4Q246">4Q246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q252" class="mw-redirect" title="4Q252">4Q252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q448" title="4Q448">4Q448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q521" title="4Q521">4Q521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Qahat" title="Testament of Qahat">4Q542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q41" title="4Q41">4QDeuteronomy<sup>n</sup> (4Q41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QInstruction" title="4QInstruction">4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QMMT" title="4QMMT">4QMMT (4Q394–399)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6Q6" title="6Q6">6Q6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q1" title="7Q1">7Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Psalms_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Psalms Scroll">11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">11QpaleoLev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q13" title="11Q13">11Q13 Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q18_New_Jerusalem" title="11Q18 New Jerusalem">11Q18 New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkhi_Nafshi" title="Barkhi Nafshi">Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mysteries">The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Scroll" title="Copper Scroll">Copper Scroll (3Q15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document (CD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Genesis Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Scroll" title="Isaiah Scroll">Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa<sup>a</sup></a><a href="/wiki/1QIsab" title="1QIsab">,1QIsa<sup>b</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Commentary" title="Nahum Commentary">Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Dead_Sea_Scroll" title="New Jerusalem Dead Sea Scroll">New Jerusalem Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Physiognomies" title="Qumran Physiognomies">Physiognomies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Qumran_%22Horoscopes%22_(4Q186)" title="Qumran "Horoscopes" (4Q186)">Horoscopes (4Q186)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Ezekiel" title="Pseudo-Ezekiel">Pseudo-Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Blessing" title="The Rule of the Blessing">Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Congregation" title="The Rule of the Congregation">Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Samuel_Scroll" title="The Samuel Scroll">Samuel Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seekers_After_Smooth_Things" title="The Seekers After Smooth Things">The Seekers After Smooth Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Sabbath_Sacrifice" title="Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice">Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q510%E2%80%93511" title="4Q510–511">Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll (11Q19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Hymns" title="Thanksgiving Hymns">Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Messiah" title="The War of the Messiah">The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran Caves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_1" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1">cave 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_2" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_3" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_4" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_5" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_6" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_7" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_8" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_9" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_10" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_11" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_cemetery" title="Qumran cemetery">Qumran cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">Ein Feshkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlit" title="Kohlit">Kohlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secacah" title="Secacah">Secacah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Essenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls">Carbon dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahad_Ostracon" title="Yahad Ostracon">Yahad Ostracon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_messiahs" title="Dual messiahs">Dual messiahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_Priest" title="Wicked Priest">Wicked Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Calendrical texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abegg" title="Martin Abegg">Martin G. Abegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Allegro" title="John M. Allegro">John Marco Allegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Baumgarten" title="Joseph M. Baumgarten">Joseph M. Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Sidnie White Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dupont-Sommer" title="André Dupont-Sommer">André Dupont-Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Hanan Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Flint" title="Peter Flint">Peter W. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">David Noel Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Humbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Humbert">Jean-Baptiste Humbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentino_Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Florentino García Martínez">Florentino García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lankester_Harding" title="Gerald Lankester Harding">Gerald Lankester Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizhar_Hirschfeld" title="Yizhar Hirschfeld">Yizhar Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest-Marie_Laperrousaz" title="Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz">Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Magness" title="Jodi Magness">Jodi Magness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Qimron" title="Elisha Qimron">Elisha Qimron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Sanders" title="James A. Sanders">James A. Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Lawrence Schiffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Hershel Shanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_W._Skehan" title="Patrick W. Skehan">Patrick W. Skehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Steckoll" title="Solomon H. Steckoll">Solomon H. Steckoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Stegemann" title="Hartmut Stegemann">Hartmut Stegemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Strugnell" title="John Strugnell">John Strugnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Sukenik" title="Eleazar Sukenik">Eleazar Sukenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Peter_Thiede" title="Carsten Peter Thiede">Carsten Peter Thiede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Trever" title="John C. Trever">John C. Trever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Eugene Ulrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Géza Vermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_O%27Callaghan_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José O'Callaghan Martínez">José O'Callaghan Martínez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albright_Institute_of_Archaeological_Research" title="Albright Institute of Archaeological Research">AIAR</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Overseas_Research" title="American Society of Overseas Research">ASOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Enoch_Scroll" title="Aramaic Enoch Scroll">Aramaic Enoch Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Center" title="Orion Center">Orion Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert" title="Discoveries in the Judaean Desert">Discoveries in the Judaean Desert</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Samuel">Mar Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed_edh-Dhib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed edh-Dhib">Muhammed edh-Dhib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_Albina" title="Najib Albina">Najib Albina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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