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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recorded_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recorded vote</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recorded_vote-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recorded vote subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recorded_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Signed_ballot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signed_ballot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Signed ballot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signed_ballot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balloting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balloting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Balloting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Balloting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Balloting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Balloting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Repeated_balloting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeated_balloting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Repeated balloting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeated_balloting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonstandard_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonstandard_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nonstandard rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonstandard_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Runoff_and_elimination_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runoff_and_elimination_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Runoff and elimination rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runoff_and_elimination_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiwinner_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiwinner_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Multiwinner voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiwinner_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motions_relating_to_methods_of_voting_and_the_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motions_relating_to_methods_of_voting_and_the_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motions_relating_to_methods_of_voting_and_the_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_systems_in_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_systems_in_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voting systems in legislatures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voting_systems_in_legislatures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voting systems in legislatures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voting_systems_in_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>United States House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>United States Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>State legislatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Parliament of the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devolved_assemblies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devolved_assemblies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Devolved assemblies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devolved_assemblies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_State_Duma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_State_Duma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Russian State Duma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_State_Duma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Methods of voting on motions</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_assembly" title="Deliberative assembly">Deliberative assemblies</a> – bodies that use <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">parliamentary procedure</a> to arrive at <a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">decisions</a> – use several methods of <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a> on <a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">motions</a> (formal proposal by members of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action). The regular methods of voting in such bodies are a voice vote, a rising vote, and a show of hands. Additional forms of voting include a recorded vote and balloting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regular_methods">Regular methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Regular methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice_vote">Voice vote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Voice vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voice_vote" title="Voice vote">Voice vote</a></div><p><i><a href="/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order" title="Robert's Rules of Order">Robert's Rules of Order</a> Newly Revised</i> (RONR) states that a voice vote (<i>viva voce</i>) is the usual method of voting on any motion that does not require more than a majority vote for its adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered the simplest and quickest of voting methods used by deliberative assemblies. The <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chair</a> of the assembly will put the question to the assembly, asking first for those in favor of the motion to indicate so verbally ("aye" or "yes"), and then ask those opposed to the motion to indicate so verbally ("no"). The chair will then estimate which side had more members. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rising_vote">Rising vote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rising vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_assembly" title="Division of the assembly">Division of the assembly</a></div><p>A simple rising vote (in which the number of members voting on each side rise to their feet) is used principally in cases in which the <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chair</a> believes a voice vote has been taken with an inconclusive result, or upon a motion to divide the assembly. A rising vote is also often the normal method of voting on motions requiring a two-thirds vote for adoption. It can also be used as the first method of voting when only a majority vote is required if the chair believes in advance that a voice vote will be inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chair can also order the rising vote to be counted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another use is on a resolution honoring or in memory of a notable person, when the assembly stands in honor or remembrance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Show_of_hands">Show of hands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Show of hands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A show of hands is a method of public voting, often used in small boards, committees or also informal gatherings, or some larger assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members raise their hands to indicate support for the motion, then for opposition to it. The chairperson assesses which side had the most hands, sometimes by counting them individually. This method is more precise than a <a href="#Voice_vote">voice vote</a> and ensures that each member's vote is counted equally (no advantage for shouting louder). However, it is not a full <a href="/wiki/Division_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division (politics)">division</a> of the assembly, and can produce a larger number of <a href="/wiki/Abstentions" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstentions">abstentions</a> than a <a href="#Rising_vote">rising vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recorded_vote">Recorded vote</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recorded vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A <b>recorded vote</b> is a vote in which the votes (for or against) of each member of the assembly are recorded (and often later published). RONR explains:<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_2011_420_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_2011_420-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Taking a vote by <i><b>roll call</b></i> (or by <i><b>yeas and nays</b></i>, as it is also called) has the effect of placing on the record how each member, or sometimes each delegation, votes; therefore, it has exactly the opposite effect of a ballot vote. It is usually confined to representative bodies, where the proceeds are published, since it enables constituents to know how their representatives voted on certain measures. It should not be used in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_meeting" title="Mass meeting">mass meeting</a> or in any assembly whose members are not responsible to a constituency.</p></blockquote> <p>Recorded votes may either be taken by actually calling the roll (a task typically ordered by the chair and performed by the secretary) or, in some assemblies, by electronic device.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signed_ballot">Signed ballot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Signed ballot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>signed ballot</b> is sometimes used as a substitute for a roll call vote. It allows the members' votes to be recorded in the minutes without the chair having to call the names of each member individually.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_2011_420_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_2011_420-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A motion to use a signed ballot is one of the motions relating to methods of voting and the polls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Balloting">Balloting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Balloting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repeated_balloting">Repeated balloting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Repeated balloting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Repeated balloting</b> or the <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule"><b>majority rule</b></a> is the standard election method for most parliamentary elections. In it, a candidate is elected if they receive support from a majority of the voters. At no point are any candidates involuntarily eliminated, as they would under <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's Manual">Mason's Manual</a></i> states, "In the absence of a special rule, a majority vote is necessary to elect officers and a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> is not sufficient. A vote for the election of officers, when no candidate receives a majority vote, is of no effect, and the situation remains exactly as though no vote had been taken."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Demeter%27s_Manual_of_Parliamentary_Law_and_Procedure" title="Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure">Demeter's Manual</a></i> states, "The fact that a majority (or a plurality) of the votes are cast for an ineligible candidate does not entitle the candidate receiving the next highest number of votes to be declared elected. In such a case, the voters have failed to make a choice, and they proceed to vote again."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Repeated balloting allows a <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a> or compromise candidate, who received few votes in the first round, to become the candidate that opposing factions agree to settle on.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it can prevent a candidate who is opposed by the majority of the electorate from being elected, as might happen under plurality.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A disadvantage is that if no one drops out of the race, and the voters are unwilling to switch sides, balloting can theoretically go on forever. In the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election of 1800</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> were tied at 73 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral votes</a> each, and in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> the election was determined via a <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, where it took six days of debate and 36 ballots to elect Jefferson as the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between rounds of balloting, members can make motions to help the assembly complete the election within a reasonable time. For instance, the assembly may vote to drop the candidate having the lowest vote after each successive vote, or <a href="/wiki/Motions_relating_to_methods_of_voting_and_the_polls" class="mw-redirect" title="Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls">reopen nominations</a> for the office in order to secure a candidate on whom the majority can agree. This can help break a deadlock.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#December_1855_–_February_1856" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">1855-56 election</a> for <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a>, the chamber, which had been deadlocked for 129 ballots, adopted a plurality rule stating that, if after three more ballots no one garnered a majority of the votes, the person receiving the highest number of votes on the next ensuing ballot would be declared speaker. On the decisive 133rd ballot, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> received the most votes, 103 votes out of 214, or five less than a majority, and was elected speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonstandard_rules">Nonstandard rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nonstandard rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Runoff_and_elimination_rules">Runoff and elimination rules</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Runoff and elimination rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">Ranked voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></div> <p>Preferential voting allows members to vote on more than one proposal or candidate at a time, and to rank the various options in order of preference. </p><p><i>Robert's Rules of Order</i> recommends using <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked voting</a> when it is not possible to use repeated ballots, but prefers repeated ballots over <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> where possible because the latter "affords less freedom of choice than repeated balloting, because it denies voters the opportunity of basing their second or lesser choices on the results of earlier ballots, and because the candidate or proposition in last place is automatically eliminated and may thus be prevented from becoming a compromise choice".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, preferential voting can be used only if the bylaws specifically authorize it.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is worth noting that elimination of the candidate with fewest votes is a feature of <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>, but not of most <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">modern ranked voting methods</a> (which, by the <a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">median voter theorem</a>, will tend to elect compromise candidates in a single round of voting). </p><p>RONR advises against any such voting rule, saying that "The nominee receiving the lowest number of votes is never removed from the ballot unless the bylaws so require, or unless he withdraws – which, in the absence of such a bylaw, he is not obligated to do. The nominee in lowest place may turn out to be a '<a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a>' on whom all factions may prefer to agree".<sup id="cite_ref-:13_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">social choice</a>, this procedure by which elimination rules tend to eliminate consensus candidates is called the <a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">center squeeze effect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiwinner_voting">Multiwinner voting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Multiwinner voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></div> <p>RONR discusses <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">cumulative voting</a>, a procedure that allows electors to divide a single vote between multiple candidates into <i>k</i> parts; the case where <i>k</i>=1 is called <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">single non-transferable vote</a>. RONR notes that "A minority group, by coordinating its effort in voting for only one candidate who is a member of the group, may be able to secure the election of that candidate as a minority member of the board".<sup id="cite_ref-:43_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar, but more <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a>, rules include <a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Phragmen's rules">Phragmen's rules</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motions_relating_to_methods_of_voting_and_the_polls">Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls (RONR)</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Incidental</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/In_order_when_another_has_the_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="In order when another has the floor">In order when another has the floor</a>?</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Second_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Second (parliamentary procedure)">Requires second</a>?</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Debate_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Debate (parliamentary procedure)">Debatable</a>?</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reconsideration_of_a_motion" title="Reconsideration of a motion">May be reconsidered</a>?</th><td class="infobox-data">To close polls, no; to reopen polls, negative vote only; all others, yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Amend_(motion)" title="Amend (motion)">Amendable</a>?</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Voting_basis" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting basis">Vote required</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Majority, except two-thirds for motion to close polls</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls</b> are incidental motions used to obtain a vote on a question in some form other than by voice or by division of the assembly; or to close or reopen the polls. For instance, a motion can be made to vote by ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These motions generally cannot be used to specify alternative forms of voting such as cumulative voting or preferential voting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robert_2011_426_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_2011_426-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those methods can only be done through a provision in the bylaws. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Proxy_voting" title="Proxy voting">proxy voting</a> is generally prohibited, except in situations in which membership is transferable, as in stock corporations and even then, only by authorization in the bylaws.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voting_systems_in_legislatures">Voting systems in legislatures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Voting systems in legislatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many legislative bodies use electronic voting systems for recorded votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic">Legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative assemblies of the Roman Empire">Legislative assemblies of the Roman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom">Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom</a></div> <p>In the various types of <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic">legislative assemblies</a> (<i>comitia</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the voting was preceded by a <i>contio</i> (public meeting at which issues or candidates were presented). After the presiding magistrate called an end to this, citizens were dispersed into roped-off areas and were called forth in groups across raised gangways. Initially, each voter gave his vote orally to an official who made a note of it on an official tablet, but later in the Republic, the <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> was introduced, and the voter recorded his vote with a <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a> on a wax-covered <a href="/wiki/Boxwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxwood">boxwood</a> tablet, then dropped the completed ballot in the <i>sitella</i> or <i>urna</i> (voting urn), sometimes also called <i><a href="/wiki/Cista" title="Cista">cista</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History of the United States Congress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Procedures of the United States Congress">Procedures of the United States Congress</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_House_of_Representatives">United States House of Representatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">History of the United States House of Representatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">Procedures of the United States House of Representatives</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg/220px-C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg/330px-C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg/440px-C-SPAN_112th_Congress_Roll_Call.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> taking a roll-call vote to elect its speaker for the <a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th Congress</a>, as broadcast by <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1869, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> filed for a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> on the first electric vote recorder, and demonstrated the system to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first proposal for automated voting in Congress was made in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next 84 years, fifty bills and resolutions to establish an automatic, electrical, mechanical, or electronic voting system in Congress were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Reorganization_Act_of_1970" title="Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970">Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970</a> authorized electronic voting for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronic voting was first used in the House on January 23, 1973, to record a <a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">quorum call</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the system implemented in the 1970s, members of the House may vote at any one of a number of stations located throughout the chamber. Each member has a small plastic card, punched identically on either end.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To cast a vote, the representative inserts the card into the station in any direction and presses one of three buttons: "Yea," "Nay," or "Present."<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The representative's vote is then displayed in two summary panels above the press gallery seats and to the right and left of the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">speaker's</a> <a href="/wiki/Dais" title="Dais">dais</a>. The panel shows the member's name and a light corresponding to how that member voted (green for yea, red for nay, and amber for present), keeps a running count of vote casts, and displays time remaining for a vote (most votes are held open for at least fifteen minutes).<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system as used today is much the same as that used in the 1970s, although today, member's voting cards are <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">magnetic stripe cards</a> that contain identification information.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a representative has voted, he or she may check the vote by reinserting the card and seeing which light is illuminated at the voting station.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first ten minutes of a vote, a representative may also change his or her vote by reinserting the card to change the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a representative wants to change his or her vote in the last five minutes of a fifteen-minute vote, the representative must use a teller card in the well of the House.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tally clerk then manually enters the vote into the electronic voting system.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, the electronic voting system was updated to be compatible with the House's newly installed <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> system showing the House chamber. The updates enabled in-progress voting counts to be displayed on the closed-circuit TV system.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In-progress vote counts are now also shown on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Straus_24-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_Senate">United States Senate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">History of the United States Senate</a></div> <p>The three means of voting in the Senate are voice, division, and "the yeas and nays" (recorded votes or roll-call votes).<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a voice vote, the <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">presiding officer</a> first asks those in favor to say "aye", and then opposed to say "no".<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presiding officer then announces who appeared to win the vote ("The ayes [noes] appear to have it.").<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One variation of a voice vote is for the presiding officer to state: "<a href="/wiki/Without_objection" class="mw-redirect" title="Without objection">Without objection</a> the amendment [bill, resolution, motion, etc.] is agreed to [or not agreed to]."<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If any senator objects to the presiding officer's determination, a vote will occur by another method (usually a recorded vote).<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A division vote (taken by having each side stand) is rare in the Senate, but may be requested by any senator or ordered by the presiding officer if the outcome of the voice vote is doubtful.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the voice vote, a division does not provide a record of how each senator voted. The chair announces the result of a division vote. As in a voice vote, any senator may ask for a recorded vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third method is a recorded vote ("the yeas and nays"), currently taken by a roll call.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clerk calls the roll of senators alphabetical by name, and each Senator individually responds.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the call, the clerk then identifies those who voted in the affirmative and those in the negative.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time limit for roll-call votes is nominally fifteen minutes as set by <a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">unanimous consent</a> at the start of a two-year Congress, but votes are sometimes held open for longer so that senators may arrive.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the House, the Senate does not use electronic voting.<sup id="cite_ref-Oleszek_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lesniewski_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesniewski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2013, <a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Leader">Senate Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> suggested that he would not be opposed to setting up an electronic system similar to that used in the House, but also stated that he didn't see any change occurring "in the near future".<sup id="cite_ref-Lesniewski_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesniewski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of an electronic system would make it possible for the Senate to vote more quickly during "<a href="/wiki/Vote-a-rama" title="Vote-a-rama">vote-a-rama</a>" sessions on amendments to budget resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lesniewski_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesniewski-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>S. Res. 480, a Senate resolution passed in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created a standing order of the Senate requiring that each senator vote from his or her assigned desk. The resolution was sponsored by Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Jennings Randolph</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. However, the rule is widely ignored, and senators typically vote while milling about the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a>. All senators do vote from their desks, however, when asked to do so by the Senate majority leader. This typically is done on particularly solemn or important votes. The <a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Senate Historical Office</a> maintains a list of occasions when senators voted from their desks: these included the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_Care_and_Education_Reconciliation_Act_of_2010" title="Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010">Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act</a>; the <a href="/wiki/List_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">confirmation votes of Supreme Court justices</a>; and votes on <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of impeachment">articles of impeachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_legislatures">State legislatures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: State legislatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">State legislature (United States)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wisconsin_State_Assembly_Chairs_and_Electronic_Vote_Board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Wisconsin_State_Assembly_Chairs_and_Electronic_Vote_Board.jpg/220px-Wisconsin_State_Assembly_Chairs_and_Electronic_Vote_Board.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Wisconsin_State_Assembly_Chairs_and_Electronic_Vote_Board.jpg/330px-Wisconsin_State_Assembly_Chairs_and_Electronic_Vote_Board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Wisconsin_State_Assembly_Chairs_and_Electronic_Vote_Board.jpg/440px-Wisconsin_State_Assembly_Chairs_and_Electronic_Vote_Board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a> chamber, with the electronic vote board on the wall. In 1917, the Wisconsin State Assembly became the first state legislative chamber to adopt an electronic voting system.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislatures</a> use electronic voting systems for recorded votes. The first state legislative chambers to install electronic voting systems were the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a> (1917), <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">Texas House of Representatives</a> (1919), and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1923).<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electronic voting systems continued to spread, and by 1980, nearly half of legislatures used such a system.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, almost two-thirds of the legislative bodies have installed electronic voting systems.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 40 percent of chambers have made updates to their system since 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electronic voting systems typically have voting controls at the front desk and running vote total displays.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_State_Legislatures" title="National Conference of State Legislatures">National Conference of State Legislatures</a> has reported on various differences in state electronic voting-systems: </p> <ul><li>In more than half of chambers, the clerk or secretary opens and closes the roll-call system. In seventeen chambers, the presiding officer opens and closes the system; in five chambers, the reading clerk opens and closes the system, and in nine chambers, some other legislative staffer opens and closes the system.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 36 chambers, electronic roll-call votes are not subject to change. In one-third of chambers, however, changes are allowed if requested at the time of the vote. Seventeen chambers allow a roll-call vote to be changed upon a member's request at a later time.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 42 chambers, a running vote total is displayed to the chamber; running vote totals appear on the presiding officer's monitor in 62 chambers and on the clerk's monitor in 59.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>More sophisticated electronic voting systems are sometimes linked to other technology to assist the legislatures in their work: </p> <ul><li>In 48 chambers, the voting system is linked to journal production.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 40 chambers, the voting system is linked with the calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 24 chambers, the system has a debate timer.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In ten chambers, the presiding officer has a monitor displaying which legislators wish to speak and the order of the requests.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A minority of state legislative chambers do not use an electronic voting system. Fourteen chambers use a traditional manual roll-call system in which the clerk calls the roll orally, records each member's vote on paper, and then tallies the ayes and nays.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve chambers use a hybrid system in which the clerk orally calls the roll, but each member's vote is then entered into a system.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSL_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parliament of the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_assembly#United_Kingdom" title="Division of the assembly">Division of the assembly § United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of the United Kingdom">House of Lords of the United Kingdom</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill,_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg/395px-Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg" decoding="async" width="395" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg/593px-Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg/790px-Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> votes on the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> (Westminster), at the close of debate, the presiding officer of the chamber—the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>—"<a href="/wiki/Previous_question" title="Previous question">puts the motion</a>" by asking members to call out their votes, typically saying "As many as are of that opinion, say 'aye'". The supporters of the measure shout "aye". The Speaker then says, "Of the contrary, 'no'" and the opponents of the measure shout "no". The Speaker then makes a determination of which side has won ("I think the Ayes [or Noes] have it.").<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Division_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the result of the vote is unclear (or challenged by any member of the house), the Speaker will call for a <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of the house">division of the house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Division_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a division has been called, the order "Clear the Lobby" is given in the Commons, and <a href="/wiki/Division_bell" title="Division bell">division bells</a> ring out throughout the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Estate" title="Parliamentary Estate">Parliamentary Estate</a> to alert members that a vote is to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Division_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members then physically separate themselves into the division lobbies, the Aye lobby to the Speaker's right and the No lobby to the Speaker's left.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Division_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As members pass through the lobbies, clerks record their names and they are counted by tellers.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Division_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members have eight minutes to vote before the doors to the division lobbies are locked.<sup id="cite_ref-Division_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Commons, the tally is complete, the tellers approach the presiding officer and announce the tally, and then the Speaker or Lord Speaker announces the result.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Division_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some votes are "deferred" and instead conducted by means of an open ballot done at a convenient time for members. This is typically done for minor or technical legislation and is not permitted to be done for Bills.<sup id="cite_ref-Division2023_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division2023-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The House of Lords follows are similar procedure, though the words "aye" and "no" are replaced by "content" and "not content" and the order given before a division is "Clear the Bar".<sup id="cite_ref-Division_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the Lords now vote electronically but members must be physically present in Parliament in order to do so, unless special dispensation is obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-Division2023_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division2023-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 2020, proposals to adopt electronic voting in Parliament were considered but rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Division_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>For a temporary period between 22 April and 20 May 2020 due to COVID-19, Parliament sat virtually and both houses conducted electronic voting known as "virtual divisions".<sup id="cite_ref-Division2023_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division2023-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this no longer applies in the House of Commons, the count in that house is now counted and verified by electronic means of members scanning their passes as they enter a division lobby.<sup id="cite_ref-Division2023_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division2023-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devolved_assemblies">Devolved assemblies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Devolved assemblies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolved assemblies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> uses the Westminster mode of voting; members use "Aye" and "No" lobbies unless a unanimous voice vote is taken. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> (Holyrood), <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/States_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Jersey">States of Jersey</a> use electronic voting systems.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Parliament">History of the European Parliament</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, decisions are usually made by show of hands. If the show of hands leads to a doubtful result, the vote is taken by standing and sitting. If this, too, leads to a doubtful result, the vote is taken by roll call. (A roll-call vote is also taken if any <a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">political group</a> or any 21 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">members</a> request). The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">president of the European Parliament</a> may also decide to hold a vote using the Parliament's electronic voting system. Electronic voting systems are installed in each of the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">European Parliament's two locations</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Strasbourg" title="Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If at least 20% of the Parliament requests it before voting begins, the vote will be taken by secret ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_State_Duma">Russian State Duma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Russian State Duma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a></div><p>In the Russian <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>, relatively few roll call votes have been published that identify individual deputies' votes.<sup id="cite_ref-shocking_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shocking-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The votes of individuals are recorded only if the voting is open and the electronic method is used.<sup id="cite_ref-shocking_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shocking-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not all votes are officially roll call votes, every time a deputy electronically votes a computer registers the individual deputy's vote.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keypad_polling" title="Keypad polling">Keypad polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_system_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Voting system (disambiguation)">Voting system (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobert2011" class="citation book cs1">Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). <i>Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised</i> (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82020-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82020-5"><bdi>978-0-306-82020-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert%27s+Rules+of+Order+Newly+Revised&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82020-5&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Henry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+methods+in+deliberative+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 47 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rulesonline.com/rror-08.htm">Robert's Rules Online: Art. VIII. Vote.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221182030/http://www.rulesonline.com/rror-08.htm">Archived</a> 2019-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journals.house.texas.gov/HJRNL/88R/HTML/88RDAY26FINAL.HTM">https://journals.house.texas.gov/HJRNL/88R/HTML/88RDAY26FINAL.HTM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321214808/https://journals.house.texas.gov/HJRNL/88R/HTML/88RDAY26FINAL.HTM">Archived</a> 2023-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> uses the practice in memory of notables.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_2011_420-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_2011_420_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_2011_420_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 422</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> National Conference of State Legislatures (2000). <i>Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure</i>, p. 391 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Demeter, George (1969). <i>Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure</i>, Blue Book, p. 213 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Sturgis, Alice (2001). <i>The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure</i>, 4th ed., p. 135 (TSC)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Institution/Origins-Development/Electoral-College/">"Electoral College & Indecisive Elections"</a>. <i>history.house.gov</i>. Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328213457/https://history.house.gov/Institution/Origins-Development/Electoral-College/">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.house.gov&rft.atitle=Electoral+College+%26+Indecisive+Elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FInstitution%2FOrigins-Development%2FElectoral-College%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+methods+in+deliberative+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> TSC, p. 211 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/10/archives/the-election-of-speaker.html">"The Election of Speaker"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 10, 1860<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2019</span> – via The Times's print archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Election+of+Speaker&rft.date=1860-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1860%2F01%2F10%2Farchives%2Fthe-election-of-speaker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+methods+in+deliberative+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsNokken2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Nokken, Timothy P. (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.usc.edu/dist/2/77/files/2018/01/LSQ2000-2mtuewd.pdf">"The Institutional Origins of the Republican Party: Spatial Voting and the House Speakership Election of 1855–56"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Legislative Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 114, 128–130. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/440395">440395</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060439/https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.usc.edu/dist/2/77/files/2018/01/LSQ2000-2mtuewd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legislative+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Institutional+Origins+of+the+Republican+Party%3A+Spatial+Voting+and+the+House+Speakership+Election+of+1855%E2%80%9356&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114%2C+128-130&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F440395%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+A.&rft.au=Nokken%2C+Timothy+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com%2Fsites.usc.edu%2Fdist%2F2%2F77%2Ffiles%2F2018%2F01%2FLSQ2000-2mtuewd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+methods+in+deliberative+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 428</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:33_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:43_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, pp. 443–444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_2011_426-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_2011_426_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, p. 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert2011">Robert 2011</a>, pp. 428–429</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</i> (eds. Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, Esther Eidinow: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straus-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_24-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob R. Straus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34366.pdf">Electronic Voting System in the House of Representatives: History and Evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> (Feb. 11, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oleszek-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleszek_25-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter J. Oleszek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/CRSpubs/6e130ede-8244-4adf-99e9-0aec559df28a.pdf">Voting in the Senate: Forms and Requirements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115122732/https://www.senate.gov/CRSpubs/6e130ede-8244-4adf-99e9-0aec559df28a.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> (May 19, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lesniewski-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lesniewski_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lesniewski_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lesniewski_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Niels Lesniewski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/voting-by-electronic-device-in-the-senate/">Voting by Electronic Device — in the Senate?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611215944/http://blogs.rollcall.com/wgdb/voting-by-electronic-device-in-the-senate/">Archived</a> 2015-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Roll Call</i> (December 4, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/senate-resolution/480">S.Res. 480</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean Sullivan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2013/06/28/senators-voted-on-the-immigration-bill-from-their-desks-whats-up-with-that/">All 100 Senators voted on the immigration bill from their desks. That's a rarer occurrence than you might think</a>, <i>Washington Post</i> (June 28, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/SenatorsVotingfromtheirDesks.pdf">Voting from Desk in the Senate Chamber</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919141323/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/SenatorsVotingfromtheirDesks.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Senate Historical Office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Cowan & Thomas Ferraro, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-senate-idUSBRE95Q10X20130627">Senate passes sweeping immigration legislation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516083805/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-senate-idUSBRE95Q10X20130627">Archived</a> 2021-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters (June 27, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCSL-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCSL_31-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/documents/legismgt/ILP/96Tab5Pt3.pdf">Roll Call Voting Machines and Practices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608233358/https://www.ncsl.org/documents/legismgt/ILP/96Tab5Pt3.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_State_Legislatures" title="National Conference of State Legislatures">National Conference of State Legislatures</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">E. E. Reynolds, <i>Ourselves and the Community</i> (Cambridge University Press, 3d ed. 1950), pp. 125-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Division-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Division_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division_33-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division_33-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/divisions/">Divisions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429043105/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/divisions/">Archived</a> 2015-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Parliament of the United Kingdom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Division2023-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Division2023_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division2023_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division2023_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Division2023_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/divisions/">"Divisions"</a>. <i>Parliament of United Kingdom</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028225158/https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/business/divisions/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+United+Kingdom&rft.atitle=Divisions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Fbusiness%2Fdivisions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+methods+in+deliberative+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-37450323">How does Holyrood's electronic voting system work?</a>, BBC News (September 23, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Palmer, <i>The European Parliament: What It Is, What It Does, How It Works</i> (Pergamon: 1981), pp. 91, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+RULES-EP+20130204+RULE-169+DOC+XML+V0//EN">"Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament - February 2013 - Rule 169 - Voting by secret ballot"</a>. 2013-01-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925022018/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+RULES-EP+20130204+RULE-169+DOC+XML+V0//EN">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+of+Procedure+of+the+European+Parliament+-+February+2013+-+Rule+169+-+Voting+by+secret+ballot&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3FpubRef%3D-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT%2BRULES-EP%2B20130204%2BRULE-169%2BDOC%2BXML%2BV0%2F%2FEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+methods+in+deliberative+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shocking-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shocking_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shocking_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2004" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Andrea (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMZf-2yawd8C&pg=PA97"><i>Shocking Mother Russia: Democratization, Social Rights, and Pension Reform in Russia, 1990-2001</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8930-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8930-5"><bdi>0-8020-8930-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shocking+Mother+Russia%3A+Democratization%2C+Social+Rights%2C+and+Pension+Reform+in+Russia%2C+1990-2001&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8020-8930-5&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMZf-2yawd8C%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+methods+in+deliberative+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrow2000" class="citation book cs1">Ostrow, Joel M. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparingpostsov0000ostr"><i>Comparing Post-Soviet Legislatures: A Theory of Institutional Design and Political Conflict</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparingpostsov0000ostr/page/24">24</a>–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8142-0841-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8142-0841-X"><bdi>0-8142-0841-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/99-059121">99-059121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Post-Soviet+Legislatures%3A+A+Theory+of+Institutional+Design+and+Political+Conflict&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F99-059121&rft.isbn=0-8142-0841-X&rft.aulast=Ostrow&rft.aufirst=Joel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparingpostsov0000ostr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+methods+in+deliberative+assemblies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/?page=1797">Robert's Rules of Order on Preferential Voting</a>, Fairvote.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure" title="Parliamentary procedure">Parliamentary procedure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_parliamentary_procedure" title="History of parliamentary procedure">History of parliamentary procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_parliamentary_procedure" title="Principles of parliamentary procedure">Principles of parliamentary procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_assembly" title="Deliberative assembly">Deliberative assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeting_(parliamentary_procedure)#Session" title="Meeting (parliamentary procedure)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">Quorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_(legislative)" title="Floor (legislative)">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Recognition (parliamentary procedure)">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Second (parliamentary procedure)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Debate (parliamentary procedure)">Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)#Main_motion" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Main motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_(meeting)#Order_of_business" title="Agenda (meeting)">Order of business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">Minutes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voting methods in deliberative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)#Subsidiary_motion" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Subsidiary motions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpone_indefinitely" title="Postpone indefinitely">Postpone indefinitely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amend_(motion)" title="Amend (motion)">Amend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee#Commit_(motion)" title="Committee">Commit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpone_to_a_certain_time" title="Postpone to a certain time">Postpone to a certain time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_(parliamentary_procedure)#Motion_to_limit_or_extend_limits_of_debate" title="Debate (parliamentary procedure)">Limit or extend limits of debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Previous_question" title="Previous question">Previous question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Table (parliamentary procedure)">Lay on the table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)#Privileged_motion" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Privileged motions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_(meeting)#Call_for_the_orders_of_the_day" title="Agenda (meeting)">Call for the orders of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raise_a_question_of_privilege" title="Raise a question of privilege">Raise a question of privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_(break)#Parliamentary_procedure" title="Recess (break)">Recess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjournment#Motion_to_adjourn" title="Adjournment">Adjourn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjournment#Motion_to_Fix_the_time_to_which_to_adjourn" title="Adjournment">Fix the time to which to adjourn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)#Incidental_motion" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Incidental motions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_order" title="Point of order">Point of order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_(motion)" title="Appeal (motion)">Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules" title="Suspension of the rules">Suspend the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objection_to_the_consideration_of_a_question" title="Objection to the consideration of a question">Objection to the consideration of a question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_a_question" title="Division of a question">Division of a question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consideration_by_paragraph_or_seriatim" class="mw-redirect" title="Consideration by paragraph or seriatim">Consideration by paragraph or seriatim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_assembly" title="Division of the assembly">Division of the assembly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Motions_relating_to_methods_of_voting_and_the_polls">Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination#Motions_relating_to_nominations" title="Nomination">Motions relating to nominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_motion" title="Prayer motion">Prayer motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requests_and_inquiries#Request_to_be_excused_from_a_duty" title="Requests and inquiries">Request to be excused from a duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requests_and_inquiries" title="Requests and inquiries">Requests and inquiries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Requests_and_inquiries#Parliamentary_inquiry" title="Requests and inquiries">Parliamentary inquiry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Requests_and_inquiries#Request_for_information" title="Requests and inquiries">Request for information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Requests_and_inquiries#Request_for_permission_to_withdraw_or_modify_a_motion" title="Requests and inquiries">Request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Requests_and_inquiries#Request_to_read_papers" title="Requests and inquiries">Request to read papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Requests_and_inquiries#Request_for_any_other_privilege" title="Requests and inquiries">Request for any other privilege</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)#Motions_that_bring_a_question_again_before_the_assembly" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Motions that bring a question<br />again before the assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Table (parliamentary procedure)">Take from the table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal#Parliamentary_procedure" title="Repeal">Rescind, repeal, annul or amend something previously adopted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee#Discharge_a_committee" title="Committee">Discharge a committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconsideration_of_a_motion" title="Reconsideration of a motion">Reconsider</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_procedure#Legislatures" title="Parliamentary procedure">Legislative procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_of_the_house" class="mw-redirect" 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