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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th–18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th–18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>17th–18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th–18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lords_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lords_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Lords reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lords_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_admission_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_admission_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>First admission of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_admission_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Labour_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Labour_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>New Labour era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Labour_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>2010–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3.1</span> <span>House of Lords Reform Act 2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Lords_(Expulsion_and_Suspension)_Act_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Lords_(Expulsion_and_Suspension)_Act_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3.2</span> <span>House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Lords_(Expulsion_and_Suspension)_Act_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lords_Spiritual_(Women)_Act_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lords_Spiritual_(Women)_Act_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3.3</span> <span>Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lords_Spiritual_(Women)_Act_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislative_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Legislative functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relationship with the government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_judicial_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_judicial_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Former judicial role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_judicial_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Membership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lords_Spiritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lords_Spiritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lords Spiritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lords_Spiritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lords_Temporal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lords_Temporal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lords Temporal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lords_Temporal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hereditary_peers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hereditary_peers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Hereditary peers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hereditary_peers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_peers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_peers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Life peers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_peers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cash_for_peerages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cash_for_peerages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Cash for peerages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cash_for_peerages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_from_House_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_from_House_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Removal from House membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_from_House_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disciplinary_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disciplinary_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Disciplinary powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disciplinary_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulation_of_behaviour_in_the_chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_of_behaviour_in_the_chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Regulation of behaviour in the chamber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_of_behaviour_in_the_chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leave_of_absence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leave_of_absence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Leave of absence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leave_of_absence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attendance_allowance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attendance_allowance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Attendance allowance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attendance_allowance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Committees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Current composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_imbalance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_imbalance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Gender imbalance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_imbalance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_leaders_and_ministers_in_the_Lords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_leaders_and_ministers_in_the_Lords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government leaders and ministers in the Lords</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_leaders_and_ministers_in_the_Lords-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government leaders and ministers in the Lords subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_leaders_and_ministers_in_the_Lords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leaders_and_chief_whips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_and_chief_whips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Leaders and chief whips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders_and_chief_whips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other ministers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overseas_counterparts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_counterparts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Overseas counterparts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_counterparts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Extant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Defunct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defunct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Lords</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Ho%C3%ABrhuis" title="Britse Hoërhuis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Britse Hoërhuis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مجلس اللوردات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس اللوردات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_de_los_Lores" title="Cámara de los Lores – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cámara de los Lores" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Britaniya_Lordlar_palatas%C4%B1" title="Böyük Britaniya Lordlar palatası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Britaniya Lordlar palatası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="লর্ডসভা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লর্ডসভা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Камара на лордовете – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камара на лордовете" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_al_Lorded" title="Ti al Lorded – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ti al Lorded" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambra_dels_Lords" title="Cambra dels Lords – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cambra dels Lords" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C4%9Bmovna_lord%C5%AF" title="Sněmovna lordů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sněmovna lordů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B7%27r_Arglwyddi" title="Tŷ'r Arglwyddi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tŷ'r Arglwyddi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhuset" title="Overhuset – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Overhuset" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="House of Lords" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordide_koda" title="Lordide koda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lordide koda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Βουλή των Λόρδων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουλή των Λόρδων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_de_los_Lores" title="Cámara de los Lores – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara de los Lores" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ambro_de_lordoj" title="Ĉambro de lordoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉambro de lordoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorden_Ganbera" title="Lorden Ganbera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lorden Ganbera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مجلس اعیان بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجلس اعیان بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambre_des_lords" title="Chambre des lords – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chambre des lords" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach_na_dTiarna%C3%AD" title="Teach na dTiarnaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teach na dTiarnaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigh_nam_Morairean" title="Taigh nam Morairean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Taigh nam Morairean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_dos_lords" title="Cámara dos lords – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cámara dos lords" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%83%81%EC%9B%90" title="영국 상원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 상원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Միացյալ Թագավորության լորդերի պալատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միացյալ Թագավորության լորդերի պալատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="हाउस ऑफ़ लॉर्ड्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाउस ऑफ़ लॉर्ड्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_lordova" title="Dom lordova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dom lordova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pero-chambro" title="Pero-chambro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pero-chambro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Bangsawan_Britania_Raya" title="Dewan Bangsawan Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewan Bangsawan Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_dei_lord" title="Camera dei lord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camera dei lord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בית הלורדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית הלורדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Лордтар палатасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лордтар палатасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordu_pal%C4%81ta" title="Lordu palāta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lordu palāta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="House of Lords" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%C5%B3_R%C5%ABmai" title="Lordų Rūmai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lordų Rūmai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordok_H%C3%A1za" title="Lordok Háza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lordok Háza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="പ്രഭു സഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രഭു സഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="हाऊस ऑफ लॉर्ड्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हाऊस ऑफ लॉर्ड्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مجلس اللوردات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجلس اللوردات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Pertuanan_United_Kingdom" title="Dewan Pertuanan United Kingdom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dewan Pertuanan United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogerhuis_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Hogerhuis (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hogerhuis (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="हाउस अफ लर्ड्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाउस अफ लर्ड्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F%E9%99%A2_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)" title="貴族院 (イギリス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貴族院 (イギリス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="House of Lords" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_britiske_Overhuset" title="Det britiske Overhuset – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det britiske Overhuset" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambra_dels_L%C3%B2rds_del_Reialme_Unit" title="Cambra dels Lòrds del Reialme Unit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cambra dels Lòrds del Reialme Unit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordlar_palatasi" title="Lordlar palatasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lordlar palatasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%D8%B2" title="ہاؤس آف لارڈز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہاؤس آف لارڈز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izba_Lord%C3%B3w" title="Izba Lordów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izba Lordów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mara_dos_Lordes" title="Câmara dos Lordes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmara dos Lordes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Lorzilor_a_Parlamentului_Regatului_Unit" title="Camera Lorzilor a Parlamentului Regatului Unit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Camera Lorzilor a Parlamentului Regatului Unit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Палата лордов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палата лордов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoose_o_Lairds" title="Hoose o Lairds – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hoose o Lairds" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="House of Lords" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Дом лордова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дом лордова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_lordova" title="Dom lordova – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dom lordova" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistyneen_kuningaskunnan_yl%C3%A4huone" title="Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan ylähuone – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan ylähuone" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiska_%C3%B6verhuset" title="Brittiska överhuset – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiska överhuset" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="House of Lords" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="பிரபுக்கள் அவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரபுக்கள் அவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6yekbritani%C3%A4ne%C3%B1_Lordlar_pulat%C4%B1" title="Böyekbritaniäneñ Lordlar pulatı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Böyekbritaniäneñ Lordlar pulatı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="สภาขุนนาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สภาขุนนาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordlar_Kamaras%C4%B1" title="Lordlar Kamarası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lordlar Kamarası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Палата лордів Великої Британії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палата лордів Великої Британії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="دار الامرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دار الامرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0mara_dei_lord" title="Càmara dei lord – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Càmara dei lord" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Ngh%E1%BB%8B_vi%E1%BB%87n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Anh_v%C3%A0_B%E1%BA%AFc_Ireland" title="Thượng Nghị viện Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thượng Nghị viện Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="英国上议院 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英国上议院" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%8A%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" title="英國上議院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英國上議院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaray_Lordan" title="Kamaray Lordan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kamaray Lordan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%8A%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" title="英國上議院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英國上議院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=House_of_Lords&params=51_29_55.7_N_0_07_29.5_W_region:GB-WSM_scale:5000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°29′55.7″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°07′29.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.498806°N 0.124861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.498806; -0.124861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Upper house of the UK Parliament</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the House of Lords of the United Kingdom. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="House of Lords (disambiguation)">House of Lords (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/House_of_Lords" title="Special:EditPage/House of Lords">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22House+of+Lords%22">"House of Lords"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22House+of+Lords%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22House+of+Lords%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22House+of+Lords%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22House+of+Lords%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22House+of+Lords%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; border-top: 2px solid #A2070F; border-bottom: 2px solid #A2070F"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">House of Lords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Lords_logo_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crowned portcullis with the uppercase words "House of Lords" in red" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/House_of_Lords_logo_2020.svg/250px-House_of_Lords_logo_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/House_of_Lords_logo_2020.svg/375px-House_of_Lords_logo_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/House_of_Lords_logo_2020.svg/500px-House_of_Lords_logo_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of the House of Lords</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #A2070F; border-bottom: 2px solid #A2070F">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #A2070F; border-bottom: 2px solid #A2070F">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_McFall_of_Alcluith" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord McFall of Alcluith">The Lord McFall of Alcluith</a> <br />since 1 May 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Senior_Deputy_Speaker_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Senior Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords">Senior Deputy Speaker</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/John_Gardiner,_Baron_Gardiner_of_Kimble" title="John Gardiner, Baron Gardiner of Kimble">The Lord Gardiner of Kimble</a> <br />since 11 May 2021 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">The Baroness Smith of Basildon</a>, Labour <br />since 5 July 2024 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Shadow Leader of the House of Lords">Shadow Leader of the House</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_True" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord True">The Lord True</a>, Conservative <br />since 8 July 2024 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_the_Honourable_Corps_of_Gentlemen-at-Arms" title="Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms">Government Chief Whip</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kennedy,_Baron_Kennedy_of_Southwark" title="Roy Kennedy, Baron Kennedy of Southwark">The Lord Kennedy of Southwark</a>, Labour <br />since 10 July 2024 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #A2070F; border-bottom: 2px solid #A2070F">Structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">835<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lords_composition_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lords_composition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Lords_composition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/300px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/450px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/House_of_Lords_composition.svg/600px-House_of_Lords_composition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:112%;"><a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:#7F00FF"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Bishops</a></span> (24)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div style="font-weight:bold; font-size:112%;"><a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lords Temporal</a></div><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">HM Government</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"> <ul><li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:#E4003B"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a></span> (214)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Loyal_Opposition" title="His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition">HM Most Loyal Opposition</a></b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"> <ul><li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:#0087DC"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a></span> (279)</li></ul> </div> <b>Other groups</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"> <ul><li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:#FAA61A"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a></span> (78)</li> <li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:#D46A4C"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></span> (6)</li> <li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:#48A5EE"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></span> (3)</li> <li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:#02A95B"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a></span> (2)</li> <li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:#005B54"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></span> (2)</li> <li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:lightgrey"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_members_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent members of the House of Lords">Independents</a></span> (1)</li> <li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:darkgrey"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Non-affiliated_members_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords">Non-affiliated</a></span> (41)</li></ul> </div> <b>Crossbench</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"> <ul><li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:grey"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">Crossbenchers</a></span> (184)</li></ul> </div> <b>Presiding officer</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-left:1em;padding-bottom:0.25em;"> <ul><li><span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;background-color:black"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a></span> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Length of term</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Lords Temporal: for life</li> <li>Lords Spiritual: for tenure as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_in_the_Church_of_England#Diocesan_bishops" title="List of bishops in the Church of England">diocesan bishop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">No annual salary, but tax-free daily allowance and expenses paid.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #A2070F; border-bottom: 2px solid #A2070F">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Lords_debates_situation_in_Ukraine_(51902242817).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wood-panelled room with high ceiling containing comfortable red padded benches and large gold throne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/House_of_Lords_debates_situation_in_Ukraine_%2851902242817%29.jpg/300px-House_of_Lords_debates_situation_in_Ukraine_%2851902242817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/House_of_Lords_debates_situation_in_Ukraine_%2851902242817%29.jpg/450px-House_of_Lords_debates_situation_in_Ukraine_%2851902242817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/House_of_Lords_debates_situation_in_Ukraine_%2851902242817%29.jpg/600px-House_of_Lords_debates_situation_in_Ukraine_%2851902242817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7767" data-file-height="5181" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label">House of Lords Chamber<br /><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, London<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=House_of_Lords&params=51_29_55.7_N_0_07_29.5_W_region:GB-WSM_scale:5000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°29′55.7″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°07′29.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.498806°N 0.124861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.498806; -0.124861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #A2070F; border-bottom: 2px solid #A2070F">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/business/lords">www<wbr />.parliament<wbr />.uk<wbr />/business<wbr />/lords</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 2px solid #A2070F; border-bottom: 2px solid #A2070F">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lords Spiritual sit on the Government benches and are so depicted in the diagram above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including 15 <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and Co-operative">Labour and Co-operative</a> peers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the House of Lords">members of the House of Lords</a> is not fixed. This figure (correct as of 10 February 2025<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) excludes 24 peers who are on leave of absence or otherwise disqualified or suspended from sitting.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>House of Lords</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, it meets in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the oldest extant institutions in the world, its origins lie in the early 11th century and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameralism</a> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the House of Commons, membership of the Lords is not generally acquired by <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">election</a>. Most members are <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">appointed for life</a>, on either a political or non-political basis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Government-2022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Government-2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">Hereditary membership was limited</a> in 1999 to 92 <a href="/wiki/List_of_excepted_hereditary_peers" title="List of excepted hereditary peers">excepted hereditary peers</a>: 90 elected through <a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_House_of_Lords" title="By-elections to the House of Lords">internal by-elections</a>, plus the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal" title="Earl Marshal">Earl Marshal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain" title="Lord Great Chamberlain">Lord Great Chamberlain</a> as members <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member"><i>ex officio</i></a>. No members directly inherit their seats any longer. The House of Lords also includes up to 26 <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_in_the_Church_of_England" title="List of bishops in the Church of England">archbishops and bishops of the Church of England</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Government-2022_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Government-2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2014, membership may be <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014" title="House of Lords Reform Act 2014">voluntarily relinquished or terminated upon expulsion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_for_Government-2022_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_for_Government-2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the upper house of Parliament, the House of Lords has many similar functions to the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It scrutinises <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>, holds <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">the government</a> to account, and considers and reports upon <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_UK_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_UK-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peers</a> may also seek to introduce <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> or propose <a href="/wiki/Amendment" title="Amendment">amendments</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_UK_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_UK-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Acts_1911_and_1949" title="Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949">unable to prevent bills passing into law</a>, except in certain limited circumstances, it may delay the <a href="/wiki/Enactment_(British_legal_term)" title="Enactment (British legal term)">enactment</a> of bills for up to one year.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this capacity, as a body independent from the pressures of the political process, the House of Lords is said to act as a "revising chamber" focusing on legislative detail, while occasionally asking the House of Commons to reconsider its plans.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While peers may also serve as <a href="/wiki/Government_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Government ministers">government ministers</a>, they are typically only selected to serve as junior ministers, except for the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Lords does not control the term of the prime minister or of the government;<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom-2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom-2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only the Commons may vote to require the prime minister to resign or call an election.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, which has a defined number of seats, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. As of 10 February 2025<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it has <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="List of current members of the House of Lords">835 sitting members</a>. The House of Lords is the only upper house of any <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral parliament">bicameral parliament</a> in the world to be larger than its lower house,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_number_of_members" title="List of legislatures by number of members">second-largest legislative chamber in the world</a>, behind the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> of China.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">King's Speech</a> is delivered in the House of Lords chamber during the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>. In addition to its role as the upper house, the House of Lords, through the <a href="/wiki/Law_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Lords">Law Lords</a>, acted as the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom judicial system until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Lords also has a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> role, in that <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_Assembly_(Powers)_Act_1919" title="Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919">Church Measures</a> must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today's Parliament of the United Kingdom largely descends, in practice, from the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> of 1706 and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union,_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Union, 1707">Acts of Union</a> that implemented and executed the Treaty in 1707 and created a new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> to replace the Parliament of England and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) and 16 Peers to represent Scotland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The House of Lords developed from the "Great Council" (<i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></i>) that advised the king during medieval times, dating back to the early 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-loveland1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loveland1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">counties of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">Wales</a> (afterwards, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary borough">boroughs</a> as well). The first English Parliament is often considered to be either <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">Simon de Montfort's Parliament</a> (held in 1265) or the "<a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">Model Parliament</a>" (held in 1295), which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs. </p><p>The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined. For example, during much of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward II">Edward II</a> (1307–1327), the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> was supreme, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Crown</a> weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. </p><p>During the reign of King Edward II's successor, <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a>, Parliament clearly separated into two distinct <a href="/wiki/Debating_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating chamber">chambers</a>: the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> (consisting of the shire and borough representatives) and the House of Lords (consisting of the archbishops, bishops, abbots and nobility).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and during the early 15th century both Houses exercised powers to an extent not seen before. The Lords were far more powerful than the Commons because of the great influence of the great landowners and the prelates of the realm. </p><p>The power of the nobility declined during the civil wars of the late 15th century, known as the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>. Much of the nobility was killed on the battlefield or executed for participation in the war, and many aristocratic estates were lost to the Crown. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> was dying, and the <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> armies controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a> became obsolete. <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> (1485–1509) clearly established the supremacy of the monarch, symbolised by the "Crown Imperial". The domination of the Sovereign continued to grow during the reigns of the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor monarchs</a> in the 16th century. The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> (1509–1547). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th–18th_century"><span id="17th.E2.80.9318th_century"></span>17th–18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th–18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The House of Lords remained more powerful than the House of Commons, but the lower house continued to grow in influence, reaching a zenith in relation to the House of Lords during the middle of the 17th century. Conflicts between the king and the Parliament (for the most part, the House of Commons) ultimately led to the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> during the 1640s. In 1649, after the defeat and execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> was declared, but the nation was effectively under the overall control of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland</a>. </p><p>The House of Lords was reduced to a largely powerless body, with Cromwell and his supporters in the Commons dominating the government. On 19 March 1649, the House of Lords was abolished by an act of Parliament, which declared that "The Commons of England [find] by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Lords did not assemble again until the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)" title="Convention Parliament (1660)">Convention Parliament</a> met in 1660 and the monarchy was restored. It returned to its former position as the more powerful chamber of Parliament—a position it would occupy until the 19th century. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">peerage of Scotland</a> elected sixteen of their number, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_representative_peers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish representative peers">Scottish representative peers</a>, to sit in the House of Lords. General elections were held with each Parliament, and by-elections to fill vacancies in between. The elections ceased after the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Act_1963" title="Peerage Act 1963">Peerage Act 1963</a> granted all peers of Scotland an hereditary seat in the House of Lords. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_of_Scottish_representative_peers" title="List of elections of Scottish representative peers">election of Scottish representative peers</a> took place on 15 February 1707 at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Parliament House, Edinburgh</a>, shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> was adjourned for the last time on 25 March. The <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_(Scottish_Parliament)" title="Commissioner (Scottish Parliament)">commissioners</a> for the barons and the burghs chose <a href="/wiki/Scottish_representatives_to_the_first_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Scottish representatives to the first Parliament of Great Britain">their representatives</a> to the British House of Commons at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Anne_in_the_House_of_Lords_by_Peter_Tillemans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Queen_Anne_in_the_House_of_Lords_by_Peter_Tillemans.jpeg/220px-Queen_Anne_in_the_House_of_Lords_by_Peter_Tillemans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Queen_Anne_in_the_House_of_Lords_by_Peter_Tillemans.jpeg/330px-Queen_Anne_in_the_House_of_Lords_by_Peter_Tillemans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Queen_Anne_in_the_House_of_Lords_by_Peter_Tillemans.jpeg/440px-Queen_Anne_in_the_House_of_Lords_by_Peter_Tillemans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> addressing the House of Lords, c. 1708–1714, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tillemans" title="Peter Tillemans">Peter Tillemans</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_lords_and_princes_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A monochrome illustration of several short buildings clustered in a small space. A yard in the foreground is filled with detritus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/House_of_lords_and_princes_chamber.jpg/220px-House_of_lords_and_princes_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/House_of_lords_and_princes_chamber.jpg/330px-House_of_lords_and_princes_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/House_of_lords_and_princes_chamber.jpg/440px-House_of_lords_and_princes_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>An early 19th-century illustration showing the east wall of the House of Lords in the centre.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lloyd_George_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/David_Lloyd_George_1902.jpg/220px-David_Lloyd_George_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/David_Lloyd_George_1902.jpg/330px-David_Lloyd_George_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/David_Lloyd_George_1902.jpg/440px-David_Lloyd_George_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The rejection of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>, proposed by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> (above), precipitated a political crisis in 1909.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill,_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg/220px-Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg/330px-Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg/440px-Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption> The House of Lords voting for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 19th century was marked by several changes to the House of Lords. The House, once a body of only about 50 members, had been greatly enlarged by the liberality of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> and his successors in creating peerages. The individual influence of a Lord of Parliament was thus diminished. </p><p>Moreover, the power of the House as a whole decreased, whilst that of the House of Commons grew. Particularly notable in the development of the Lower House's superiority was the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>. The electoral system of the House of Commons was far from democratic: property qualifications greatly restricted the size of the electorate, and the boundaries of many constituencies had not been changed for centuries. Entire cities such as <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> had not even one representative in the House of Commons, while the 11 voters of <a href="/wiki/Old_Sarum_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Old Sarum (UK Parliament constituency)">Old Sarum</a> retained their ancient right to elect two MPs despite living elsewhere. A small borough was susceptible to bribery, and was often under the control of a patron, whose nominee was guaranteed to win an election. Some aristocrats were patrons of numerous "<a href="/wiki/Pocket_boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket boroughs">pocket boroughs</a>", and therefore controlled a considerable part of the membership of the House of Commons. </p><p>When the House of Commons passed a Reform Bill to correct some of these anomalies in 1831, the House of Lords rejected the proposal. The popular cause of reform, however, was not abandoned by the ministry, despite a second rejection of the bill in 1832. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey</a> advised the King to overwhelm opposition to the bill in the House of Lords by creating about 80 new pro-Reform peers. <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> originally balked at the proposal, which effectively threatened the opposition of the House of Lords, but at length relented. </p><p>Before the new peers were created, however, the Lords who opposed the bill admitted defeat and abstained from the vote, allowing the passage of the bill. The crisis damaged the political influence of the House of Lords but did not altogether end it. A vital reform was effected by the Lords themselves in 1868, when they changed their standing orders to abolish proxy voting, preventing Lords from voting without taking the trouble to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the century the powers of the upper house were further reduced stepwise, culminating in the 20th century with the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>; the Commons gradually became the stronger House of Parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The status of the House of Lords returned to the forefront of debate after the election of a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> Government in 1906. In 1909 the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, introduced into the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> the "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>", which proposed a land tax targeting wealthy landowners. The popular measure, however, was defeated in the heavily Conservative House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Having made the powers of the House of Lords a primary campaign issue, the Liberals were narrowly re-elected in <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910</a>. The Liberals had lost most of their support in the Lords, which was routinely rejecting Liberals' bills. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> then proposed that the powers of the House of Lords be severely curtailed. After a further <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">general election in December 1910</a>, and with a reluctant promise by King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> to create sufficient new Liberal peers to overcome the Lords' opposition to the measure if necessary, the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> effectively abolished the power of the House of Lords to reject legislation, or to amend it in a way unacceptable to the House of Commons; and most bills could be delayed for no more than three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years. It was not meant to be a permanent solution; more comprehensive reforms were planned.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither party, however, pursued reforms with much enthusiasm, and the House of Lords remained primarily hereditary. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1949" title="Parliament Act 1949">Parliament Act 1949</a> reduced the delaying power of the House of Lords further to two sessions or one year. In 1958, the predominantly hereditary nature of the House of Lords was changed by the <a href="/wiki/Life_Peerages_Act_1958" title="Life Peerages Act 1958">Life Peerages Act 1958</a>, which authorised the creation of life baronies, with no numerical limits. The number of life peers then gradually increased, though not at a constant rate.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1911-New-Perrs-UK-Punch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/1911-New-Perrs-UK-Punch.jpg/300px-1911-New-Perrs-UK-Punch.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/1911-New-Perrs-UK-Punch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption><i>Punch</i> 1911 cartoon shows Asquith and Lloyd George preparing coronets for 500 new peers to threaten takeover of the House of Lords</figcaption></figure> <p>The Labour Party had, for most of the 20th century, a commitment, based on the party's historic opposition to class privilege, to abolish the House of Lords, or at least expel the hereditary element. In 1968 the Labour Government of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> attempted to reform the House of Lords by introducing a system under which hereditary peers would be allowed to remain in the House and take part in debate, but would be unable to vote. This plan, however, was defeated in the House of Commons by a coalition of traditionalist Conservatives (such as <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a>), and Labour members who continued to advocate the outright abolition of the Upper House (such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>). </p><p>When Foot became leader of the Labour Party in 1980, abolition of the House of Lords became a part of the party's agenda; under his successor, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a>, however, a reformed Upper House was proposed instead. In the meantime, the creation of new hereditary peerages (except for members of the Royal Family) has been arrested, with the exception of three that were created during the administration of Conservative PM <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> in the 1980s. </p><p>Whilst some hereditary peers were at best apathetic, the Labour Party's clear commitments were not lost on <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley</a>, who for decades was considered an expert on the House of Lords. In December 1979 the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Conservative Monday Club</a> published his extensive paper entitled <i>Lords Reform – Why tamper with the House of Lords?</i> and in July 1980 <a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League"><i>The Monarchist</i></a> carried another article by Sudeley entitled "Why Reform or Abolish the House of Lords?".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 he wrote a further booklet for the Monday Club entitled "The Preservation of the House of Lords". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, a seven-month enquiry by Naomi Ellenbogen found that one in five staff of the House had experienced bullying or harassment which they did not report for fear of reprisals.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was preceded by several cases, including Liberal Democrat <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lester,_Baron_Lester_of_Herne_Hill" title="Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill">Anthony Lester, Lord Lester of Herne Hill</a>, of Lords using their position to sexually harass or abuse women.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Johnson_ministry" title="Second Johnson ministry">Johnson government</a> considered moving the House of Lords from London to a city in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>, likely <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>, in an attempt to "reconnect" the area. It was unclear how the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">King's Speech</a> would be conducted in the event of a move.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was received negatively by many peers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lords_reform">Lords reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lords reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">Reform of the House of Lords</a></div><p>With the advent of democratic politics in the United Kingdom, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Acts" title="Reform Acts">Reform Acts</a> from 1832 to 1928, the aristocratic House of Lords was increasingly perceived as an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a>. Many attempts to reform it have been made, and some have succeeded, most notably the removal of most <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">hereditary peers</a> in 1999. As of 2024, the policy of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> is to abolish the House of Lords, and to replace it with an elected second chamber,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit not in the first term of a Labour government.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_admission_of_women">First admission of women</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First admission of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Women in the House of Lords">Women in the House of Lords</a></div> <p>There were no women sitting in the House of Lords until 1958, when a small number came into the chamber as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Life_Peerages_Act_1958" title="Life Peerages Act 1958">Life Peerages Act 1958</a>. One of these was <a href="/wiki/Irene_Curzon,_2nd_Baroness_Ravensdale" title="Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale">Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale</a>, who had inherited her father's peerage in 1925 and was made a life peer to enable her to sit. After a campaign stretching back in some cases to the 1920s, another twelve women who held hereditary peerages in their own right were admitted with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Act_1963" title="Peerage Act 1963">Peerage Act 1963</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Labour_era">New Labour era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Labour era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Labour Party included in its 1997 general election <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> a commitment to remove the hereditary peerage from the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their subsequent election victory in 1997 under <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> led to the denouement of the traditional House of Lords. The Labour government introduced legislation to expel all hereditary peers from the Upper House as a first step in Lords reform. As a part of a compromise, however, it agreed to permit 92 hereditary peers to remain until the reforms were complete. Thus, all but 92 hereditary peers were expelled under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a> (see below for its provisions), making the House of Lords predominantly an appointed house. </p><p>Since 1999, however, no further reform has taken place. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Wakeham_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakeham Commission">Wakeham Commission</a> proposed introducing a 20% elected element to the Lords, but this plan was widely criticised.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Joint_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Joint Committee">parliamentary Joint Committee</a> was established in 2001 to resolve the issue, but it reached no conclusion and instead gave Parliament seven options to choose from (fully appointed, 20% elected, 40% elected, 50% elected, 60% elected, 80% elected, and fully elected). In a confusing series of votes in February 2003, all of these options were defeated, although the 80% elected option fell by just three votes in the Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialist MPs favouring outright abolition voted against all the options.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, a cross-party group of senior MPs (<a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Kenneth Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tyler" title="Paul Tyler">Paul Tyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Wright_(Staffordshire_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Wright (Staffordshire politician)">Tony Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Young,_6th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Young, 6th Baronet">George Young</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Robin Cook</a>) published a report proposing that 70% of members of the House of Lords should be elected – each member for a single long term – by the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> system. Most of the remainder were to be appointed by a Commission to ensure a mix of "skills, knowledge and experience". This proposal was also not implemented. A cross-party campaign initiative called "<a href="/wiki/Elect_the_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Elect the Lords">Elect the Lords</a>" was set up to make the case for a predominantly elected Upper Chamber in the run up to the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 general election</a>. </p><p>At the 2005 election, the Labour Party proposed further reform of the Lords, but without specific details.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservative Party, which had, prior to 1997, opposed any tampering with the House of Lords,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> favoured an 80% elected Lords, while the Liberal Democrats called for a fully elected <a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senate</a>. During 2006, a cross-party committee discussed Lords reform, with the aim of reaching a consensus: its <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords#2007_white_paper" title="Reform of the House of Lords">findings</a> were published in early 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 March 2007, members of the House of Commons voted ten times on a variety of alternative compositions for the Upper Chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outright abolition, a wholly appointed, a 20% elected, a 40% elected, a 50% elected, and a 60% elected House of Lords were all defeated in turn. Finally, the vote for an 80% elected Lords was won by 305 votes to 267, and the vote for a wholly elected Lords was won by an even greater margin, 337 to 224. Significantly, this last vote represented an overall majority of MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, examination of the names of MPs voting at each division shows that, of the 305 who voted for the 80% elected option, 211 went on to vote for the 100% elected option. Given that this vote took place after the vote on 80% – whose result was already known when the vote on 100% took place – this showed a clear preference for a fully elected Upper House among those who voted for the only other option that passed. But this was nevertheless only an indicative vote, and many political and legislative hurdles remained to be overcome for supporters of an elected House of Lords. Lords, soon after, rejected this proposal and voted for an entirely appointed House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2008, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice" title="Secretary of State for Justice">Secretary of State for Justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, introduced a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> to the House of Commons proposing to replace the House of Lords with an 80–100% elected chamber, with one third being elected at each general election, to serve a term of approximately 12–15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white paper stated that, as the peerage would be totally separated from membership of the Upper House, the name "House of Lords" would no longer be appropriate. It went on to explain that there was cross-party consensus for the Chamber to be re-titled the "Senate of the United Kingdom"; however, to ensure the debate remained on the role of the Upper House rather than its title, the white paper was neutral on the title issue. </p><p>On 30 November 2009, a <i>Code of Conduct for Members of the House of Lords</i> was agreed by them. Certain amendments were agreed by them on 30 March 2010 and on 12 June 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_parliamentary_expenses_scandal" title="United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal">scandal over expenses</a> in the Commons was at its highest pitch only six months before, and the Labourite leadership under <a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon</a> determined that something sympathetic should be done.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Meg_Russell" title="Meg Russell">Meg Russell</a> stated in an article, "Is the House of Lords already reformed?", three essential features of a legitimate House of Lords: The first was that it must have adequate powers over legislation to make the government think twice before making a decision. The House of Lords, she argued, had enough power to make it relevant. (In his first year, Tony Blair was defeated 38 times in the Lords—but that was before the major reform with the House of Lords Act 1999.) Second, as to the composition of the Lords, Meg Russell suggested that the composition must be distinct from the Commons, otherwise it would render the Lords useless. Third was the perceived legitimacy of the Lords. She stated, "In general legitimacy comes with election."<sup id="cite_ref-russell_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010–present"><span id="2010.E2.80.93present"></span>2010–present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2010–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Judge_(51111275854).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lord_Judge_%2851111275854%29.jpg/220px-Lord_Judge_%2851111275854%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lord_Judge_%2851111275854%29.jpg/330px-Lord_Judge_%2851111275854%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lord_Judge_%2851111275854%29.jpg/440px-Lord_Judge_%2851111275854%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7756" data-file-height="5173" /></a><figcaption>The House of Lords paid tribute to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a>, 12 April 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>The Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreed, after the 2010 general election, to outline clearly a provision for a wholly or mainly elected second chamber, elected by proportional representation. These proposals sparked a debate on 29 June 2010. As an interim measure, appointment of new peers would reflect the shares of the vote secured by the political parties in the last general election. </p><p>Detailed proposals for Lords reform, including a draft House of Lords Reform Bill, were published on 17 May 2011. These included a 300-member hybrid house, of whom 80% would be elected. A further 20% would be appointed, and reserve space would be included for some Church of England archbishops and bishops. Under the proposals, members would also serve single non-renewable terms of 15 years. Former MPs would be allowed to stand for election to the Upper House, but members of the Upper House would not be immediately allowed to become MPs. </p><p>The details of the proposal were:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The upper chamber shall continue to be known as the House of Lords for legislative purposes.</li> <li>The reformed House of Lords should have 300 members of whom 240 are "Elected Members" and 60 appointed "Independent Members". Up to 12 Church of England archbishops and bishops may sit in the house as <i>ex officio</i> "Lords Spiritual".</li> <li>Elected Members will serve a single, non-renewable term of 15 years.</li> <li>Elections to the reformed Lords should take place at the same time as elections to the House of Commons.</li> <li>Elected Members should be elected using the <a href="/wiki/Single_Transferable_Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Transferable Vote">Single Transferable Vote</a> system of proportional representation.</li> <li>Twenty Independent Members (a third) shall take their seats within the reformed house at the same time as elected members do so, and for the same 15-year term.</li> <li>Independent Members will be appointed by the King after being proposed by the Prime Minister acting on advice of an Appointments Commission.</li> <li>There will no longer be a link between the peerage system and membership of the upper house.</li> <li>The current powers of the House of Lords would not change and the House of Commons shall retain its status as the primary House of Parliament.</li></ul> <p>The proposals were considered by a Joint Committee on House of Lords Reform made up of both MPs and Peers, which issued its final report on 23 April 2012, making the following suggestions:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The reformed House of Lords should have 450 members.</li> <li>Party groupings, including the Crossbenchers, should choose which of their members are retained in the transition period, with the percentage of members allotted to each group based on their share of the peers with high attendance during a given period.</li> <li>Up to 12 Lords Spiritual should be retained in a reformed House of Lords.</li></ul> <p>Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Reform_Bill_2012" title="House of Lords Reform Bill 2012">House of Lords Reform Bill 2012</a> on 27 June 2012<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which built on proposals published on 17 May 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-House_of_Lords_reform_proposals_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House_of_Lords_reform_proposals-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this Bill was abandoned<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Government on 6 August 2012, following opposition from within the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014">House of Lords Reform Act 2014</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: House of Lords Reform Act 2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> to introduce some reforms was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Byles" title="Dan Byles">Dan Byles</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014" title="House of Lords Reform Act 2014">House of Lords Reform Act 2014</a> received <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-services.parliament.uk_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-services.parliament.uk-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the new law: </p> <ul><li>All peers can retire or resign from the chamber (prior to this only hereditary peers could disclaim their peerages).</li> <li>Peers can be disqualified for non-attendance.</li> <li>Peers can be removed for receiving prison sentences of a year or more.<sup id="cite_ref-services.parliament.uk_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-services.parliament.uk-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="House_of_Lords_(Expulsion_and_Suspension)_Act_2015"><span id="House_of_Lords_.28Expulsion_and_Suspension.29_Act_2015"></span>House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_(Expulsion_and_Suspension)_Act_2015" title="House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015">House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015</a> authorised the House to expel or suspend members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lords_Spiritual_(Women)_Act_2015"><span id="Lords_Spiritual_.28Women.29_Act_2015"></span>Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual_(Women)_Act_2015" title="Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015">Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Women in the House of Lords">Women in the House of Lords</a></div> <p>This Act made provision to preferentially admit female bishops of the Church of England to the Lords Spiritual over male ones in the 10 years following its commencement (2015 to 2025). This came as a consequence of the Church of England deciding in 2014 to begin to <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_the_Anglican_Communion#Church_of_England" title="Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion">ordain women as bishops</a>. </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Treweek" title="Rachel Treweek">Rachel Treweek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Gloucester" title="Bishop of Gloucester">Bishop of Gloucester</a>, became the first woman to sit as a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Spiritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Spiritual">Lord Spiritual</a> in the House of Lords due to the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, six women bishops sit as Lords Spiritual, five of them having been accelerated due to this Act.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_size_of_the_United_Kingdom_House_of_Lords_since_1998.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_size_of_the_United_Kingdom_House_of_Lords_since_1998.png/300px-The_size_of_the_United_Kingdom_House_of_Lords_since_1998.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_size_of_the_United_Kingdom_House_of_Lords_since_1998.png/450px-The_size_of_the_United_Kingdom_House_of_Lords_since_1998.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/The_size_of_the_United_Kingdom_House_of_Lords_since_1998.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Number of members of the House of Lords from 1998 to 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>The size of the House of Lords has varied greatly throughout its history. The English House of Lords—then comprising 168 members—was joined at Westminster by 16 Scottish peers to represent the peerage of Scotland—a total of 184 nobles—in 1707's first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>. A further 28 Irish members to represent the peerage of Ireland were added in 1801 to the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. From about 220 peers in the eighteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the house saw continued expansion. From about 850 peers in 1951/52,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the numbers rose further with more <a href="/wiki/Life_peers" class="mw-redirect" title="Life peers">life peers</a> after the Life Peerages Act 1958 and the inclusion of all Scottish peers and the first female peers in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Act_1963" title="Peerage Act 1963">Peerage Act 1963</a>. It reached a record size of 1,330 in October 1999, immediately before the major Lords reform (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a>) reduced it to 669, mostly life peers, by March 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chamber's membership again expanded in the following decades, increasing to above eight hundred active members in 2014 and prompting further reforms in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014" title="House of Lords Reform Act 2014">House of Lords Reform Act</a> that year. </p><p>In April 2011, a cross-party group of former leading politicians, including many senior members of the House of Lords, called on the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> to stop creating new peers. He had created 117 new peers between entering office in May 2010 and leaving in July 2016, a faster rate of elevation than any PM in British history; at the same time his government had tried (in vain) to reduce the House of Commons by 50, from 650 to 600 MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014, despite there being a seating capacity for only around 230<sup id="cite_ref-BBCspace_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCspace-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 400<sup id="cite_ref-guard_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the benches in the Lords chamber, the House had 774 active members (plus 54 who were not entitled to attend or vote, having been suspended or granted leave of absence). This made the House of Lords the largest parliamentary chamber in any democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-guard_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2014, former <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker of the House of Commons</a> <a href="/wiki/Betty_Boothroyd" title="Betty Boothroyd">Betty Boothroyd</a> requested that "older peers should retire gracefully" to ease the overcrowding in the House of Lords. She also criticised successive prime ministers for filling the second chamber with "lobby fodder" in an attempt to help their policies become law. She made her remarks days before a new batch of peers were due to be created and several months after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014" title="House of Lords Reform Act 2014">House of Lords Reform Act 2014</a>, enabling life peers to retire or resign their seats in the House, which had previously only been possible for hereditary peers and bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2015, when 45 more peers were created in the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution Honours">Dissolution Honours</a>, the total number of eligible members of the Lords increased to 826. In a report entitled "Does size matter?" the BBC said: "Increasingly, yes. Critics argue the House of Lords is the second largest legislature after the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">Chinese National People's Congress</a> and dwarfs upper houses in other bicameral democracies such as the United States (100 senators), France (348 senators), Australia (76 senators), Canada (105 appointed senators) and India (250 members). The Lords is also larger than the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a> of North Korea (687 members)", and that "Peers grumble that there is not enough room to accommodate all of their colleagues in the Chamber, where there are only about 400 seats, and say they are constantly jostling for space – particularly during high-profile sittings", but added, "On the other hand, defenders of the Lords say that it does a vital job scrutinising legislation, a lot of which has come its way from the Commons in recent years".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_28_August_2015_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_28_August_2015-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2016, a Lord Speaker's committee was formed to examine the issue of overcrowding, with fears membership could swell to above 1,000, and in October 2017 the committee presented its findings. In December 2017, the Lords debated and broadly approved its report, which proposed a cap on membership at 600 peers, with a fifteen-year term limit for new peers and a "two-out, one-in" limit on new appointments. By October 2018, the Lord Speaker's committee commended the reduction in peers' numbers, noting that the rate of departures had been greater than expected, with the House of Commons <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_and_Constitutional_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee">Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee</a> approving the progress achieved without legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By April 2019, with the retirement of nearly one hundred peers since the passage of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014, the number of active peers had been reduced to a total of 782, of whom 665 were life peers.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parliament.uk_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament.uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This total, however, remains greater than the membership of 669 peers in March 2000, after implementation of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a> removed the bulk of the hereditary peers from their seats; it is well above the proposed 600-member cap, and is still larger than the House of Commons's 650 members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm/220px--Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="346" data-mwtitle="Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm/Take_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATake_a_tour_of_the_House_of_Lords.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Brief introduction of the House of Lords</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_functions">Legislative functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legislative functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">Act of Parliament (UK)</a></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Money_bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Money bills">money bills</a>, may be introduced in either the House of Lords or House of Commons. </p><p>The House of Lords debates legislation, and has the power to amend or reject bills. However, the power of the Lords to reject a bill passed by the House of Commons is severely restricted by the Parliament Acts. Under those Acts, certain types of bills may be presented for <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> without the consent of the House of Lords (i.e. the Commons can override the Lords' veto). The House of Lords cannot delay a money bill (a bill that, in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons, solely concerns national taxation or public funds) for more than one month. </p><p>Other public bills cannot be delayed by the House of Lords for more than two parliamentary sessions, or one calendar year. These provisions, however, only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons, and cannot have the effect of extending a parliamentary term beyond five years. A further restriction is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Convention" title="Salisbury Convention">Salisbury Convention</a>, which means that the House of Lords does not oppose legislation promised in the Government's election manifesto. </p><p>By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts, the House of Lords is further restrained insofar as financial bills are concerned. The House of Lords may neither originate a bill concerning taxation or Supply (supply of treasury or exchequer funds), nor amend a bill so as to insert a taxation or Supply-related provision. (The House of Commons, however, often waives its privileges and allows the Upper House to make amendments with financial implications.) Moreover, the Upper House may not amend any Supply Bill. The House of Lords formerly maintained the absolute power to reject a bill relating to revenue or Supply, but this power was curtailed by the Parliament Acts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_government">Relationship with the government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relationship with the government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The House of Lords does not control the term of the prime minister or of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom-2010_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom-2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the lower house may force the prime minister to resign or call elections by <a href="/wiki/Motions_of_no_confidence_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Motions of no confidence in the United Kingdom">passing a motion of no-confidence</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_supply" title="Loss of supply">withdrawing supply</a>. Therefore, the House of Lords' oversight of the government is limited. </p><p>Most Cabinet ministers are from the House of Commons rather than the House of Lords. In particular, all prime ministers since 1902 have been members of the lower house<sup id="cite_ref-wasson_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasson-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a>, who became prime minister in 1963 whilst still an earl, disclaimed his peerage and was elected to the Commons soon after his term began). In recent history, it has been very rare for major cabinet positions (except Lord Chancellor and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a>) to have been filled by peers. </p><p>Exceptions include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Carrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Carrington">Lord Carrington</a>, who was the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a> from 1970 to 1974, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Energy (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State for Energy</a> briefly for two months in early 1974 and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> between 1979 and 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Cockfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cockfield">Lord Cockfield</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Trade">Secretary of State for Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Young_of_Graffham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Young of Graffham">Lord Young of Graffham</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Secretary of State for Employment</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Trade_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Trade and Industry">Secretary of State for Trade and Industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a> from 1984 to 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroness_Amos" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Amos">Baroness Amos</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for International Development">Secretary of State for International Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Adonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Adonis">Lord Adonis</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Secretary of State for Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mandelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mandelson">Lord Mandelson</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_State" title="First Secretary of State">First Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills">Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">George Robertson</a> was briefly a peer whilst serving as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a> before resigning to take up the post of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_NATO" title="Secretary General of NATO">Secretary General of NATO</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroness_Morgan_of_Cotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Morgan of Cotes">Baroness Morgan of Cotes</a> was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport">Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport</a> as an MP, but retained the office when she was appointed to the House of Lords.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, Lord Cameron of Chipping Norton and a former Prime Minister, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a> and a member of the House of Lords in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-CameronLord_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CameronLord-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>From 1999 to 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General for England and Wales</a> was a member of the House of Lords; as of July 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Attorney General is once again a peer. </p><p>The House of Lords remains a source for junior ministers and members of government. Like the House of Commons, the Lords also has a <a href="/wiki/Captain_of_the_Honourable_Corps_of_Gentlemen-at-Arms" title="Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms">Government Chief Whip</a> as well as several Junior Whips. Where a government department is not represented by a minister in the Lords or one is not available, government whips will act as spokesmen for them.<sup id="cite_ref-companion_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companion-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_judicial_role">Former judicial role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Former judicial role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">Judicial functions of the House of Lords</a></div> <p>Historically, the House of Lords held several judicial functions. Most notably, until 2009 the House of Lords served as the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_last_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of last resort">court of last resort</a> for most instances of UK law. Since 1 October 2009 this role is now held by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>The Lords' judicial functions originated from the ancient role of the <a href="/wiki/Curia_Regis" class="mw-redirect" title="Curia Regis">Curia Regis</a> as a body that addressed the petitions of the King's subjects. The functions were exercised not by the whole House, but by a committee of "Law Lords". The bulk of the House's judicial business was conducted by the twelve <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</a>, who were specifically appointed for this purpose under the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_Jurisdiction_Act_1876" title="Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876">Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876</a>. </p><p>The judicial functions could also be exercised by Lords of Appeal (other members of the House who happened to have held high judicial office). No Lord of Appeal in Ordinary or Lord of Appeal could sit judicially beyond the age of seventy-five. The judicial business of the Lords was supervised by the Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and their deputy, the Second Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. </p><p>The jurisdiction of the House of Lords extended, in civil and in criminal cases, to appeals from the courts of England and Wales, and of Northern Ireland. From Scotland, appeals were possible only in civil cases; Scotland's <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a> is the highest court in criminal matters. The House of Lords was not the United Kingdom's only court of last resort; in some cases, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> performs such a function. The jurisdiction of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom, however, is relatively restricted; it encompasses appeals from <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> courts, disputes under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Disqualification_Act_1975" title="House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975">House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975</a>, and a few other minor matters. Issues related to <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a> were transferred from the Privy Council to the Supreme Court in 2009. </p><p>The twelve Law Lords did not all hear every case; rather, after World War II cases were heard by panels known as Appellate Committees, each of which normally consisted of five members (selected by the Senior Lord). An Appellate Committee hearing an important case could consist of more than five members. Though Appellate Committees met in separate committee rooms, judgement was given in the Lords Chamber itself. No further appeal lay from the House of Lords, although the House of Lords could refer a "preliminary question" to the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> in cases involving an element of <a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">European Union law</a>, and a case could be brought at the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> if the House of Lords did not provide a satisfactory remedy in cases where the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> was relevant. </p><p>A distinct judicial function—one in which the whole House used to participate—is that of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial" title="Impeachment trial">trying impeachments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impeachment in the United Kingdom">Impeachments</a> were brought by the House of Commons, and tried in the House of Lords; a conviction required only a majority of the Lords voting. Impeachments, however, are to all intents and purposes obsolete; the last impeachment was that of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville</a>, in 1806. </p><p>Similarly, the House of Lords was once the court that tried peers charged with high <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> or <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>. The House would be presided over not by the Lord Chancellor, but by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Steward" title="Lord High Steward">Lord High Steward</a>, an official especially appointed for the occasion of the trial. If Parliament was not in session, then peers could be tried in a separate court, known as the Lord High Steward's Court. Only peers, their wives, and their widows (unless remarried) were entitled to <a href="/wiki/List_of_trials_of_peers_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="List of trials of peers in the House of Lords">such trials</a>; the Lords Spiritual were tried in ecclesiastical courts. In 1948, the right of peers to be tried in such special courts was abolished; now, they are tried in the regular courts.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last such trial in the House was of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Russell,_26th_Baron_de_Clifford" title="Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford">Edward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford</a>, in 1935. An illustrative dramatisation circa 1928 of a trial of a peer (the fictional <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Denver" title="Duke of Denver">Duke of Denver</a>) on a charge of murder (a felony) is portrayed in the 1972 BBC Television adaption of <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey" title="Lord Peter Wimsey">Lord Peter Wimsey</a> mystery <i><a href="/wiki/Clouds_of_Witness" title="Clouds of Witness">Clouds of Witness</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reform_Act_2005" title="Constitutional Reform Act 2005">Constitutional Reform Act 2005</a> resulted in the creation of a separate Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, to which the judicial function of the House of Lords, and some of the judicial functions of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, were transferred. In addition, the office of Lord Chancellor was reformed by the act, removing his ability to act as both a government minister and a judge. This was motivated in part by concerns about the historical admixture of legislative, judicial, and executive power. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks peerage"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coronet of a duke"><img alt="Coronet of a duke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg/75px-Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg/113px-Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Peerage" title="Category:Peerage">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Peerages in the<br />United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ranks</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke / Duchess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess / Marchioness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl / Countess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount / Viscountess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron / Baroness</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Parliament" title="Lord of Parliament">Lord / Lady of Parliament</a>)</li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Types</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">Hereditary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Representative_peer" title="Representative peer">Representative</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Divisions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_peerage" title="History of the British peerage">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_of_peerage" title="Privilege of peerage">Privileges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robes_of_the_British_peerage" title="Robes of the British peerage">Robes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom">Courtesy titles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courtesy_titles_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of courtesy titles in the peerages of Britain and Ireland">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forms of address in the United Kingdom">Forms of address</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Family_seat" title="Family seat">Family seat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_designation" title="Territorial designation">Territorial designation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related Peerages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_peers_and_baronets" title="Welsh peers and baronets">Welsh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_peerage" title="Jacobite peerage">Jacobite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_peers_and_baronets" title="Australian peers and baronets">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peers_and_baronets" title="Canadian peers and baronets">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_peers_and_baronets" title="Indian peers and baronets">India</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">House of Lords</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Peerages in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Peerages in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peerages in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lords_Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lords Spiritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a></div> <p>Members of the House of Lords who sit by virtue of their ecclesiastical offices are known as Lords Spiritual.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly, the Lords Spiritual were the majority in the English House of Lords,<sup id="cite_ref-shell1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shell1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comprising the church's <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a>, (diocesan) bishops, <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a>, and those <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">priors</a> who were entitled to wear a <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>'s high point in 1539, only the archbishops and bishops continued to attend, as the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> had just disposed of and suppressed the positions of abbot and prior. In 1642, during the few gatherings of the Lords convened during <a href="/wiki/English_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="English Interregnum">English Interregnum</a> which saw periodic war, the Lords Spiritual were excluded altogether, but they returned under the <a href="/wiki/Clergy_Act_1661" title="Clergy Act 1661">Clergy Act 1661</a>. </p><p>The number of Lords Spiritual was further restricted by the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Manchester_Act_1847" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847">Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847</a>, and by later Acts. The Lords Spiritual can now number no more than 26: these are the Archbishops of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">York</a>, the Bishops of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Winchester</a> (who sit by right regardless of seniority), and the 21 longest-serving archbishops and bishops from other <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> in the Church of England<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (excluding the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Sodor_and_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodor and Man">Sodor and Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gibraltar_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe">Gibraltar in Europe</a>, as these lie entirely outside the United Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a change to the law in 2014 to allow women to be ordained archbishops and bishops, the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual_(Women)_Act_2015" title="Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015">Lords Spiritual (Women) Act 2015</a> was passed, which provides that whenever a vacancy arises among the Lords Spiritual during the ten years following the Act coming into force, the vacancy has to be filled by a woman, if one is eligible. This does not apply to the five archbishops and bishops who sit by right. </p><p>The current Lords Spiritual represent only the Church of England. Archbishops and bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> historically sat in the Parliament of Scotland but were finally excluded in 1689 (after a number of previous exclusions) when the Church of Scotland became permanently Presbyterian. There are no longer archbishops and <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Bishops in the Church of Scotland">bishops in the Church of Scotland</a> in the traditional sense of the word, and that Church has never sent members to sit in the Westminster House of Lords. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> did obtain representation in the House of Lords after the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801. Of the Church of Ireland's ecclesiastics, four (one archbishop and three bishops) were to sit at any one time, with the members rotating at the end of every parliamentary session (which normally lasted about one year). The Church of Ireland, however, was <a href="/wiki/Disestablishment_of_the_Church_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland">disestablished</a> in 1871, and thereafter ceased to be represented by Lords Spiritual. Archbishops and bishops of Welsh sees in the Church of England originally sat in the House of Lords (after 1847, only if their seniority within the church entitled them to), but the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> ceased to be a part of the Church of England in 1920 and was simultaneously <a href="/wiki/Disestablishment_of_the_Church_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Disestablishment of the Church in Wales">disestablished</a> in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, archbishops and bishops of the Church in Wales were no longer eligible to be appointed to the House as archbishops and bishops of the Church of England, but those already appointed remained. </p><p>Other ecclesiastics have sat in the House of Lords as Lords Temporal in recent times: <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits" class="mw-redirect" title="Immanuel Jakobovits">Immanuel Jakobovits</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_rabbis_of_the_United_Hebrew_Congregations" title="List of chief rabbis of the United Hebrew Congregations">Chief Rabbi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Synagogue</a> (the largest organisation of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jewish">Orthodox Jewish</a> congregations in Britain) was appointed to the House of Lords (with the consent of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, who acted on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher), as was his successor Chief Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Neuberger" title="Julia Neuberger">Julia Neuberger</a> is the senior rabbi to the West London Synagogue. In recognition of his work at reconciliation and in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">peace process</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Armagh_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)">Archbishop of Armagh</a> (the senior Anglican archbishop in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Robin_Eames" title="Robin Eames">Robin Eames</a>, was appointed to the Lords by <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>. Other clergy appointed include <a href="/wiki/Donald_Soper" title="Donald Soper">Donald Soper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Beaumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Beaumont">Timothy Beaumont</a>, and some Scottish clerics. </p><p>There have been no Roman Catholic clergy appointed, though it was rumoured that Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hume" title="Basil Hume">Basil Hume</a> and his successor Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Cormac_Murphy_O%27Connor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cormac Murphy O'Connor">Cormac Murphy O'Connor</a> were offered peerages by <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair respectively, but declined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> Hume later accepted the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>, a personal appointment of Queen Elizabeth II, shortly before his death. Cardinal Murphy O'Connor for his part said he had his <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a> ready, but ultimately did not accept a peerage. Future appointments of Catholic clergy to the Lords is unlikely, as since the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a>, all Catholic clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">discouraged from holding secular public office</a>, and all <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocesan priests">diocesan priests</a> and bishops have been completely prohibited from it (excepting only political offices of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City State">Vatican City State</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Archbishops of Canterbury, having reverted to the status of a regular bishop but no longer diocesans, are invariably given life peerages and sit as Lords Temporal. </p><p>By custom at least one of the archbishops or bishops reads prayers in each legislative day (a role taken by the chaplain in the Commons).<sup id="cite_ref-shell1_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shell1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often speak in debates; in 2004 <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>, the Archbishop of Canterbury, opened a debate into sentencing legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-shell1_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shell1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Church_of_England_measures" title="List of Church of England measures">Measures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">proposed laws</a> of the Church of England) must be put before the Lords, and the Lords Spiritual have a role in ensuring that this takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-shell1_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shell1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lords_Temporal">Lords Temporal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lords Temporal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lords Temporal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hereditary_peers">Hereditary peers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hereditary peers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>, the Lords Temporal have been the most numerous group in the House of Lords. Unlike the Lords Spiritual, they may be publicly partisan, aligning themselves with one or another of the political parties that dominate the House of Commons. Publicly non-partisan Lords are called <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">crossbenchers</a>. Originally, the Lords Temporal included several hundred hereditary peers (that is, those whose peerages may be inherited), who ranked variously as <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">dukes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscounts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a> (as well as Scottish <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords of Parliament">Lords of Parliament</a>). Such hereditary dignities can be created by the Crown; in modern times this is done on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day (except in the case of members of the Royal Family). </p><p>Holders of <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scottish</a> and Irish peerages were not always permitted to sit in the Lords. When Scotland united with England to form <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in 1707, it was provided that the Scottish hereditary peers would only be able to elect 16 <a href="/wiki/Scottish_representative_peer" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish representative peer">Scottish representative peers</a> to sit in the House of Lords; the term of a representative was to extend until the next general election. A similar provision was enacted when Ireland merged with Great Britain in 1801 to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; the Irish peers were allowed to elect 28 <a href="/wiki/Irish_representative_peer" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish representative peer">Irish representative peers</a>, who were to retain office for life. Elections for Irish representatives ended in 1922, when most of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> became an independent state known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>; elections for Scottish representatives ended with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Act_1963" title="Peerage Act 1963">Peerage Act 1963</a>, under which all Scottish peers obtained seats in the Upper House. </p><p>In 1999, the Labour government brought forward the House of Lords Act removing the right of several hundred hereditary peers to sit in the House. The Act provided, as a measure intended to be temporary, that 92 people would continue to sit in the Lords by virtue of hereditary peerages, and this is still in effect. </p><p>Of the 92, two remain in the House of Lords because they hold royal offices connected with Parliament: the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal#England" title="Earl Marshal">Earl Marshal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain" title="Lord Great Chamberlain">Lord Great Chamberlain</a>. Of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_excepted_hereditary_peers" title="List of excepted hereditary peers">remaining ninety peers sitting in the Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage</a>, 15 are elected by the whole House and 75 are chosen by fellow hereditary peers in the House of Lords, grouped by party. (A holder of a hereditary peerage who is given a life peerage becomes a member of the House of Lords without a need for a by-election.) The exclusion of other hereditary peers removed <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles, then Prince of Wales</a> (who was also <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earl of Chester</a>) and all other royal peers, including <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, then Earl of Wessex</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a>. </p><p>The number of hereditary peers to be chosen by a political group reflects the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that group (see <a href="#Current_composition">current composition</a> below) in 1999. When an elected hereditary peer dies, a <a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_House_of_Lords" title="By-elections to the House of Lords">by-election</a> is held, with a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Vote">Alternative Vote</a> system being used. If the recently deceased hereditary peer had been elected by the whole House, then so are their replacement; a hereditary peer elected by a specific political group (including the non-aligned crossbenchers) is replaced by a vote of the hereditary peers already elected to the Lords belonging to that political group (whether elected by that group or by the whole house). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary">Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lords of Appeal in Ordinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 2009, the Lords Temporal also included the <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</a>, more commonly known as Law Lords, a group of individuals appointed to the House of Lords so that they could exercise its judicial functions. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary were first appointed under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876. They were selected by the Prime Minister of the day, but were formally appointed by the Sovereign. A Lord of Appeal in Ordinary had to retire at the age of 70, or, if his term was extended by the government, at the age of 75; after reaching such an age, the Law Lord could not hear any further cases in the House of Lords. </p><p>The number of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (excluding those who were no longer able to hear cases because of age restrictions) was limited to twelve, but could be changed by <a href="/wiki/Statutory_instrument" title="Statutory instrument">statutory instrument</a>. By a convention of the House, Lords of Appeal in Ordinary did not take part in debates on new legislation, so as to maintain judicial independence. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary held their seats in the House of Lords for life, remaining as members even after reaching the judicial retirement age of 70 or 75. Former Lord Chancellors and holders of other high judicial office could also sit as Law Lords under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, although in practice this right was only rarely exercised. </p><p>Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary when the Act came into effect in 2009 became judges of the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and were then barred from sitting or voting in the House of Lords until they had retired as judges. One of the main justifications for the new Supreme Court was to establish a separation of powers between the judiciary and the legislature. It is therefore unlikely that future appointees to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom will be made Lords of Appeal in Ordinary.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Life_peers">Life peers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Life peers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest group of Lords Temporal, and indeed of the whole House, are life peers. As of March 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there are 670 life peers eligible to vote in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament.uk_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament.uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life peers rank only as barons or baronesses, and are created under the Life Peerages Act 1958. Like all other peers, life peers are created by the Sovereign, who acts on the advice of the Prime Minister or the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Appointments_Commission" title="House of Lords Appointments Commission">House of Lords Appointments Commission</a>. By convention, however, the Prime Minister allows leaders of other parties to nominate some life peers, so as to maintain a political balance in the House of Lords. Moreover, some non-party life peers (the number being determined by the Prime Minister) are nominated by the independent House of Lords Appointments Commission. </p><p>In 2000 the government announced that it would set up an Independent Appointments Commission, under <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Stevenson,_Baron_Stevenson_of_Coddenham" title="Dennis Stevenson, Baron Stevenson of Coddenham">Dennis Stevenson, Lord Stevenson of Coddenham</a>, to select fifteen so-called "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_peer" class="mw-redirect" title="People's peer">people's peers</a>" for life peerages. However, when the choices were announced in April 2001, from a list of 3,000 applicants, the choices were treated with criticism in the media, as all were distinguished in their field, and none were "ordinary people" as some had originally hoped.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Women in the House of Lords">Women in the House of Lords</a></div> <p>Several different qualifications apply for membership of the House of Lords. No person may sit in the House of Lords if under the age of 21.<sup id="cite_ref-standing_orders1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standing_orders1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, only United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth</a> citizens may sit in the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nationality restrictions were previously more stringent: under the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>, and prior to the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1948" title="British Nationality Act 1948">British Nationality Act 1948</a>, only natural-born subjects qualified.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, some bankruptcy-related restrictions apply to members of the Upper House. Subjects of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order (applicable in England and Wales only), adjudged bankrupt (in Northern Ireland), or a sequestered estate (in Scotland) are not eligible to sit in the House of Lords. Individuals convicted of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> are prohibited from sitting in the House of Lords until completion of their full term of imprisonment. An exception applies, however, if the individual convicted of high treason receives a full pardon. An individual serving a prison sentence for an offence other than high treason is <i>not</i> automatically disqualified. </p><p>Women were excluded from the House of Lords until the <a href="/wiki/Life_Peerages_Act_1958" title="Life Peerages Act 1958">Life Peerages Act 1958</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed to address the declining number of active members, made possible the creation of peerages for life. Women were immediately eligible and four were among the first life peers appointed. However, female hereditary peers continued to be excluded until the passage of the Peerage Act 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> female hereditary peers remain eligible for election to the Upper House; until her resignation on 1 May 2020, there was one (<a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Mar,_31st_Countess_of_Mar" title="Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar">Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar</a>) among the 90 hereditary peers who continue to sit. After Barbara Wootton became one of the first four life peers appointed under the Life Peerages Act 1958, she requested that she not be referred to as "peeress", believing that the term failed to distinguish female peers from the mere wives of peers.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cash_for_peerages">Cash for peerages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cash for peerages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Honours_(Prevention_of_Abuses)_Act_1925" title="Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925">Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made it illegal for a peerage, or other honour, to be bought or sold. Nonetheless, there have been repeated allegations that life peerages (and thus membership of the House of Lords) have been made available to major political donors in exchange for donations. The most prominent example, the <a href="/wiki/Cash_for_Honours_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash for Honours scandal">Cash for Honours scandal</a> in 2006, saw a police investigation, with no charges being brought. A 2015 study found that of 303 people nominated for peerages in the period 2005–2014, a total of 211 were former senior figures within politics (including former MPs), or were non-political appointments. Of the remaining 92 political appointments from outside public life, 27 had made significant donations to political parties. The authors concluded firstly that nominees from outside public life were much more likely to have made large gifts than peers nominated after prior political or public service. They also found that significant donors to parties were far more likely to be nominated for peerages than other party members.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_from_House_membership">Removal from House membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Removal from House membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally there was no mechanism by which members could resign or be removed from the House of Lords (compare the situation as regards <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation from the House of Commons">resignation from the House of Commons</a>). The Peerage Act 1963 permitted a person to disclaim their newly inherited peerage (within certain time limits); this meant that such a person could effectively renounce their membership of the Lords. This might be done in order to remain or become qualified to sit in the House of Commons, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> (formerly the second <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Stansgate" title="Viscount Stansgate">Viscount Stansgate</a>), who had campaigned for such a change. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014" title="House of Lords Reform Act 2014">House of Lords Reform Act 2014</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made provision for members' resignation from the House, removal for non-attendance, and automatic expulsion upon conviction for a serious criminal offence (if resulting in a jail sentence of at least one year). In June 2015, under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_(Expulsion_and_Suspension)_Act_2015" title="House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015">House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the House's Standing Orders may provide for the expulsion or suspension of a member upon a resolution of the House. </p><p>In November 2020, <a href="/wiki/Nazir_Ahmed,_Baron_Ahmed" title="Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed">Nazir Ahmed, Lord Ahmed</a> retired from the House of Lords, having seen a Lords Conduct Committee report recommending he be expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December the same year, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Maginnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Maginnis">Lord Maginnis</a> was suspended from the House for 18 months.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Officers">Officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally the House of Lords did not elect its own speaker, unlike the House of Commons; rather, the <i>ex officio</i> presiding officer was the Lord Chancellor. With the passage of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the post of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a> was created, a position to which a peer is elected by the House and subsequently appointed by the Crown. The first Lord Speaker, elected on 4 May 2006, was <a href="/wiki/Helene_Hayman,_Baroness_Hayman" title="Helene Hayman, Baroness Hayman">Helene Hayman, Baroness Hayman</a>, a former Labour peer. As the Speaker is expected to be an impartial presiding officer, Hayman resigned from the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Frances_D%27Souza,_Baroness_D%27Souza" title="Frances D'Souza, Baroness D'Souza">Frances D'Souza, Baroness D'Souza</a> was elected as the second Lord Speaker, replacing Hayman in September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D'Souza was in turn succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Norman Fowler, Lord Fowler</a> in September 2016, who served as Lord Speaker until his resignation in April 2021. He was <a href="/wiki/2021_Lord_Speaker_election" title="2021 Lord Speaker election">succeeded as Lord Speaker</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_McFall,_Baron_McFall_of_Alcluith" title="John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith">John McFall, Lord McFall of Alcluith</a>, who is the incumbent Lord Speaker. </p><p>This reform of the post of Lord Chancellor was made due to the perceived constitutional anomalies inherent in the role. The Lord Chancellor was not only the Speaker of the House of Lords, but also a member of the Cabinet; his or her department, formerly the Lord Chancellor's Department, is now called the Ministry of Justice. The Lord Chancellor is no longer the head of the judiciary of England and Wales. Hitherto, the Lord Chancellor was part of all three branches of government: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. </p><p>The overlap of the legislative and executive roles is a characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, as the entire cabinet consists of members of the House of Commons or the House of Lords; however, in June 2003, the Blair Government announced its intention to abolish the post of Lord Chancellor because of the office's mixed executive and judicial responsibilities. The abolition of the office was rejected by the House of Lords, and the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 was thus amended to preserve the office of Lord Chancellor. The Act no longer guarantees that the office holder of Lord Chancellor is the presiding officer of the House of Lords, and therefore allows the House of Lords to elect a speaker of their own. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Pepys,_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham_by_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Charles_Pepys%2C_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham_by_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg/220px-Charles_Pepys%2C_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham_by_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Charles_Pepys%2C_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham_by_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg/330px-Charles_Pepys%2C_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham_by_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Charles_Pepys%2C_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham_by_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg/440px-Charles_Pepys%2C_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham_by_Charles_Robert_Leslie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3187" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pepys,_1st_Earl_of_Cottenham" title="Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham">Charles Pepys</a> as Lord Chancellor. The lord chancellor wore black-and-gold robes whilst presiding over the House of Lords.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lord speaker may be replaced as presiding officer by one of his or her deputies. The <a href="/wiki/Senior_Deputy_Speaker_of_the_House_of_Lords#Chairmen_of_Committees" title="Senior Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords">chairman of committees</a>, the principal deputy chairman of committees, and several chairmen are all deputies to the lord speaker, and are all appointed by the House of Lords itself at the beginning of each session. By custom, the Crown appoints each chairman, principal deputy chairman and deputy chairman to the additional office of Deputy Speaker of the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was previously no legal requirement that the lord chancellor or a deputy speaker be a member of the House of Lords (though the same has long been customary). </p><p>Whilst presiding over the House of Lords, the lord chancellor traditionally wore ceremonial black and gold robes. Robes of black and gold are now worn by the lord chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice in the House of Commons, on ceremonial occasions. This is no longer a requirement for the lord speaker except for state occasions outside of the chamber. The speaker or deputy speaker sits on the <a href="/wiki/Woolsack" title="Woolsack">Woolsack</a>, a large red seat stuffed with wool, at the front of the Lords Chamber. </p><p>When the House of Lords resolves itself into committee (see below), the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees presides, not from the Woolsack, but from a chair at the Table of the House. The presiding officer has little power compared to the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker of the House of Commons</a>. The presiding officer only acts as the mouthpiece of the House, performing duties such as announcing the results of votes. This is because, unlike in the House of Commons where all statements are directed to "Mr/Madam Speaker", in the House of Lords they are directed to "My Lords"; i.e., the entire body of the House. </p><p>The Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker cannot determine which members may speak, or discipline members for violating the rules of the House; these measures may be taken only by the House itself. Unlike the politically neutral Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Chancellor and Deputy Speakers originally remained members of their respective parties, and were permitted to participate in debate; however, this is no longer true of the new role of Lord Speaker. </p><p>Another officer of the body is the Leader of the House of Lords, a peer selected by the Prime Minister. The Leader of the House is responsible for steering Government bills through the House of Lords, and is a member of the Cabinet. The Leader also advises the House on proper procedure when necessary, but such advice is merely informal, rather than official and binding. A Deputy Leader is also appointed by the Prime Minister, and takes the place of an absent or unavailable leader. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Parliaments" title="Clerk of the Parliaments">Clerk of the Parliaments</a> is the chief clerk and officer of the House of Lords (but is not a member of the House itself). The Clerk, who is appointed by the Crown, advises the presiding officer on the rules of the House, signs orders and official communications, endorses bills, and is the keeper of the official records of both Houses of Parliament. Moreover, the Clerk of the Parliaments is responsible for arranging by-elections of hereditary peers when necessary. The deputies of the Clerk of the Parliaments (the Clerk Assistant and the Reading Clerk) are appointed by the Lord Speaker, subject to the House's approval. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Rod" title="Black Rod">Gentleman or Lady Usher of the Black Rod</a> is also an officer of the House; they take their title from the symbol of their office, a black rod. Black Rod (as the Gentleman/Lady Usher is normally known) is responsible for ceremonial arrangements, is in charge of the House's doorkeepers, and may (upon the order of the House) take action to end disorder or disturbance in the Chamber. Black Rod also holds the office of <a href="/wiki/Serjeant-at-Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Serjeant-at-Arms">Serjeant-at-Arms</a> of the House of Lords, and in this capacity attends upon the Lord Speaker. The Gentleman or Lady Usher of the Black Rod's duties may be delegated to the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod or to the Assistant Serjeant-at-Arms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom#Stages_of_a_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom § Stages of a bill</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamber_of_the_House_of_Lords_benches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chamber_of_the_House_of_Lords_benches.jpg/220px-Chamber_of_the_House_of_Lords_benches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chamber_of_the_House_of_Lords_benches.jpg/330px-Chamber_of_the_House_of_Lords_benches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Chamber_of_the_House_of_Lords_benches.jpg/440px-Chamber_of_the_House_of_Lords_benches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Benches in the chamber are coloured red. In contrast, the benches in the House of Commons are green.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg/220px-Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg/330px-Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg/440px-Thrones_in_the_House_of_Lords_c1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The royal thrones, c. 1902. The Sovereign's throne (on left) is raised slightly higher than the consort's.</figcaption></figure> <p>The House of Lords and the House of Commons assemble in the Palace of Westminster. The Lords Chamber is lavishly decorated, in contrast with the more modestly furnished Commons Chamber. Benches in the Lords Chamber are coloured red. The <a href="/wiki/Woolsack" title="Woolsack">Woolsack</a> is at the front of the Chamber; the Government sit on benches on the right of the Woolsack, while members of the Opposition sit on the left. Crossbenchers sit on the benches immediately opposite the Woolsack.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lords Chamber is the site of many formal ceremonies, the most famous of which is the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>, held at the beginning of each new parliamentary session. During the State Opening, the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">Sovereign</a>, seated on the Throne in the Lords Chamber and in the presence of both Houses of Parliament, delivers a speech outlining the Government's agenda for the upcoming parliamentary session. </p><p>In the House of Lords, members need not seek the recognition of the presiding officer before speaking, as is done in the House of Commons. If two or more Lords simultaneously rise to speak, the House decides which one is to be heard by acclamation, or, if necessary, by voting on a motion. Often, however, the Leader of the House will suggest an order, which is thereafter generally followed. Speeches in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole ("My Lords") rather than to the presiding officer alone (as is the custom in the Lower House). Members may not refer to each other in the second person (as "you"), but rather use third person forms such as "the noble Duke", "the noble Earl", "the noble Lord", "my noble friend", "The most Reverend Primate", etc. </p><p>Each member may make no more than one speech on a motion, except that the mover of the motion may make one speech at the beginning of the debate and another at the end. Speeches are not subject to any time limits in the House; however, the House may put an end to a speech by approving a motion "that the noble Lord be no longer heard". It is also possible for the House to end the debate entirely, by approving a motion "that the Question be now put". This procedure is known as <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Closure</a>, and is extremely rare. Six closure motions were passed on 4 April 2019 to significant media attention as part of consideration of a <a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%27s_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union">United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once all speeches on a motion have concluded, or Closure invoked, the motion may be put to a vote. The House first votes by <a href="/wiki/Voice_vote" title="Voice vote">voice vote</a>; the Lord Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question, and the Lords respond either "content" (in favour of the motion) or "not content" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote, but if his assessment is challenged by any Lord, a recorded vote known as a <a href="/wiki/Division_(vote)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division (vote)">division</a> follows. </p><p>Members of the House enter one of two lobbies (the <i>content</i> lobby or the <i>not-content</i> lobby) on either side of the Chamber, where their names are recorded by clerks. At each lobby are two Tellers (themselves members of the House) who count the votes of the Lords. The Lord Speaker may not take part in the vote. Once the division concludes, the Tellers provide the results thereof to the presiding officer, who then announces them to the House. </p><p>If there is an equality of votes, the motion is decided according to the following principles: legislation may proceed in its present form, unless there is a majority in favour of amending or rejecting it; any other motions are rejected, unless there is a majority in favour of approving it. The quorum of the House of Lords is just three members for a general or procedural vote, and 30 members for a vote on legislation. If fewer than three or 30 members (as appropriate) are present, the division is invalid. </p><p>Special arrangements were made during the 2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a> to allow some duties to be carried out online.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disciplinary_powers">Disciplinary powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Disciplinary powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By contrast with the House of Commons, the House of Lords has not until recently had an established procedure for imposing sanctions on its members. When a <a href="/wiki/2009_cash_for_influence_scandal" title="2009 cash for influence scandal">cash for influence scandal</a> was referred to the Committee of Privileges in January 2009, the Leader of the House of Lords also asked the Privileges Committee to report on what sanctions the House had against its members.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference_to_committee_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference_to_committee-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After seeking advice from the Attorney General for England and Wales and the former Lord Chancellor <a href="/wiki/James_Mackay,_Lord_Mackay_of_Clashfern" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mackay, Lord Mackay of Clashfern">James Mackay, Lord Mackay of Clashfern</a>, the committee decided that the House "possessed an inherent power" to suspend errant members, although not to withhold a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer#Writs_of_summons" title="Hereditary peer">writ of summons</a> nor to expel a member permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-Powers_of_suspension_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powers_of_suspension-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the House subsequently suspended <a href="/wiki/Peter_Truscott,_Baron_Truscott" title="Peter Truscott, Baron Truscott">Peter Truscott, Lord Truscott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Taylor,_Baron_Taylor_of_Blackburn" title="Tom Taylor, Baron Taylor of Blackburn">Tom Taylor, Lord Taylor of Blackburn</a> for their role in the scandal, they were the first to meet this fate since 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_and_Truscott_suspended_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_and_Truscott_suspended-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent changes have expanded the disciplinary powers of the House. Section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014" title="House of Lords Reform Act 2014">House of Lords Reform Act 2014</a> now provides that any member of the House of Lords convicted of a crime and sentenced to imprisonment for more than one year loses their seat. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_(Expulsion_and_Suspension)_Act_2015" title="House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015">House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015</a> allows the House to set up procedures to suspend, and to expel, its members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulation_of_behaviour_in_the_chamber">Regulation of behaviour in the chamber</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Regulation of behaviour in the chamber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two motions which have grown up through custom and practice and which govern questionable conduct within the House. They are brought into play by a member standing up, possibly intervening on another member, and moving the motion without notice. When the debate is getting excessively heated, it is open to a member to move "that the Standing Order on Asperity of Speech be read by the Clerk". The motion can be debated,<sup id="cite_ref-Asperity_of_speech_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asperity_of_speech-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but if agreed by the House, the Clerk of the Parliaments will read Standing Order 32 which provides "That all personal, sharp, or taxing speeches be forborn".<sup id="cite_ref-Standing_Order_32_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standing_Order_32-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Journals of the House of Lords record only four instances on which the House has ordered the Standing Order to be read since the procedure was invented in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-Asperity_instances_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asperity_instances-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For more serious problems with an individual Lord, the option is available to move "That the noble Lord be no longer heard". This motion also is debatable, and the debate which ensues has sometimes offered a chance for the member whose conduct has brought it about to come to order so that the motion can be withdrawn. If the motion is passed, its effect is to prevent the member from continuing their speech on the motion then under debate.<sup id="cite_ref-No_longer_heard_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No_longer_heard-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Journals identify eleven occasions on which this motion has been moved since 1884; four were eventually withdrawn, one was voted down, and six were passed.<sup id="cite_ref-No_longer_heard_instances_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No_longer_heard_instances-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leave_of_absence">Leave of absence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Leave of absence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1958, to counter criticism that some peers only appeared at major decisions in the House and thereby particular votes were swayed, the Standing Orders of the House of Lords were enhanced.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peers who did not wish to attend meetings regularly or were prevented by ill health, age or further reasons, were now able to request leave of absence.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the granted time a peer is expected not to visit the House's meetings until either its expiration or termination, announced at least a month prior to their return.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attendance_allowance">Attendance allowance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Attendance allowance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Via a new financial support system introduced in 2010, members of the House of Lords can opt to receive an attendance allowance per sitting day of currently £342 (as of 2023; initially it was £300 in 2010), plus limited travel expenses. Peers can choose to receive a reduced attendance allowance of £171 per day instead, or none at all.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2010, peers from outside London could claim an overnight allowance of £174.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-20150729_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20150729-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Committees">Committees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike in the House of Commons, when the term committee is used to describe a stage of a bill, this committee does not take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Public_bill_committee" title="Public bill committee">public bill committee</a>, but what is described as Committee of the Whole House. It is made up of all members of the House of Lords, where any member is allowed to contribute to debates and provides for flexible rules of procedure. It is presided over by the Chairman of Committees.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term committee is also used to describe Grand Committee, where the same rules of procedure apply as in the main chamber, except that no divisions may take place. For this reason, business that is discussed in Grand Committee is usually uncontroversial and likely to be agreed unanimously.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public bills may also be committed to pre-legislative committees. A pre-legislative Committee is specifically constituted for a particular bill. These committees are established in advance of the bill being laid before either the House of Lords or the House of Commons and can take evidence from the public. Such committees are rare and do not replace any of the usual stages of a bill, including committee stage.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The House of Lords also has 15 <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">Select committees</a>. Typically, these are <i>sessional committees</i>, meaning that their members are appointed by the House at the beginning of each session, and continue to serve until the next parliamentary session begins. In practice, these are often permanent committees, which are re-established during every session. These committees are typically empowered to make reports to the House "from time to time", that is, whenever they wish. Other committees are <i>ad-hoc committees</i>, which are set up to investigate a specific issue. When they are set up by a motion in the House, the motion will set a deadline by which the Committee must report. After this date, the committee will cease to exist unless it is granted an extension. One example of this is the Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Lords may appoint a chairman for a committee; if it does not do so, the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman of Committees may preside instead. Most of the Select Committees are also granted the power to co-opt members, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Committee" title="European Union Committee">European Union Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary function of Select Committees is to scrutinise and investigate Government activities; to fulfil these aims, they are permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence. Bills may be referred to Select Committees, but are more often sent to the Committee of the Whole House and Grand Committees. </p><p>The committee system of the House of Lords also includes several Domestic Committees, which supervise or consider the House's procedures and administration. One of the Domestic Committees is the Committee of Selection, which is responsible for assigning members to many of the House's other committees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_composition">Current composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Current composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the House of Lords">List of members of the House of Lords</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House-of-lords-diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/House-of-lords-diagram.jpg/350px-House-of-lords-diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/House-of-lords-diagram.jpg/525px-House-of-lords-diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/House-of-lords-diagram.jpg/700px-House-of-lords-diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>There are currently 835 sitting members of the House of Lords,<sup id="cite_ref-lords_composition_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lords_composition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 667 are life peers (as of 2 October 2023) <sup id="cite_ref-parliament.uk_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parliament.uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 228 are women (see:<a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Women in the House of Lords">Women in the House of Lords</a>). An additional 24 Lords are ineligible to participate, including two peers who are constitutionally disqualified as members of the Judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-lords_ineligible_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lords_ineligible-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The House of Lords Act 1999 allocated 75 of the 92 hereditary peers to the parties based on the proportion of hereditary peers that belonged to that party in 1999:<sup id="cite_ref-standing_orders1_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standing_orders1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>: 42 peers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>: 2 peers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>: 3 peers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">Crossbenchers</a>: 28 peers</li></ul> <p>Of the initial 42 hereditary peers elected as Conservatives, one, <a href="/wiki/David_Verney,_21st_Baron_Willoughby_de_Broke" title="David Verney, 21st Baron Willoughby de Broke">David Verney, 21st Lord Willoughby de Broke</a>, defected to <a href="/wiki/UKIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UKIP">UKIP</a>, though he left the party in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-lords_composition_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lords_composition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fifteen hereditary peers are elected by the whole House, and the remaining hereditary peers are the two royal office-holders, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal" title="Earl Marshal">Earl Marshal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain" title="Lord Great Chamberlain">Lord Great Chamberlain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lords_composition_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lords_composition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report in 2007 stated that many members of the Lords (particularly the life peers) do not attend regularly; the average daily attendance was around 408.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the number of hereditary peers is limited to 92, and that of Lords spiritual to 26, there is no maximum limit to the number of life peers who may be members of the House of Lords at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_imbalance">Gender imbalance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Gender imbalance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although female representation in the Lords has risen each decade since 1960, the pace has slowed in recent years, with the number of women peers rising 1% since 2020. A report by the Unlock Democracy think tank found that if every woman ever made a peer was still alive and sitting in the House of Lords today, men would still outnumber women by nearly two to one. The report singled out <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a>'s female appointment rates to the House of Lords, at 17% of his party's appointments as compared with 37.5% of Tory peers appointed under Truss, 20.9% by appointed under Johnson, 46.2% under May, and 30% under Cameron; the report also states that appointment rates under Labour were scarcely higher.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_leaders_and_ministers_in_the_Lords">Government leaders and ministers in the Lords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Government leaders and ministers in the Lords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaders_and_chief_whips">Leaders and chief whips</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Leaders and chief whips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">The Baroness Smith of Basildon</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal</a> (Cabinet member)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ray_Collins,_Baron_Collins_of_Highbury" title="Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury">The Lord Collins of Highbury</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Deputy Leader of the House of Lords</a> (unpaid)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kennedy,_Baron_Kennedy_of_Southwark" title="Roy Kennedy, Baron Kennedy of Southwark">The Lord Kennedy of Southwark</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Captain_of_the_Honourable_Corps_of_Gentlemen-at-Arms" title="Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms">Chief Whip of the House of Lords and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wheeler,_Baroness_Wheeler" title="Margaret Wheeler, Baroness Wheeler">The Baroness Wheeler</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Captain_of_the_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard">Deputy Chief Whip of the House of Lords and Captain of the King's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ministers">Other ministers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other ministers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Law_officers_of_the_Crown" title="Law officers of the Crown">Law officers of the Crown</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hermer,_Baron_Hermer" title="Richard Hermer, Baron Hermer">The Lord Hermer</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General for England and Wales</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Advocate General for Northern Ireland">Advocate General for Northern Ireland</a> (attends Cabinet)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Cluny" title="Catherine Smith, Baroness Smith of Cluny">The Baroness Smith of Cluny</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Advocate General for Scotland</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coaker" title="Vernon Coaker">The Lord Coaker</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Defence" title="Minister of State for Defence">Minister of State for Defence</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Smith" title="Jacqui Smith">The Baroness Smith of Malvern</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State for Skills">Minister of State for Skills</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/David_Hanson,_Baron_Hanson_of_Flint" title="David Hanson, Baron Hanson of Flint">The Lord Hanson of Flint</a></b> – Minister of State</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt_of_Kings_Heath" title="Philip Hunt, Baron Hunt of Kings Heath">The Lord Hunt of Kings Heath</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Industry_and_Decarbonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State for Industry and Decarbonisation">Minister of State for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Timpson,_Baron_Timpson" title="James Timpson, Baron Timpson">The Lord Timpson</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Prisons,_Parole_and_Probation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State for Prisons, Parole and Probation">Minister of State for Prisons, Parole and Probation</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ponsonby,_4th_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Frederick Ponsonby, 4th Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">The Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Justice" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vallance" title="Patrick Vallance">The Lord Vallance of Balham</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Science,_Research_and_Innovation" title="Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation">Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Jones,_Baroness_Jones_of_Whitchurch" title="Maggie Jones, Baroness Jones of Whitchurch">The Baroness Jones of Whitchurch</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Future_Digital_Economy_and_Online_Safety" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Future Digital Economy and Online Safety">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Future Digital Economy and Online Safety</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hendy" title="Peter Hendy">The Lord Hendy of Richmond Hill</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Transport" title="Minister of State for Transport">Minister of State for Rail</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Livermore,_Baron_Livermore" title="Spencer Livermore, Baron Livermore">The Lord Livermore</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Poppy_Gustafsson,_Baroness_Gustafsson" title="Poppy Gustafsson, Baroness Gustafsson">The Baroness Gustafsson</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Investment" title="Minister of State for Investment">Minister of State for Investment</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Jones,_Baroness_Jones_of_Whitchurch" title="Maggie Jones, Baroness Jones of Whitchurch">The Baroness Jones of Whitchurch</a></b> – Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Legislation</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Department for Work and Pensions</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Sherlock" title="Maeve Sherlock">The Baroness Sherlock</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Work and Pensions">Minister of State for Work and Pensions</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ray_Collins,_Baron_Collins_of_Highbury" title="Ray Collins, Baron Collins of Highbury">The Lord Collins of Highbury</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Africa" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Africa">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Africa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Chapman" title="Jenny Chapman">The Baroness Chapman of Darlington</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Latin_America_and_Caribbean" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Latin America and Caribbean">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Latin America and Caribbean</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care" title="Department of Health and Social Care">Department of Health and Social Care</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Merron" title="Gillian Merron">The Baroness Merron</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Mental_Health_and_Women%27s_Health_Strategy" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Mental Health and Women's Health Strategy">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Patient Safety, Women's Health and Mental Health</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Twycross,_Baroness_Twycross" title="Fiona Twycross, Baroness Twycross">The Baroness Twycross</a></b> – Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Gambling</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sue_Hayman" title="Sue Hayman">The Baroness Baroness Hayman of Ullock</a></b> – Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Communities_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government">Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Stevenage" title="Sharon Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Stevenage">The Baroness Taylor of Stevenage</a></b> – Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Housing and Local Government</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wajid_Khan,_Baron_Khan_of_Burnley" title="Wajid Khan, Baron Khan of Burnley">The Lord Khan of Burnley</a></b> – Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Faith, Communities and Resettlement</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">Reform of the House of Lords</a></div> <p>There are several criticisms of the House of Lords, including: </p> <ul><li>The appointments process, which has often been described as undemocratic. The current process means the House of Lords remains fully unelected and allows peers to hold their seats until death.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The makeup of the Lords does not reflect the social and demographic diversity of the UK, with under-representation of ethnic minorities and women when compared with the House of Commons,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relative over-representation of people from South East England and people over 50.</li> <li>The House of Lords is often criticised for being too large, and thus too expensive. With almost 800 members it is the second-largest legislative house in the world, second only to the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> of China, and is much larger than Upper Houses in comparable countries.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical capacity of the chamber is only about 400 seats, which has led to "jostling for space".<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These criticisms have led some to question whether there is a need for a second house at all, and whether the bicameral system in British politics is still useful.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Committee" title="Constitution Committee">Constitution Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="History of reform of the House of Lords">History of reform of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the constitution of the United Kingdom">History of the constitution of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Library" title="House of Lords Library">House of Lords Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_(House_of_Lords)" title="Introduction (House of Lords)">Introduction (House of Lords)</a> ceremony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord-in-waiting" title="Lord-in-waiting">Lord-in-waiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_enacted_without_the_House_of_Lords%27_consent" title="List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted without the House of Lords' consent">List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted without the House of Lords' consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_in_the_Making" title="Parliament in the Making">Parliament in the Making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Archives" title="Parliamentary Archives">Parliamentary Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">Reform of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_relocation_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Proposed relocation of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">Proposed relocation of the Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_counterparts">Overseas counterparts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Overseas counterparts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extant">Extant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Extant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ariki" title="House of Ariki">House of Ariki</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Somaliland)" title="House of Elders (Somaliland)">House of Elders (Somaliland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Dewan Negara</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, modeled after the House of Lords and composed of 105 appointed senators.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Lesotho)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate (Lesotho)">Senate (Lesotho)</a>, composed of 22 hereditary tribal chiefs and 11 King's nominees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate of Zimbabwe</a>, with 18 of 80 seats reserved for tribal chiefs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defunct">Defunct</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Defunct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> (existed 1297–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">New Zealand Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(France)" title="Chamber of Peers (France)">Chamber of Peers (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Most_Worthy_Peers" title="Chamber of Most Worthy Peers">Chamber of Most Worthy Peers (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Peers_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Peers (Spain)">Chamber of Peers (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">Chamber of Princes</a> (British India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">House of Peers (Japan)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genr%C5%8Din" title="Genrōin">Genrōin</a> (Japan)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Prussian House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_(Austria)" title="House of Lords (Austria)">House of Lords (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lords_composition-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lords_composition_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lords_composition_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lords_composition_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lords_composition_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+UK&rft.atitle=What+the+Lords+does&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2Flords%2Fwork-of-the-house-of-lords%2Fwhat-the-lords-does%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/faqs/house-of-lords-faqs/lords-legislation/">"Legislation affecting the House of Lords"</a>. <i>Parliament UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parallel+Parliament&rft.atitle=Ministers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parallelparliament.co.uk%2Fglossary%2Fministers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom-2010-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom-2010_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom-2010_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/parliament-government/">"Parliament and government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></i>. 21 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.atitle=Parliament+and+government&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Frole%2Fparliament-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46890481">"What is a vote of no confidence?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 30 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=What+is+a+vote+of+no+confidence%3F&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-46890481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Siaroff, <i>Comparing Political Regimes</i>, University of Toronto Press 2013, chapter 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Walker2024" class="citation web cs1">Peter Walker (9 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/feb/09/major-tory-donor-among-13-new-peers-named-in-honours-list">"Major Tory donor among 13 new peers named in honours list"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Major+Tory+donor+among+13+new+peers+named+in+honours+list&rft.date=2024-02-09&rft.au=Peter+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F09%2Fmajor-tory-donor-among-13-new-peers-named-in-honours-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/sovereignty/">"Parliamentary sovereignty"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+sovereignty&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fhow%2Fsovereignty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loveland1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loveland1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Loveland">Loveland</a> (2009) p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2013" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Meg (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/27542/chapter-abstract/197523197">"2 A Brief History of the House of Lords"</a>. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/27542"><i>The Contemporary House of Lords: Westminster Bicameralism Revived</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199671564.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671564.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967156-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967156-4"><bdi>978-0-19-967156-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+A+Brief+History+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.btitle=The+Contemporary+House+of+Lords%3A+Westminster+Bicameralism+Revived&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199671564.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967156-4&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Meg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F27542%2Fchapter-abstract%2F197523197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/p24">"March 1649: An Act for the Abolishing the House of Peers."</a>. <i>Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660</i>. <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Stationery Office">His Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. 1911 – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=March+1649%3A+An+Act+for+the+Abolishing+the+House+of+Peers.&rft.btitle=Acts+and+Ordinances+of+the+Interregnum%2C+1642%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fno-series%2Facts-ordinances-interregnum%2Fp24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fergusson, <i>Sixteen Peers</i>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKechnie, <i>The reform of the House of Lords</i> etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Dangerfield" title="George Dangerfield">George Dangerfield</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Liberal_England" title="The Strange Death of Liberal England">The Strange Death of Liberal England</a></i> (1935) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175390">online free</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Rose, <i>King George V</i> (1984) pp. 113, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. C. K. Ensor, <i>England 1870–1914</i> (1936), p. 430–432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred L.P. Dennis, "The Parliament Act of 1911, II". <i>American Political Science Review</i> (1912): 386–408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Ballinger, <i>The House of Lords 1911–2011: a century of non-reform</i> (Bloomsbury, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Monarchist</i>, no. 57, p. 27–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-48935860">"House of Lords staff 'bullied and harassed'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC. 10 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=House+of+Lords+staff+too+scared+to+complain+about+harassment&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Syal&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2Fjul%2F10%2Fhouse-of-lords-staff-too-scared-to-complain-about-harassment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/toxic-behaviour-towards-house-of-lords-staff-revealed-in-qcs-report-11760578">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Toxic' behaviour towards House of Lords staff revealed in QC's report"</a>. <i>Sky News</i>. 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Labour+delays+plans+to+abolish+House+of+Lords&rft.date=2024-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe7935e2e-acd9-4f61-bc6d-f0b3b5c07357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/uk_politics/2002/blair_years/1959867.stm">"Labour's 1997 pledges: The constitution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 6 May 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: <a href="/wiki/The_Stationery_Office" title="The Stationery Office">The Stationery Office</a>. 2007. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-170272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-170272-0"><bdi>978-0-10-170272-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027082212/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7c560740f0b62dffde16ed/7027.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Lords%3A+Reform&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-10-170272-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F5a7c560740f0b62dffde16ed%2F7027.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteWintour2003" class="citation news cs1">White, Michael; Wintour, Patrick (4 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/feb/05/uk.houseofcommons1">"MPs reject all options for Lords"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027082336/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/feb/05/uk.houseofcommons1">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=MPs+reject+all+options+for+Lords&rft.date=2003-02-04&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wintour%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2003%2Ffeb%2F05%2Fuk.houseofcommons1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/vote_2005/issues/4372135.stm">"Election issues: Constitutional Reform"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 5 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Election+issues%3A+Constitutional+Reform&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fpolitics%2Fvote_2005%2Fissues%2F4372135.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Sudeley, "Lords Reform – Why Tamper with the House of Lords?", Monday Club publication, December 1979 (P/B).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7027/7027.pdf">"The House of Lords: Reform Cm 7027"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=House+of+Lords+to+conduct+some+duties+online+when+parliament+reopens&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Syal&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2Fapr%2F09%2Fhouse-of-lords-online-parliament-reopens-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reference_to_committee-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reference_to_committee_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldprivi/87/8703.htm">"The Powers of the House of Lords in respect of its Members"</a>. House of Lords, Committee for Privileges. paragraph 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Powers+of+the+House+of+Lords+in+respect+of+its+Members&rft.pages=paragraph+2&rft.pub=House+of+Lords%2C+Committee+for+Privileges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200809%2Fldselect%2Fldprivi%2F87%2F8703.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powers_of_suspension-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powers_of_suspension_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldselect/ldprivi/87/8703.htm">"The Powers of the House of Lords in respect of its Members"</a>. House of Lords, Committee for Privileges. paragraph 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Powers+of+the+House+of+Lords+in+respect+of+its+Members&rft.pages=paragraph+8&rft.pub=House+of+Lords%2C+Committee+for+Privileges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200809%2Fldselect%2Fldprivi%2F87%2F8703.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_and_Truscott_suspended-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_and_Truscott_suspended_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2009" class="citation news cs1">Sparrow, Andrew (21 May 2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sullied' members suspend two peers in first case since 1642". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Sullied%27+members+suspend+two+peers+in+first+case+since+1642&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asperity_of_speech-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asperity_of_speech_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/ldctso06.htm#a61">"Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the proceedings of the House of Lords"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. October 2006. paragraph 4.58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+Standing+Orders+and+guide+to+the+proceedings+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.pages=paragraph+4.58&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld%2Fldcomp%2Fldctso06.htm%23a61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Standing_Order_32-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Standing_Order_32_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldstords/105/105.pdf">"The Standing Orders of the House of Lords"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. 23 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Standing+Orders+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld%2Fldstords%2F105%2F105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asperity_instances-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Asperity_instances_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Lords Journal vol. CIII p. 629, vol. CIV p. 381, vol. 182 p. 90, and vol. 231 p. 644 and 648–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-No_longer_heard-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-No_longer_heard_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/ldctso06.htm#a62">"Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the proceedings of the House of Lords"</a>. October 2006. paragraphs 4.59 and 4.60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+Standing+Orders+and+guide+to+the+proceedings+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.pages=paragraphs+4.59+and+4.60&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld%2Fldcomp%2Fldctso06.htm%23a62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-No_longer_heard_instances-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-No_longer_heard_instances_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Lords Journal vol. CXVI p. 162, vol. CXXIII p. 354, vol. 192 p. 231, vol. 215 pp. 200–1, vol. 218 p. 119, vol. 221 p. 539, vol. 225 p. 194, vol. 226 p. 339, vol. 228 p. 308, vol. 229 p. 89, and vol. 233 p. 791.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldbrief/ldreform.htm">"House of Lords – Reform and Proposals for Reform since 1900"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Lords+%E2%80%93+Reform+and+Proposals+for+Reform+since+1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld199798%2Fldbrief%2Fldreform.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The House of Lords: Reform</i>. The Stationery Office. 2007. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-170272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-170272-0"><bdi>978-0-10-170272-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Lords%3A+Reform&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-10-170272-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/faqs/house-of-lords-faqs/lords-members/">"Parliament of the United Kingdom, Official Website – FAQ"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom%2C+Official+Website+%E2%80%93+FAQ&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Ffaqs%2Fhouse-of-lords-faqs%2Flords-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/lords-finance-office/2022-23/members-guide-april-2023-web-version.pdf">"Guide to Financial Support for Members"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UK Parliament</i>. April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Financial+Support+for+Members&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fglobalassets%2Fdocuments%2Flords-finance-office%2F2022-23%2Fmembers-guide-april-2023-web-version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-20150729-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-20150729_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation news cs1">Wilkinson, Michael (29 July 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/11769736/Peer-claims-300-a-day-in-expenses-to-walk-200-yards-to-work-at-House-of-Lords.html">"Peer claims £300 a day in expenses to walk 200 yards to work at House of Lords"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/11769736/Peer-claims-300-a-day-in-expenses-to-walk-200-yards-to-work-at-House-of-Lords.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Peer+claims+%C2%A3300+a+day+in+expenses+to+walk+200+yards+to+work+at+House+of+Lords&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fconservative%2F11769736%2FPeer-claims-300-a-day-in-expenses-to-walk-200-yards-to-work-at-House-of-Lords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/compso2010/ldctso11.htm#a134">"Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. p. 138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+Standing+orders+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld%2Fldcomp%2Fcompso2010%2Fldctso11.htm%23a134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/compso2010/ldctso06.htm#a34">"Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. p. 40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+Standing+orders+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld%2Fldcomp%2Fcompso2010%2Fldctso06.htm%23a34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/compso2010/ldctso11.htm#a112">"Companion to the Standing orders of the House of Lords"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. p. 128<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+Standing+orders+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld%2Fldcomp%2Fcompso2010%2Fldctso11.htm%23a112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/lords-select/public-services-committee/role/">"Ad-Hoc Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>Willoughby de Broke, Lord UK Independence Party</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lists+of+Members+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fmps-lords-and-offices%2Flords%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7027/7027.pdf"><i>The House of Lords: Reform</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/4959/1/Representation_in_the_House_of_Lords_pre-referees.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jones, eds. <i>Peers, Politics and Power: House of Lords, 1603–1911</i> (A&C Black, 1986).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1912" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Harry (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030495463"><i>Liberalism and the House of Lords: The Story of the Veto Battle, 1832–1911</i></a>. London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+and+the+House+of+Lords%3A+The+Story+of+the+Veto+Battle%2C+1832%E2%80%931911&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924030495463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jones" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Bill; Kavanagh, Dennis; Moran, Michael; Norton, Philip (2007). <i>Politics UK</i> (6th ed.). Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2411-8"><bdi>978-1-4058-2411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+UK&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Kavanagh%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Moran%2C+Michael&rft.au=Norton%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Loveland" class="citation book cs1">Loveland, Ian (2009). <i>Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Human Rights</i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921974-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921974-2"><bdi>978-0-19-921974-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law%2C+Administrative+Law+and+Human+Rights&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921974-2&rft.aulast=Loveland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mell, Andrew; Radford, Simon; Thevoz, Seth Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/13888/paper744.pdf"><i>Is there a market for peerages?</i> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091340/http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/13888/paper744.pdf">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oxford University Department of Economics discussion paper, No.744</li> <li>Norton, Philip. <i>Reform of the House of Lords</i> (Manchester UP, 2020).</li> <li>Radford, Simon; Mell, Andrew; Thevoz, Seth Alexander (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1057/s41293-019-00109-4?author_access_token=eD-gUcX8cIBPRSZFBSgD1lxOt48VBPO10Uv7D6sAgHs0ICHQ6nY973f5GBcBCfumHYlg_B1c1MXaCfXDIyGZLQCvWKKGxp5zqp2sh6dJsVYGQZcTKrrYWqjdJsMpqVGlBErzo4bhSTlw9gJT9OAncA%3D%3D"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Lordy Me!' Can donations buy you a British peerage? A study in the link between party political funding and peerage nominations, 2005–2014"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Politics_(journal)" title="British Politics (journal)">British Politics</a></i>.</li> <li>Russell, Meg. <i>The contemporary House of Lords: Westminster bicameralism revived</i> (Oxford UP, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shell" class="citation book cs1">Shell, Donald (2007). <i>The House of Lords</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5443-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5443-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-5443-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Lords&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5443-3&rft.aulast=Shell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Ernest Anthony. <i>The House of Lords in British politics and society, 1815–1911</i> (Longman, 1992).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1884" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Philip Vernon (1884). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The House of Lords and the nation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_House_of_Lords_and_the_nation"><i>The House of Lords and the Nation</i> </a></span> (2nd ed.). London: ENGLAND OFFICE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Lords+and+the+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ENGLAND+OFFICE&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Philip+Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Lords" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lords&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/">Archives of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/search/?searchtype=People&sponsorid%5B%5D=38631">British House of Lords people</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li>Volumes of legal arguments presented before the House of Lords between 1882 and 1990 held in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/library/research-collections/named-collections/h.php#HouseofLordsAppeals">the House of Lords Appeals Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Library of Trinity College Dublin">Library of Trinity College Dublin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/States_of_Alderney" title="States of Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark#Chief_Pleas" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Isle of Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">House of Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Legislative Council of the Isle of Man">Legislative Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia#Governance" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Anguilla)" title="House of Assembly (Anguilla)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Bermuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda" title="Senate of Bermuda">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory#Administration" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Government of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Parliament of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Montserrat" title="Legislative Assembly of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Council_(Pitcairn)" title="Island Council (Pitcairn)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island_Council" title="Ascension Island Council">Ascension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_Island_Council" title="Tristan da Cunha Island Council">Tristan da Cunha</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands#Government" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Parliament of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><small> <p><sup><small>1</small></sup> "Bailiwick-wide" legislation passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>, with the consent of their governments. <br /> <sup><small>2</small></sup> Territories without legislatures <br /> <sup><small>3</small></sup> Territories whose councils are purely advisory/consultative rather than legislative. </p> </small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Upper_houses_of_national_legislatures473" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Template:National upper houses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_upper_houses" title="Template talk:National upper houses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_upper_houses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National upper houses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Upper_houses_of_national_legislatures473" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper houses</a> of national <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Senate" title="Argentine Senate">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Austria)" title="Federal Council (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)" title="Senate (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peoples_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Federation" title="House of Federation">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara" title="Dewan Negara">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria" title="Senate of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Somalia" title="Senate of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(South_Sudan)" title="Council of States (South Sudan)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Sudan)" title="Council of States (Sudan)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas#Senate" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Council_(Bahrain)" title="Consultative Council (Bahrain)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Barbados" title="Senate of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Republic_(Belarus)" title="Council of the Republic (Belarus)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belize)" title="Senate (Belize)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Bhutan)" title="National Council (Bhutan)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cambodia)" title="Senate (Cambodia)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Cameroon)" title="Senate (Cameroon)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Chad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate (Chad)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Chile" title="Senate of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Colombia" title="Senate of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Republic of the Congo)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Senate of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Senate of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Equatorial_Guinea)" title="Senate (Equatorial Guinea)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Eswatini" title="Senate of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Gabon" title="Senate of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Grenada)" title="Senate (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Ivory_Coast)" title="Senate (Ivory Coast)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica#Senate" title="Parliament of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">Japan (post-1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Jordan)" title="Senate (Jordan)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan" title="Senate of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kenya" title="Senate of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Lesotho" title="Senate of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Liberia" title="Senate of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Madagascar)" title="Senate (Madagascar)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(Morocco)" title="House of Councillors (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyotha_Hluttaw" title="Amyotha Hluttaw">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Namibia)" title="National Council (Namibia)">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nepal)" title="National Assembly (Nepal)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Oman)" title="Council of State (Oman)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Palau" title="Senate of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Paraguay" title="Senate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Senate of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Slovenia)" title="National Council (Slovenia)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Tajikistan" title="National Assembly of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Regions_and_Districts" title="National Council of Regions and Districts">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uruguay" title="Senate of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Uzbekistan" title="Senate of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura_Council_(Yemen)" title="Shura Council (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent and<br />other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Senate" title="American Samoa Senate">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Bermuda" title="Senate of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Legislative Council of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate" title="Northern Mariana Islands Senate">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Senate of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Non-UN states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Somaliland)" title="House of Elders (Somaliland)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses" title="List of abolished upper houses">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Afghanistan)" title="House of Elders (Afghanistan)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_(Austria)" title="House of Lords (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(British_Guiana)" title="Senate (British Guiana)">British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Princes" title="Chamber of Princes">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Chamber of Representatives of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Nationalities" title="Chamber of Nationalities">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Ceylon" title="Senate of Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Costa_Rican_legislature#Senate_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of the Costa Rican legislature">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament#Chamber_of_Counties" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Cuba" title="Congress of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landstinget" class="mw-redirect" title="Landstinget">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Council" title="Conservative Council">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_States" title="Chamber of States">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Egypt)" title="Senate (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Parliament_of_Ethiopia" title="Imperial Parliament of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Fiji" title="Senate of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Senate" title="Greek Senate">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Magnates" title="House of Magnates">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Iran" title="Senate of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Iraq" title="Senate of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Japan (pre-1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Libya#Senate" title="Parliament of the Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Maldives" title="Senate of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Malta" title="Senate of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mauritania" title="Senate of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Nicaragua" title="National Congress of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Senate of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru#Senate" title="Congress of the Republic of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Portugal)" title="Senate (Portugal)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Lords" title="Prussian House of Lords">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rhodesia#Senate" title="Parliament of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Council (Russian Empire)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Senegal)" title="Senate (Senegal)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_South_Africa" title="Senate of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors_(South_Korea)" title="House of Councillors (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_kammaren" title="Första kammaren">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Turkey)" title="Senate of the Republic (Turkey)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Venezuela" title="Senate of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsrat_(Germany)" title="Reichsrat (Germany)">Weimar Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">Unicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricameralism" title="Tricameralism">Tricameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">Multicameralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolished_upper_houses" title="List of abolished upper houses">List of abolished upper houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_country" title="List of legislatures by country">List of legislatures by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_bicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National bicameral legislatures">National bicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_unicameral_legislatures" title="Template:National unicameral legislatures">National unicameral legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_lower_houses" title="Template:National lower houses">National lower houses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Officers_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#373151;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Officers_of_the_Lords_and_Commons" title="Template:Officers of the Lords and Commons"><abbr title="View this template" 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text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:#217B02;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom"><span style="color:white;">House of Commons</span></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:#BC0101;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white;">House of Lords</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;text-align: center"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;"> <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle" title="Lindsay Hoyle">Sir Lindsay Hoyle</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the Commons</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;"> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Lucy Powell</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Serjeant_at_Arms_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Serjeant at Arms of the House of Commons">Serjeant at Arms</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;"> <a href="/wiki/Ugbana_Oyet" title="Ugbana Oyet">Ugbana Oyet</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Clerk of the House of Commons">Clerk of the House</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;"> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Goldsmith" title="Tom Goldsmith">Tom Goldsmith</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;text-align: center"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;"> <a href="/wiki/John_McFall,_Baron_McFall_of_Alcluith" title="John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith">The Lord McFall of Alcluith</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the Lords</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;"> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">The Baroness Smith of Basildon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Black_Rod" title="Black Rod">Black Rod</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;"> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Clarke_(Black_Rod)" title="Sarah Clarke (Black Rod)">Sarah Clarke</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:50%;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Parliaments" title="Clerk of the Parliaments">Clerk of the Parliaments</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;"> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Burton_(parliamentary_official)" title="Simon Burton (parliamentary official)">Simon Burton</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Template:Judicial functions of the House of Lords"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Template talk:Judicial functions of the House of Lords"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judicial functions of the House of Lords"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">Judicial functions of the House of Lords</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judgments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords">All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="List of landmark judgements of the House of Lords">Landmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_before_1996&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered before 1996 (page does not exist)">before 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_1996&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 1996 (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_1997&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 1997 (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_1998&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 1998 (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 1999 (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2000 (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2001&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2001 (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2002&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2002 (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2003&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2003 (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2004 (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2005&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2005 (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2006&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2006 (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2007" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2008" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judgements_of_the_House_of_Lords_delivered_in_2009" title="List of judgements of the House of Lords delivered in 2009">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trials_of_peers_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="List of trials of peers in the House of Lords">Trials of Peers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">Law Lords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">all</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_life_peerages" title="List of law life peerages">peerages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles631" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles631" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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